IB MYP 3 Worksheet Bundle

Contents
1. Whole Numbers
1.01 Multiplying and dividing integers 6
1.02 Mixed operations with integers 11
1.04 Using technology for operations with whole numbers 15
1.05 Square roots and perfect squares 19
1.06 Powers of whole numbers 21
1.07 Prime factorisations 24
1.08 HCF and LCM 27
1.09 Absolute value 31
1.10 Fractions and decimals 34
1.11 Rounding 41
1.12 Rational and irrational numbers 46
2. Algebra
2.01 Adding and subtracting terms 49
2.02 Multiplying and dividing terms 53
2.03 Simplifying expressions 57
2.04 Expansion 64
2.05 Factorising 67
2.06 Substitution 70
2.08 Number patterns and sequences 76
3. Ratios and Rates

3.01 Ratios 83
3.02 Maps and scale 89
3.03 Rates 98
3.04 12 and 24 hour time 105
3.05 Time zones and the date line 109
3.06 Travel graphs 127
4. Percentages
4.01 Percentages on the calculator 136
4.02 Conversions 140
4.03 Percentage of a quantity 146
4.04 One amount as a percentage of another 152
4.05 Percentage increase and decrease 156
4.06 Finding the whole 162
4.07 Proﬁt and loss 166
4.08 Consumer percentages 173
4.09 Simple interest 180
5. Indices
5.01 Multiplying and dividing with indices 185
5.02 Index laws 188
5.04 Non-positive indices 193
5.05 Variables and indices 197
6. Equations
6.01 Linear equations 201
6.03 Equations with brackets 205
6.04 Three step equations 208
6.05 Variables on both sides 211
7. Geometry
7.01 Angles and triangles 214
7.02 Transformations and congruence 227
7.03 Congruent triangle tests 239
7.04 Congruent triangle problems 250
7.05 Quadrilaterals 259
7.06 Scale factors 267
7.07 Similar triangle tests 278
7.08 Scale and area 286
8. Pythagoras' Theorem
8.02 Pythagorean triples 293
8.03 Finding the hypotenuse 298
8.04 Finding a short side 305
8.05 Applications of Pythagoras' theorem 311
9. Measurement
9.01 Areas of special quadrilaterals 319
9.02 Introducing the circle 334
9.03 Area of a circle 342
9.04 Parts of circles 348
9.05 Composite shapes 361
9.06 Surface area of prisms 370
9.07 Surface area of cylinders 378
9.08 Volume of prisms and cylinders 387
9.09 Metric units for area and volume 400
9.10 Volume and capacity 408
10. Coordinate geometry

10.01 Linear rules 415
10.02 Visualising a table of values 421
10.03 Graphs of linear equations 425
10.04 Horizontal and vertical lines 431
10.05 Finding the equation from a graph 436
10.06 The point of intersection 446
11. Statistics
11.01 Collecting and displaying data 452
11.02 Centre and spread 465
11.03 Shape of data 478
11.04 Samples from a population 490
11.05 Comparing data sets 498
12. Probability
12.01 Describing events 510
12.02 Theoretical probability 516
12.03 Venn diagrams 522
12.04 Two-way tables 531
12.05 Probability with Venn diagrams and two-way tables 539
12.06 Experimental probability 546
12.07 Two-step experiments 557
1.01
Multiplying and dividing
integers
Multiplication of integers
1 Are the following statements true or false?
a The product of a positve number with a negative number is negative.

b The product of an even number of negative numbers is negative.
2 State whether the following expressions will be positive or negative:
a (−147) × 183 b (−151) × (−185)

c (−180) × (−168) d 157 × (−142)
3 Consider the equation 6 × 4 = 24, and find the value of the following:
a (−6) × 4 b 6 × (−4) c (−6) × (−4)
a (−19) × 17 b 19 × (−17) c (−19) × (−17)
a (−37) × 31 b 37 × (−31) c (−37) × (−31)
6 Consider the equation 3 × 2 × 5 = 30, and find the value of the following:
a 3 × (−2) × 5 b (−3) × 2 × (−5)

c (−3) × (−2) × 5 d (−3) × (−2) × (−5)
7 Evaluate:
a −42 b (−4)2
c (−4)3 d (−12)2
e − (−12)2 f − (−8)3
g (−6)3 h 6 × (−6)
i 5 × (−9) j (−12) × (−10)
k (−9) × 1 l (−9) × 0
m (−11) × 4 n (−4) × (−11)
o (−4) × (−4) p (−4) × (−4) × (−4)
q 4 × (−7) × 5 r (−3) × 4 × (−3)
s (−6) × (−8) × (−3) t (−8) × (−5) × (−3) × 6
© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022
8 Solve the following equations:
a (−11) × r = −66 b n × (−3) = −36

c 7 × q = −28 d t × 7 = −42
9 Complete the following equations:
a ⬚ × (−5) = 55 b −6 × ⬚ = −66 c ⬚ × 8 = −56 d 7 × ⬚ = −84
10 Find the value of n in the following statements:
a A number n is multiplied with −3 to give 21.

b A number n is multiplied with −10 to give −40.
11 Explain why there is no solution to the equation x2 = −1.
Division of integers
12 Is the quotient of a positive integer and a negative integer positive or negative?
13 State whether the following expressions will be positive or negative:
a (−2432) ÷ 32 b (−855) ÷ (−15)

c 1587 ÷ (−23) d (−7614) ÷ (−81)
14 Consider the equation 42 ÷ 7 = 6, and find the value of the following:
a (−42) ÷ 7 b 42 ÷ (−7) c (−42) ÷ (−7)
a (−667) ÷ 29 b −667 ÷ (−29) c (−667) ÷ (−29)
a (−924) ÷ 28 b 924 ÷ (−28) c (−924) ÷ (−28)

17 Evaluate:
a (−2) ÷ (−2) b (−2) ÷ 1 c 4 ÷ (−1) d 0 ÷ (−36)

e 12 ÷ (−4) f (−20) ÷ 4 g 21 ÷ (−7) h (−22) ÷ 11
i (−50) ÷ (−10) j (−72) ÷ (−9) k −5 l −11
5 −11

m 10 n 42 o −60 p −48
−1 −7 10 −12

a (−108) ÷ n = −12 b p ÷ (−8) = 11

c (−48) ÷ t = 6 d k ÷ 8 = −6
19 Complete the following equations:
a ⬚ ÷ (−6) = −9 b ⬚ ÷ 5 = −7 c ⬚ ÷ 5 = −11 d (−72) ÷ ⬚ = 9
20 Find the value of n in the following statements:
a A number n, when divided by 3, gives −9.

b A number n when divided by −5 gives −4.
21 Evaluate:
a (−4) × 3 ÷ (−2) b 5 × (−3) × (−7)

c 10 × 8 ÷ (−5) d (−6) × (−4) × (−3)
e (−14) × (−4) ÷ 7 f 8 × (−15) ÷ 4
g (18 ÷ (−3)) ÷ (−2) h (−126) ÷ ((−6) × (−3))

Applications
22 Which quadrant(s) could the point (x, y ) lie in if:
a xy > 0 b x2
<0
y
23 In golf your score for each hole is determined by comparing it to the par (or expected)
number of shots for that hole. Taking one less shot than expected will give a score of −1,
one more shot will give +1, and so on.
Ivan played 18 holes of golf, and the
frequency of each score he obtained is Score Frequency
shown in the adjacent table:
−1 5
a Find Ivan's total score for his 6 scores of Par 3
+2.
+1 4
b Find Ivan's total score for his 5 scores of
−1. +2 6
c Find Ivan's total score for the total 18

holes.
24 Victoria earns $1100 a month, and deposits it into her bank account. She also withdraws
$200 a month to pay for rent.
a How much, in total, does Victoria deposit into her bank account in one full year?
b How much, in total, does Victoria withdraw from her bank account in one full year?
c Find the total change in her bank account over the year. An increase will be represented
by a positive number and a decrease will be represented by a negative number.

1.02
Mixed operations with
integers
Mixed operations with integers
1 Evaluate:
a −5 + 4 + 3 b −3 + 5 − 7 c 6 − (−3) + 7 d −2 − 1 − 4
e 1 − (3 + (−7)) f 1 − (4 − (−5)) g ((−8) + 2) − 5 h (4 − (−2)) − 6
2 Evaluate:
a 5 + 9 × (−6) b (−4 + 2) × 6
c −3 − 6 × (−4) d (7 − 8) × (−5)
e −5 × (−7) + 8 f 6 × (−4 + (−7))
g 6 × (−5) − 4 h −8 × (−6 − 4)
i −6 × (−4) × (−2) j (2 × 27) − 3 × 5 − 8
3 Evaluate:
a −7 − ((−8) ÷ 2) b (−39 + 9) ÷ (−5)

c −9 + 28 ÷ 4 d (21 − 6) ÷ (−3)
e 48 ÷ (−6) + (−4) f 14 ÷ (−5 + 3)
g 63 ÷ (−9) − (−8) h (−54) ÷ (−4 − 2)
i (−36) ÷ (−6) ÷ (−3) j 15 ÷ (40 ÷ (−8))
4 Fill in the blank:
2 + ⬚ × 5 = −18
5 Evaluate:
a −8 + (24 ÷ 4)2 b −5 + 12 ÷ 22
c (8 − 10 ÷ 2)2 d (−56 × 5) ÷ (−7)
e 21 ÷ (−7) × 2 f (−84) ÷ (2 × 7)
g ((−43 + 8) ÷ (−5))2 h 16 × (26 ÷ (9 + 4))
i (48 − ((−9) × 6) ÷ 3) + 16 j ((36 − (10 + 10)) ÷ 2) + 14 × 6
6 Explain why the following statement is incorrect, and find the correct answer:
6 − (−60) ÷ (−3) = −22

Applications
7 Three people on a farm are given five minutes to pick as many apricots as they can. They
get to keep all the ripe apricots they pick, as well as an equal split of 30 ripe apricots
between the three of them (which were picked earlier in the day).
If Justin (one of the three people) picks 33 apricots, 15 of which are unripe, how many
apricots will Justin get to keep in total?
8 Each week Lisa gets paid an allowance based on her age and how many chores she did that
week. The allowance consists of $1 for each year old she is, $2 for every chore she
completes in a week, and is decreased by $4 for each chore she forgets to complete.
If Lisa is 11 years old, completes 4 chores in a week, but forgets to complete a chore, how
much will her allowance be that week?
9
a The temperature in Paris is 13 degrees Celsius less than double the temperature in
London. If it is 8°C in London then what is the temperature in Paris?
b The temperature in Sydney is 21 degrees Celsius more than triple the temperature in
New York. If it is −4°C in New York then what is the temperature in Sydney?
10 Fred busks with 2 friends whilst selling CD copies of his own music. They make a total of $36
from busking and decide to split it evenly. Fred makes an additional amount by selling 9 CDs
at $15 each. If Fred pays a permit of $31, what is the total amount he earns?
11 Laura and a group of 11 friends are ordering some pizza. They think that they will eat two
pizzas for every three people. Pizzas cost $14 each and there is a $8 delivery fee.
If they split the total cost evenly between each person, how much will Laura need to pay?
12 At the start of the week, Quiana had $131 in her bank account. On Monday, she withdrew
$43. On Wednesday, she deposited $11, and on Thursday, she deposited three times as
much as she deposited on Wednesday. Finally, she withdrew $25 on Friday.
Find Quiana's final bank balance at the end of the week.
13 Starting from his house, Jerry walked 1 m/s due south for 30 minutes, then 2 m/s due north
for 15 minutes and then, then due south again 2 m/s for 45 minutes. Find Jerry's final
distance from his house.

1.03
Integers everywhere
(investigation)
1.04
Using technology for
operations with whole
numbers
Operations with whole numbers using technology
1 Xanthe wants to evaluate the expression (89 + 74) × 33. In which order should Xanthe push
the buttons on her calculator to get the correct answer?
A B
89 + 74 × 33 = 89 + 74 = × 33 =
2 Sandy wants to evaluate the expression (429 + 507) ÷ 13. In which order should Sandy push
the buttons on her calculator to get the correct answer?
A B
507 ÷ 13 = + 429 429 + 507 = ÷ 13 =
3 Danielle wants to evaluate the expression (224 − 126) ÷ 14. In which order should Danielle
push the buttons on her calculator to get the correct answer?
A B
224 − 126 = ÷ 14 = 224 − 126 ÷ 14 =
4 Rosey wants to evaluate the expression (789 − 31) × 24. In which order should Danielle
push the buttons on her calculator to get the correct answer?
A B
789 − 31 = × 24 = 31 × 24 = − 789
5 Lucy used her calculator to evaluate (20 − 18) × 3 + 19 and got the answer 25.
Is Lucy's answer correct? If not, explain what she might have done wrong.
6 Maximilian used his calculator to evaluate 3 × 700 and got the answer 210.
Is Maximilian's answer correct? If not, explain what he might have done wrong.
7 Vincent used his calculator to evaluate 6 × 40 000 and got the answer 2 400 000.
Is Vincent's answer correct? If not, explain what he might have done wrong.
8 Michael used his calculator to evaluate (2 + 50) ÷ 77 and got the answer 79 .
50


Is Michael's answer correct? If not, explain what he might have done wrong.
9 Lucy used her calculator to evaluate 20 − (5 + 14) ÷ 21 and got the answer 401 .
21

Is Lucy's answer correct? If not, explain what she might have done wrong.
10 Xavier used his calculator to evaluate 16 × 85 − 2 and got the answer 926.
Is Xavier's answer correct? If not, explain what he might have done wrong.
11 Brad used his calculator to evaluate (4 × 11 + 9) ÷ 14 − 20 and got the answer 85 .

2

Is Brad's answer correct? If not, explain what he might have done wrong.
12 Evaluate the following:
a 214 + 300 b 99 735 − 37 926 c 629 + 543 d 800 ÷ 10

e 2939 × 46 f 3563 ÷ 7 g 5135 ÷ 65 h 932 × 28
a 720 ÷ 7 × 7000
b 44 − (31 + (8 ÷ 2))
c 34 + 3294 + 909 + 6204
d 4 × 6 + 86 − 30
e 4 × 100000 + 9 × 10000 + 2 × 100 + 6 × 10
Applications
14 A charity group for tsunami relief has gathered 588 first aid kits. 21 shelters have been
affected. The charity decides to distribute the first aid kits equally between these.
How many first aid kits does each shelter receive?
15 A cargo ship encounters a storm at sea and is delayed by two weeks. Once it reaches its
destination, the crew discover that 3 out of the 81 crates of fruit that it carried have spoilt
because of the delay. The crew decide to divide the unspoilt crates equally among their 13
different customers, and that whatever remains can be sold separately.
a Find the number of crates of fruit each customer will receive.

b Each crate contained 32 kg of fruit and each kilogram of fruit could be sold for $4.
Calculate the loss incurred by the crew because of the spoilage.

1.05
Square roots and perfect
squares
Perfect squares
1 State whether the following numbers are perfect squares:
a 6 b 25 c 49 d 44
e 18 f 144 g 36 h 12
a 42 b 72 c 92 d 122
e 92 + 6 f 32 + 72 g 72 + 92 h 1002 + 102
i 72 − 32 j 92 − 82 k 122 − 62 l 1002 − 102
3 Harry was working out 22 × 52 and thought that he could simplify the expression using the
fact that 2 × 5 = 10.
a Evaluate 22 × 52 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

b Now, using the fact 2 × 5 = 10, evaluate 102 .
2
c Is 22 × 52 = (2 × 5) a true statement?
d Calculate 42 × 22 using the above method.
Square roots
4 Given that we know 5 × 5 = 25. What is 25 ?

a 4 b 16 c 121 d 144 + 64
e 144 − 64 f 62 + 82 g 132 − 122 h 132 − 122

1.06
Powers of whole numbers
Index notation
1 State the base for the expression 95 .
2 State the power for the expression 27 .
3 Write the following powers of 9 in index form:
a 9×9 b 9×9×9
c 9×9×9×9 d 9×9×9×9×9
4 Write the following expressions using index notation:
a 5×5×5 b 4×4×4×4×4
c (−9) × (−9) × (−9) × (−9) d 7×7
e 12 × 12 × 9 × 9 × 9 f (−13) × (−13) × (−13) × (−13) × 5 × 5
g 11 × 7 × 11 × 7 × 7 h 3 × (−4) × 3 × 3 × (−4)
i (−6) × (−2) × (−6) × (−6) × (−2) j 12 × 12 × 12 × 15 × 15
k 2×4×2×4 l 24 × 24 × 24 × 12
5 Write the following statements using index notation:
a Two squared b Three cubed
a 26 b (−3)3 c 33 × 32 d 23 × 42
e 35 f (−6)9 g 22 + 43 h 72 + 34
33 67

i 122 − 22 j 53 − 33 k 33 − 22 × 42 l (−6)2 − 38 ÷ 36
Expanded notation
7 Write the following expressions in expanded form:
a 92 b 93 c 94 d 95

8 Complete the table below:
Words Expanded notation Index notation

Six to the power of four
Eight cubed
Eleven to the power of three
Twenty three to the power of five
Seven squared
Fifteen to the power of four
9 Write the following numbers in expanded form:
a 52 b 75 × 64 c 46 × 92 d 775 × 132
10 Consider the expression 53 .
a Write the expression in expanded form.

b Using your answer to part (a), find the value of 53 .

1.07
Prime factorisations
Factor trees
1 Select all the prime numbers from each of these lists:
a 3, 10, 12, 4, 5, 6 b 14, 7, 15, 16, 13, 11 c 21, 19, 27, 17, 22, 1
2 A number has the following factor tree:

What is this number at the top of the tree?
3 A number has the following factor tree:

What is this number at the top of the tree?
4 Construct a factor tree for the following numbers:
a 6 b 12 c 28 d 42
e 81 f 144 g 200 h 360

Prime factorisations
5 Which of the following shows a correct prime factorisation in expanded form?
a 175 = 35 × 5 b 20 = 2 × 2 × 5
c 286 = 2 × 7 × 11 d 27 = 33
6 Which of the following shows a correct prime factorisation in index form?
a 36 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 b 770 = 32 × 55
c 200 = 23 × 52 d 21 = 32 × 7
7 Write the following values as a product of prime factors in expanded form:
a 36 b 42 c 54 d 48
e 72 f 96 g 132 h 148
8 Write the following values as a product of prime factors in index form:
a 90 b 200 c 180 d 225

e 208 f 400 g 560 h 504
9 For the following values:
i Write as a product of prime factors in expanded form.

ii Using your answer from part (i), list all the factors.
a 12 b 35 c 20 d 40
e 52 f 54 g 66 h 275
10 List all the factors of 100.

1.08
HCF and LCM
Highest common factor
1 Consider the following prime factorisations:
180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5
Find the highest common factor of 180 and 600.
224 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7
196 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
4900 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
1750 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 7
140 = 22 × 5 × 7
24 500 = 22 × 53 × 72
Find the highest common factor of 140 and 24 500.
32 000 = 28 × 53
800 = 25 × 52
Find the highest common factor of 32 000 and 800.
6 Consider the numbers 234 and 108.
a Write the prime factorisation of 234 in expanded form.

b Write the prime factorisation of 108 in expanded form.
c Find the highest common factor of 234 and 108.

7 Find the highest common factor of the following groups of numbers:
a 42 and 24 b 72 and 108

c 121 and 143 d 150 and 560
e 48, 80, and 176 f 168, 312, and 120
g 168, 224, and 280 h 150, 450, and 375
8 The table below shows the prime factorisations of several numbers in index form.
a Find the highest common factor of 2940 Number Prime factorisation

and 14 700.
2940 22 × 3 × 5 × 72
b Find the highest common factor of
17 640 and 308 700. 14 700 22 × 3 × 52 × 72
c Find the highest common factor of 2940, 17 640 23 × 32 × 5 × 72

26 250, and 308 700. 26 250 2 × 3 × 54 × 7
308 700 22 × 32 × 52 × 73
Lowest common multiple
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Find the lowest common multiple of 54 and 36.
2200 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 11
2750 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 11
Find the lowest common multiple of 2200 and 2750.
11 Find the lowest common multiple of the following groups of numbers:
a 24 and 84 b 78 and 26
c 144 and 156 d 450 and 650
e 40, 260, and 140 f 128, 32, and 8
g 75, 125, and 225 h 16, 36, and 124

12 Consider the numbers 1575 and 1650.
a Find the highest common factor of 1575 and 1650.

b Find the lowest common multiple of 1575 and 1650.
Applications
13 Cicada species spend many years underground, emerging as a single brood every
generation. Magicicada cassinii emerges every 17 years. They are hunted by the Latrodectus
mactans spider, which has a 3 year breeding cycle.
a How often do these species start their breeding cycle at the same time?
b A genetic mutation changes the life cycle of the cicadas so the mutants emerge every 18
years. How often will the mutant cicada species start their life cycle at the same time as
the spiders?
14 Two airlines, JetFuel and LionAir, each land planes at an airport terminal. During the day a
JetFuel plane lands every 18 minutes, and a LionAir plane lands every 16 minutes.
A shuttlebus takes passengers from the terminal to the city center, departing every 21
minutes.
a How often does a JetFuel plane land and a shuttlebus depart at the same time?
b Which of these two options happens more often in a single day?
A JetFuel plane lands and the shuttlebus departs at the same time.
B LionAir plane lands and the shuttlebus departs at the same time.

1.09
Absolute value
Absolute values
1 Consider the number line below:
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a How far is the number 3 from 0? b Hence, state the value of ∣3∣.
c How far is the number −7 from 0? d Hence, state the value of ∣ − 7∣.
2 Describe what the absolute value of −5 represents on a number line.
3 State whether the following have a value of ∣−37∣:
A Both 37 and −37 B −37 only. C 37 only.
4 Determine whether the following have a value of 37:
A Both 37 and −37 B −37 only. C 37 only.
a ∣6∣ b ∣65∣ c ∣3341∣ d ∣−3∣

e ∣−67∣ f ∣−155∣ g ∣11∣ h ∣−21∣
i ∣−1000∣ j ∣−19∣ k ∣−756∣ l ∣8∣
a ∣ − 2∣ + ∣5∣ b ∣ − 2 + 5∣
c ∣8 − (−6)∣ d ∣8∣ − ∣ − 6∣
e ∣ − 3∣ + ∣ − 7∣ f ∣ − 3 + (−7)∣
g ∣8 − 9∣ + ∣ − 6 + 4∣ h ∣9 − 11∣ − ∣ − 8 + 5∣

a ∣ − 3∣ × ∣4∣ b ∣ − 3 × 4∣
c ∣10 × (−2)∣ d ∣12∣ ÷ ∣ − 4∣
e ∣ − 8∣ × ∣ − 4∣ f ∣ − 8 × (−4)∣
g ∣6 − 8∣ × ∣ − 7 + 4∣ h ∣ 5−7 ∣
∣ −4 + (6) ∣

i ∣ 18 − 10 ∣ j ∣6 − 12∣
∣ 3−7 ∣ 3−4

8 If ∣a∣ = 6, what values could a be equal to? Explain your answer.
9 Find the possible values of x for each of the following:
a ∣x∣ = 9 b ∣x∣ = 4 c ∣x∣ = 2 d ∣x∣ = 7

e ∣x∣ = 11 f ∣x∣ − 8 = 0 g ∣x∣ − 10 = 0 h ∣x∣ − 3 = 1

1.10
Fractions and decimals
Compare and order rational directed numbers
1 Complete the following statements with the correct inequality sign > or <:
a 8 9 b −5 ⬚ − 9 c 8 6 d 5 7
⬚ − ⬚ ⬚
9 10 6 10 9 7 7 10

e − 6 ⬚− 5 f 7
⬚−
5 g 3
⬚−
7 h −2 ⬚1
11 9 8 6 10 10 5 5

2 Consider the fractions − 2 , − 4 , 1

5 5 5

a Plot the fractions on a number line.

b Arrange the fractions from largest to smallest.
3 Consider the fractions − 3 , 2 , − 4

7 7 7


b Arrange the fractions from smallest to largest.
2 4 2 © Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

4 Consider the fractions 2 , 4 , − 2
9 9 9


b Arrange the fractions from largest to smallest.
5 Consider the fractions − 7 , 2 , − 3

11 11 11


b Arrange the fractions from smallest to largest.
Multiplication and division of rational directed numbers

6 Find the product of the following fractions. Give your answers as simplified fractions.
a 2 3 b 4 9 c 5 2 d 2 9
× × (− ) − × − × (− )
5 7 7 5 9 11 5 7

h −3 × 4
2 2
e 2 f 9 g 9 × (− 4 )
( ) (− ) 7 7
5

9 5

i 2 2 j 2 3 k − 11 × (− 7 ) l 2 5
− × (− ) − × × (− )
9 3 7 8 9 44 45 6

m 10 9 n 44 12 o 7 9 5 p 12 5
× (− ) × (− ) × (− ) × (− )×( )
11 5 15 55 4 7 7 7 8


7 Find the quotient of the following fractions. Give your answers as simplified fractions.
a 3 5 b 2 7
÷ ÷ (− )
7 4 9 5

c 3 8 d 3 5
(− )÷ (− ) ÷ (− )
11 5 7 4

e 4 f 3
7 ÷ (− ) (− ) ÷ 12
7 4

g 3 7 h 6 3
(− ) ÷ (− ) ÷
7 8 7 4

i 2 5 j 7 21
(− ) ÷ (− ) (− ) ÷ (− )
7 63 2 5

k 45 9 l 45 25
(− )÷ ÷ (− )
4 28 28 36

m 4 20 n 20 35
÷ (− ) (− ) ÷ (− )
81 9 27 24

Compare and order rational directed decimals
8 For the each of the following pairs of decimals, state which decimal is bigger:
a 0.74 or 0.8 b −0.7 or −0.67 c −0.74 or 0.8 d 0.67 or −0.7
9 Consider the decimals 0.2, 0.5, −0.3
−0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
b Arrange the decimals from smallest to largest.

