How To Make Sentences

HOW TO MAKE
SENTENCES IN ENGLISH
BY
HUDRIATI AKRAB/
MUHAMMAD YUNUS
WHAT IS NSENTENCE
A sentence is a group of words that consists of
at least one subject and one predicate and it
gives a complete thought or idea.
Examples:
 It is not easy to become a doctor in Indonesia.
 The first step is getting into a medical college.
for people wanting to be doctors.

 Competition to enter medical schools is strong
THE ELEMENTS OF SENTENCE
1. SUBJECT
2. PREDICATE
3. OBJECT
4. COMPLEMENT
5. ADVERB
SUBJECT
 Subject is a word or group of words which
tells who/what the sentence is about or
what/who does the action.
 Subject should be put at the beginning of
sentence and it is started with the capital
letters.
What can be a subject:
A noun:
• Samnang likes music.
• People are greedy.
A pronoun:
• She is so intelligent.
• Everyone enjoys the party.
A noun phrase:
• Lazy student always have excuses.
• Our future plan is to expand our business nationwide.
A gerund:
• Swimming is my favorite sport.
• Reading helps to improve my English.
An infinitive:
• To listen is quite important in communication.
• To act speaks louder than to speak.
An infinitive phrase:
• To improve my English is my new year's plan.
• To win support from staff is what the leader should do.
PREDICATE
 Predicate tells something about the subject.
 Predicate should be put after the subject.
 What can be a predicate:
 1. Auxiliary Verb:
 a. to be : is, am, are, was, were, be
 b. To do: do, does, did
 c. To have: have, has, had
 d. Modals: can, could, may, might, shall,
should, will, would, etc
 2. verb :
 A. transitive: it has an object:
 you need a nurse. (Anda memerlukan seorang
pera-wat.)
 you need a pain killer. (Anda memerlukan
penghilang ra-sa sakit.)
 you need some medicine. (Anda perlu obat.)
 you need to see a doctor.(Anda perlu menemui
dokter.)
 you need some food. (Anda butuh makanan)
 You need to take some pills. (Anda perlu
minum pil.)
 B. Intransitive: it does not have an object
 My eye hurts. (Mata saya sakit)
 My eye itches. (Mata saya gatal)
 My face burns. (Wajah saya terbakar)
 My head is bleeding. Kepala saya berdarah)
 My thumb is numb. (Ibu jari saya mati rasa)
 My neck is stiff. (Leher saya kaku)
 My hand is swollen. (Tangan saya bengkak)
 C. Regular
 Regular verbs are dependably those whose
past tense and past participles are formed by
adding a -d or an -ed to the end of the verb.
 accept accepted accepted
 advise advised advised
 clean cleaned cleaned
 correct corrected corrected
 devide devided devided
 decide decided decided
 educate educated educated
 D. Irregular verb
 Go went gone
 Hit hit hit
 Hold held held
 hurt hurt hurt
 keep kept kept
 Put put put
OBJECT
 Object is a word or group of words which
receives the action from the verbs; for
examples,
• Samnang drinks tea everyday.
• She has written a long essay.
 Kinds of Object
 TYPES OF OBJECTS
 Direct objects
The direct object receives the action from the verb; it stands
after a transitive verb -- a verb that needs object; for
examples,
• A boy is playing football.
• We planted a tree.
Indirect objects
The indirect object tells who the direct object is for or to; it is
used with ditransitive verbs -- a verb that needs two objects--
such as tell, buy, give, offer, sent, provide, etc; for examples,
• My mother bought me a dictionary. ('a dictionary' is for
'me'.)
• We sent our boss a report. ('a report' is to 'our boss'.)
 WHAT CAN BE AN OBJECT?
An object can be noun, pronoun, noun phrase, noun clause, gerund,

gerund phrase, infinitive, or infinitive phrase.
A noun:
• He usually drinks milk.
• We bought apples yesterday.
A pronoun:
• Could you help him?
• He bought himself new shoes.
A noun phrase:
• Vutha has designed a fantastic webpage.
• He lent his brother some money.
A gerund:
• We enjoyed swimming.
• He is poor at reading.
An infinitive:
• She has planned to resign.
• He ask me not to move.
COMPLEMENTS
Complement is the term used for a word or words that are needed to
complete the meaning of an expression.
Types of complements
 [1] Subject complements
The subject complements complete the meaning of the subjects; they

normally stand after linking verbs. For examples,
• Vutha is a businessman.
• The photograph looks nice.
[2] Object complements
The object complements complete the meaning of the objects; they

normally stand after direct objects. For examples,
• He appointed her secretary.
• We find the food disgusting.
We voted John chairman.
ADVERB
 [1] An adverb
• I get up early.
• He has gone home.
• We will meet tomorrow.
• He drives carefully.
[2] An adverb phrase
• They work very hard.

• She came a bit late.
• They lived very far.
• He acted so carelessly.
[3] A prepositional phrase used as an adverb
• They are at a hotel.

