Cell Strucure & Functions - Part - 1

CELL STRUCTURE &
FUNCTIONS
Whether all living things are
made up of cells…..?
Definition of Cell
A cell is the
structural and
functional unit
of life.
Robert Hooke in 1665
Types of Cells
CELLS
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells

Animal Cell
Cytoskeleton
Lysosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus Chromosome
Smooth Rough Enoplasmic
Enoplasmic Reticulum
Reticulum
Peroxisome
Golgi apparatus
Nuclear pore
Cytoplasm
Free Ribosome Mitochondria

Plasma
Membrane
Nucleus
Central Dogma of Life
Transcription Translation
DNA RNA Protein

Re
pl
ic
at
io
n
1. Nucleus is the most prominent organelle of the
cell.
2. It is surrounded by 2 membranes – inner
membrane (perinuclear) & outer membrane.
3. Nuclear pores (90 nm) –usually proteins goes
in & RNA comes out.
4. Nucleolus (2 or more) – direct rRNA
synthesis.
5. Nucleus contain 23 pairs of chromosomes that
governs all the functions of the cell.
6. Main function: DNA replication & RNA
synthesis.
Disorder: Mutation in DNA leads to various genetic
diseases.
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGPS)
• Extremely rare genetic disorder
• Incidence = 1 in 8 million births
• Premature and rapid aging.
• Normally LMNA gene encodes nuclear lamin A
protein. Lamin A along with B and C, are the
important structural component of nuclear
envelope.
• Point mutation in the LMNA gene (position 1824;
Cytosine is replaced with Thymine) which produce
abnormal short mature mRNA & abnormal protein
called Progerin.
Mitochondira
1. Oval/Rod like bodies; 0.5-1μm in

diameter & 7 μm in length
2. Two membranes – Outer and Inner.
• Inner membrane is highly convolutes into

folds or cristae, which gives a large
surface area.
• The inner membrane contains the
complexes of the electron transport
“POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL”
Oxidation of food
Energy released
(NADH &FADH2)
Energy is trapped as Chemical energy

in the form of ATP
Mitochondira
Main Functions:
The fluid matrix contains the enzymes of
 TCA cycle
 Beta oxidation of fatty acids
 Ketone body production
 Urea cycle (partly)
 Heme synthesis (partly)
 Gluconeogenesis (partly)
 Pyridoxine synthesis (partly)
Mitochondrial disorders
mtDNA is more susceptible to mutation accumulation
of mtDNA mutations results in degenerative diseases
like.
 Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic
acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS).
 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
 Mitochondrial myopathies.
Endoplasmic It is a network of inter-
Reticulum connecting membrane.
Main function Rough ER
 Proteins, glycoproteins
and lipoproteins are
synthesized in ER.
 Mainly carbohydrates
are successively added
to nascent protein.
• Detoxification of various drugs is the
specialized function of Rough ER.
Microsomal Cytochrome P-450 mono-
oxygenase hydroxylates drugs such as
benzpyrine, amino-pyrine, aniline, morphine,
phenobarbitone etc.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - involved in
the synthesis of lipids (Triacylglycerols,
phospholipids, sterols) and supply Ca2+ for the
cellular functions.
• A network of
flattened smooth
membrane and
vesicles.
• It is a collection of
Golgi bodies.
• The main function
is to sort, package
and distribute
Golgi Apparatus proteins to the
proper destination.
Disorder of Golgi Apparatus
Sjogren’s syndrome
It is an autoimmune disorder
associated with anti-golgi
antibodies.
1. It is a tiny organelle with hydrolytic enzymes
(Suicidal bag) .
2. Spherical vesicle enveloped by single
membrane.
3. The pH inside the
lysosome is lower (pH-5)
than that of cytosol. This
acidic medium favours the
digestion of macro-
molecules.
Lysosomes
Disorder of Lysosome
Inclusion cell (I-cell) disease/ mucolipidosis-II
• Lysosomal storage disease -Defect in phospho
transferase (Golgi apparatus) transfers phosphate to
mannose to form mannose-6-P on specific proteins,
serves as marker to target lysosome.
• Without this protein (catabolic enzymes) normal
breakdown of substances (Oligosaccharide, lipids,
GAG) will not occur in lysosome.
• This marker protein instead excreted outside the cell
and increased conc. seen in blood.
Inclusion cell (I-cell) disease
Features - Proptotic eyes, full and prominent mouth

caused by gingival hypertophy, short and broad hands,
prominent abdomen with umbilical hernia etc.
Lysosomal enzymes
• Carbohydrate – Hyaluronidase,
Aryl sulfatase, β-glucosidase etc.
• Protein – Cathepsins, Collagenase,
Elastase, Peptidase etc.
• Lipid – Fatty acyl esterase,
phospholipase etc.
• Nucleic acid – Ribonulcease,
Deoxyribonuclease etc.

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CELL STRUCTURE &

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Free Ribosome Mitochondria

DNA RNA Protein

1. Oval/Rod like bodies; 0.5-1μm in

• Inner membrane is highly convolutes into

Energy is trapped as Chemical energy

Features - Proptotic eyes, full and prominent mouth

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