10 Consider the decimals −0.9, 0.3, −0.4
−1 −0.9 −0.8 −0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
b Arrange the decimals from largest to smallest.
11 Consider the decimals −0.1, −0.42, −0.29
−0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0
b Arrange the decimals from smallest to largest.
12 Consider the decimals 0.75, −0.5, 0.25
−0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
b Arrange the decimals from largest to smallest.

Multiplication and division of directed decimals
13 Find the product of the following:
a 7.3 × 7.9 b 6.4 × (−7.8) c (−4.3) × 9.7 d (−3.9) × (−9.8)

e 7.4 × (−4.1) f (−7.6) × 7.8 g 8 × (−2.4) h (−8) × (−7.2)
i 0.8 × (−0.5) j (−0.9) × 0.6 k (−0.6) × (−0.8) l 1.99 × (−8)
m (−2.77) × (−2) n (−8.18) × 6 o (−7.26) × 9 p (−4.9) × (−7.3)
14 Find the quotient of the following:
a 4.16 ÷ 0.08 b 7.36 ÷ (−0.08)

c (−3.08) ÷ 0.07 d (−8.28) ÷ (−0.09)
e 9.2 ÷ (−2) f (−29.4) ÷ 3
g (−33.6) ÷ (−8) h 0.81 ÷ (−0.9)
i (−0.35) ÷ 0.7 j (−0.27) ÷ (−0.9)
15 Find the value of the following:
a (3.7)2 b (−6.4)2 c (3.7)3 d (−6.4)3
16 Determine whether the following calculations can be evaluated:
a −3.88 b 2.99 c 1.93 d 0

2.99 0 2−2 −1.93

Applications
17 Jack owes $47.59 to each of his 3 friends. If he paid off all of these debts at once, how much
will his bank account balance decrease by? (Note whether the change is positive or
negative by the sign of the number.)
18 Peggy owes $98.96 in total to 4 friends.
a Assuming she owes the same amount to each friend, how much does she owe one of
them?
b If Peggy pays just 3 of her friends back, how much money will come out of her bank
account?

19 Jenny takes out a loan of $2200. She pays back $42.60 each month without interest. If she
has made 5 repayments so far, how much does Jenny still owe?
20 At midnight, the temperature in Buffalo is 45.7 °F . Each hour the temperature decreases by
2.87°. Find the temperature after 5 hours.
21 A diver is 3.5 m below the surface of the water. He descends 1.47 m/s for 3 seconds, then
rises 0.46 m/s for 6 seconds. Note that surface level is 0 m, and 1 m below is represented by
−1 m.
a Find the depth of the diver after 9 seconds.

b The diver is running out of oxygen and needs to get to a depth of 0.35 m below the
surface within 4 seconds. How many metres does he need to rise each second, assuming
he will rise at a constant speed?
22 Debbie is considering installing solar panels for her home. In direct sunlight, the solar panels
generate 8.71 kWh of electricity each hour, and on average her house gets 7 hours of
sunlight a day. Any unused power is returned to the main grid and you receive
33 cents per kWh.
Over a 24-hour period, a household's usage averages out to 1.87 kWh each hour. How much
will you expect to make each day by selling back electricity if you install the solar panels?

1.11
Rounding
Round whole numbers
1 Round the following numbers plotted on the number line to the nearest 100:
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
2 Round the following numbers to the nearest 10:
a 85 b 81 c 174 d 2076
e 1152 f 7 g 11 207 h 106
i 47 523 j 936 k 725 817 l 5099
3 Round the following numbers to the nearest 100:
a 642 b 791 c 250 d 1181

e 4370 f 15 575 g 65 h 25
i 968 j 2968 k 37 920 l 4001

4 Round the following numbers to the nearest thousand:
a 3322 b 31 835 c 96 501 d 4214

e 7521 f 16 600 g 17 500 h 6 400
i 11 100 j 50 025 k 550 475 l 813 244
5 Round 9 264 444 to the nearest million.
6 Three numbers have been rounded as follows:
2400 was rounded to 2400

Were the numbers rounded to the nearest ten, hundred or thousand?
7 Write three different numbers that round to 80 when rounded to the nearest ten.
8 Write three different numbers that round to 400 when rounded to the nearest hundred.
Round decimals
9 Round the following to the nearest whole number:
a 2.19 b 5.97 c 24.09 d 33.931

e 0.5 f 0.05 g 0.799 h 89.5
i 35.7 j 85.2 k 22.678 l 26.279
10 Round the following numbers to the nearest tenth:
a 0.53 b 0.20 c 8.55 d 9.89

e 95.19 f 143.837 g 889.925 h 38.2182
i 11.895 72 j 5.99 k 64.582 l 391.82
11 Round the following numbers to the nearest hundredth:
a 7.84 b 0.500 c 6.725 d 0.0829

e 18.307 f 733.052 g 85.1446 h 61.794 52
i 9.727 54 j 2.897 k 328.864 l 14.285
m 67.001 n 0.007 o 12.999 p 99.999

12 Round the following numbers to the nearest thousandth:
a 3.0530 b 430.4875 c 992.6044 d 3.048 00

e 0.022 69 f 49.037 49 g 9.9999 h 3.620 52
13 Round the following to one decimal place:
a 0.41 b 8.35 c 79.38 d 0.3009

e 3.55 f 19.95 g 13.88 h 1.0099
i 0.30 j 6.65 k 524.621 l 2.99
14 Round the following to two decimal places:
a 2.697 b 393.586 c 0.435 d 7.3582

e 79.997 f 2.0029 g 149.955 h 0.099
i 8.525 j 61.109 k 6.168 78
15 Round the following to three decimal places:
a 11.8483 b 2.159 76 c 4.504 13 d 1.599 64

e 90.0335 f 0.5987 g 41.5005 h 9.9996
i 0.093 84 j 808.5042
16 Round the following to four decimal places:
a 5.659 64 b 5.600 96 c 12.006 65 d 39.999 95

e 7.034 500 f 0.041 454 g 99.097 906 h 9.999 99
17 Round the following to the nearest five cents:
a $20.32 b $50.53 c $100.36 d $86.58

e $37.99 f $199.98
18 Luigi is paying with cash at the supermarket, and his shopping bill totals $337.57. How much
does he pay?
19 Irene is paying cash at the petrol station and the petrol meter reads $75.79. How much does
she pay?

1.12
Rational and irrational
numbers
Rational and irrational numbers
1 Identify the following numbers as rational or irrational:
a 4 b −4 c 82 d 912
e 2 f 3 g 7 h 17
3 13 6 4

i 4.435 j −0.7 k 7 l ( 7)2

m 35 n 81 o 225 p − 13
q − 64 r 3
23 s 3
64 t 3
512
u 7 + 15 v 25 + 16 w 35 − 13 x 2× 4
2 For the following roots:
i Evaluate, correct to two decimal places when applicable.

ii State whether the solution is an exact value or an approximation.
a 3 b 16 c 60 d 3
77
e 63 f 3
27 g 3
43 h 3
100
Convert fractions to decimals
3 Write the following fractions as decimals:
a 1 b 3 c 1 d 2
4 4 5 5

e 4 f 6 g 7 h 6
5 4 10 10

i 9 j 17 k 13 l 63
10 20 20 100

m 72 n 509 o 5 651 p 8 611

100 1000 1000 1000

4 Write the following fractions as recurring decimals:
a 1 b 1 c 2 d 4
6 3 3 3

e 2 f 2 g 6 h 7
7 9 9 9

i 16 j 3 k 5 l 2
9 11 12 13

m 44 n 28 o 73 p 761
7 36 99 999


Convert decimals to fractions
5 For each of the following, fill in the boxes with the missing numbers:
⬚ ⬚ ⬚ ⬚
a 0.8 = 10 = 5 b 0.75 = 100 = 4
⬚ ⬚ ⬚
c 0.68 = 100 = 25 d 2.2 = 2 10 = 2⬚

5
⬚ ⬚ ⬚ ⬚
e 0.225 = 1000 = 40 f 3.035 = 3 1000 = 3 200
6 Write each of the following as a fully simplified fraction:
a 0.7 b 0.9 c 0.4 d 0.29

e 0.92 f 0.09 g 0.375 h 0.907
i 0.535 j 1.9 k 5.8 l 7.19
m 5.62 n 4.09 o 1.0625 p 4.625
q 9.007 r 3.065 s 76.25 t 223.205

2.01
Adding and subtracting
terms
Addition and subtraction of algebraic terms
1 Identify the following parts of the algebraic term:
a The number 3 in the term 3x. b The letter x in the term 6x.
c The number 7 in the expression 5x + 7. d The number 5 in the term 4 − 5x.
e The letter u in the term −12u. f The number 8 in the expression 8 + 6z.
2 State whether the following pairs are like terms or unlike terms:
a 10p and 5p b 3 and y c 5n2 and 8n d 5p and 5

e 10a and −9a f 2ab and 6ba g 15p and 15q h 8 and 8z
i 7m2 and 7m j 8z and −8z k 12b and −21b l 13xy and 14yx
3 Simplify:
a 2a + 5a b 10x + 6x
c 4b + 3b d 12y − 3y
e 3c + 4c + 7c f 15x − 6x − 2x
g 19b − 12b − 6b h −3n + 6n + 3n
i 8x − 3x + 7x j 4xy + 10xy − 9xy
k 10ab + 3ab − 8ba l x+9+7
m 9x + 4x n 12p − 9p
o 2u2 + 9u2 p 4m − 4m
q 8p − 7p r 12n − 9m − 7n
s 6x − 9x t −5m − 10m
u −5x2 − 2x2 v −5pq + (−4pq)
w 7x − (−10x) − 8x x −6x − 5x − 3 + 8
4 Simplify:
a 8x + 6y − 2y − 4x b 10m + 9n + 5m + 10n
c 10x − 9y − 7x + 11y d 11m + 8n + 14m
e 9xy + 12yx f 6p + 8q − 6p
g 9p2 − 11p + 11p2 h 7n2 + n2 − 4m + 2m2 − 5n2
i 8x + 9y − 5x + 10y j 7a + 11a − 9b + b
k 12x2 + 10x − 9x − 5x2 l 8x − 7y − 6z + 10z
m 15y − 8y 2 + 10y − y 2 n 19a − 8b + 4c − 8a + b
o 2ab − 7c + ab + 9c p 12j + 9k − 7k + 11j

q 18x − 9y + 7x + 11y r 11y − 6z + y + 6z
s 13m + 2n − 8m + 10n t −3s + 4t − 6t + 9s
5 Simplify:
a 5x + 2y − 8x + 6z − 3y + 4z b 2xy + 5yz + 4xz − 8xy + 2xz − 3yz

c 8x2 + 10x − 6 + 4x2 − x + 11 d 20 − 9x + 4y + 6y − 7x + 21
e 9mn + 8m − 7n + 7n − 10m + 2mn f −6 + 8x2 − 9 + 5x + 16x2
g 11s + 6t + 3st − 2ts + t − 4s h 13ab − 8bc + 6ba − 9b + 11cb
i 10x + 9y − 3y − 2x j 10p − 7q + 10 − 3p + 7q − 3
k 10pq + 4p2 q − 8qp + 7p2 q l 20x2 − 12x2 + 10x2 − x2
m 6zxy + 4xzy + 10xyz + 12xy + 11yx n −2x + 2y − 6y − 10x
o −4rk + 3r − 6k − 2rk p −6vw − 4v 2 w + 2v 2 w − 8wv
q −5m + n − (−7m) − 6n − 2m + 7 r −2m + n − (−6m) − 3n − 4m + 5
6 State whether the following expressions are equal to 11y :
a 9 + y + 10y − 9 b 6y − 5y
c 5y + 6y d 11 + y
e 9y + 3y − 1 f 10y + 1
7 State whether the following expressions is equal to 8r + 9:
a 9 + 8r b 9r + 8
c 17r d 72r
e 9r + 8 − r + 1 f 10r + 2 − 2r + 7
8 State whether the following expressions is equal to 9rt + 8:
a 5r + 4t + 8 b 8 + 4rt + 5rt
c 9r + 8t d 17rt
Applications
9 An isosceles triangle has 2 sides of length 5 cm. If the third side has a length of a cm, write
an expression for the perimeter of the triangle.

10 Laura decides to put a bird feeder in her back garden. The first day she sees 6 birds use the
feeder. The next day she sees 12 birds, and on the third day she sees 18 birds.
a If the number of birds continues to follow the pattern, calculate how many birds will
Laura see on the fourth day.
b If the pattern continues, write an expression for the number of birds Laura will see after y
days.
11 A tap has not been turned off properly, and water is dripping into the bucket underneath it.
After 1 hour, the water level in the bucket is 3 cm. After 2 hours the water level is at 6 cm,
and after 3 hours the water level is at 9 cm.
a If the tap is turned off after x hours, write an expression in terms of x for the water level
in the bucket at this time.
b Describe the expression as it relates to the water level.
12 Tracy saves all of her 5 cent coins and 10 cent coins. After some time, she loses track of how
many coins she has.
If p represents the number of 5 cent coins and q represents the number of 10 cent coins,
write an expression for the total value of the coins that Tracy has.
13 Uther likes to go kayaking, and on Saturday he takes his boat down to the lake which is
300 m away from his house. After 1 minute of paddling he is 370 m away from his house.
After 2 minutes he is 440 m away, and after 3 minutes he reaches 510 m away.
a Uther paddles for t minutes in total before he changes direction. Write an expression for
how far he is from his house at this time.
b Describe the expression as it relates to Uther's paddling pace.
14 To get to school in the morning, Sally walks for 7 minutes to the bus stop and then waits for
2 minutes for the bus to arrive. She then catches the bus the rest of the way to school.
a If the bus trip takes y minutes, write an expression in terms of y for the total length of
time it takes Sally to get to school.
b Explain what the constant in your expression represents.

2.02
terms
Multiplication of algebraic terms
1 Simplify the following:
a 10 × 6u b 7 × (−3u) c 5x × 2 d 11 × 3y
e (−8x) × 9 f (−12) × (−2u) g (−3w) × 2 h 10 × (−3y )
a x×x b 2x × 3x c 4y × y d 3a × 5a
e 8x × 2xy f 9b × 3b g (10a)2 h (4x)2
a 9×m×n×8 b w×4×z×6
c 10 × (−r) × s × (−5) d 9r × 6s
e 6u2 × 7v 8 f 16p3 × 14q3
g (−2a) × (−4b) h 3w × (−7z)
i (−5r) × (−4s ) j (−10r8 ) × 6s 7
k 4p5 × (−3q5 ) l 2a4 × (−5b3 )
a 6r × 2 × 8s b 7w × 9x × 10y
c (−2w) × (−4x) × (−10y ) d (−8h) × 5k × (−3r) × (−4s )
e 5x × 2y × (−9) f 4a × (−2a) × 10a
g (−5x) × (−2x) × (−3y ) × (−3) h (−2h) × 4k × (−j ) × (−5i )
Division of algebraic terms

2x 15v 5m n
a b c d
4n

2 5 20

e 12xy f 63pq g 12mn h 6r

12 9p 15m

rw
i pr j 10u6 v 4 k −24a l −11y

pqr u6 4

y

y −12u −4m −abc

m n o p
−11y

3u −9m

6j © Mathspace
3 Pty Ltd 2022
q k r −6j s −ac t −2b3
−jk

abc 3b3

jk

u −3r3 w5 v 12n
r3

a 5m ÷ 40 b 20wz ÷ 4wz
c 10r6 ÷ 5r6 d (−24r4 ) ÷ 6r4
e (−44rs ) ÷ 4r f (−36uv ) ÷ (−6uv )
g 10mn ÷ 5m h 18xy ÷ 6y
i 27r2 ÷ 9r j (−20x4 ) ÷ 10x4
k (−22x2 y ) ÷ −2xy l (−50abc) ÷ (−5ab)
a 2x × 3y b (−4x) × 5y
−10xy

xy

c 6x × 4xy d 7x × 4y
8y 2x × y

e 10a × 3b f 12x × 6y
5b × 2 8x × 2y

g 9x × 4x ÷ 2x h (−5x) × 8y ÷ 10y
i 11xy × 3y ÷ y j 20y ÷ 4 × 3y
k (10y ÷ 2y) × (4x ÷ 2) l (6x × 3y) ÷ (9x × 2)
Applications
8 While Judy is packing rectangular boxes into crates, she notices that each crate is 12 times
wider than the width of one box, and 11 times longer than the length of one box. Judy
wants to know the greatest number of boxes she can pack into each crate.
Let the length of one box be L cm, and the width of one box be W cm.
a Find an expression for the volume of one box with a height of 44 cm.
b Find an expression for the volume of a crate of height H cm.
c Find an expression for the number of identical boxes that Judy can fit into each crate.
d If the crate is 88 cm high, calculate how many boxes can Judy fit into each crate.

9 Aaron have books to be placed on a shelf which is 6 times wider than the width of the book
and 8 times longer than the length of the book. Aaron wants to know the greatest number of
books he can place into the shelf.
Let the length of one book be x cm, and the width of one book be y cm.
a Find an expression for the volume of one book with a height of 6 cm.
b Find an expression for the volume of the shelf of thickness z cm.
c Find an expression for the number of books that Aaron can fit into the shelf.
d If the shelf is 15 cm thick, how many books can Aaron fit into the shelf?

2.03
Simplifying expressions
Simplify algebraic expressions
a (5u − 2u) × 3 b (13a + 15a) ÷ 7

c 9p ÷ (6p − 3p) d 80mn ÷ (4m) ÷ (5n).
e (−7n) × 4 − (2n + 5n) f (6u × 12vw) ÷ (6v × 32u)
g (19v − 5v ) ÷ 2 × 3. h 30r ÷ (3r + 2r) + 5r.
i 5v − 5 (6v − 2v ) j 6v + (15v − (9v − 2v )).
k −8t − (8t − 6t ÷ 2) l ((−8r) × 16st) ÷ (24s × (−9r))
m (7m − 5m) × 4m n (−4n) × 8 − (7n + 4n)
a 16x b 20s
× 6t
3x + 5x 4s

c 21m 10m d 9v × 2 − 25v

+
3 2 5

e 15m + 51m − m . f 58r + 5r

5m 7r × 3

g 7r + 5r h 7rs + 23rs
7r − 5r 5r × 3s

i 20n2 j 12m2
5n2 + 3m − .
5 3m

k 8n2 l 7st + 53st

5n × 4n −
4s × 5t

4

a 2t + 4 × 8t b 2c + 7c × 3 + 4c
c 61a − 6 × 9a − 2a d 8 × 3a + 6 × 2a
e 3n2 + 8n2 − 3n2 f 9n2 + 3n × 6n
g 5n2 + 5n2 × 2 + 7n2 h 5mn × 3n − 2mn2
i 20w − 10w ÷ 2 − 3w j 6p × 8q ÷ 2
k 60n2 ÷ 5n ÷ 3 l 8jk × 15k ÷ 10j
m 20pq ÷ 5q × 2p n 12s − 8s ÷ 4
o 12u ÷ 3 − 2u p 8jk × 15k ÷ 20j

Algebraic fractions
4 Consider w + w .
3 9

a Find the lowest common denominator of w and w .

3 9

w w
b Hence, write + as a single fraction.
3 9

m m
5 Consider − .
4 12

m m
a Find the lowest common denominator of and .
4 12

m m
b Hence, write − as a single fraction in simplest form.
4 12

6 Simplify the following expressions:
a 8x 10x b y 9y c 17y 14y d 7x 5x

+ − + −
12 12 11 11 20 20 3 3

3x 3x + 4 p p 3p 2p p 6p
e + f − g + h +
2 4

4 4 7 35 3 15

i x x+2 j 4x + 3 x − 3
+ −
3 12 3 6

Applications
7 Write an algebraic expression for the perimeter of the following shapes:
a b

c d
e f
g h

i
8 Write an algebraic expression for the area of the following shapes:
a b
c d

e f
9 Consider the following rectangular prism:
a Write an expression for its volume.

b Write an expression for its surface area.
10 Dylan, Jimmy and Valentina are travelling from Adelaide to Sydney at x, y and z km/h
respectively.
Let S1 represent the average speed of Dylan and Jimmy's vehicles, and S2 represent the

average speed of Dylan and Valentina's vehicles.

Write a simplified expression for S1 + S2 in terms of x, y and z.

11 Frank wants to determine the profit he makes on each eraser he sells. Frank can sell 3
erasers for x dollars, and it costs y dollars to make 9 erasers.
a Determine a simplified expression for the profit Frank makes on each eraser. Leave your
answer as a single fraction.
b Frank realised he could sell 3 erasers for $3 more than they previously were, and reduce
the cost of production of 9 erasers by $2. Find the new profit per eraser.

12 Glen lived in a rectangular bedroom. His mother asked him to find out the area of his room,
and since Glen did not have a measuring tape or ruler, he counted how many of his steps
each wall was.
If Glen's foot length is x cm, and two adjacent walls were 12 and 10 footsteps long, write an
expression for the area of his room.