• I’m going to the bank.
• He wrote with red pen.
• We will talk after lunch time
KINDS OF SENTENCE
1. Declarative Sentence - This sentence makes a
statement, and ends with a period.
 I can think. (Saya dapat berpikir.)
 I can see. (Saya dapat melihat.)
 I can hear. (Saya dapat mendengar.)
 I can smell. (Saya dapat mencium.)
 I can speak. (Saya dapat berbicara.)
2. Interrogative Sentence This sentence asks a
question, and ends with a question mark.
 An important feature of interrogative sentences is
that they normally have a subject that comes after

an auxiliary verb.
 Can you think with your brain?
 (Dapatkah Anda berpikir dengan otak Anda?)
 Can you see with your eyes.
 (Dapatkah Anda melihat dengan mata Anda?)
 Can you hear with your right ear?
 (Dapatkah Anda mendengar dengan telinga kanan Anda?)
 Can you smell with your nose?
 (Dapatkah Anda mencium dengan hidung Anda?)
 Can you taste the food with your tongue?
 (Dapatkah Anda mencicipi makanan dengan lidah Anda?)
3. Imperative sentence gives a direction or command,
and ends with a period or exclamation mark.
 Many commands are in the imperative. Commands
in the imperative have no word that acts as a

subject, though the subject is understood to be you
 Please sit down, everyone!
 Look at me!
 Sit down please!
 Listen!
 Pay attention to me!
 Look!
 Open your book page…!
 Get out your books and pencil!
 Take a paper for quiz!

4. An exclamatory sentence is used express a
sudden emotion. It could be fear, anger,
anxiety, admiration, excitement etc.
 What a nice evening!
 What a pleasant surprise!
 How noble of him to do that!
 How clever of you!
 What a surprise!
5. A simple sentence is one independent clause
that has a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought.
Examples:
 1. Joe went to the store.
 2. Sarah and Jessie are going swimming.
 3. The frog jumped and landed in the pond.
 4. Can I have some juice to drink?
 5. The pizza smells delicious.

6. A compound sentence is made by joining two
independent clauses together with a
conjunction.
 Some examples:
 John bought some new shoes, and he wore
them to a party.
 Lydia liked her new house, but she didn't like
the front yard.

 We can go see a movie, or we can get
something to eat.
 Joe made the sugar cookies; Susan decorated
them.
 The sky is clear; the stars are twinkling.
7. Complex Sentence
 A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an
independent clause and one or more dependent

clauses. An independent clause can stand alone as
a sentence, but a dependent clause even though it has
a subject and a verb cannot stand alone.
 You should take your car in for a service because it's
starting to make weird noises.

 The actor was happy he got a part in a movie even
though the part was small.

 After the tornado hit, there was very little left standing.
 The museum was very interesting, as I expected.
 Although it was very long, the movie was still
enjoyable.
 8. Verbal Sentence is a sentence where the
predicate is verb.
 For examples :
 She has just get ready for her wedding (+)
 He helped my father after work (+)
 I have already go to school today (+)
 I have studied since 07.30 o’clock (+)
 Rina hasn’t already go to new office work (-)
9. Nominal sentence is a sentence that has
predicate not a verb, but can be an adjective,
noun or adverb, then the nominal sentence
should be inserted auxiliary verb to be like ‘is,
am, are, and were
 I am a lecturer.
 She is very beautiful.
 You are in the class.
 I have been here since 3 hours ago.
 Jhon has been at office since 07.00 o’clock.
 Jhon have been of breakfast from 06.00 o’clock.

10.The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize
the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather
than subject. This means that the subject is either less
important than the action itself or that we don’t know
who or what the subject is.
 My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject =
My laptop / action= was stolen)

 Passive: Napa Valley is known for its excellent wines.
 Active: [Many people] know Napa Valley for its
excellent wines.
 Passive: Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb
explosion.
 Active: Someone killed twenty civilians in the bomb
explosion.
11. Conditionals are sentences with two clauses –
an ‘if clause and a main clause – that are closely
related.
 If you heat water, it boils.
 When the sun goes down, it gets dark.
 I’ll go shopping on the way home if I have time.
 If it’s a nice day tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach.
 If I won a lot of money, I’d buy a big house in the
country.
 Where would you live if you could live anywhere in
the world?
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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HOW TO MAKE

 The first step is getting into a medical college.

for people wanting to be doctors.

An object can be noun, pronoun, noun phrase, noun clause, gerund,

The subject complements complete the meaning of the subjects; they

[2] Object complements

The object complements complete the meaning of the objects; they

[2] An adverb phrase

• They work very hard.

[3] A prepositional phrase used as an adverb

• They are at a hotel.

that they normally have a subject that comes after

in the imperative have no word that acts as a

 Sit down please!

 Pay attention to me!

 Open your book page…!

 Get out your books and pencil!

 Take a paper for quiz!

 What a pleasant surprise!

 How noble of him to do that!

 How clever of you!

 2. Sarah and Jessie are going swimming.

 3. The frog jumped and landed in the pond.

 4. Can I have some juice to drink?

 5. The pizza smells delicious.

 John bought some new shoes, and he wore

the front yard.

independent clause and one or more dependent

starting to make weird noises.

though the part was small.

 The museum was very interesting, as I expected.

 Although it was very long, the movie was still

 She is very beautiful.

 You are in the class.

 I have been here since 3 hours ago.

 Jhon has been at office since 07.00 o’clock.

 Jhon have been of breakfast from 06.00 o’clock.

My laptop / action= was stolen)

 Active: [Many people] know Napa Valley for its

 When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

 I’ll go shopping on the way home if I have time.

 If it’s a nice day tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach.

 If I won a lot of money, I’d buy a big house in the

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