Re-evaluate the statements below. Check your notes if these statements are true or false.

1 The biological significance of nucleic acid is responsible for storage and transmission of genetic information
code and for the precise synthesis of carbohydrate characteristics of individual cell.

2 DNA was first recognized and identified by the German biologist Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869 during
his research on white blood cells.

3 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is responsible for using the genetic information encoded in the DNA to produce
thousands of carbohydrates found in living organisms.

4 Enzymes are used during a chemical reaction.

5 The double helix structure of an RNA molecule was later discovered through the experiment data by James
Watson and Francis Crick.

6 Phenotypes represent the set patterns of genes present in the cells.

7 Homozygous is when one allele is normal, and the counterpart is defective.

8 One enzyme can be used for many different types of reaction.

9 It was proven that RNA is responsible for storing the genetic information of a human being.

10 Heterozygous, is when both alleles carry the same defects.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1 The active site of the enzyme and substrate have complementary structures, hence they fit together as a key
fit a lock. While they are bounded in the enzyme -substrate complex, catalytic reaction occurs. The products of
the reaction leave the surface of the enzyme and combine with another molecule of the substrate. This is
exemplified by Fisher’s Lock and Key Theory.

2 In this model, the substrate still needs to fit into the enzyme like a key, but instead of simply fitting into the
“keyhole,” some type of modification is induced in the substrate, enzyme, or both. The modification begins the
process of the reaction. This is exemplified by Koshland’s Induced Fit Theory.

3 Absence of accelerators is not a factor that influences enzyme action.

4 In clinical enzymology, enzymes are commonly used in medicine as analytical tools, or reagents in measuring
quantities of various constituents in biologic fluids. For instance, enzyme uricase, the constituent that is used
for testing is uric acid.

5 To overcome an energy barrier between reactants and products, energy must be provided to get the reaction
started. This energy, which is recovered as the reaction proceeds, is called activation energy.

6 The last step of enzymatic action is when the enzyme has recovered unchanged.

7 All are properties of nucleic acid:

• Insoluble in alcohol
• Slightly soluble in cold water bur readily dissolved in hot water and dilute alkaline, forming alkali salts
• Precipitated by HCl and by excess acetic acid

8 Patient’s exemplifies the following signs and symptoms – extra skin on the neck, puffiness or swelling of hands
and feet, skeletal abnormalities, heart defects, and kidney problems. A patient may be medically diagnosed
with Turner Syndrome.

9 All are signs and symptoms of Trisomy 21:

• Decreased muscle town at birth
• Flattened nose
• White spots on the colored part of the eye

10 All are signs and symptoms of the Cry of the Cat Syndrome:
• Slow growth
• Microcephaly
• Distinctive cry like mewing of the cat

11 The processes of genetic information flow from DNA to RNA to protein is called gene expression.

12 DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein. This process is called central dogma.

13 The enzyme used during transcription is the DNA Polymerase.

14 DNA – (transcription) RNA – (translation) Protein best illustrates the central dogma of biology in terms of how
cells make proteins.
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15 In the central dogma of biology, translation is the process that lies between RNA and protein.

16 Diabetes happens because your body makes more insulin than it needs.

17 Symptoms of diabetes mellitus:

• Itchy skin
• Thirst
• Frequent urination

18 Insulin is a natural hormone secreted by the pancreas.

19 Type II Diabetes Mellitus can cause long -term damage in these organs:
• Nerves
• Eyes
• Kidneys

20 Insulin is a hormone present or secreted by Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

21 In clinical enzymology, enzymes are commonly used in medicine as analytical tools, or reagents in measuring
quantities of various constituents in biologic fluids. For instance, enzyme reverse transcriptase, the constituent
that is used for testing is Polymerase Chain Reaction.

22 In case of induced fit model, both changes shape.

23 In reference to major classifications of enzymes, class 2 is referred under transferases.

24 Enzyme and a reactant molecule relationship can be described as a temporary association.

25 The initial step of enzymatic action is the surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface of
the enzyme molecule called active sites.

26 Cri Du Chat Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which a variable portion of a short arm of chromosome 5 is
missing or with defect.

27 Most common autosomal chromosome abnormality in humans where extra genetic material from chromosome
21 is transferred to newly formed embryo is called Down Syndrome.

28 Klinefelter Syndrome is also known as XXY syndrome and used to describe men with excessive X chromosome
in most of their cell.

29 In reference to major classifications of enzymes, class 3 is referred under hydrolases.

30 Klinefelter Syndrome is not manifested by separated joints between the bones of the skull.

31 Carbohydrates are also known as hydrates of carbon.

32 Class of carbohydrates which cannot be hydrolyzed further, is known as monosaccharides.

33 Sucrose is also known as invert sugar.

34 Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrates in animals.

35 All are biological significance of carbohydrates:

• Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the form of ATP
• Other carbohydrate metabolic products are used in the synthesis of other types of compounds
• It helps in the breakdown of food by acting as catalyst or promoters of oxidation

36 In reference to major classifications of enzymes, class 4 is referred under lyases.

37 Lipid metabolism begins in the intestines where ingested triglycerides are brown down into smaller chain fatty
acids and subsequently into monoglyceride molecules by pancreatic lipases, enzymes that breakdown fats after
they are emulsified by bile salts.

38 When food reaches the small intestine in the form of chyme, digestive hormone called cholecystokinin is
released by intestinal cells in the intestinal mucosa.

39 Cholecystokinin simulates the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and stimulates the contraction of
gallbladder.

40 Vitamin E is a naturally occurring antioxidant?

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