2.04
Expansion
The distributive law
1 A student incorrectly used the distributive property and wrote 6 (7x + 2) = 42x + 2.
Explain how to correct the error.
2 Expand the following expressions:
a 5 (s + 7) b 9 (5 + w) c 3 (r − 6) d (y + 8) × 7
e −8 (t + 10) f −8 (c − 5) g − (y + 2) h 4 (4s + 5)
i −10 (8 + 3r) j −8 (−2t − 3) k p (q + 4) l 9 (u − v )
m − (2m − 3n) n −r (11s + 13t) o 4 (2r + 3s + 5t) p 6 (4m + 3n + 5p)
3 Expand the following expressions:
a 6m (2n + 3) b 9 (v 2 + 6) c r (r + 7) d 6m (4m + 7)
e −6a (2a + 9) f 4wy (y + w) g 4p (4q − 3 + 6r) h 2f (f − 7g − 6h)
i −10 (y 2 + 7) j − (9 − s 3 ) k r (s 2 + 8) l −10 (3 + 8u3 )
m 4s 5 (4t4 − 9) n 6p3 (2q5 − 9) o 9f (f − 4g − 6h) p 3uv (v + u)
4 Expand and simplify the following expressions:
a 4 (x + 8) − 2 b 7 + 5 (3x + 4)
c 5 + 3 (x + 4) d 8 (3x + 4) − 6x
e 34 + 9 (4x − 5) f 5x − 8 (2x − 3)
g 9x − 5 (2x + 3) h −8 (5x − 7) − 9
i 4y + 5 + 6 (y − 9) j 4 (5 (x − 3) + 2)
5 Expand and simplify the following expressions:
a x (x + 4) + 8 (x + 9) b 8y 2 − 4y + 7y (y − 5)
c 3 (6x − 5y ) − 2 (9y + 4x) d 7 (y + 9) + 5 (y + 6)
e 10 (x − 4) + 3 (x + 8) f 5 (y + 7) − (y − 9)
g −8 (x + 4) − 3 (x − 2) h 11 (a + 4) − 6 (4 − a)
i 4u (6u + 9v ) − 2u (8v + 5u) j 9w (8w + 6z) − 5w (4z + 2w)
Applications
6 A solar energy company offers a range of solar panels, each with a power rating of

(m + 8) kW, where m is the panel model number. Write an expression in terms of m for the
total amount of power produced by 11 solar panels.
7 The representatives of 8 countries are attending a global summit, and each country is able
to send (2r − 3) representatives. Write an expression for the total number of representatives
attending the summit.
8 A forklift operator has enough time to make 5 trips between the two ends of a warehouse. A
forklift can carry (2 + 3n4 ) boxes at a time. Write an expression for the total number of boxes
that can be carried across the warehouse.
9 Consider the rectangle shown:

Find an expression for the area of the
rectangle in expanded form.
10 A rectangle is 8 m longer than it is width. Its width is represented by the pronumeral u.

Form an expression for the area of the rectangle in expanded form.

2.05
Factorising
Factors
1 State whether the following are factors of 33wy :
a 11 b 66wy c yw d 3w
e yw2 f 33
2 Find the highest common factor of the following groups of numbers:
a 2 and 6x b 3 and 15x

c 6x and 21 d 10 and 16u
e 35x and 14 f 4x and 16xy
g 15 and 5x h 24m, 12n and 18q
i 27m, 24n and 15q
Factorisation
3 Complete the factorisation of the following expressions:
a 2a + 16 = ⬚ (a + 8) b 5y − 30 = ⬚ (y − 6)
c 24n + 15 = ⬚ (8n + 5) d 16a − 6 = ⬚ (8a − 3)
e 6v + 18 = 6 (⬚) f 9a − 36 = 9 (⬚)
g 24a + 9 = 3 (⬚) h 6w − 27 = 3 (⬚)
i 4r + 12 = ⬚ (r + 3) j 5v − 30 = ⬚ (v − 6)
k 18c − 24 = ⬚ (3c − 4) l 2r + 14 = 2 (⬚)
m 5t − 10 = 5 (⬚) n 54u + 12 = 6 (⬚)
4 Factorise the following expressions:
a 6v + 30 b 6a − 48 c 45t − 40 d 2m + 10n
e 54 − 60f g f 8g − 72h g 9f + 15g h 3w + 15
i 2c − 18 j 40c − 35 k 6w + 30y l 14y + 4w
m 4a − 14b n 32 − 36jk o 8jkt − 18 p 3f g − 10f h
q 3rtw − 8rw r 4rt − 6r2 t s 16wy − 36w2 y
5 Complete the following factorisation:
2w − 10z + 8y = 2 (⬚ − ⬚ + ⬚)

6 Factorise the following completely:
a 8g + 28h − 20 b 4w + 4z + 4y
c 4u − 12v + 20w d 10m − 25n − 15p
e 3m − 6n + 12p f 10g − 35h + 15
g zw − zy − zk h 60r − 25rt − 35r2 t
i 12m − 32mn − 20m2 n j 16z − 32yz − 24y 2 z
k 25r2 t − 15rt2 − 45r2 t2
Factorisation of negatives
7 Factor out the negative coefficient of the following expressions:
a −4r − 3s b −7r − 7s c −2 − 9r d −8x − 5y
8 Factorise the following expressions:
a −8b − 16 b −18a + 16 c −80v − 30 d −36 − 6x

e −25u − 35v f −35m + 49n g −8pqr − 6pr h −8w2 + 3w2 y
i −24j 2 − 27j 2 k j −8m2 + 9mn k −10u2 v + 9uv 2 l −21j 2 − 36j 2 k
m −2s − 10 n −8v 2 + 56 o −12s + 10 p −28b − 21
q −63r2 + 28 r −4m − 32n s −49y − 21w
9 Factorise the following completely:
a −18p − 9q − 45r b −10r − 25s + 20t

c −20u − 25v + 45w d −8w − 18y − 10z

2.06
Substitution
Substitution
1 Evaluate:
a 9k when k = 6. b −9z when z = 5.

c q × 5 when q = 3. d 3c + 9 when c = 6.
e 8x + 4 when x = 2. f 45 − 7x when x = 6.
g 6n × 10 when n = 2. h 5 + k when k = 9.
i z + 2 when z = −7. j 4 − t when t = 3.
k p − 8 when p = 6. l r
when r = 12.
3

m − 20 when x = 5.

2 Evaluate:
a c2 when c = 9. b s 3 when s = 5. c k2 when k = −7. d k3 when k = −9.
3 Evaluate:
a 5k b 15 c 4k
when k = 8. when k = 3. when k = 15
24 8k 5

4 Evaluate the expression 45 when:

2n

a n=9 b n = 47
5 Evaluate:
a st when s = 7 and t = −8. b 4xy when x = −6 and y = −5.

c a when a = 56 and b = −8. d mn when m = 12 and n = 20.
15

b
e p when p = −28 and q = −7. f 36
when u = −2 and v = 3.
2q

uv
g m + n when m = 6 and n = −4. h 5 + a + b when a = −7 and b = 4.
i 3y + 5w when y = 6 and w = 5. j 6x + 4y + 6 when x = 3 and y = 5.
k 4x − 2y − 6 when x = 3 and y = 2. l m − n when m = 2 and n = −9.
m 7 − p − q when p = 4 and q = 5. n −5 − s + t when s = 8 and t = 15.
o 4 (p + q) when p = 7 and q = 8. p 7x + y when x = 6 and y = −36.
q −4 (s − t) when s = 6 and t = 15. r m − 2n when m = −19 and n = −7.
s mv 2
when m = 8 and v = −15.
2


6 Evaluate:
a x − y − z when x = −4, y = 5 and z = 6.

b 3j + 5k + 6l when j = 3, k = 8, and l = 7.
c 6a − 3b + 4c when a = 8, b = 6, and c = 7.
d abc when a = 8, b = 9 and c = 6.
e 2pqr when p = 3, q = 4 and r = 5.
f p + q + r when p = 5, q = 9 and r = 6.
7 18.6 − 3x when x is equal to 4.1. Round your answer to one decimal place.
8 Evaluate 11s − 39 when r = −1.6 and s = 2.8. Round your answer to three decimal places.
3r

9 Evaluate 6x − 3y when:
a x = 5 and y = 5. b x = 7 and y = 4. c 1
x = 8 and y =
3

10 If x = 3, evaluate:
2 2
a 3x2 b (4x) c −2x2 + (3x)
11 Evaluate x2 + 6x + 9 when:
a x=2 b x=5
12 Evaluate the expression mn when:
a m = 7 and n = 9. b m = 4 and n = 3.5.

c m = 1 and n = 72.
8

13 Evaluate the expression pq when:

−8r

a p = 5, q = −3 and r = −9.
b p = −9, q = 21 and r = 3.
14 Evaluate the expression ab when:

5c


a a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4. b a = 4, b = 16 and c = 2.
15 Evaluate u + at when:
a u = 18, a = 2 and t = 4. b u = 37, a = 2 and t = 14.
16 Evaluate the expression u + vw when:
a u = 59, v = 3 and w = 15. b u = 14, v = 5.5 and w = 3.6.
Applications
17 What is the largest whole number value that you can substitute for p so that the expression
81 − p2 is positive?
18 What is the smallest whole number value that you can substitute for p so that the expression
64 − p2 is negative?
19 The area, A, of triangle is given by the following formula:

bh
A=
2

where h is the height of the triangle and b is the length of its base.
a Find the area of a triangle that has a base of 7 cm and a height of 5 cm.
b Find the area of a triangle that has a base of 25 cm and a height of 16 cm.
20 Energy can be measured in many forms. A quantity of energy is given in units of Joules (J).
The kinetic energy, E , of an object in motion is calculated using the following formula:
mv 2
E=
2

where m is the mass of the object in kilograms and v is the speed of the object in metres
per second.
Find the kinetic energy, E , of an object with a mass of 6 kg, travelling at a speed of 19
metres per second.
21 When the heating system in a house is on a setting of s , the temperature, T , of the house
within the first 30 minutes can be estimated by using the formula
st
T = a+
10


where a is the initial temperature and t is the number of minutes since turning the heating
system on. Calculate the temperature of the room after 18 minutes if the initial temperature
is −3 degrees Celsius and the setting on the heater is 5.
22 Valerie stands at the top of a cliff and launches a tennis ball across the valley. To estimate
the vertical position, y , of the ball compared to herself she uses the formula:
9.8 2
y = 14.7t − t
2

where v is the initial vertical velocity and t is the number of seconds since the ball is
launched.
a Find the vertical position of the ball after:
i 2 seconds ii 3 seconds iii 8 seconds
b At which of the above times as the ball above Valerie?

2.07
Describing patterns using
algebra (Investigation)
2.08
Number patterns and
sequences
Sequences
1 Determine whether the following patterns are increasing, decreasing or neither:
a 7, 6, 11, 3, 9 b 25, 22, 19, 16, 13 c 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 d 5, 4, 9, 1, 7
e 21, 20, 19, 18, 17 f 5.4, 9.4, 6.2, 6.6, 7.0
2 For each of the following patterns:
i State whether the pattern is increasing or decreasing.

ii Determine by how much the pattern is increasing or decreasing each time.
a 9.5, 9.7, 9.9, 10.1, 10.3 b 15.3, 14.7, 14.1, 13.5, 12.9
c 31, 25, 19, 13 d 15, 21, 27, 33
e 5, 12, 19, 26 f 34, 28, 22, 16
g 17, 23, 29, 35 h 9, 16, 23, 30
3 Find the next number in the following sequences:
a 2, 4, 6, 8 b 7, 9, 11, 13 c 65, 58, 51, 44 d 16, 36, 64, 100, 144

e 2, 2 1 , 3, 3 1 f 1, 1 1 , 1 2 , 2
2 2 3 3

4 State the third term in the sequence: 4, −5, 6, −7, 8, …
5 Consider the sequence an . If the first term is a1 , write the notation used for the fifth term of
the sequence.
6 Determine whether each sequence is finite or infinite:
a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 b −1, −2, −3, −4, −5, −6, . . .

c −1, −2, −3, −4, −5 d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . .
7 If all the dates in July were used to form a sequence, would the sequence be finite or
infinite?
8 If all the years from 1966 onwards were used to form a sequence, would the sequence be
finite or infinite?

Explicit rules
9 State the first five terms of the following sequences. Round terms to four decimal places
where necessary:
a an = 3n − 3 b an = −2n c d an = (−2) (3n)

n
an = 2n+1
e a = 1
n
f 1
n
n

an = (1 + )
10 State the first four terms, in exact form, of the following sequences:
a a = n+4 b a = 5n − 1
n n
n+3 n2 + 5

n
c 1 d an = (−1)
n−3
(n − 1)
an = ( ) (n − 3)
2

11 Consider the rule: "The starting number, N , is doubled, then 4 is subtracted to get the
answer A."
a Use the rule to complete the table of values:
Starting Number (N ) 12 13 14 15
Answer (A)
b Write the rule for A in terms of N .
12 Consider the rule: "The starting number, N , has 9 added to it. The sum is then multiplied by
5 to get the answer A."
a Use the rule to complete the table of values:
Starting Number (N ) 4 5 6 7
Answer (A)
b Write the rule for A in terms of N .

Patterns
13 Each of the patterns below was created in steps using matchsticks.
a Complete the following table of values for each of the given patterns:
Step number (t) 1 2 3 4 5 10

Number of matchsticks (m)
b Write a formula that describes the relationship between the number of matches, m, and
the step number, t.
a b
c d

14 Consider the following pattern:
a If s is the total number of squares for figure number n, write an algebraic rule that gives s
in terms of n.
b Find the number of squares when n = 9.
15 Vanessa is making a sequence of shapes out of tiles. She creates a table comparing the
sequence number of a shape to the number of tiles needed to make it:
Sequence
1 2 3 4 5 6
number (n)
Number of
3 5 7
tiles (T )
a How many new tiles are added at each step?

b Find how many tiles Vanessa will need to make the next three shapes in the sequence
by completing the table of values.
c An equation to represent the relationship between a shape's sequence number and the
number of tiles needed can be written in the form T = s + (n − 1)d, where s is the
starting number of tiles and d is the number of new tiles added each step.
i Write an equation to represent the relationship between a shape's sequence number

and the number of tiles needed in the form given.
ii Rewrite the equation found in the form T = an + b.
d Find how many tiles Vanessa will need to make the 20th shape in the sequence.

16 Consider the pattern of images below:
a If t represents the number of shaded triangles, write an expression for t in terms of n.

b Find the value of t when n = 8.
17 Christa deposits $1 into a new bank account while Jenny deposits $38 into a new bank
account. The next day, Christa adds $2 to the account, and doubles how much she adds
each day thereafter. Jenny adds $5 each day.
a List the amount Christa had in her account each day for the first four days.
b List the amount Jenny had in her account each day for the first four days.
c On which day will they have the same amount of money in their bank accounts?
18 Triangular numbers count the number of objects that make up an equilateral triangle. The
first three triangular numbers are shown below:
a Complete the table, showing the first 6 triangular numbers:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6
S 1 3 6
b The number of spots needed to represent the nth triangular number is given by the
n (n + 1)
formula S = . Find the number of spots needed to represent the 10th triangular
2

number.

19 A population of rabbits are counted in an area, and it is found that the population is doubling
each month. The population counts at the end of each of the first three months are shown
below:
a Complete the table, showing the population at the end of each of the first 5 months:
n 1 2 3 4 5
P
b If the population continues to grow in this manner, the population at the end of the nth
month would be given by P = 2n . Find the population at the end of 1 year.

3.01
Ratios
Equivalent and simplified ratios
1 Simplify the following ratios:
a 30 : 70 b 300 : 350 c 21 : 12 d 10 : 24
e 48 : 135 f 0.3 : 0.45 g 0.21 : 0.56 h 0.012 : 0.028
i 0.1 : 0.05 j 0.9 : 7.2 k 1 : 0.7 l 0.75 : 2
m 3: 7 n 1:8 o 20 : 4 p 72 : 6
4 12 5 9 3 9

q 5.4 : 0.75 r 4.2 : 4.5 s 12 : 45 : 18 t 3 : 2.4 : 0.45
2 Complete the following equivalent ratios:
a ⬚:8=1:5 b ⬚:3=5:2
c ⬚ : 2 = 48 : 16 d ⬚ : 30 = 4 : 1
e ⬚:6=7:8 f 9:4=⬚:5
g 7 : 4 = ⬚ : 22 h 7 : 9 = 88 : ⬚
i 9 : 8 = ⬚ : 32 j ⬚ : 5 = 132 : 60
k 0.4 : ⬚ = 10 : 28 l 1.8 : 3 = 27 : ⬚
3 The ratio of length to width of a company's logo is 4 : 5. Complete the following table for the
given lengths and widths:
Length (m) 1 3 4
Width (m) 0.5 5 17
4 Express the following as a simplified ratio:
a 50 cents to $2.10 b 3.8 kg to 180 g

c 5 years to 33 months d 624 hours to 71.5 days
Divide quantities in a given ratio
5 Find the total number of parts in the following ratios:
a 2:3 b 7 : 17 c 20 : 3 d 73 : 53
6 James and John share $77 in the ratio 5 : 2.
a What fraction of the money does John receive?

b How much money will John receive?
7 20 is divided into two parts, A and B , in the ratio 3 : 2.
a Find the value of A. b Find the value of B .
8 The ratio of people to chairs is 7 : 8. If there are 49 people, how many chairs are there?
9 The ratio of cats to dogs is 56 : 231. If there are 33 dogs, how many cats are there?
10 A salad dressing is supposed to have a 5 : 16 ratio of vinegar to oil. If there are 13 mL of

vinegar, how many millilitres of oil should be added?
11 The gas in a container consists of 3 parts oxygen and 5 parts helium. How many litres of
oxygen are present if there are 200 litres of gas in the container?
12 $15 is shared between Eileen and Luke in the ratio 7 : 3. How much money does each get?
13 Tom and Jack divide their earnings of $714 in the ratio 10 : 7.
a Find how much Tom receives. b Find how much Jack receives.
14 Dave and Luke bought a scratch ticket that cost $10. Dave contributed $8 and Luke's
contribution was $2. They won $30 000. They decide to share their winnings in the same
ratio as they contributed.
a How much money should Dave receive? b How much money should Luke receive?
15 There are two celebration dinners happening at Happy Mo's Restaurant. Each has 6 men at
the table. At Beth’s birthday table there is a ratio of men to women of 1 : 3. At Buzz’s table
the ratio is 3 : 1.
a Find the number of women at Beth's birthday table.

b Find the number of women at Buzz's table.
c Find the ratio of the total number of men to the total number of women at the two tables.
16 Quentin is making a scarf that uses two materials. He will have to use 3 m of green
10

2
material for every m of blue material.
5

a Write the simplified ratio of green to blue material.

b If he needs 15 m of green material, how many metres of blue material will he need?

17 The movement of Earth and Venus orbiting the Sun is compared. It takes the 8-Earth years
and 13-Venus years to go around the sun before they are both at their starting positions.
a Write the ratio of the number of Earth years to the number of Venus years.
b One Earth year consists of approximately 365.25 Earth days. How many Earth days make
up one Venus year? Round your answer to two decimal places.
18 A piece of rope is cut into three lengths in the ratio 3 : 4 : 8. The shortest length of rope is
measured to be 18 m long.
a Find the middle length of the rope. b Find the longest length of the rope.
c Find the total length of the rope.
19 All students in a school play sport on Friday afternoons. The ratio of students who play
tennis, soccer and rugby is 3 : 8 : 11.
a If there are 55 students who play rugby, how many students play tennis?
b How many students play sports on Friday afternoons?
20 Three siblings find 700 kg of treasure. They split it up in the ratio 1 : 4 : 9. The youngest
sibling receives the smallest portion, and the oldest sibling receives the largest.
a How much treasure will the youngest receive?

b How much treasure will the eldest sibling receive?
c After some negotiation, the oldest sibling gives up one share of her treasure to her
youngest sibling. Write the new ratio for the division of treasure in simplest form.
21 Roxanne is mixing red, blue and yellow paint in a container. The tub of paint is filled to
300 mL. She remembers that she added 60 mL of red paint and that the ratio of red to blue
paint is 4 : 7.
a How much blue paint did she use?

b How much yellow paint did she use?
c She wants to find the full ratio of red to blue to yellow paint so she can mix it again. Write
the new triple ratio.

22 There are three exoplanets orbiting the star Kepler-37. The planets are named Kepler-37b,
Kepler-37c, and Kepler-37d. The number of times each exoplanet orbits the star before they
are all at their starting positions is shown in the following table:
Planet Kepler-37c Kepler-37b Kepler-37d

Number of orbits 8 15 5
a Write the triple ratio ratio of the number of orbits for Kepler-37b to Kepler-37c to Kepler-
37d.
b The entire cycle takes approximately 199 Earth days for all three exoplanets to return to
their starting position. How many Earth days make up one orbit of Kepler-37d?

3.02
Maps and scale
Scales
1 Convert the following descriptions to a scale ratio:
a 3 cm represents an actual distance of 9 m.

b 20 cm represents an actual distance of 16 km.
c 8 mm represents an actual distance of 40 m.
d 60 mm represents an actual distance of 5400 m.
e 5 cm represents an actual distance of 30 km.
f 98 mm represents an actual distance of 9.8 km.
2 The scale on a map of a garden is 1 : 2000. How far apart on the map should two fountains
be drawn if the actual distance between the fountains is 100 m? Express your answer in
centimetres.
3 The scale on a map is 1 : 400 000. How far apart on the map should two train stations be
drawn if the actual distance between the stations is 100 km? Express your answer in
centimetres.
4 Consider a map with a scale of 1 : 2000.
a Find the actual distance (in centimetres) between two points which are drawn 19 cm
apart on the map.
b Find the distance between the two points in metres.
5 Consider a map with a scale of 1 : 25 000.
apart on the map.
b Find the distance between the two points in kilometres.
6 Bianca is looking over a map of her local area and notices that the scale of the map is given
as 1 : 100 in the map legend.
apart on that map.
b Find the distance between the two points in metres.

Maps and scale diagrams
7 Below is a map of New York. The actual dimensions of one rectangular block is 230 m by
80 m.
a How many metres will Zara need to drive to reach the pick-up point, marked with an x?
b Whose car is the closest to the pick-up location?
8 Use the map below to find the distance between Adelaide and Brisbane:

9 This is a map of where Adam and Carl live. The side of a small square on the map represents
100 m:
Adam is on the corner of Top Lane and Major Street (map reference E5). He walks 300 m
along Top Lane to Carl's house.
Write the map reference of Carl's house.
10 The map designer for a new amusement park measures the main street to be 4 cm. The walk
along the main street is actually 120 m:
Write down the scale ratio of the map.

11 A map of a town is drawn to scale below:
a Find the distance between house A and the park.

b Find the distance between house C and the park.
c Find the length of the shorter side of the park.
d Find the length of the longer side of the park.
e Find the distance traveled by driving from house A to house C along the roads.
f Find the distance traveled by first driving from house A to house C, then driving to house
B, traveling along the roads.
12 The following is a 1 : 58 000 scale drawing

of the sailing route from the mainland to an
island off the coast. The captain
approximates the distance to be 15.3 cm on
the map. Estimate the distance in
kilometres of the boat trip.

13 Estimate the distance from Perth to Brisbane using the map scale:
14 The scale on the map of a public garden is 1 : 5000. How far apart on the map should two
ponds be if the actual distance between the ponds is 350 m? Give your answer in
centimetres.

15 Vincent is comparing three parks from three different maps shown below. Which park has
the largest area? Explain your answer.
Lesse park Millenial park
Scale: 1 : 2000 Scale: 1 : 5000

Tibsen park
Scale: 1 : 7000
16 A map is being drawn for a medium-sized rural town. The map will fit on an A4 piece of
paper which has the dimension of 21 cm by 29.7 cm. Write an appropriate scale for the map.

17 An oil tanker has a spill off the coast of Australia. An expert says that the oil could travel
1700 km in the first day. Their map is shown sketched with circles with radius 10 cm, 20 cm
and 30 cm:
a Which locations will be affected in the first day?

b Location B is 26 cm from the oil spill on the map. Find the actual distance of this location
from the oil spill.
18 The following is a 1 : 200 floor plan of a house. The homeowner wishes to add a dining room
table, which is 150 cm long, placing it where the × is marked on the floor plan.
Find the table's length that should be drawn to in the floor plans.
19 A plan of a building with ratio 1 : 90 is enlarged so its length and width are both doubled as
shown:
a Find the new scale ratio for the larger plan.

b The scale bar on the original plan represents 5 m. When the plan is doubled, the scale
bar is doubled as well. Find the length that the new scale bar represents.
20 An architect is designing a house that is 21 m long and 15 m wide.
a She wants to print the plans for this house in a 84 cm by 60 cm section of a large piece of
paper. Find the ratio she should use to fit the plans on the paper.
b After printing the plans, the architect measures the length of the hallway to be 24 cm on
paper. She wants to order a rug that covers the full length of the hallway.
How long should the rug be in metres?

3.03
Rates
Unit rates
1 Write the following as a unit rate:
a 1040 books per 13 libraries b 91 people per 7 buses

c 234 kilometres per 4.5 hours d 9 cakes per 72 guests
2 A plane burns 406 litres of fuel every 14 kilometres while in the air. Express the fuel
consumption as a unit rate.
3 A toy manufacturer makes 165 toys in 5 hours. At what rate are the toys made per hour?
4 A tap fills up a 259 litre tub in 7 hours. Find the rate of water flow of the tap in litres per hour.
5 Luke earns $328 in 8 hours. Find Luke's hourly rate.
6 Two shops sell pencil cases at the following prices:
6 pencil cases for $24 at Shop A

9 pencil cases for $54 at Shop B
a Find the cost of a single pencil case at Shop A.

b Find the cost of a single pencil case at Shop B.
c Hence, which is the best place to buy pencil cases, if you want the best price per item?
7 Two shops sell mangos at the following prices:
148 mangos for $384.80 at Shop A

252 mangos for $453.60 at Shop B
a Find the cost of a single mango at Shop A.

b Find the cost of a single mango at Shop B.
c Hence, which is the best place to buy mangos, if you want the best price per item?

8 Neville is deciding between four cars to buy. He wants to buy the most fuel efficient one.
a Complete the following table:
Car Litres used Distance travelled (km) L/km

Magnum 13.405 38.3
Falcador 20.71 54.5
Canyonero 6.336 19.2
Civil 2.754 8.1
b Which car is the most fuel efficient?
Rate conversions
9 Consider the rate 192 metres per 240 seconds.
a Express this is as a unit rate in terms of metres and seconds.

b Express this is as a unit rate in terms of metres and minutes.
10 Vanessa is trying to save money and deposits $5.60 into her bank account for every 8
coffees she purchases. Find her deposit rate in cents per coffee.
11 The admission for a concert starts at 6 pm and closes at 7 pm. If there are 900 people
attending and they arrive at a constant rate, find the flow of people per minute.
12 A worm takes 20 seconds to travel 25 cm. How long does it take the worm to travel a metre?
13 A bike travels 83 m per 12 seconds. Find the speed of the bike in m/min.
14 Convert the following rates:
a 6 L/h to mL/h b 80 words/min to words/h

c 680 km/h to m/h d 75 beats/min to beats/h
e 5.2 L/h to mL/min f 25 m/min to cm/sec
g 500 mL/g to L/kg h 800 cm/min to m/h

Applications
15 A plane is flying at an average speed of 360 km/hr. Find how far it will fly in:
a 20 minutes b 12 minutes
16 In 2018, the birth rate in the United States was 13 people for every 1000 in the population.
For a town with a population of 39 000, how many births would you expect there to be in that
year?
17 In 2018, the birth rate in Japan was 7 people for every 1000 population. For a town with a
population of 39 069, how many births would you expect there to be that year?
18 In 2018, the birth rate in Singapore was 9 people for every 1000 in the population. For a town
with a population of 24 176, how many births would you expect there to be that year?
19 In 2018, the population growth of Benin was 35 per 1000. This means that for every 1000
people, the number of people at the end of the year would be 1035. For a town with a
population of 640, what would you expect the population to be at the end of the year?
20 In 2018, the population growth of Colombia was 8 per 1000. This means that for every 1000
people, the number of people at the end of the year would be 1008. For a town with a
population of 95 000, what would you expect the population to be at the end of the year?
21 In 2018, the literacy rate in Cuba was 98 people for every 100 in the population. For a town
with a population of 83 000, how many literate people would you expect?
22 In 2018, the literacy rate in Chad was 35 people for every 100 in the population. For a town
with a population of 478, how many literate people would you expect?
23 On a road trip, Tracy drives with an average speed of 90 km/hr . How far does she travel in 8
hours?
24 Find the distance travelled by a car if it travels 60 km/hr for 9 hours.
25 Find the time required for a car to travel 170 km at a speed of 10 km/hr.
26 An animator is drawing frames for an animated movie. He draws 6 frames for every 0.2
seconds. Find the frame's rate of the movie in frames per second (fps).
27 The height of a pool increases by 0.3 cm for every litre of water added. If the height of the
pool increases by 6 cm, how much water was added?
28 In a library, there are 400 books per shelf. How many books are there in a row of 7 shelves?
29 There are 3 apartments per floor of a building. How many apartments are there over 8 floors?
30 There are 224 tissues per box. If the manufacturer wastes 1120 tissues in production, how
many boxes of tissues were wasted?
31 The amount of pears that can fit in a plastic bag is 11 pears per bag. How many bags will be
needed to carry 33 pears?
32 The volume of polyethylene used to create 81 plastic bags is approximately 18 mL. How
much polyethylene would be required to create 9 plastic bags?
33 An industrial detergent requires 19 mL of water to be added to every 1 mL of the detergent

for safe usage. How many litres of water must be added to 610 mL of detergent?
34 300 L of rain falls over a 2100 m2 field. Approximately how much rain falls over one half of
the field in litres?
35 Luke is a locksmith. On weekends, if he is on call, he gets paid $64.50 per hour plus a flat
rate call out fee of $75.
On Saturday he has 3 jobs that will take 1.5, 0.25 and 1.25 hours respectively to complete.
How much will he earn on Saturday?
36 Tom is attending to a patient on the way to the emergency department. In the ambulance,
he takes a quick measurement of the patient's heart rate, and finds it to be 36 beats per 20
seconds. An hour later, in the hospital he takes a more detailed measurement and finds the
patient's heart rate to be 240 beats per 120 seconds.
a Calculate the heart rate in beats per minute (bpm) for the first reading.
b Calculate the heart rate in beats per minute (bpm) for the second reading.
c Did the patient's heart rate increase or decrease between these readings?
37 The Ocean Zone theme park on the Gold Coast had 3220 people enter, and was open for 14
hours on Wednesday. On Thursday, it had 2970 people enter, and was open for 9 hours. If
there are more than 270 people entering the park per hour, then Ocean Zone adds extra staff
at the gate.
a State the rate per hour of visitors entering the park on Wednesday.
b State the rate per hour of visitors entering the park on Thursday.
c On which day did Ocean Zone need extra staff?

38 Peter runs daily and usually runs 19 km in 75 minutes. The last time he ran the 21 km Sydney
half marathon, it took him 126 minutes.
a Find his running rate in km/h during his daily run.

b Find his running rate in km/h during the half marathon.
c In which activity was he running faster on average?
39 Two shearers wanted to work out who was the faster shearer.
Jenny sheared 144 sheep over 6 days, and Sean sheared 115 sheep in 5 days.
a Find Jenny's rate per day in shearing sheep.

b If Jenny continued at this rate, how many would she be able to shear in 25 days?
c Find Sean's rate per day in shearing sheep.
d Who sheared sheep at a faster daily rate?

3.04
12 and 24 hour time
Time conversions
1 Convert the following times:
a 9 days to hours. b 11 minutes to seconds.

c 36 hours to minutes. d 24 hours to seconds.
e 240 seconds to minutes. f 360 minutes to hours.
g 780 seconds to minutes. h 780 minutes to hours.
2 Convert the following times:
a 05:30 to 12 hour time. b 18:30 to 12 hour time.

c 10:30 am to 24 hour time. d 9:15 pm to 24 hour time.
e 00:45 to 12 hour time. f 13:59 to 12 hour time.
g 8:40 am to 24 hour time. h 7:25 pm to 24 hour time.
Time calculations
3 Find the following times:
a 30 minutes after 9:30 am. b 30 minutes after 11:40 pm.

c 9:30 am plus half an hour. d 7:00 pm plus 24 minutes.
e 45 minutes after 11:20 am. f 20 minutes after 3:50 pm.
g 10:30 am plus two and a half hours. h 9:10 pm plus 63 minutes.
4 Find the time and day that is represented by the following:
a 19 hours and 20 minutes after 20:15 on Thursday.

b 17 hours and 15 minutes before 15:25 on Thursday.
c 22 hours and 58 minutes after 19:25 on Monday.
d 18 hours and 39 minutes before 14:12 on Monday.
e Saturday 13:15 −15 hours 18 minutes
f Thursday 13:20 +21 hours 59 minutes

5 Evaluate the following in hours and minutes:
a 11 hours −43 minutes

b 11 hours 16 minutes −5 hours
c 5 hours 10 minutes +20 minutes
d 4 hours 10 minutes −35 minutes
e 3 hours 3 minutes +3 hours 29 minutes
f 3 hours 20 minutes −2 hours 10 minutes
g 2 hours 50 minutes +3 hours 40 minutes
h 6 hours 10 minutes −2 hours 30 minutes
i 7 hours 7 minutes +11 hours 34 minutes
j 7 hours 59 minutes +12 hours 11 minutes
k 10 hours 33 minutes −7 hours 57 minutes
l 10 hours 43 minutes −2 hours 29 minutes
6 How many hours are there in a non-leap year?
Applications
7 Kate leaves her home at 11:15 am to visit her grandmother in a different state. She arrives at
her grandmother's house at 5: 15 pm. How long was Kate's trip in hours?
8 A taxi departs at 13:32 from Sydney and arrives at 20:14 at Melbourne. How long did the taxi
take for the trip?
9 Neil's swimming lesson went from 11:15 until midday. How many minutes was Neil's lesson?
10 A YouTube video started playing at 1:40 pm and finished at 2:18 pm. How long is the video in
minutes?
11 A song clip starts playing at 7:55 pm and finished at 8:11 pm. How long is the song clip in
minutes?
12 Sally's cruise ticket says that it "begins at 10:00 am and ends at 2:00 pm. How long is the
cruise in hours?
13 James leaves home at 4:00 pm and gets home at 8:00 pm. How many hours was James
out?

14 Today is Dave's birthday and he just turned 9 years old.
a Find his age in days. Assume there are 365 days in a year.
b Find his age in hours.
c Find his age in minutes.
d Find his age in seconds.
15 The average person sleeps for 8 hours a night. How many weeks does the average person
spend asleep over 5 years? Assume there are 365.25 days in a year. Give your answer to the
nearest week.
16 If an average person showers for 6 minutes per day, find how many hours they spend
showering in:
a One year (assume non-leap year). b 55 years (ignoring leap-years).
17 A train ride between two cities takes 6 hours and 49 minutes. If you leave one city at 21:40,
at what time will you arrive at the other city? Express your answer in 24-hour time.
18 A ship arrives at 17:28 at Melbourne. If the trip took 2 hours and 16 minutes, at what time did
the ship depart from Sydney? Express your answer in 24-hour time.
19 Eileen starts watching a movie at 11:15 am, which goes for 3 hours and 45 minutes.
What time will the movie finish?
20 A computer starts updating at 1:00 pm. The update will go for 130 minutes. Find the time
that the update will be finished.

3.05
Time zones and the date
line
Time zones
1 Consider the map below:
a State the two cities that are in the same time zone.
b How many hours is Hobart ahead of Paris?
c Find the time in Cairo when it is 11:00 am in Beijing.
d Find the time in Hobart when it is 2:00 pm in Moscow.

a How many hours is San Francisco behind Cape Town?

b Find the time in San Francisco when it is 17:00 in Cape Town.
c What time is it in Bamako when it is 10:00 am in Nuuk?
3 Which of the following locations will be the first to celebrate New Year's Eve?
Canberra (UTC + 10)

Darwin (UTC + 9)
Perth (UTC + 8)
4 Which of the following cities will have a time of 11 pm when it is 4 pm UTC?
Cairo (UTC + 2)
Singapore (UTC + 7)
Rio de Janeiro (UTC − 3)
5 Which of the following cities will have a time after 3 am when it is 2 am in Cairo (UTC + 2)?
Singapore (UTC + 7)
Rio de Janeiro (UTC − 3)
Washington (UTC − 5)

6 Consider the following tables of time zones:
City UTC City UTC

Los Angeles −8 Baku +4
Tijuana −8 Dubai +4
Vancouver −8 Yerevan +4
Chicago −6 Afghanistan +4.5
Mexico City −6 Sri Lanka +5.5
San Salvador −6 Hong Kong +8
Havana −5 Perth +8
New York −5 Shanghai +8
Toronto −5 Singapore +8
Athens +2 Seoul +9
Cairo +2 Tokyo +9
Kiev +2 Auckland +12
a How many hours is Toronto behind Perth?

b How many hours is Afghanistan behind Shanghai?
c When it is 11:00 am in Chicago, what time is it in Dubai?
d When it is 9:00 am in Mexico City, what time is it in Sri Lanka?
e Find the time and day in Tokyo when it is 13:15 on a Thursday in Tijuana.

7 The following table shows the time of several locations relative to UTC.
UTC Location
-5 New York, Cuba, Peru
-4 Chile, Barbados, Brazil (west), Bolivia
-3 Argentina, Brazil (east), Uruguay, Greenland
-2 South Sandwich Islands
-1 Azores
0 UK, Ireland, Iceland, Portugal, Ghana, Liberia, Mali
+1 Algeria, Angola, Chad, Bosnia, Croatia
+2 Finland, Greece, Lebanon, Egypt, South Africa
+3 Russia (west), Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Madagascar, Iraq
+3.5 Iran
+4 Mauritius, United Arab Emirates, Armenia
+4.5 Afghanistan
+5 Pakistan, Maldives, Kazakhstan
+5.5 India, Sri Lanka
a Consider the locations Uruguay and Algeria.
i Using the table, which location is ahead of the other in time?

ii Calculate the time difference between Uruguay and Algeria.
iii When it is 21:25 on the 13th day of the month in Uruguay, state the time in Algeria.
iv When it is 21:25 on the 13th day of the month in Uruguay, state the day in Algeria.
b Consider the locations South Sandwich Islands and Brazil (west).

ii Calculate the time difference between South Sandwich Islands and Brazil (west).
iii When it is 6:00 pm on the 17th day of the month in South Sandwich Islands, state the
time in Brazil (west).
c Consider the locations Kenya and Mauritius.

ii Calculate the time difference between Kenya and Mauritius.
iii When it is 17:25 on the 15th day of the month in Kenya, state the time in Mauritius.

8 In the following map, the colour of the region is used to indicate the time zone:
a Find the time difference between Toronto and Rio de Janeiro.

b Find the time difference between Beijing and Johannesburg.
c Find the time difference between Moscow and Canberra.
d Find the time difference between Toronto and Moscow.
e Find the time difference between Cairo and Tokyo.
f If it is 9 pm on Wednesday in Santiago, what day is it in Johannesburg?
g If it is 5:00 am on Wednesday in Moscow, what day is it in San Francisco?
9 Calculate the time difference between the following:
a Manila (UTC + 8) and Tehran(UTC + 3) b Azores (UTC − 1) and Miami (UTC − 5)
10 Maria wants to know the time in Bangkok (UTC + 7) when it is 11:00 am in Athens
(UTC + 2).
a Calculate the time difference between the two cities.

b Hence, find the time in Bangkok when it is 11:00 am in Athens.

11 Mae wants to know the time in Quebec (UTC − 5) when it is 11:00 pm on Saturday in
Honolulu (UTC − 10).

b Hence, find the time in Quebec when it is 11:00 pm on Saturday in Honolulu.
c What day is it in Quebec when it is 11 pm on Saturday in Honolulu?
12 Han, who is in Melbourne (UTC + 10) at the moment, has an interview over Skype with the
human resources manager of an American trading firm at 4 pm on Sunday, Memphis
(UTC − 6) time.

b Hence find the time in Melbourne when it is 4 pm on Sunday in Memphis.
c What day will the interview fall on in Melbourne?
13 Zurich is 7 hours behind Taipei. If it is 11:00 pm Wednesday in Taipei, state the time in Zurich.
14 An astronomer in Beirut observes a solar flare at 11 pm local time (UTC + 3).

Determine the local time his colleague in Pretoria would have seen the same flare if his time
zone is UTC + 2.
15 Three scientists collaborating on the same project all need to get together for weekly
meetings. Each scientist is in a different location. Buzz is located in Rome (UTC + 1). Han is
located in Cairo (UTC + 2). Beth is located in San Francisco (UTC − 8).
a Which scientist will have the earliest local time during the meeting?
b Which of the scientists will have the latest local time during the meeting?
c Beth suggests 8 pm in San Francisco. Determine the time it would be in the other two
cities:
i Rome ii Cairo
d Buzz suggests 8 am in Rome. Determine the time it would be in the other two cities:
i Cairo ii San Francisco
16 A company wants to set up a business meeting between four of its employees. The
employees are in the following cities: Cairo (UTC + 2), Amsterdam (UTC + 1), London
(UTC 0), Perth (UTC + 8).
If it is 1 pm in Perth, determine the time in the following cities:
a Cairo b Amsterdam c London

17 Sophia, Quentin and Harry work for the Person City Time zone
same company from offices in three
different cities. The cities and time zones of Sophia Los Angeles UTC − 8
each person is given in the table: Quentin Chicago UTC − 6
They want to organise an hour long online Harry Melbourne UTC + 10
meeting within everyone's working hours.
a A person can attend the meeting if it starts after 8:00 and ends before 18:00 in their local
time.
Which of these times should Harry choose to make sure that Sophia and Quentin can
both attend? The options are given in Harry's time zone.
A 16:00 B 13:00 C 9:00 D 6:00
b Each person only works Monday to Friday. State the days that Harry could choose to
have the meeting in his time zone.
18 The rugby World Cup final is broadcast live across the world. One particular year it was held
in Wales and the game started at 4 pm local time. Where Beth lives, it is 17 hours behind
Wales. Determine the time the game started in her local time.
19 Valerie in Hobart has a phone conversation with Oprah in Manila. Manila is 2 hours behind
Hobart time.
a If Valerie calls at 10:30 am, determine the time it is for Oprah.

b If Oprah calls at 7:30 pm, determine time it is for Valerie.
20 Ellie in Darwin is expecting a phone call from Avril in Shanghai. Shanghai is 1.5 hours behind
Darwin time.
a If Ellie calls at 12:15 am, determine the time it is for Avril.

b If Avril calls at 11:45 pm, determine the time it is for Ellie.
21 Lisa in Alice Springs is expecting a phone call from Georgia in Tokyo. Tokyo is 0.5 hrs behind
Alice Springs time.
a If Lisa calls at 9:15 am, determine the time it is for Georgia.

b If Georgia calls at 4:15 pm, determine the time it is for Lisa.

22 The table shows the current time in major City Time
capital cities beginning with the letter M :
Madrid Thu 1:58 am
a When it is 15:10 Minsk time, determine
Managua Wed 5:58 pm
the time in Madrid. Give your answer in
24-hour time. Manila Thu 7:58 am
b When it is 11:20 am Montevideo time, Melbourne Thu 9:58 am
determine the time in Minsk. Mexico City Wed 6:58 pm
Miami Wed 7:58 pm
Minneapolis Wed 6:58 pm
Minsk Thu 2:58 am
Montevideo Wed 8:58 pm
Montreal Wed 7:58 pm
Moscow Thu 3:58 am
Mumbai Thu 5:58 am
Travel and daylight savings
23 A plane travels from El Paso (UTC − 7) at 10:00 am on Friday on a 13-hour flight to Brazilia
(UTC − 3).

b State the time in Brazilia when it is 10:00 am in El Paso.
c State the time in Brazilia at which the plane will arrive.
d State the day at which the plane will arrive in Brazilia.
24 A plane travels from Hawaii (GMT − 10) at 9:00 pm on Sunday on a 11-hour flight to
Santiago (GMT − 4).
a Calculate the time difference between the two cities if Santiago operates on daylight
saving time and Hawaii operates on standard time.
b State the time is in Santiago when it is 9:00 pm in Hawaii.
c State the time in Santiago at which the plane will arrive.
d State the day at which the plane arrive in Santiago.
25 When the time is 5:23 pm in Honolulu, it is 10:23 pm in Miami. You take 19 hours to travel
from Honolulu to Miami.
If you leave at 4:50 pm on Sunday, determine:

a The local time that you arrive in Miami. b The day you arrive in Miami.
26 Tina looks at her flight details. Her plane leaves at 6:00 am on Wednesday and arrives at her
destination at 8:00 pm on Tuesday (local time). The flight will take 12 hours.
Calculate the time difference between her origin and destination.
27 A plane left airport A at 8:30 pm on Tuesday and landed at airport B at 9:00 pm (local time)
on the same day.
If airport B is 19 hours behind airport A, how long did the trip take?
28 The following table displays the departure and flight times for three Air China flights:
Flight Departure
Airport Code Airport Code Flight Time
Number Time
San Francisco Beijing 12 hours and
CA994 1:13 pm
UTC -8 (SFO) UTC +8 (PEK) 31 mins.
Shanghai Pudong Beijing 8 hours and
CA927 5:56 pm
UTC +8 (PVG) UTC +8 (PEK) 31 mins.
Beijing San Francisco 14 hours and
CA950 7:21 pm
UTC +8 (PEK) UTC -8 (SFO) 37 mins.
a Determine the time CA994 arrives in Beijing local time.

b Determine the time CA927 arrives in Beijing local time.
c Determine the time CA950 arrives in San Francisco local time.
29 Luke wants to travel from Moscow to Beijing by train. In order to do that he has to board
three trains. These trains are shown in the table:
Train Station Departure Time Station Arrival Time

Moscow 8:56 pm Novosibrisk 2:29 pm
1
UTC +3 Monday UTC +6 Wednesday
Novosibirsk 1:25 pm Ulaanbaatar 9:47 pm
2
UTC +6 Thursday UTC +8 Friday
Ulaanbaatar 6:46 am Beijing 2:27 pm
3
UTC +8 Saturday UTC +8 Sunday
a How long does the first train take? b How long does the second train take?
c How long does the third train take?

30 The time zone in Christchurch is GMT + 12.
a Calculate the time in Christchurch when it is 9:00 pm GMT.

b During daylight saving, the time is pushed forward by 1 hour. Calculate the time in
Christchurch during daylight saving when it is 9:00 pm GMT.
c Calculate the time in Christchurch during daylight saving when it is 5:00 pm GMT.
31 Consider the cities Hong Kong (GMT + 8) and Paris (GMT + 1).
a Calculate the time difference between the two locations if Hong Kong starts operating
on daylight saving time (such that clocks are moved forward an hour) and Paris remains
on standard time.
b State the time in Hong Kong when it is 8:00 am in Paris and if Hong Kong starts
operating on daylight saving time and Paris remains on standard time.
c State the time in Hong Kong when it is 8:00 am in Paris and if Paris starts operating on
daylight saving time and Hong Kong remains on standard time.
32 The two Diomede islands are only 4 km apart, but travelling this distance from one to the
other means crossing the International Date Line:
a At 3:00 pm on Wednesday, Hannah rows from Big Diomede to Little Diomede in 5

minutes.
State the day it will be on Little Diomede when Hannah arrives.
b Hannah spends about an hour on Little Diomede before rowing back, with the return
journey taking about the same amount of time as before.
State the day it will it be on Big Diomede when she returns.

Time zones in Australia
33 Australia and its neighbouring countries are located across several time zones as shown in
the map below:
If it is 5:42 am in Papua New Guinea, determine the time in:
a IETZ. b Vietnam. c AEST. d AWST.
34 Australia is divided into 3 time zones:
AEST (Eastern Standard Time) encompasses QLD, NSW, the ACT, VIC and TAS.
ACST (Central Standard Time) encompasses the NT and SA, and is half an hour behind
AEST.
AWST (Western Standard Time) encompasses WA and is two hours behind AEST.
a If it is 8:16 pm AEST, determine the following:
i The time in ACST. ii The time in AWST.
b If it is 7:27 pm in ACST, determine the time in AWST.

c If it is 12:10 am AEST, determine the following, giving your answers in 24-hour time:
i The time in ACST. ii The time in AWST.
d If it is 1:16 pm in ACST, determine the time in AWST.

a Determine the time in Perth when it is 6:42 pm in Hobart.

b Complete the table to show the equivalent time in each state:
Western Australia (WA) South Australia (SA) Queensland (QLD)

6:15
11:45
10:15
5:25
c Complete the following table to show

the equivalent time in each time zone: WST CST EST
5:25
5:11
12:25
7:17
36 State whether these Australian states or territories observe Daylight Saving Time (DST):
a Victoria b Western Australia

c New South Wales d Northern Territory
e Queensland f South Australia

37 Convert the following Daylight Savings Time in Sydney to Eastern Standard Time:
a 16:14 AEDT b 8:00 am AEDT c 2:49 am AEDT d 11:50 pm AEDT
38 Convert the following Eastern Standard Time in Sydney to Daylight Savings Time:
a 14:35 AEST b 4:00 am AEST c 9:45 am AEST d 5:13 pm AEST
39 If it is 4:00 pm Daylight Savings Time (DST) in South Australia (SA), determine the time in:
a New South Wales (NSW). b Western Australia (WA).

c Queensland. d Northern Territory (NT).
40 When the time is 14:15 in Perth determine the time in:
a Sydney during No DST. b Sydney during DST.

41 The following map shows the time zones across the Australian States:
a A flight leaves Hooker Creek Airport, NT at 6:10 am. It takes 2 hours and 15 minutes to
reach Sydney airport, NSW. Determine the time the flight arrives in NSW local time.
b A flight leaves Sydney Airport in NSW at 10:55. It takes 5 hours and 25 mins to reach
Perth airport, WA. Determine the time the flight arrives in WA local time.
c An airplane leaves Perth Airport in Western Australia at 9:16 pm and takes 4 hours and 22
mins to reach Brisbane airport, Queensland. Determine the time the airplane arrives in
Brisbane local time.
d An airplane leaves Brisbane Airport in Queensland at 3:24 am and takes 6 hours and 34
mins to arrive at Darwin Airport in Northern Territory. Determine the time the airplane
arrives in Darwin local time.
e If an airplane leaves Darwin Airport in Northern Territory at 10:48 pm and takes 6 hours
and 28 mins to arrive at Perth Airport in Western Australia. Determine the time the
airplane arrives in Perth local time.

42 The attached map shows the time zones across the Australian States:
a A flight leaves Hobart Airport, TAS at 10:55 during DST. It takes 4 hours and 30 minutes to
reach Perth airport, WA. Determine the time the flight arrives in WA local time.
b A flight leaves Alice Springs Airport, NT at 5:15 during DST. It takes 3 hours and 10
minutes to reach Hobart airport, TAS. Determine the time the flight arrives in TAS local
time.
c If an airplane leaves Broome Airport in Western Australia at 7:30 pm and arrives at Albury
(operating on daylight savings time) Airport in Victoria at 3:52 am, determine its flight
time.
d If an airplane leaves Albury Airport in Victoria at 7:14 pm and arrives at Adelaide Airport
in South Australia (operating on daylight savings time) at 9:10 pm, determine its flight
time.
e If an airplane leaves Adelaide Airport in South Australia at 9:53 am and arrives at Broome
Airport in Western Australia(operating in daylight savings time) at 3:41 pm, determine its
flight time.

43 Luke and Maria board a train at 7:58 pm on Saturday from Sydney, New South Wales towards
Adelaide, South Australia.
a If the trip to Adelaide took 20 hours and 22 mins, determine the time they arrived in
Adelaide local time.
b Luke boards a train from Adelaide, South Australia at 5:45 pm on Sunday to Darwin,
Northern Territory. If his trip took 28 hours and 36 mins, determine the time he arrived in
Darwin local time.
c Maria boards a train from Adelaide, South Australia at 4:55 pm Sunday towards Perth,
Western Australia. If the trip took her 19 hours and 20 mins, determine the time she
arrived in Perth local time.

44 Han and Amelia board a train at 8:52 pm on Thursday from Sydney, New South Wales
towards Adelaide, South Australia.
a They arrived in Adelaide, South Australia on 6:48 pm Friday. Determine the duration of
their train trip.
b Han boards a train from Adelaide, South Australia at 8:43 pm on Friday to Darwin,
Northern Territory. He arrives at 8:11 pm Saturday. Determine the duration of his trip.
c Amelia boards a train from Adelaide, South Australia at 7:53 pm Friday towards Perth,
Western Australia. She arrives at 10:54 am. Determine the duration of her train trip.

3.06
Travel graphs
Travel graphs
1 The manufacturer of a dishwasher wants to create a graph showing how one of their
dishwasher models work. The stages of its operation are given below:
1. The dishwasher quickly fills to half-way and performs a short wash.

2. The dishwasher empties completely.
3. The dishwasher completely fills up quickly and remains full over the course of the
wash.
4. The dishwasher empties completely.
Which of the following graphs match the water level inside the dishwasher throughout a
cycle:
A B
y y
Full
Full Full
Full
Time (mins) Time (mins)

Empty
Empty Empty
Empty
10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50
C D
y y
Full
Full Full
Full
Time (mins) Time (mins)

Empty
Empty Empty
Empty
10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50

2 Explain why the following travel graph does Distance
not make sense: 66 km
km
55 km
km
44 km
km
33 km
km
22 km
km
11 km
km
Time
22 pm
pm 33 pm
pm 44 pm
pm 55 pm
pm
3 The travel graph shows the first ten minutes

of a student's journey home from school: Distance (km)
10
10
Describe their travel between the following 99

times: 88
77
a 0 to 3 minutes
66
b 3 to 6 minutes 55
c 6 to 9 minutes 44
d 9 to 10 minutes 33
22
11
Time (mins)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
4 Edward walks from his home to school on

occasion. The graph represents his distance Distance (m)
2250
2250
from school over one particular journey.
2000
2000
a How far away is Edward's home from his 1750
1750
school?
1500
1500
b How long does Edward take to get to 1250
1250
school?
1000
1000
c How far is Edward from his school after 750
750
10 minutes?
500
500
d How long did he have left in his trip
250
250
when he was 1200 m away from his Time (min)
school? 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50

5 Two siblings, Apollo and Artemis, leave Distance
home at different times. They are travelling 30
30 km
km
to see their favourite sports team compete
in the championship. The stadium is 30 km 25
25 km
km
away and the match starts at 9:00 pm.
20
20 km
km
a At what times did they both leave Artemis
Artemis
home? 15
15 km
km
b Between which two times were Apollo 10

10 km
Apollo
Apollo
km
and Artemis the same distance from
home? 55 km
km
c Who was travelling faster? Time (pm)

22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
d Did Apollo make it to the stadium on
time?
6 The graph shows the progress of two

competitors in a cycling race. Distance
250
250
225
225
a Who is travelling faster, Justin or Oliver? Oliver
Oliver
200
200
b How much faster does this person
175
175
travel?
150
150 Justin
Justin
125
125
100
100
75
75
50
50
25
25
Time
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
7 A man and his wife exercise each day for 20

minutes before dinner. The wife walks Distance (m)
4800
4800
briskly, while the man runs. 4400
4400
4000
4000
a Find the difference in distance they 3600
3600
cover after 20 minutes. 3200
3200
b Find the distance the wife covers each 2800

2800 Husband
Husband
minute. 2400
2400
2000
2000
c Find the distance the husband covers 1600
1600 Wife
Wife
each minute. 1200
1200
d How long would it take the wife to walk 800

800
the same distance that her husband runs 400
400
Time (min)
in 6 minutes? 44 88 12
12 16
16 20
20 24
24

8 Two students were walking on a straight Distance (m)
walking track, their travel graph is shown:
250
250
a How far did Student A walk?

200
200 Student
Student A
A
b How many more metres did Student A
walk than Student B during the first 5
150
150
minutes?
c Find the average speed of Student A in 100
100
Student
Student B
B
metres per minute.
d Find the average speed of Student B in 50
50
metres per minute.
Time (min)
e Assuming Student A and Student B walk 11 22 33 44 55 66
at these speeds to complete the 2 km
track on the field, how many minutes
longer would Student B take than
Student A?
9 The travel graph of John and Kate is shown:
a How many more hours did John take to Distance (km)

travel than Kate? 30
30 Kate
Kate
b Find John's average speed in km/h for
25
25
the trip, correct to two decimal places.
c Find Kate's average speed in km/h for 20
20 John
John
the trip.
15
15
d At what time has they travelled the
same distance? 10
10
v Find the distance travelled by this time.

55
Time
99 am
am 10
10 am
am 11
11 am
am 12
12 am
am
10 This travel graph represents a train's journey

between the airport and a nearby station: Distance (km)
10
10
99
a How far did the train travel over the 10
minute period? 88
77
b When was the train travelling the
fastest? 66
55
44
33
22
11
Time (mins)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10

11 Kenneth works for a delivery company. The
following graph shows his distance from the Distance (km)
99
warehouse throughout his shift:
88
a How far was Kenneth from the 77
warehouse at the beginning of the time
66
period shown?
55
b How far was he from the warehouse
44
after 8 hours?
33
c How many times did he visit the
22
warehouse during this time period?
11
d Calculate the total distance that he Time (hours)
traveled between 1 and 4 hours. 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
e When was Kenneth travelling the

fastest?
12 The Weber family travel 600 km every year

for their annual holidays. Distance (km)
600
600
Their distance from home on the trip this
year is given in the following travel graph: 500
500
a When did they stop for a break? 400

400
b How far from their destination were they
after 2 hours? 300
300
c Identify two time periods when they 200

200
were travelling at the same speed.
100
100
Time (hours)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
13 Castor and Pollux are working on a bushfire

prevention team. Over the course of their Distance (km)
10
10
10-hour shift they move along a boundary
99
and remove all flammable material they find.
88
The following travel graph shows their 77
distance from the base throughout their 66
shift:
55
a How far from the base was Pollux when 44 Pollux

Pollux
the shift began? 33
b How far apart were Castor and Pollux 22 Castor

Castor
after 2 hours? 11
Time (hours)
c When did Castor and Pollux meet up? 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10

d When was Pollux travelling the same
speed as Castor was traveling at in his
first three hours?
14 Consider the following travel graph:
Speed (km/h)
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
55
Time
88 :: 00
00 99 :: 00
00 10
10 :: 00
00 11
11 :: 00
00 12
12 :: 00
00 13
13 :: 00
00 14
14 :: 00
00 15
15 :: 00
00 16
16 :: 00
00 17
17 :: 00
00
a Find the total time taken for the journey.

b Find the total distance covered in the journey.
c Find the average speed during the journey, correct to two decimal places.
15 The graph represents Beth's distance from home over a 9 minute interval:
a When she first started to move, did she Distance (km)

travel towards or away from home?
55
b For how many minutes did she stay
home? 44
c How many minutes into her journey was

she when she left home? 33
d Find Beth's furthest distance from home.

22
e How long, from the time she left home,
did it take for Beth to return home? 11
f Find the total distance she travelled Time (min)

over the 9-minute period. 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11

16 The graph shows a traveller's distance from Distance (km)
home each hour: 300
300
a At what speed was the person travelling 250

250
between 11:00 am and 1:00 pm?
200
200
b In which interval of time was the person
travelling fastest?
150
150
c What does the horizontal interval on the
graph represent? 100
100
50
50
24-Hour Time
99 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17
17 This line graph shows the distance Buzz

was from his house as he travelled to visit Distance (km)
his grandparents: 55
a How far was Buzz from his house at

44
10:30 am?
b What time did Buzz get back home? 33
c What was the furthest distance Buzz
was from his house? 22
11
24-Hour Time
10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13
18 Ben travels forwards and backwards along a

straight line. The graph shows Ben's Distance (km)
distance from his starting point at various 300
300
times of the day:
250
250
a How far did Ben travel by 11:00 am?
200
200
b Describe Ben's speed at 11:00 am.
c Find Ben's speed between 11:00 am and 150
150
1:00 pm.
100
100
d Find the distance Ben travelled between
1:00 pm and 2:00 pm. 50
50
e Find the furthest distance travelled from 24-hour Time

the starting point. 99 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17
f Find the total distance travelled by Ben

from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm.

19 Ken starts travelling at 9:00 am from point A and moves towards point B in a straight line.
The distance between Ken and point B at
various times in his journey is shown on the Distance (km)
graph. 120
120
a How far is point B from point A? 100

100
b How many hours was Ken's journey from 80

80
point A to point B ?
c Between what time did Ken travel at the 60
60
fastest speed?
40
40
d Find Ken's fastest speed in km/h.
20
20
e Find the distance in kilometres travelled
by Ken between 1:30 pm and 4:00 pm. 24-hour Time
99 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17
f Find the total distance travelled by Ken
from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm.
20 The following travel graph shows the

distance covered by Neil on his journey Distance (km)
versus time. Neil took two trips and rested 14
14
between them. 12
12
a Find the average speed of the first trip. 10

10
b Find the average speed of the second 88

trip.
66
c Find the average speed of the entire
journey. 44
22
Time (min)
22 44 66 88 10
10 12
12 14
14
21 Tina is cycling to the bus stop, but halfway there she gets a flat tire and has to push her bike
the rest of the way. Upon reaching the bus stop, she has a short wait for the bus and then
catches the bus to her final destination.
Construct a travel graph to represent this journey.
22 Paul is driving his child home from school. They travel 6 km in 10 minutes. After 5 minutes,
the car slows down.
23 A man is driving in a car at a constant speed. After 4 minutes he increases his speed
because he is on a highway. The whole drive takes 9 minutes.

4.01
Percentages on the
calculator
Calculators with percentages
1 Express the following as decimals:
a 10% b 38.76% c 82.9% d 0.075%

e 33 100 % f 9.25% g 67.2 h 0.07%
25 24

i 0.65% j 736.5% k 303% l 51% × 83%

m 70% of 617 n 135% × 24.6 o 3 of 65.86 p 72% ÷ 3
4

2 Express the following as percentages:
a 0.61 b 0.4 c 15 d 581

8 700

e 291 f 357 g 40 h 0.411

485 680 50

i 0.876 j 93 k 21 l 1.1
150 35

m 3 n 9 o 97 p 899 out of 725

8 22 250

q 5.9 out of 0.32 r 76 out of 91.2 s 44 out of 64
3 Express 27.11% as a fraction in simplest form.
4 Express 784% as a fraction. Give your answer as a simplified mixed number.
5 Consider the following group of numbers:

1
, 80%, 0.7
4

a Rewrite the group as percentages

b Hence, write the numbers in ascending order.
6 Consider the following statement:

67
> 154%
50

a Convert 67 to a percentage.
50

b Hence, state whether the statement is true or false.

7 Consider the following group of numbers:
5 8
56%, , , 0.9, 0.91, 50.8%
7 1000

a State the number which has the largest value.

b State the number which has the smallest value.
c State the number which has a value closest to 0.5.
8 Calculate:
a 23% of 54 b 91.6% of 97.3 c 317% of

23.6 d 126% of 87.2
17 8

e 209% of 29 f 47.3% of 1.764

22

9 Use a calculator to determine x in each of the following:
a 70% of x is equal to 42.7 b 60% of x is equal to 39.54

c 60.1% of x is equal to 24.04 d 46% of x is equal to 35.88
10 Give some examples of when it might be quicker not to use a calculator in percentage
calculations.
Applications
11 The 64 girls at Victoria's party represent 80% of all the guests. Find the total number of
guests at the party.
12 A city has a yearly water supply of 27 000 000 megalitres. It gets 14% of this water supply
from melted snow. Find the amount of water that comes from melted snow each year.
13 A bag of potatoes weighs 50 kg. When more potatoes are added, the weight of the bag
increases by 35%. Find the new weight of the bag of potatoes.
14 Duncan is going to buy a hat that is marked as 25% off. The original price was $30.
a Find the discount amount.

b Find the discounted price that Duncan will pay for the hat.
15 Ryan scored 60% on his Maths exam, which was marked out of 110. What was Ryan's actual
mark out of 110?
16 Jane paid $750 to get a dress made. $450 of this was for the materials and the rest was for
the labour required.
a Find the percentage of the cost that paid for the materials.
b Find the percentage of the cost that paid for the labour.

4.02
Conversions
Percentages and fractions
1 State whether the following are the same as 80%:
a 80 b 4 c 0.8 d 80
%
10 5 100

2 Express the following percentages as fractions with denominators of 100:
a 17% b 6% c 43% d 20%

e 92% f 55% g 100% h 71%
3 Express the following fractions as percentages:
a 1 b 40 c 13 d 69
100 100 100 100

e 100 f 73 g 120 h 58
100 100 100 100

4 Express the following percentages as simplified fractions:
a 8% b 35% c 4.5% d 15.8%

e 49.03% f 0.02% g 0.1%
5 Express the following fractions as percentages, rounding your answer to two decimal places
when necessary:
a 13 b 11 c 48 d 39
50 20 73 60

Percentages and decimals
6 Convert the following percentages to decimals:
a 60% b 7% c 62% d 25%

e 100% f 55% g 0.07% h 0.3%
i 9.8% j 6.42% k 18.41% l 270%
m 500%

7 Convert the following decimals to percentages:
a 0.75 b 0.13 c 0.51 d 1

e 0.9 f 0.4 g 0.051 h 0.009
i 0.077 j 0.274
8 Express the following as percentages:
a 8 b 4 c 2.5 d 1.89
e 10 f 5.09 g 3.125
9 Which is greater: 0.26 or 35%?
10 Write either <, > or = between the pair of numbers to make the following statements true:
a 1 b 16%⬚ 4 c 1
⬚27% ⬚13%
3 25 8

Mixed numbers and percentages
11 Express the following mixed numbers as percentages:
a 14 b 37 c 5
1 d 27
5 10 4 20

12 State whether the following values are the same as 62 1 %:

2

a 0.63 b 63 c 0.625 d 5
100 8

13 Express the following percentages as fractions in simplest form. Write your answer as mixed
number if necessary.
a 275% b 107% c 145% d 320%

e 238% f 3 g 27 7 % h 34.24%
9 %
10 9

14 Convert the following to mixed number percentages:
a 2 b 2 c 0.5 d 0.3
9 3

15
1 © Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022
1
Express 33 % as a simplified fraction.
3

Compare fractions, decimals and percentages
16 Convert between percentages, fractions and decimals to complete the following tables:
a b
Fraction Decimal Percentage Fraction Decimal Percentage
11 1
100 2

1.83 0.75
5 30%
8

c d
Fraction Decimal Percentage Fraction Decimal Percentage
3 2
1
5 5

0.32 3.56
72% 1
112 %
2

17 For the following groups of numbers:
i Rewrite the group as percentages

ii Hence write the numbers in ascending order.
a 5 b 1 c 3 d 2
, 100%, 0.3 , 60%, 0.3 , 20%, 0.8 , 38%, 0.49
10 4 8 5

Applications
18 A bushfire moves through an area of land. If 25% of the land is burned by the bushfire, what
proportion of the land, as a decimal, is not burned?
19 Irene spends 27% of her pocket money each week.
a Express how much of her pocket money she spends as a decimal.

b Express how much of her pocket money she saves as a decimal.

20 Patricia and Nadia are among the candidates for a school leadership position. Patricia
receives 0.3 votes for every vote cast and Nadia receives 0.6 votes for every vote cast.
a What was the combined percentage of votes for Patricia and Nadia?
b What percentage of votes did not go to Patricia?

4.03
Percentage of a quantity
Percentage of a quantity without a calculator
1 Evaluate the following to the nearest 5 cents:
a 10% of $16.20 b 10% of $696.60 c 10% of $955.97 d 5% of $41.70

e 5% of $319.80 f 5% of $466.11 g 1% of $66.20 h 1% of $14.37
i 1% of $888.60 j 15% of $86
a 10% of 5607 b 25% of 2900

c 50% of 1800 d 28% of 5000
e 25% of 7900 grams f 30% of 7 metres
3 Consider the following quantities:
55% of 10 metres 5% of 100 metres

55% of 1 metre 50% of 10 metres
State the largest quantity.
4 Answer the following questions in order to find 45% of 5 hours without a calculator.
a How many minutes are there in 5 hours? b Find 10% of 300 minutes.
c Find 5% of 300 minutes. d Hence, find 45% of 300 minutes.
5 What percentage of the squares are

shaded?
6 Use rounding to approximate 7.8% of $89 099.99.

Percentage of a quantity with a calculator
7 Evaluate the following to the nearest 5 cents:
a 10% of $321.06 b 26% of $126.60
8 Evaluate the following to two decimal places, if necessary:
a 51.3% of 240 b 59% of 440 kilometres

c 5.2% of 80 kilograms d 900% of 90 metres
e 14% of 100 grams f 74% of 4600 kilometres
g 16% of 4590 kg h 2 1 % of 8500
4

9 Evaluate the following in metres:
a 25% of 2 kilometres b 12.5% of 2 kilometres

c 37.5% of 2 kilometres
10 Evaluate the following quantities as improper fractions:
a 24% of 272 b 51% of 169
11 Evaluate 61% of 496, as a mixed number.
Applications
12 A salesperson earns a 13% commission on their total sales each week. In one week, their
sales amounted to $640.
a Find 10% of their total sales.

b Find 3% of their total sales, correct to two decimal places.
c Hence, find the total commission they made that week, correct to two decimal places.
13 A telephone marketer earns a 13% commission on their total sales each week. In one week,
their sales amounted to $970.
a Find 10% of their total sales.

b Find 3% of their total sales, correct to two decimal places.
c Hence, find the total commission they made this week, correct to two decimal places.

14 A car manufacturer estimated that 17% of 2700 cars produced are faulty. The steps to find
17% of 2700 cars are given in random order.
When put in the correct order, which step should come second?
A 45 900 B 17% × 2700 C 459 D 17 × 2700

100 100

15 Lisa scored 70% on her Maths exam, which was marked out of 140. What was Lisa's actual
mark out of 140?
16 Jay scored 92% of a possible 600 marks. He had aimed to score 96% of the marks. How many
more marks were required to reach his goal?
17 Valentina has completed 25% of the necessary 70 hours of pilot training.
a Find 25% of 70 hours, correct to one decimal place.

b Find 2.5% of 70 hours, correct to two decimal places.
c Quentin has completed 27.5% hours of the necessary training. Find how many hours he
has completed, correct to two decimal places.
18 Liam works 0.8 days for every day of the five day work week.
a What percentage of the work week does Liam work?

b What percentage of the five day week does Liam not work?
c What percentage of the whole 7 day week does he work? Express your answer as a
percentage correct to one decimal place.
19 Ben is going to purchase some sports gear on layby. This involves paying some money as a
deposit, and paying the remainder later. The price of the gear is $65.
a If he needs to pay 25% deposit, how much is this?

b Calculate the remaining balance on the layby purchase.
20 When tickets to a football match went on sale, 29% of the tickets were purchased in the first
hour.
a If the stadium seats 58 000 people, find the number of seats still available after the first
hour.
b If the stadium seats 60 000 people, find the number of seats still available after the first
hour.
21 A theatre has a capacity of 1000 people. On opening night the theatre was 95% full. On the

second night it was 70% full. Find the total number of people that attended the theatre on
the first two nights.
22 In a recent survey of planes landing at a major airport, it was observed that 19% of the flights
were delayed less than an hour and 3% of the flights were delayed an hour or more but less
than two hours.
a Find the percentage of flights that are delayed less than two hours.
b If 9000 flights arrive at the airport in a day, how many flights are delayed less than two
hours?
23 A frozen apple pie weighing 331 grams is advertised as being 90% fat free. How many grams
of fat are there in the pie? Round your answer to one decimal place.
24 Valentina heated 500 mL of solution. After a few minutes, 25% of the solution had
evaporated. Find the quantity of the solution that remained.
25 Ellie bought a 454 mL drink that claimed to be orange juice. In the ingredients list it said that
orange juice made up 17% of the drink. To estimate the amount of orange juice in the drink,
which of the following quantities would give the closest answer:
A 10% × 454 B 20% × 454 C 10% × 400
26 Inflation between the years 2009 and 2010 was 1.7%, such that a purchase made in 2009
for $100 would be worth $101.70 in 2010. A product was valued at $3200 in 2009.
a Find 1% of the product's value. b Find 7% of the product's value.

c Find 0.7% of $3200. d What is 1.7% worth?
e Find the value of the product in 2010.

4.04
One amount as a
percentage of another
Express quantities as percentages
1 For each of the following, what percentage of the figures are shaded?
a b
c d
2 Express the following quantities as percentages, correct to two decimal places:
a 2 out of 4 b 8 out of 32
c 99 out of 110 d 66 out of 88
e 20 out of 40 f 5 out of 18
g 10 out of 19 h 134 L out of 536 L
3 State whether the following shows how to calculate 2 as a percentage of 38:
a 38 b 2 c 2 d 38
×2 × 100% ×1 × 100%
100 38 38 2


4 Find the following:
a 42 minutes as a percentage of an hour. b 132 cm as a percentage of 3 metres.

c 900 mL as a percentage of 1 L. d 1 L as a percentage of 450 mL.
e 385 metres as a percentage of 4 km. f 24 minutes as a percentage of 2 hours.
g 50 cm as a percentage of 4 m. h 94 g as a percentage of 10 kg.
i 443.22 km as a percentage of 890 km j 164 cm as a percentage of 8.2 m
k $6 as a percentage of $375 l $966 as a percentage of $27 600
m 45.5 kg as a percentage of 65 kg n 8550 mL as a percentage of 28.5 L
o 36 min as a percentage of 4 hrs p 108.9 mL as a percentage of 330 mL
Applications
5 A car weighs 700 kg and a truck weighs 2 tonnes. Express the weight of the car as a
percentage of the weight of the truck. (Note that 1 tonne= 1000 kg)
6 There are 2 boys and 7 girls in a class.
a Find the total number of students in the class.

b What percentage of the class is boys? Round your answer to two decimal places.
c What percentage of the class is girls? Round your answer to two decimal places.
7 A box of fruit contains 20 apples, 15 mandarins, and 12 pineapples.
a Find the total number of pieces of fruit inside the box.

b What percentage of the box is apples? Round your answer to two decimal places.
c What percentage of the box is mandarins? Round your answer to two decimal places
d What percentage of the box is pineapples? Round your answer to two decimal places
8 At the beginning of the year, 200 people committed to going on a diet. By the end of the
year, only 34 people were still on the diet. What percentage of people stuck with the diet?
9 If 57 people applied for a job and 38 were interviewed, what percentage of applicants were
not interviewed? Round your answer to two decimal places.
10 When Bart looked at the bill from the mechanic, the total cost of repairs was $800. $640 of
this was for labour and the rest was for replacement of parts.
a What percentage of the cost of repairs was for labour?

b What percentage of the cost of repairs was for replacement of parts?
11 In one day, the emergency line received 7520 calls. They found that 1128 of these calls were
not an emergency.
a What percentage of calls were not an emergency?

b What percentage of calls were actual emergencies?
12 In a factory producing light bulbs, it is found that 27 out of a batch of 300 light bulbs are
faulty. What percentage of the light bulbs are faulty?
13 Deborah scored 40 out of 50 in her history test and 57 out of 75 in her mathematics test.
a What percentage score did Deborah get for her history test?
b What percentage score did Deborah get for her mathematics test?
c On which test did Deborah get a higher percentage score?
14 Justin and Georgia handed out fliers to advertise for their new concert.
Justin handed out 120 of his 400 fliers while Georgia handed out 360 of her 600 fliers.
a What percentage of his fliers did Justin hand out?

b What percentage of her fliers did Georgia hand out?
c Who handed out a higher percentage of their fliers?

4.05
Percentage increase and
decrease
Addition and subtraction in percentage change
1 Here is a grid of 100 blue squares. Each

small square represents 1% of the total:
a Choose the image that represents 3% more than the original grid:
A B C D
b Describe what was done to the original grid to increase it by 3%.

c Write an expression to represent the 3% increase in squares.
d Choose the image that represents 6% less than the original grid:
A B C D
e Describe what was done to the original grid to decrease it by 6%.

f Write an expression to represent the 6% decrease in squares.
2 Bob wants to decrease 110 by 60%.
a Calculate 60% of 110.

b Should Bob add or subtract the amount from part (a) from 110? Explain your answer.
c Hence, decrease 110 by 60%.
3 Lucy wants to increase 70 by 60%.
a Calculate 60% of 70.

b Should Lucy add or subtract the amount from part (a) from 70? Explain your answer.
c Hence, increase 70 by 60%.
Percentage increase
4 Increase:
a 80 by 5%. b 120 by 10%.

c 72 by 40%. d 320 by 25%.
e $140 by 9%. f $30 000 by 20%.
g 80 km by 15%. h 400 mL by 35%.
5 Abed wants to increase 1500 by 30%.
a Calculate 30% of 1500 and add the answer to 1500.

b Calculate 130% of 1500.
c Are your answers to (a) and (b) the same? Explain why this is.
6 Tracy wants to increase 80 by 30%.
a What single percentage should she multiply 80 by?

b Explain how you got your percentage in part (a).
7 What single percentage should a quantity be multiplied by in order to increase the quantity
by:
a 17% b 5% c 40% d 9.4%

e 33% f 127% g 38% h 212%
8 Evaluate the following using a single percentage:
a Increase 80 by 60% b Increase 400 by 45%

c Increase 900 by 8% d Increase 80 by 40%
e Increase 1200 by 45% f Increase 1200 by 8%

9 A bag of rice weighs 120 kg. The company who makes these bags decides to increase their
weight by 45%. Find the new weight of the bag.
Percentage decrease
10 Decrease:
a 70 by 8%. b 260 by 10%.

c 96 by 60%. d 250 by 20%.
e $480 by 18%. f $55 000 by 45%.
g 200 km by 22%. h 650 mL by 30%.
11 Derek wants to decrease 120 by 70%.
a What single percentage should he multiply 120 by?

b Explain how you got your percentage in part (a).
12 What single percentage should a quantity be multiplied by in order to decrease the quantity
by:
a 17% b 5% c 40% d 9%
e 32% f 52% g 38% h 65%
13 Evaluate the following using a single percentage:
a Decrease 80 by 60% b Decrease 400 by 45%

c Decrease 900 by 8% d Decrease 80 by 40%
e Decrease 1200 by 45% f Decrease 1200 by 8%
14 A discus thrower has a personal best of 60 m. In their most recent competition they fall short
of their personal best by 30%. Find the distance of their throw in this competition.
Percentage change
15 A percentage increase was applied to the number 60 in order to get 108.
a Find how much was added to 60 to get 108.

b Express the increase as a percentage of 60.

16 A percentage increase was applied to the number 180 in order to get 207.
a Find how much was added to 180 to get 207.

b Express the increase as a percentage of 180.
17 A percentage decrease was applied to the number 90 in order to get 27.
a Find how much was subtracted from 90 to get 27.

b Express the decrease as a percentage of 90.
18 A percentage decrease was applied to the number 180 in order to get 117.
a Find how much was subtracted from 180 to get 117.

b Express the decrease as a percentage of 180.
19 In training for her next marathon, Sally increased her practise route from 7000 m to 7910 m.
What percentage has Sally increased the distance of her practice route by?
20 Luke's record for juggling a football was 70 keep ups. After buying some new football boots,
this increased to 112. Express this increase as a percentage of the original record.
21 Sharon's daily pay was $150. When she began working shorter hours in order to study, her
pay decreased to $90 per day. Express this decrease as a percentage of her original pay.
22 Jimmy had a bowling high score of 60 points. After practising for a week, this increased to
93. Express this increase as a percentage of his original high score.
23 Sophia is able to write 220 words in a minute. After sustaining a thumb injury, this decreased
to 143 words a minute. Express this decrease as a percentage of her original rate.
24 During the editing phase when making a movie, the director ordered that the movie be cut
down from 200 minutes to 124 minutes. What percentage did the movie's duration decrease
by from its original length?

4.06
Finding the whole
One percentage from another
1 Find the original number if:
a 1% of the number is 20. b 2% of the number is 8.

c 10% of the number is 5. d 20% of the number is 10.
e 25% of the number is 13. f 50% of the number is 14.
g 5% of the number is 3. h 10% of the number is 12.
2 For each of the following:
i Find the 1% of the number. ii Hence, find the whole number.
a 9% of the number is 72. b 9% of a number is 63.

c 60% of a number is 480. d 47% of a number is 188.
e 4% of a number is 236. f 15% of a number is 7500.
g 12% of a number is 576. h 8% of a number is 230.
i Find the 1% of the quantity. ii Hence, find the whole quantity.
a 5% of a quantity is $320. b 11% of a quantity is $16.50.

c 30% of a quantity is 2700 mL. d 54% of a quantity is 6210 mL.
e 14% of a quantity is 7280 g. f 22% of a quantity is 88 000 g.
g 34% of a quantity is 918 L. h 78% of a quantity is 10 959 cm.
i Find 10% of the quantity. ii Hence, find the whole quantity.
a 150% of a quantity is 135. b 240% of a quantity is 1464.

c 80% of a quantity is $160. d 320% of a quantity is $13 280.
i Find the 25% of the quantity. ii Hence, find the whole quantity.
a 125% of a quantity is 30. b 50% of a quantity is 85.

c 150% of a quantity is 75 000. d 250% of a quantity is 1500.

6 For each of the following, find the whole quantity:
a 14% of a quantity is 637. b 26% of a quantity is 10 400.

c 32% of a quantity is $10 240. d 120% of a quantity is $87.30.
e 80% of a quantity is 840 mL. f 57% of a quantity is 4651.2 g.
g 64% of a quantity is $10 400. h 92% of a quantity is 4738 m.
7 If 36% of a quantity is equal to 2412:
a Find 1% of the quantity. b Find 83% of the quantity.
8 If 6% of a number is equal to 36:
a Find 1% of the number. b Find 36% of the number.
9 If 21% of a quantity is equal to 378:
a Find 1% of the quantity. b Find 71% of the quantity.
10 870% of a number is 696. Find the original number.
11 If 48% of 85 is 40.8, find 85% of 48.
Applications
12 33 1 % of a quantity is 448 grams. Find 66 2 % of the same quantity.

3 3

13 462 students represent 30% of the school population. Find the number of students that
make up 60% of the school population.
14 A city has a yearly water supply of 27 000 000 megalitres. It gets 14% of this water supply
from melted snow. Find the amount of water that comes from melted snow each year.
15 When a rock sample was examined, it was found that 4.1 kilograms of it was copper. If this
sample represents 10% of the total copper in the rock bed, how many kilograms of copper
were there in the rock bed?
16 The 64 girls at Victoria's party represent 80% of all the guests. Find the total number of
guests at the party.

17 Beth spends 90% of her weekly income on rent. If her rent is $720 each week, find her
weekly income.
18 After 10% GST was added, the price of an iPod was $238. Calculate the original price before
GST.
19 A total of 36 000 engineers were hired last year. This represents 9% of the total number of
engineers employed in the country. How many engineers are employed in the country
altogether?
20 Iain spent some time volunteering in a community. He spent 10% of his time volunteering at
schools and 2% of his time volunteering at the local hospital. The remaining 132 days he
spent volunteering at animal shelters.
How many days did Iain volunteer at the local hospital?
21 Oprah has completed 50% of the necessary 60 hours of pilot training.
a Find 50% of 60 hours.

b Ryan has completed 5% more of the required training hours than Oprah. How many
hours has he completed?
22 Fred’s new cable television bill is $98 per month. This is 140% of his monthly bill from last
year, when he had the basic cable package. What was his monthly cable television bill last
year?
23 Gwen has $200 to spend on a new laptop. The sale price of the laptop includes the original
price plus a sales tax of 9%. Find the greatest original price of the laptop that Gwen can
afford. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.

4.07
Profit and loss
Net change in money
1 Describe what it means if the net change in money is:
a Positive b Negative
2 For each of the following, describe the change in money:
a After buying and then selling a bicycle, the net change in Laura's money was −$44.
b After buying and then selling a scarf, the net change in Sandy's money was $5.
c After buying and then selling a chair, the net change in Derek's money was −$8.
d After buying and then selling a scarf, the net change in Bianca's money was $0.
e After buying and then selling a toaster, the net change in Edward's money was $65.
3 For each of the following items, find the net change in money as a directed number:
a Valentina bought a pillow for $2 and sold it for $16.

b Bill bought a chair for $17 and sold it for $6.
c Hannah bought a tennis racquet for $82 and sold it for $169.
d Aoife bought a car for $12 000 and sold it five years later for $4500.
e Yan bought an apartment for $380 000 and sold it ten years later for $520 000.
4 In its opening month, a local pizza store sold 190 large pizzas at $20 each and 200 small
pizzas at $6 each. The store incurred electricity costs of $26, water costs of $10, rent of $408,
wages of $1345 and ingredient costs of $210.
a Calculate the total revenue of the store in the first month.

b Calculate the total expenses of the store in the first month.
c Calculate the net change in money by the store in the first month.

Cost and sale price
5 Find the sale price of the following items:
a Cost price: $58, profit: $10.

b Cost price: $120, profit: $32.50.
c Cost price: $80, loss: $27.
d Cost price: $250, loss: $135.
e Sandy bought a stove for $238. She eventually sold the stove and made a profit of $39.
f William bought a wallet for $12. He eventually sold the wallet and made a profit of $2.
g Pauline bought a plane ticket for $469. She then had to sell the plane ticket and made a
loss of $9.
h Ryan bought a guitar for $176. He eventually sold the guitar and made a loss of $37.
6 Find the cost price of the following items:
a Sale price: $72, profit: $15.

b Sale price: $10 000, profit: $2200.
c Sale price: $520, loss: $210.
d Sale price: $780, loss: $360.
e Ben sold a toothbrush for $12 and made a profit of $3.
f Pauline sold a washing machine for $486 and made a loss of $7.
g Sarah sold a laptop for $233 and made a profit of $55.
h David sold a pair of earrings for $161 and made a loss of $55.
7 Find the profit on the following items:
a Cost price: $65, sale price: $82.

b Cost price: $120, sale price: $186.
c Cost price: $1400, sale price: $2050.
d Cost price: $86.50, sale price: $93.50.
e Glen bought a trading card for $11 and sold it for $24.
f Roxanne bought a dress for $712 and sold it for $829.

8 Find the loss on the following items:
a Cost price: $70, sale price: $45.

b Cost price: $225, sale price: $138.
c Cost price: $5870, sale price: $4250.
d Cost price: $850, sale price: $375.50.
e Judy bought a basketball for $99 and sold it for $92.
f Charlie bought a sculpture for $660 and sold it for $585.
9 Find the profit (or loss) for each of the following:
a The sale price is $540 and the cost price is $284.

b The sale price is $2065 and the cost price is $3120.
c The sale price is $340.50 and the cost price is $290.80.
d The sale price is $1800 and the cost price is $3500.
e The cost price is $276.90 and the sale price is $320.55.
f The cost price is $2480 and the sale price is $1770.
Percentage profit and loss
10 Charlie bought a cake for $220 and sold it for $209. Describe Charlie's change in money after
buying and selling the cake.
11 Sean bought a spade for $36 and sold it for $45. Describe Sean's change in money after
buying and selling the spade.
12 Oliver bought a baseball bat for $130 and sold it for $143.
a Calculate Oliver's profit.

b Find the percentage profit of the cost price of the baseball bat.
c Describe Oliver's change in money after buying and selling the baseball bat.
13 Bianca bought a microwave for $50 and sold it for $35.
a Calculate Bianca's loss.

b Find the percentage loss of the cost price of the microwave.
c Describe Bianca's change in money after buying and selling the microwave.

14 John buys a used laptop for $391 and resells it for $554.
a Calculate the profit John make on the laptop.

b Find this profit as a percentage of the cost price.
15 Paul invests $9000 in the stock market only to see his shares plummet in value to $4509.
a Calculate the loss Paul make on the shares.

b Find this loss as a percentage of the cost price.
16 Sally purchased a dress for $20 and auctioned it off on eBay for $41. Find:
a The profit (or loss).

b The profit (or loss) as a percentage of the cost, correct to two decimal places.
c The profit (or loss) as a percentage of the sale price to two decimal places.
17 Buzz bought a mobile phone for $170 and sold it 7 months later, making a loss of 30% on the
purchase price. Find the selling price mobile phone.
18 Every item in store is sold at 8% above cost. If a product was bought from the manufacturer
for $360, find:
a The sale price b The profit (or loss)
19 Sarah bought a bicycle for $400 and sold it for a 18% profit.
a Find the profit made on the bicycle. b Hence, find the sale price of the bicycle.
20 Hermione bought a phone for $200 and sold it for a 16% loss.
a Find the loss made on the phone. b Hence, find the sale price of the phone.
21 Noah sold a jumping castle for $700 which was a 12% profit.
a Find the sale price of the jumping castle as a percentage of the cost price.
b Hence, find the cost price of the jumping castle.
22 James sold a jacket for $600 which was a 4% loss.
a Find the sale price of the jacket as a percentage of the cost price.
b Hence, find the cost price of the jacket.

23 Yvonne bought a car for $17 600 and sold it 2 years later, making a loss of 19%. Find the sale
price of the car.

4.08
Consumer percentages
Mark ups and discounts
1 Find the discounted price for each of the following:
a A pair of boots priced at $80 is discounted by 35%.

b A desk priced at $80 is discounted by 40%.
c A board game priced at $25 is discounted by 30%.
d A cricket bat originally marked at a price of $150 is advertised to be selling at 45% off this
marked price.
2 Find the marked up price for each of the following:
a A book priced at $90 is marked up by 40%.

b A dress at $120 is marked up by 30%.
c A brush set priced at $140 is marked up by 45%.
d A t-shirt originally priced at $170 is marked up to sell for 45% more.
3 Find the percentage increase in price after the following mark ups are applied:
a The new price of a wallet after a mark up is calculated by multiplying the original price
by 110%.
b The new price of a hat after a mark up is calculated by multiplying the original price by
121%.
4 Find the percentage decrease in price after the following discounts are applied:
a The new price of a phone after a discount is calculated by multiplying the original price
by 95%.
b The new price of a shirt after a discount is calculated by multiplying the original price by
77%.
5 Find the original price of the following items:
a The price of a basketball was marked up by 60% and is now $144.

b The price of a singlet was marked up by 45% and is now $26.10.
c The price of a backpack was discounted by 30% and is now $63.
d The price of a golf club was discounted by 35% and is now $11.70.

6 Find the original price of the following items:
a A shop owner decides to mark up the price of a sled by 31% so that it now sells for
exactly $60.
b A bakery sells garlic twist loaves, baked fresh every day. At 4:30 pm, just before closing,
they discount any remaining loaves by 43% and sell them for $2 each.
7 A popular hotel increased its nightly rates from $277 to $349.
a Calculate how much more a single night's stay costs after the price increase.
b By what percentage did the nightly rate increase? Round your answer to two decimal
places.
8 A holiday resort in Tasmania reduced its overnight rates from $313 to $239.
a Calculate how much less a single nights stay cost after the decrease in price.
b By what percentage did the nightly rate decrease? Round your answer to two decimal
places.
Multiple mark ups and discounts
9 A laptop originally sells at $4700.
a Calculate its sale price after successive discounts of 6% and 9%.

b Calculate its sale price after successive discounts of 9% and 6%.
c Does the order of discounting affect the sale price? Explain your answer.
d Calculate its sale price after successive discounts of 8%, 7% and 5%.
10 Find the final price after applying both mark ups:
a A mattress originally priced at $90 is marked up by 70%. A few months later, the mattress
is marked up from its new price by a further 60%.
b A world trip originally priced at $9000 is marked up by 17%. A few months later, the world
trip is marked up from its new price by a further 49%.
11 Find the final price after applying both discounts:
a A painting canvas originally priced at $80 is discounted by 40%. A few months later, the
painting canvas is discounted from its new price by a further 20%.
b A second-hand boat originally priced at $12 000 is discounted by 23%. A few months
later, the boat is discounted from its new price by a further 6%.

12 Find the final price after applying both the discount and the mark up:
a A backpack originally priced at $90 is marked up by 40%. A few months later, the
backpack is discounted from its new price by 10%.
b A washing machine originally priced at $80 is discounted by 15%. A few months later, the
washing machine is marked up from its new price by 45%.
13 The Run4Fun charity race is increasing in popularity. A year ago 60 000 people registered to
run, and this number is expected to increase by 6% this year and then by another 8% next
year. How many people are expected to run next year?
14 A skipping rope priced at $10 is marked up by 40% and then later discounted by 40%.
a Calculate the new price of the skipping rope.

b Explain why the new price of the skipping rope is not equal to the original price of the
skipping rope.
15 An artist paints 1 landscape and 1 portrait painting, pricing them both at $3200.
The price of the landscape painting is marked up once by 8% and later marked up by a
further 23%.
The price of the portrait painting is marked up once by 23% and later marked up by a
further 8%.
a Find the final price of the landscape painting after applying both mark ups.
b Find the final price of the portrait painting after applying both mark ups.
c The artist notices that, after calculating all the mark ups, the price of the landscape and
portrait paintings are equal. Explain why the prices are equal.
16 A television and a barbeque are both priced at $3100.
The price of the television is discounted once by 21% and later discounted by a further
12%.
The price of the barbeque is discounted once by 12% and later discounted by a further
21%.
Will the final price of both items be equal? Explain your answer.
17 A stool priced at $60 is marked up by 30% and then marked up again by 70%. Instead of
calculating 2 separate mark ups, Judy claims that she can calculate the final price in a single
step using the expression 60 × 130% × 170%.
a Is Judy correct? Explain your answer.

b Find the final price of the flute.
18 A flute priced at $600 is marked up by 10% and then marked up again by 40%.
Instead of calculating 2 separate mark ups, Elizabeth claims that she can calculate the final
price in a single step using the expression 600 × 150%, because 10 + 40 = 50.
a Is Elizabeth correct? Explain your answer.

b Find the final price of the flute.
19 A tent priced at $120 is discounted by 25% and then discounted again by 15%. Instead of
calculating 2 separate discounts, Edward claims that he can calculate the final price in a
single step using the expression 120 × 75% × 85%.
a Is Edward correct? Explain your answer.

b Find the final price of the tent.
20 A bookcase priced at $110 is discounted by 20% and then discounted again by 15%. Instead
of calculating 2 separate discounts, Carl claims that he can calculate the final price in a
single step using the expression 110 × 65%, because 100 − 20 − 15 = 65.
a Is Carl correct? Explain your answer.

b Find the final price of the bookcase.
21 A book set priced at $75 is discounted by 20% and later marked up by 12%. Instead of
calculating 1 discount and 1 mark up, Luigi claims that he can calculate the final price in a
single step using the expression 75 × 80% × 112%.
a Is Luigi correct? Explain your answer.

b Find the final price of the book set.
22 A computer game priced at $80 is discounted by 15% and later marked up by 20%. Instead of
calculating 1 discount and 1 mark up, Tom claims that he can calculate the final price in a
single step using the expression 80 × 105%, because 100 − 15 + 20 = 105.
a Is Tom correct? Explain your answer.

b Find the final price of the computer game.
23 The price of a heater selling for $234 is initially discounted by 14% and later marked up by
14%. Find the final sale price of the heater.
24 A jeweller began her career selling her necklaces for $1500. After a few months she marked
up the price by 16%. A few weeks after that a video of her making the necklaces went viral,
and she marked up the price by 11%. In a few days she is due to appear on a popular

podcast, and in anticipation of the increased demand she marks up the price by 13%. Find
the price of the jeweller's necklaces after all the mark ups.

25 In order to keep up with competition, a local shoemaker is forced to discount the price of his
signature boots by 23%. Noticing that he still isn't selling enough, the shoemaker discounts
his boots by a further 22% the next week, and then another 35% the week after that. The
boots were originally priced at $110. Find the final price of the shoemaker's boots after all
the discounts.
26 In response to the changing economy, the price of a car is marked up by 35%, then
discounted by 13%, marked up again by 28% and then finally discounted again by 14%. If the
car was originally priced at $33 000, find the new price of the car.

4.09
Simple interest
Simple interest
1 If $16 716 of simple interest was earned in 7 years, find how much interest was earned:
a Each year b Each month
2 Ned borrowed $3600 from a bank at a simple interest rate of 2.5% p.a.
a Calculate the interest on the loan in one year.

b Calculate the interest on the loan after three years.
c Calculate the total amount Ned will have to repay the bank at the end of 3 years.
3 Buzz takes out 6-year $50 000 loan at 8% p.a. simple interest.
a Calculate the total interest he will have to pay on the loan.

b Calculate the total amount he will have to pay back.
4 Calculate the total simple interest to be paid on a 3-year $8000 loan at 13% p.a.
5 Calculate the total amount to be paid back on a 5-year loan of $110 000 at 5% p.a. simple
interest.
6 Sally pays for her purchase of a new carpet, valued at $9000, by paying a $3000 deposit and
borrowing the balance at 5% p.a. simple interest to be repaid over 3 years.
a Find the total interest she will have to pay.

b Calculate the total amount she will pay for the carpet.
Different rates and time periods

7 Calculate the simple interest earned on the following investments. Assume that a year has
52 weeks or 365 days.
a $2540 at 9% p.a. for 2 years

b $2010 at 6% p.a. for 13 months
c $5320 at 6% p.a. for 95 weeks
d $5440 at 6% p.a. for 566 days
e $7000 at 1.8% per quarter for 9 years
f $1050 at a semiannual rate of 1.1% for 9 years

8 Calculate the simple interest charged on the following loans. Assume that a year has 52
weeks or 365 days.
a $8000 at 8% p.a. for 6 years b $3860 at 9% p.a. for 13 months

c $5010 at 5% p.a. for 666 days d $5240 at 4% p.a. for 73 weeks
9 Calculate the final value of these investments:
a $6170 at 5% p.a. for 6 years. b $9060 at 4% p.a. for 44 months.

c $4230 at 8% p.a. for 32 weeks. d $4620 at 6% p.a. for 146 days.
10 Bianca takes out a loan of $800 to pay for an online course. Simple interest is calculated at
9% per year, charged monthly. If she repays the loan in 9 months, how much interest does
she pay in total?
11 Dave and Emily are looking to invest

$11 600 and $18 300 respectively for 6 years. Rate
Principal
The table shows the simple interest rates p.a.
for different principals:
Between $4800 and $14 800 4%
a Calculate the interest Dave will earn on Between $14 800 and $24 800 5%
his investment.
Greater than $24 800 6%
b Calculate the interest Emily will earn on
her investment.
c How much will they earn if they combine their principals and invest together?
d Should they invest separately or together? Explain your answer.
12 Tara takes out a car loan of $6000 at a simple interest of 8% p.a. She plans to repay the loan
over 2 years through regular monthly repayments.
a Calculate the total interest that Tara will incur over the duration of the repayment.
b Calculate the value of each repayment of the loan.
13 $402 is invested at 4% p.a. simple interest for 9 years. After this time the principal plus
interest is reinvested at 6% p.a. simple interest for 8 more years.
a Calculate the value of the investment after 9 years.

b Calculate the final value of the investment.
c Calculate the total amount of interest earned.
14 Luke's investment of $3000 earned simple interest of 4% p.a. for the first 8 years, and 2% p.a.
for the next 5 years.
Calculate the total amount of interest earned.
Finding rate, principal or time
15 For each of the following investments find the annual simple interest rate, R, as a
percentage rounded to one decimal place.
a $3600 invested over 2 years earns $504.00

b $4800 invested over 20 months earns $760.00
c $1600 invested over 3 quarters earns $103.20
16 For each of the following loans find the annual simple interest rate, R, as a percentage
rounded to one decimal place.
a The simple interest on a loan of $7550 over 9 years is $6523.20.

b The simple interest on a loan of $5800 over 6 quarters is $321.90.
c The simple interest on a loan of $5500 over 24 months is $385.00.
17 $1957 is invested at a simple interest rate of 6% p.a. Calculate the number of years needed
for interest of $1174.20 to be earned on the investment.
18 $2379 is invested at a simple interest rate of 2% p.a. Calculate the number of quarters
needed for interest of $23.79 to be earned on the investment.
19 For his investment into government bonds, Scott was paid simple interest of 9% p.a.
Calculate the size of Scott's initial investment $P , if he earned $294.12 interest after 2 years.
20 $63 790 is invested at a simple interest rate of 8% p.a. Calculate the number of months
needed for interest of $7654.80 to be earned on the investment. Round your answer to the
nearest month.
21 Lisa made loan repayments totalling to $4320 on a loan of $4000 over 4 years.
a Calculate the total simple interest charged on the loan.

b Calculate the annual simple interest rate.
22 $552 is invested at a simple interest rate of 5% p.a.
a Calculate the interest that will be earned on the investment in one year.
b Calculate the number of years it will take the investment to grow to $828.

23 $7050 is invested at a simple interest rate of 7% p.a. Calculate the number of years needed
for it to grow to $7950. Round your answer to two decimal places.
24 If $2196 is invested at 2% p.a. simple interest for 8 years, what simple interest rate R, would
earn the same amount of interest in only 5 years?
Express R as a percentage, correct to two decimal places.
25 The graph shows the amount of simple

interest charged each year by a particular I
bank, on a 3-year loan: 300
300
a Find the total amount of simple interest 250

250
charged on a loan of $5000.
200
200
b Calculate the simple interest rate per
annum charged by the bank on 3-year 150
150
loans.
100
100
50
50
P
1000
1000 2000
2000 3000
3000 4000
4000 5000
5000
26 The given graph shows an amount of $4000

deposited into a savings account for 10 A
years earning simple interest. 4750
4750
4500
4500
a How much interest has been earned in
total over the 10 year period? 4250
4250
b Find the interest rate as a percentage, 4000

4000
correct to two decimal places.
3750
3750
3500
3500
3250
3250
T
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10

5.01
with indices
Multiplying terms with indices
1 Write the following expressions in simplest index form.
a 22 × 22 b 34 × 310
c 54 × 53 d 66 × 67
e 114 × 34 f 1744 × 1748
g 3072 × 5272 h 4 × 56 × 57
5 40
i (37 ) j (8319 )
k 22 × 23 × 24 l 26 × 28 × 27 × 25
4
m −9 × 22 × 26 n 9 × (−10) × 108
o 5 × 46 × 42 p 2 × 78 × 79
3 3

2 Find the product of the following expressions.
a 34 × 33 b 92 × 95 c 24 × 74 d 55 × 33
h 3 × 44 × 73
3 2
e (62 ) f (35 ) g 6 × 52 × 53
4

3 Find the value of the blank that will make the following equations true.
a 35 × 3⬚ = 37 b 58 × 5⬚ = 512
c 9⬚ × 96 = 99 d 31⬚ × 3137 = 3156
11 30
e 311 × (⬚) = 2111 f (⬚) × 9030 = 378030
⬚ 14
g (1111 ) = 1133 h (37⬚) = 37700
Dividing terms with indices
4 Write the following expressions in simplest index form.
a 38 ÷ 36 b 510 ÷ 55 c 613 ÷ 66 d 108 ÷ 106

e 1533 ÷ 1527 f 218 ÷ 38 g 3730 ÷ 3718 h 65069 ÷ 5069
i 1010 j 1832 k (−7)11 l (−10)12
103 1823 (−7)5 (−10)4

m −78 n 1632 o 5 × 48 p 410

72 −1624 42 5 × 43


5 Find the quotient of the following expressions.
a 39 ÷ 34 b 44 ÷ 24 c 47 ÷ 44 d 48 ÷ 45
e 212 f 36 g 5 × 45 h 6 × 58
28 33 43 56

a 5⬚ ÷ 55 = 57 b 69 ÷ 6⬚ = 67
c 1110 ÷ 11⬚ = 114 d 31⬚ ÷ 3121 = 3113
9 66
e 149 ÷ (⬚) = 79 f (⬚) ÷ 3066 = 1966
The zero index

0
a 80 b 210 c 7410 d (−983)
0 0 0 0
e −5 f 7 g (2 × 13) h 4 (2 × 13)
( ) ( )
8 9

0 0
i 650 + 810 j 890 − (−95) k 720 + 23 l 70 + (8 × 7)
a 3⬚ = 1 b 610 ÷ 610 = 6⬚ c 8⬚ d 98
= 80 = 90
89 9⬚


5.02
Index laws
Index laws
1 Write the following expressions in simplest index form:
a 212 × 29 b 28 × 118 c 1112 ÷ 118 d 215 ÷ 35

e (512 )4 f 1517 ÷ 158 ÷ 155 g (238 )9 × 237 h (175 )
8
1732

i 199 × 194 j 126 k

2
(135 ) × 133 l (159 ) × 157
5
× 125
198 124

135 1525

2 Complete the following statements:
a 1111 × 11⬚ = 1119 b 511 × (⬚)11 = 3511

c 97⬚ ÷ 9722 = 9712 d 556 ÷ (⬚)6 = 116
⬚
e (114 ) = 1112 f 78 × 7⬚ = 714
10
g 210 × (⬚) = 1010 h 19⬚ ÷ 1918 = 1920
⬚
i 604 ÷ (⬚)4 = 124 j (138 ) = 1316
3 Evaluate the following expressions:

2
a 65 × 63 b 73 × 33 c 48 ÷ 43 d (54 )
2
e 355 ÷ 55 f 24 × 44 g 1118 ÷ 119 ÷ 117 h (33 )
i 65 × 69 j 727 ÷ 730 ÷ 73 k 1210 × 124 l (68 )
6
612 1211

646

Negative bases
4 Write the following expressions in simplest index form:
a (−11)10 × (−11)3 b (−7)8 × 38

c (−5)2 × 32 d (−3)12 ÷ (−3)5
e (−12)20 ÷ (−12)19 f (−30)50 ÷ (−30)47
g (−48)3 ÷ (−6)3 h (−33)11 ÷ (−3)11
i (−35)5 ÷ 55 j (−42)2 ÷ 72

a 113 × (⬚)3 = (−77)3 b (−5)11 × (⬚)11 = 1511

c (−5)⬚ ÷ (−5)31 = (−5)19 d (−14)13 ÷ (⬚)13 = (−7)13
⬚ 39 10 4 4 4
e (−3) ÷ (−3) = (−3) f (−5) × (⬚) = (−60)
7 7 7 3 3 3
g (−3) × (⬚) = (6) h (⬚) ÷ (−3) = (7)
i (−33)3 ÷ (⬚)3 = −113 j (⬚)7 ÷ (−5)7 = 117

11 7 3 3 3 2 3
a (−4) ÷ (−4) b (−2) × (−2) c (−3) × (−3) d 43 × (−5)
e (−3)8 ÷ (−3)5 f 155 ÷ (−3)5 g 23 × (−3)3 h (−14)11 ÷ 211
2 4 4 6 3
i (−7) × 52 j (−9) × (−3) k (−100) ÷ 506 l 603 ÷ (−3)
Fractional bases
7 Write the following in simplest index form:
a 1 4 b 3 3 c 4 8 d 15 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 8 16 6

e 10 5 f 2 6 g 5 3 h 29 7
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
33 35 18 41

9 2 4 5
i 11 j 20 k 17 l 31
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
13 3 4 50

a 1 1 ⬚ b 64 4 ⬚ c 3 3 d 1 2
=( ) =( )
27 ⬚
=( ) =( )
27 3 27 3

8 ⬚ 16 4

e 27 3 ⬚ f 2 4 g 81 ⬚ 2 h 4 4
=( )
⬚ =( ) 256
=( ) 100 10 =( )
8 2

625 5 ⬚ 5

i 25 5 ⬚ j 11 2 k 125 ⬚ 3 l 32 2 ⬚
=( ) =( )
⬚ =( )
=( ) 27 3
9 3 729 3

144 12


9 Evaluate the following expressions in fully simplified fraction:
2 3 5 2
a 1 b 3 c 1 d 7
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 5 2 11

3 2 3 4
e 3 f 12 g 5 h 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8 13 9 3

6 3 2 3
i 4 j 2 k 5 l 10
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 5 7 14

3
10 1
State whether the following fractions are equal to ( ) :
2

a 3 b 1 c 3 d 1
6 23 23 8


5.03
VIsualising indices
(Investigation)
5.04
Non-positive indices
The zero index
1 Consider the following pattern:
23 = 8
22 = 4
21 = 2
20 = ⬚
2−1 = ⬚
a Complete the following sentence:

Each time the power of 2 decreases by 1, the number on the right is divided by ⬚.
b Complete the pattern.

0
a 60 b 33 × 30 c 72 ÷ 72 d (6 × 19)
e (−3)0 f −40 g 2 0 h 7 (14 × 18)0
( )
3

i −1000 j −9 (12 × 15)0 k 25 × 110 . l (105 )

3
1015

m 1310 n 97 o 154 × 152 p (143 )

4
2
(135 ) 92 × 95 156

144 × 148

a 68 b 7⬚ c 410 d 7⬚ = 1
= 6⬚ = 70 = 40
68 77 4⬚

Negative indices
4 Consider the following expressions:
i Identify the base. ii Identify the power.
a 10−7 b 2−4 c 13−10 d (−5)−8

5 Complete the following tables:
a
25 24 23 22 21 20 2−1
32 16
b
105 104 103 102 101 100 10−1
100 000 10 000
c
33 32 31 30 3−1 3−2 3−3
27 9
6 Express the following expressions with a positive index:

−7
a 6−10 b 73−14 c (−9) d 9−1
e 17−6 f 55−1 g (−12)−8 h −45−5
i −8−11 j (−20)−3 k 7−6 l (−5)−1
7 Express the following expressions with a negative index:
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1
3 37 5 47

e 1 f 1 g 1 h 1
10
−153 105 (−24) 253

i 1 j 1 k 1 l 1
1311 78 1612 (−45)7

a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1
= 3⬚ = 6⬚ = 3⬚ = 5⬚
32 65 27 53

e 1 f 1 g 1 h 1
= 7⬚ = 4⬚ = −9⬚ = −2⬚
711 64 −94 −32

9 Simplify the following expressions:
a 511 ÷ 5−3 b 7−7 ÷ 75 c 7−3 × 7−4 d 5−4 ÷ 5−9

e 90 × 9−12 f 513 ÷ 5−9 g 102 ÷ 103 h 10025 ÷ 10026
i 23 j (52 ) × 56
9
k (192 )
3
l − (85 )
2
25

540 19−3 × 19−9 8−2 × 8−12


10 Evaluate:
−3
a 4 × 3−2 + 80 b 6 ÷ 2−1 + 4 c (2 + 3−2 ) × 2−1 d 2
( ) ÷ 6−1
3

11 Answer the following questions:
a What is 04 equal to? b Explain why 0−4 is undefined.
a 67 × 6−7 b 48 × 4−6 c 3−8 × 311 d 55 × 5−7

e 4−4 × 2−4 f 1213 ÷ 127 ÷ 128 g 5−2 × 3−2 h (−4)3 × (−4)−7
i 712 ÷ 7−7 ÷ 717 j 3−9 × 3−7 k 57 × 5−8 l (−7)
−11
× (−7)
−4
3−14 5−4 −14

(−7)


5.05
Variables and indices
Multiplication law
1 Simplify:
a y3 × y2 b x6 × 8x3 c 3y 6 × 4y d xy xz
e a7 × −6a5 f −2a4 × 5a g −b7 × −b6 h ab ac
i 5y 5 × 6y 3 j −8u3 × −3u k −4b6 × −5b7 l xa xb xc
a b4 × b⬚ = b7 b 7x15 × ⬚ = 35x27
c c10 × c⬚ = c8 d 4x20 × ⬚ = 24x25
Division law
3 Simplify:
a a9 ÷ a5 b x11 c 6m15 d b6 ÷ b2
5x8 m4

e j9 f x7 ÷ x4 g f8 h s 13 ÷ s 4
j2 f5

i 4k11 j 8g 12 k 6p13 ÷ 2p10 l 15l 8 ÷ 3l 2

2k6 g5

a b9 ÷ b⬚ = b5 b x⬚ ÷ x3 = x2
⬚
c g = g7 d k7
g4

⬚
= k3


Power of a power law
5 Consider the expression (p3 )2 .
a State whether the following expressions are equivalent to (p3 )2 :
i (p × p × p) × (p × p × p) ii p3 × p3
iii (p × p × p)2 iv p3 × p2
v (p × p × p) × (p × p)
b State whether the following equations are true or false:

2 2
i (p3 ) = p3+2 ii (p3 ) = p3×2
c Complete the following:

2
(p3 ) = p⬚
6 Simplify:
6 4 3 3
a (j 3 ) b (w2 ) c (t4 ) d (3a4 )
3 5 4 3
e (5h7 ) f (xy 2 ) g 2 h a2
( ) ( )
h2 b5

3 4 3 3
i 3x2 j (−x9 ) k (−5x4 ) l −2a4
( 5 ) ( 2 )
3b

7 Find the value of a and b in the following equation:
v 18 va b
= ( )
w24 w4

Zero index
8 Simplify:
a 18a0 b (f 0 )9 c (g 12 )
0
d (6a)0
e 8r0 + (2q3 )0 f 2 0 g 3r0 h 8k0 ÷ (4x2 )0
( 2)
t2

⬚ 9 © Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

a b11 ÷ b11 = b⬚ b h⬚ c v9 d y⬚ × y5 = y5
= h0 = v0
h8 v⬚

Mixed laws
10 Simplify:
4
a (x6 y 3 ) b y7 × y6
y3 × y2

3
c p5 × (p4 ) d (2y 2 )3
e m5 ÷ m2 × m5 f p9 ÷ p5 ÷ p2
g (−2x3 )4 h 6p5 × 4p7
8p3

0 0 0
i (7x2 ) − (8x6 ) j (12x4 ) + 120 − 12h0
2 5
k (4h0 ) + 18 ÷ (3g 0 ) l ((x2 ) )
6
2 4
m (4u5 v 2 ) n (3a2 b5 c)
2 3 2
o (3y 5 ) × (5y 2 ) p (x4 )
x5

4 11 3
q (2x2 y 0 ) r (c10 ) ÷ (c8 )
x5

s 24a3 t (10x2 × 10x5 ) − 10x0

0
(2a) (4b)

u 34a+2 × 31+6a v 817a−4 × 93a+2

3a−1
(33 ) 273−3a

11 Write (16p )4 in the form ab , where a is a prime number.

6.01
Linear equations
One-step equations
1 For each of the following equations, describe what must be done to both sides in order to
solve the equation:
x
a x−4 =6 b x−2 =9 c 4x = 92 d =7
5

e x+ 1 = 3 f x−
5
=
1 g 4n = 28 h 36 = 9n
5 5 8 8

2 For each of the following equations:
i Describe how to make the variable the subject of the equation.

ii Solve the equation.
n
a y +5 =9 b t − 2 = 35 c 9p = 36 d = 11
12

n
e y + 3 = −8 f t − 3 = −45 g 5p = −50 h − =4
9

a x − 4 = 10 b 3x = 18 c 4k = 20 d 8k = 56
e 8k = −48 f −7m = 63 g 5m = 11 h n + 27 = 11
i 6 = −16 + n j 4n = 20 k 88 = 11n l 59n = 177
m p + 36 = 62 n 24 + p = −2 o q + 8 = 10 p r + 22 = 69
q s + 8 = 29 r s − 23 = −25 s t − 15 = 0 t 9t = 3
v
u t = 1.6 v v + 41 = 4 w v − 4 = 44 x −5 =
5

5

y q =6 z q
= −4
7 5

Two-step equations
4 Use substitution to determine whether the given value of x is the solution to each equation:
a x − 10 = −1 where x = 9 b x − 4 = −5 where x = 0
c x + 1 = 7 where x = 6 d x − 3 = −3 where x = 3
e 8x = 51 where x = 6 f 2x = 8 where x = 4
g 3x + 1 = 7 where x = 2 h 6x − 13 = 12 where x = 4
i 5x + 12 = 31 where x = 4 j 4x − 2 = 18 where x = 5
k x = 8 where x = 19
x
l = 8 where x = 24
2 3


a 3x + 11 = 5 b 4x − 6x = 4 c −10 + 3k = 5 d 8m + 9 = 65
e 12q + 8 = 26 f 4s − 9 = 39 g −6s + 5 = 47 h 6t + 2 = −22
i −w − 7 = 7 j 5w − 8 = 2 k −63 − 9y = 63
5x x + 15 4n x
a = 11 b =5 c = 10 d + 13 = 21
7

6 2 9

x
e m − 6 = 4.25 f n + 36
= 11 g + 19 = 16 h −44
= 11
7

4 2

p
i 4 = 28 j 30 k r−6 l v
= −5 = −6 + 3 = −1
7

4

q q
w −125
m + 14 = 6 n = −25
2

a 2 (q + 11) = 20 b 3 (q + 3) = −18
c 2 (p + 6) = −8 d 7 (11 − n) = 210
e −4 (r + 5) = −44 f 2 (u + 2) = −8
g 2 (u + 5) = 18 h 4 (u − 4) = −36
i 5 (u + 1) = 25

6.02
Weighing equations
(Investigation)
6.03
Equations with brackets
Equations with brackets
1 Use substitution to determine whether the given value of x is the solution to each equation:
a x = 6 where 2 (x − 3) = −8. b x = 8 where 7 (x − 6) = 14.

c x = 8 where 3 (x − 6) = 6. d x = 8 where 9 = 7 (x − 7).
2 Solve the following equations by first expanding the brackets:
a 2 (x + 2) = 0 b 7 (x − 5) = 0
c 4 (x + 5) = 32 d 5 (x + 5) = 39
e 4 (x + 6) = −60 f 12 (x + 5) = 168
g 3 (x − 4) = −21 h 4 (x − 6) = −5
i 5 (x − 4) = −15 j 12 (x − 6) = 12
k 5 (2x + 6) = 69 l 6 (3x + 5) = 192
m 9 (3x + 5) = 153 n 6 (2x − 6) = −90
o 6 (3x − 5) = −102 p 9 (3x − 5) = 63
q −6 (4x + 5) = −143 r −6 (3x + 6) = 54
s −8 (4x + 5) = 120 t −6 (2x − 4) = 81
u −6 (4x − 5) = 174 v −8 (2x − 6) = −16
a 4 (2x + 5) + 4 = 48 b 6 (4x + 8) − 9 = 87
c 5 (4x + 5) + 3x = 71 d 4 (2x − 6) − 3x = 16
e 5 (2x + 5) + 4x + 6 = 59 f 4 (4x − 6) − 3x + 8 = 36
g −3 (4x + 7) + 3x − 5 = −8 h −4 (4x + 7) − 3x + 5 = 15
i −3 (4x + 6) − 3x − 7 = −70 j −4 (4x + 6) + 3x + 7 = −56
a 4 (3x + 5) + 3 (2x + 6) = 74 b 2 (2x − 5) + 3 (4x + 6) = 56

c 2 (4x + 5) + 3 (3x − 6) = −42 d 3 (4x + 6) − 2 (3x + 5) = 26
e 5 (4x − 6) − 3 (2x + 5) = −73 f 8 (4x + 5) − 3 (2x − 6) = −46
g −3 (2x + 5) + 5 (4x + 6) = 57 h −3 (2x + 5) + 5 (3x + 6) = 42
i −3 (2x + 6) + 5 (4x − 5) = −15 j −3 (2x − 4) + 5 (3x + 5) = 55
k −3 (2x − 6) + 5 (4x − 5) = 21 l −3 (2x + 4) + 5 (3x + 5) = 40

Applications
5 A square has a side length of 4x + 5 cm. If the perimeter of the square is 44 cm, find the
value of x.
6 A rectangle has a width of 5x − 3 cm and a height of 3x + 7 cm. If the perimeter of the

rectangle is 42 cm, find the value of x.

6.04
Three step equations
Three-step equations
a 3 (4s + 1) = −21 b 3 (2x + 1) = 15

c 2 (3t − 7) = 16 d −5 (3x + 8) = −10
e 2 (−3g + 7) = −16 f −2 (3x − 5) = 28
g −3 (−2h − 5) = 33 h −3 (−2x + 7) = −45
i 4 (5x − 1) = −24 j −4 (5x + 6) = −104
k 2 (7 + 2x) = 38 l −3 (4 − x) = −12
m 5 (2x − 6) = 100 n 6 (3x + 15) = −72
o 9 (8 − x) = 45 p 10 (7 − 3x) = 20
q 20 = 2 (3x + 11) r 16 = 4 (2x + 9)
s 18 = 3 (2x + 14) t −5 = 5 (3x + 1)
u 26 = 13 (8 − 4x) v 32 = 8 (16 − 5x)
2 Ryan attempted to solve the equation 9 (4x − 6) = 18. His working is shown below:
9 (4x − 6) = 18
4x − 6 = 9
4x = 15
15
x=
4

a What was his mistake? b Solve the equation correctly.
a 3 (w + 8) + 5 = 44 b 9 (x − 7) + 8 = 26
c −5 (g + 4) + 9 = −41 d −7 (x + 5) + 4 = −17
e 6 (q + 1) − 5 = −23 f 4 (x + 6) − 8 = 48
g −8 (x + 4) − 3 = −59 h −2 (x − 2) − 7 = −29
i 2 (x − 9) − 4 = 16 j 5 (x − 3) − 7 = −52
a − y + 10 = 17 b − u + 15 = 8
3 4

c 5x d 8c
− 9 = −4 + 5 = −11
8 3

e 5x + 11 = 21 f −3c + 5 = 14
3 4

3 3 © Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

g − 3x + 5 = −7 h 3x
− 5 = −11
4 4

i 4x j 5x
− 6 = −14 − − 6 = 14
7 6

a x−9 b x−3
+4 =7 − 8 = −7
5 5

c x+2 d x + 16
− 25 = −22 +5 =3
3 3

e 2x − 12 f 3x + 6
=0 = 15
3 2

g 8x + 4 h −3t − 6
= −4 = −3
5 7

i −13 − 4r j −9 + 5x
= −15 = −22
3 2

a 2 (x − 4) b 5 (x + 1)
=8 = 10
3 2

c −3 (x − 3) d 6 (x + 5)
=0 = 12
4 7

e 9 (x + 10) f 4 (x − 2)
= −6 = −3
2 3

g 7 (x − 9) h 2 (x + 11)
= 14 =8
5 9

a 2 ( x + 1) = 6 b 5 ( x + 7) = 60
3 2

x
c 4 ( − 3) = −12 x
d 3 ( − 10) = 15
5 4

e 18 = 2 ( x − 7) f 40 = 10 ( x − 1)
5 6

x
g 8 (4 + ) = 48 h −4 (12 − x ) = −64
2 3


6.05
Variables on both sides
Equations with variables on both sides
1 Explain what should be done to solve the equation 9x = 7 + 8x.
a 7x + 6 = 3x + 22 b 6x − 3 = 4x + 7
c 5x − 3 = −4x + 33 d 4x − 9 = 5x − 6
e 7x = x + 30 f 3x = x − 18
g 8x = 6x + 10 h 7x = 3x − 12
i 3x = −8x − 44 j 10x + 8 = −8x − 2
k 5x + 7 = 3x + 11 l 11x + 15 = 6x + 35
m 6x − 5 = 3x + 22 n −4x + 10 = 2x + 8
o 16 + 4x = 12x p 18 − 2x = 9 + x
q 24 − 6x = 14 + 4x r 30 − 10x = 22 − 8x
a 5x + 7 − 3x = x − 10 b 8x + 6 − 2x = 4x + 8
c 9x + 8 + 2x = 3x − 16 d 10x + 12 − 2x = 6x + 8 − 4x
a 5 (2x + 5) = 2x + 13 b 6 (3x + 1) = 4x + 20
c 4 (3x − 2) = 6x + 16 d 2 (8 − 3x) = 10x − 20
e 3x + 4 = 5 (6x + 5) + 60 f 3x + 4 = 6 (5x − 5) + 88
g 4x − 6 = −8 (6x − 7) + 42 h 8 (8x + 5) = 3 (6x + 8) + 108
i 5 (4x − 3) = 3 (−4x + 4) + 101 j −5 (−5x + 5) = 7 (4x − 8) + 37
a 2 (3x + 4) + 5 (x − 3) = 6 (x + 10)
b 5 (2x + 1) − 3 (3x − 1) = 2 (x + 1)
c 8 (2x − 5) − 3x = 10 − 5 (x + 9)
d 2 − 6 (2x + 1) = 4 (3x − 1) + 6 (x + 10)
e 2 (3x + 5) − (3x − 9) = 7 − 2 (3x + 12)
f 4 (5x + 8) + 2 (3x − 5) = 7 (x + 11) − (2x − 8)

a 4x − 40 b 4x + 84
= 3x = −3x
8 8

c −6x + 54 d 3x + 6
= 3x =x+2
4 7

e −7x + 7 f 5x − 6
= 6x + 19 = −5x + 22
3 7

g 4x + 6 3x + 12 h 5x − 4 3x + 4
= =
6 7 3 5

i 4x + 8 −3x + 12 j 8x − 2 6x − 4
= =
8 3 9 7

7 Consider the equation 3k + 4 = Ak − 2. If k = 6 in this equation, find the value of A.
Applications
8 A number is multiplied by 5 and then 2 is added. Then the results is multiplied by 6. This is
equal to 10 times the number minus 8.
a Form an equation for this problem. b Solve the equation to find the number.
9 A rectangle with a height of 3x + 7 cm and a width of 4x has the same perimeter as a square
with side length 2x + 9 cm.
Find the value of x.
10 A square with side length 4x − 11 cm has the same perimeter as a square with side length
2x + 9 cm.
Find the value of x.

7.01
Angles and triangles
Angles
1 State whether the angles in each diagram below are supplementary:
a b
c d
2 State whether the angles in each diagram below are complementary:
a b

c d
3 State whether the following pairs of angles are either complementary or supplementary:
a 90° & 90° b 88° & 2° c 47° & 133° d 36° & 54°
e 25° & 155° f 62° & 28° g 78° & 102° h 177° & 3°
4 How many degrees in a revolution?
Unknown angles
5 Given that the angles in the diagrams below are supplementary, find the value of x:
a b

c d
e f
g h

6 Given that the angles in the diagram below are complementary, find the value of x:
a b
c d
7 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of the following diagrams:
a b

c d
e f
g h

Angle sum of a triangle
8 Find the value of x in the following diagrams:
a b
c d
e f

g h
9 Consider the given triangle:
a Find the value of x.

b Using the angles, classify the triangle.


b Hence, find the size of ∠ACB .
11 Consider the given diagram:

b Find the value of y .
Properties of triangles
12 State whether it is possible to form a triangle given the following side lengths:
a 6, 3, and 8 b 3, 5, and 9
c 9, 6, and 6 d 13, 7, and 6
e 10, 20, and 9 f 14, 18, and 13

a Find the sum of the interior angles in the

triangle.
b Is the largest angle opposite the
shortest, medium or longest side?
c Is the smallest angle opposite the
shortest, medium or longest side?

State the longest side of this triangle.

State the largest angle of this triangle.

State the shortest side of the triangle.

State the smallest angle of the triangle.

Write down the sides of the triangle from
smallest to largest.


b Find the size of ∠CAB .
c Find the size of ∠ABC .
d Find the size of ∠BCA.
e Hence, state which side is the longest
side of the triangle.
20 Consider the figure shown:
a State what type of triangle the outer

triangle is.
b Find the value of a.
c Find the value of b.
a Find the value of a.

b Hence, find the value of b.


b Hence, find the value of m.

7.02
Transformations and
congruence
Rigid transformations
1 State whether the following pairs of triangles are a translation, rotation or reflection of one
another:
a b
2 For each of the following, describe the translation from figure A to figure B :
a b
y y
88 B
B 88
77 77
66 66
55 55 B
B
44 44
33 33
22 A
A 22 A
A
11 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

c y d y
88 10
10
99 A
A
77
88
66 B
B
77
55 66
44 55
44
33
33
22 A
A
22 B
B
11 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
e f
y y
88 88
77 77
66 A
A 66
55 55 B
B
44 44
33 B
B 33 A
A
22 22
11 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
g h
y y
88 88
77 77
66 66 A
A
55 55 B
B
44 44
33 A
A 33
22 22
11 B
B 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 11 22 33 44 55 66 77

3 Determine whether the following diagrams show a reflection across the given line:
a b
y y
99 88
88
77
77
66
66
55
55
44
44
33
33
22
22
11 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
c d
y y
88 88
77 77
66 66
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
e
y
88
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

4 Consider the following shape: y
11
11
Draw the shape after it has been rotated by 10
10
180° clockwise about point A. 99
88
77
66 A
A
55
44
33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11
i Find the clockwise angle of rotation of shape A to shape B about point O.

ii Find the anticlockwise angle of rotation of shape A to shape B about point O.
a b
y y
88 A
A 99
88
77
77
66
66 A
A
55
55 O
O
44 O
O
44
33
33 B
B
22
22
11 B
B 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 11 22 33 44 55 66 77

6 Consider the figures shown:
a What type of transformation can take 77 y

triangle A to triangle B ? 66
55
b Identify the transformation from triangle 44 B
B
A to triangle B . 33
22
11 A
A x
−
−77−
−66−
−55−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
−
−55
−
−66
−
−77
a What type of transformation can y

11
transform quadrilateral A to quadrilateral x
B? −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
−
−11
b Identify the transformation from −
−22
quadrilateral A to quadrilateral B . −
−33
−
−44
A
A −
−55 B
B
−
−66
−
−77
−
−88
−
−99
a What type of transformation can 77

y
transform triangle A to triangle B ? 66
b Identify the transformation from triangle 55 B
B
A to triangle B . 44
33
22
11
x
A
A
−
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−−11
−−22
−
−33
−
−44

9 Consider the figures shown.
What are the possible types of
transformations that could get rectangle A y
99
to rectangle B? 88
77
66
A
A 55 B
B
44
33
22
11
x
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
−
−11
Congruence
10 The given diagram shows 2 triangles that

are translations of one another:
State the angle that has the same size as
∠CBA.

are rotations of one another:
∠PRQ.

are reflections of one another:
∠RPQ.

are translations and reflections of one
another:
∠CBA.
14 △ABC is reflected along the dotted line

and its image XY Z is produced.
a Find the length of each side:
i XY ii YZ
iii XZ
b Describe the relationship between

△XY Z and △ABC .

15 △ABC is translated to the right to form △DEF :
a State which side of △DEF corresponds

to BC .
b State which angle of △DEF
corresponds to ∠BCA.
c If AC = 14 cm, find the length of DF .
d If the smallest angle in △DEF is
∠EF D, state the smallest angle in
△ABC .
16 Given that the following shapes are

congruent, find the value of x.
17 Given that the following triangles are

congruent, find the values of x and y .

18 Given that △BAC ≡ △FED, which angle
of △FED corresponds to ∠ABC ?
19 Which side is equal to AB in △DFE ?
Bisectors
20 State whether the following triangles have a line of symmetry:
a b c d
e f

21 Consider △PQR with midpoint X at side PR:
a State what type of triangle is △PQR.

b State whether the following is correct.
i ∠QXR > ∠QXP

ii ∠QXR = ∠QXP
iii ∠QXR < ∠QXP
c Is the line through Q and X a line of

symmetry for △PQR?
d Are ∠RQX and ∠PQX equal or not
equal?
22 Consider △PQR with angle bisector PX of ∠QPR and QR = 12:

b State whether the following is correct.
i QX > RX
ii QX = RX
iii QX < RX
c Is the line through P and X a line of

d Are ∠PXR and ∠PXQ equal or not
equal?
23 Consider the △PQR with midpoint X at side PR:

b Determine whether the following is
correct.
i ∠QXR > ∠QXP

ii ∠QXR = ∠QXP
iii ∠QXR < ∠QXP

d Are ∠RQX and ∠PQX equal or not
equal?

24 Consider △PQR with angle bisector QX at ∠PQR:

b Determine whether the following is
correct.
i PX > RX
ii PX = RX
iii PX < RX

d Are ∠QXR and ∠QXP equal or not
equal?

7.03
Congruent triangle tests
Triangle congruence tests
1 For each pair of triangles, state whether the two triangles are congruent. If yes, state what
congruence test they satisfy.
a b
c d
e f

g h
i j

2 Consider the following triangles:
Triangle A Triangle B
Triangle C Triangle D
a State which two triangles are congruent.

b State the congruence test this pair satisfies.


b State the congruence test that this pair satisfies.















State the congruence test that triangles
△ABD and △CDB satisfy.

b State the congruence test that this pair
satisfies.

13 Consider the given diagram where KM and
LN are straight line segments:

satisfies.
a State which two triangles that are

congruent.
satisfies.

What information is needed so that the
triangles △PQR and △PSR are congruent?

triangles △J KN and △M LN are
congruent?
17 Consider the given diagram where X is the

centre of the circle.
triangles △PQX and △RSX are
congruent?
a State the congruence test that triangles

△EFG and △EHD satisfy.
b State the three ways in which the
triangles satisfy this congruence test.

19 Consider the given diagram where X is the
centre of both circles:

△ABX and △DCX satisfy.

△ABD and △CDB satisfy.

△ABX and △DCX satisfy.

7.04
Congruent triangle
problems
Corresponding sides and angles
1 It is known that △PQR ≡ △ST U .

State the three pairs of equal sides.
2 It is known that △CDE ≡ △LMN .

State the three pairs of equal angles.
3 It is known that △GHI ≡ △LMN .


4 It is known that △ST U ≡ △ABC .
5 It is known that △PQR ≡ △ABC .

State the three pairs of equal angles.
6 It is known that △ST U ≡ △PQR.
a State the three pairs of equal sides.

b State the three pairs of equal angles.

7 It is given that the triangles △ABC and
△DEF are congruent.
a State the three pairs of equal sides.

b State the three pairs of equal angles.
8 It is known that △QPO ≡ △CBA.

Find the angle of △QPO that corresponds
to the following angles of △CBA:
a ∠ABC b ∠BCA
9 It is known that △BAC ≡ △FED.

Find the angle of △FED that corresponds
to the following angles of △BAC :
a ∠ABC b ∠CAB

10 Consider the adjacent figure:
a Find the triangle congruent to △EAB .

b Find the angle that corresponds to:
i ∠EBA ii ∠BEA
c Find the side that corresponds to:
i AB ii AE
Unknown sides and angles
11 Find the value of the pronumeral in the following pairs of congruent triangles:
a b
c d

12 Given that the following two triangles are
congruent, find the length of NM .

congruent, find the length of SU .

congruent, find the size of ∠DEF .

15 Given that the given two triangles are
congruent, find the size of the angle
∠N LM .
16 Given that the given two triangles are

congruent, find the length of the side SU .

Given that LM = ST , and ∠LM K = 79°,
find the value of x.

Given that AB = ST , and ∠U ST = 48°, find
the value of y .

Given that EF = HJ , and EG = 7, find the
value of m.
20 Consider the diagram:
a State the test that proves triangles

△DEG and △FEG are congruent.
b Find the value of q.

21 Consider the diagram where AD and AC
are straight lines:

△ACE and △ADB are congruent.
b Find the value of p.
22 Consider the diagram where PT and RT are

straight lines:

△PTS and △RT U are congruent.
b Find the value of x.
23 Consider the diagram where J L and KN

are straight lines:

△J KN and △M KL are congruent.
b Find the value of y .

7.05
Quadrilaterals
Construct quadrilaterals from triangles
1 Consider following the isosceles triangle:
a Construct another triangle by reflecting

the original across its base.
b If we join the triangles together, what
type of quadrilateral will be formed?
2 Consider following the isosceles triangle:
a Construct another triangle by rotating

the original by 180° around the middle
of its base.
3 Consider the following obtuse scalene

triangle:
a Construct another triangle by reflecting

the original across its shortest side.

4 Consider the following acute scalene
triangle:
a Construct another triangle by rotating

the original by 180° around the middle
of its longest side.
5 Consider the following right-angled scalene

triangle:
a Create another by rotating the original

by 180° around the middle of its longest
side.
Diagonals of special quadrilaterals
6 State the types of quadrilaterals that always have:
a Diagonals that are equal in length.

b Diagonals that bisect each other.
c Diagonals that are perpendicular.
d At least one diagonal that bisects the angles it passes through.
e Both diagonals that bisect the angles they pass through.

7 Identify the type of quadrilateral that has the following properties for their diagonals:
a
Their diagonals are equal in length.
Their diagonals bisect each other.
Their diagonals are perpendicular.
b
Their diagonals are not equal in length.
c
Their diagonals are equal in length.
Their diagonals are not perpendicular.
d
One diagonal bisects the other.
e
Their diagonals are not perpendicular.
8 Consider the following quadrilateral:
a If the length of PX is 6, state the length

of PR.
b If the length of QS is 16, state the length
of QX .

If the length of XT is 6, state the length of
Y T.

If the length of BT is 12, state the length of
AC .

If the size of the highlighted angle ∠KLN
is 53°, find the size of ∠KLM .

If the size of ∠SPQ is 78°, find the size of
the highlighted angle ∠SPT .
Properties of quadrilaterals
13 Given quadrilateral ABCD is a

parallelogram, with ∠ADC = 134°,
∠BAC = 22°, and ∠CBD = 52°, find the
size of each of the following:
a ∠BCD b ∠BDC
c ∠ACD d ∠ABD
14 Given quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus,

with ∠ADC = 116°, and BD = 10, find the
a ∠DBA b ∠BCD
c BM d ∠BMC

15 Given quadrilateral ABCD is a square, with
AC = 14, find the size of each of the
following:
a BM b ∠BCD
c BD d ∠ABD
16 Given quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle,

with ∠ABD = 58°, and AC = 20, find the
a ∠CBD b ∠BCD
c BD d BM
17 The triangles △ABC and △CDA are congruent:
a State the angle that is equal to the

following:
i ∠CAB ii ∠BCA
b Explain why AD ∥ BC .
c Explain why AB ∥ DC .
d What type of quadrilateral is ABCD?
e Suppose that ∠ACD = 36° and
∠BCA = 44°. Find the size of ∠ABC .

18 The diagonals of this kite intersect at T ,
splitting the kite into four triangles:
The diagonal PR bisects the angles ∠QRS
and ∠SPQ.
a What can be said about △RST and

△RQT
b State whether the following equalities
are correct:
i ∠RTS = ∠TQR
ii ∠RTS = ∠TRQ
iii ∠RTS = ∠RTQ
iv ∠RTS + ∠RTQ = 180°
v ∠RTS + ∠RTQ = 90°
vi ∠RTS + ∠RTQ = 360°
c State whether the following are true about the parts of this kite:
i RP bisects SQ. ii RP is perpendicular to SQ.

iii RS is perpendicular to RQ. iv SQ bisects RP .

7.06
Scale factors
Angles of similar triangles
1 Find the value of the pronumerals for each of the following similar triangles:
a b
c d
2 The two shapes in the following diagram

are similar:
Find the size of the angle marked x.

Sides of similar triangles
3 Find the value of the pronumerals for each of the following similar triangles:
a b
c d
4 Consider the two similar triangles:
a Which side in △LMN corresponds to

the side DE ?
b Which side in △LMN corresponds to
the side DC ?

Scale factor
5 Find the scale factor for each of the following similar shapes:
a b
y 10
10 y
10
10
X
X 99 YY
88
88
66 E
E 77
44 66
55
22 B
B 44
x
D
D A
A B
B33 C
C
−
−10
10 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10
− 22
−22
C
C 11 x
−
−44
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11− 11
−
−66 A
−11
A D22
D 33 44
−
−88 −
−22
F
F W
W −
−33 Z
Z
−
−10
10
−
−44
c d
y y
99 A
A 10
10 B
B
88 A
A B
B 88
77 D
D 66 C
C
66 44
55 C
C 22
YY x
Z
Z
D
D E
E 44
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
33 −
−22
22 −
−44
11 −
−66
x
F
F −
−88
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 X
X W
W
−
−11 −
−10
10

6 For each of the following similar triangles:
i Find the scale factor. ii Find the value of the pronumeral.
a b
c d
e f

g h
7 Determine whether each statement is true or false:
a All circles are similar.

b All squares are similar.
c All isosceles triangles are similar.
d All equilateral triangles are similar.
e All right-angled isosceles triangles are similar.
8 Determine the scale factor between the

following two circles:
9 Show that the following shapes are similar:

10 These two quadrilaterals are similar.
a Which side in the larger shape

corresponds to side AB ?
b Which angle in the larger shape
corresponds to ∠ADC ?
11 The rectangle on the right is an

enlargement of the rectangle on the left:
a What is the enlargement factor?

b Write the scale of the blue rectangle to
the green rectangle.
12 The triangle on the right is a reduction of

the triangle on the left.
a What is the reduction factor?

b Write the scale of the yellow triangle to
the purple triangle.
Applications
13 Jenny wants to find the height of her

school's flag pole. During recess, she
measures the length of the flag poles
shadow to be 335 cm. Her friend then
measures her own shadow which turns out
to be 95 cm. The triangles formed by casting
these shadows are similar.
If Jenny is 160 cm tall, what is the height of
the flag pole? Round your answer to the
nearest whole centimetre.

14 James wants to find the height of his office
building. To do this, he places a mirror flat
on the ground 10 m from the base of the
building. If he stands exactly 0.75 m away
from the mirror, he can just see the top of
the building when he looks directly into it.
The triangles formed by reflections in the
mirror are similar.
If James's eye-level is 1.75 m from the
ground, what is the height of the building?
Round your answer to the nearest whole
metre.
15 A school building reaching h metres high casts a shadow of 30 m while a 3 m high tree casts
a shadow of 6 m. Solve for h.
16 A stick of height 1.1 m casts a shadow of length 2.2 m. At the same time, a tree casts a
shadow of 6.2 m.
If the tree has a height of h metres, solve for h.

17 A 4.9 m flagpole casts a shadow of 8.6 m. Amelia casts a shadow of 2.5 m.
If Amelia is h metres tall, solve for h correct to one decimal place.
18 James is 1.7 m tall and casts a shadow 2 m long. At the same time, a tower casts a shadow
13 m long. If the tower is h metres high, solve for h correct to one decimal place.

19 Two similar triangles are created by cables supporting a yacht's mast.
Solve for h, the height of the mast.
20 A surveyor needs to measure the distance across a river. There are two trees on the
opposite bank that are 34 m apart. She stands 5 m from the bank, directly opposite the first
tree. Her assistant has to move 7.7 m along the bank to place a stick directly in her line of
sight to the second tree. Find the width d of the river correct to the nearest metres.

21 Engineers want to determine the distance
for a bridge to be built between points A
and B . The diagram is an aerial view of their
measurements. Point C is chosen so that
AC is perpendicular to AB , and point E is
chosen so that DE is perpendicular to AC .
The following measurements are taken:
CA = 332 metres, CD = 103 metres and
DE = 119 metres.
Calculate the distance AB to the nearest
metre.
22 James stands at point A, as shown in the

adjacent figure, so that he is in line with the
pier and the tree on the other side of the
canal. He then measures the direct distance
to the edge of the water to be 14 m, and the
distance along the canal to be 25 m as
shown. The distance of the tree from the
jetty is known to be 137 m. If the width of
the canal is w metres, solve for w. Round
your answer to the nearest metre.

7.07
Similar triangle tests
Similar triangles
1 State whether the following pairs of triangles are similar, and if so, state the similarity test
that proves this.
a b
c d
e f

g h
2 For each of the following sets of triangles:
i Identify which two are similar.

ii Identify the similarity test that the pair satisfy: AAA, SSS, SAS, or RHS.
a
A B C D
b
A B C D
c
A B C D

d
A B C D
e
A B C D
f
A B C D
g
A B C D
h
A B C D
Applications
3 Consider the following diagram:
a Identify two similar triangles and state

the similarity test that they satisfy.
b Given that DE = 7, what is the length of
BC ?
a State the similarity test that triangles

△ABX and △CDX satisfy.
b Given that AB = 5, what is the length of
CD?
a Identify two similar triangles and state

the similarity test that they satisfy.
b Given that KL = 20, what is the length
of MN ?

6 Consider the following diagram, where AD
is a straight line:
What information is required to know that
triangles △ABC and △DBE are in fact
similar?
7 Consider the following diagram, where EH

and FG are straight lines:
What information is required to know that
triangles △EFX and △GHX are in fact
similar?
8 Consider the following diagram, where TZ

and U Y are non-parallel straight lines:
a Explain why the triangles △T U X and

△Y ZX are not similar.
b What length does Y Z need to be for the
two triangles to be similar?
9 Peter constructs a ramp in the shape of a right-angled triangle. To give the ramp more
strength, he wants to place a brace from the base point across to the hypotenuse. The brace
should meet the hypotenuse at a right angle, as shown in the diagram:

a State the similarity test that the triangles
△ABC and △ADB satisfy.
b How long does the brace, BD, need to
be?
c Hence, find the length x.
10 A horizontal brace lies between the slanted

sides of an A-shaped ladder. In this position,
the top of the ladder is 220 cm from the
ground. The brace is 44 cm in length, and
sits 71 cm from the top of the ladder.
How far apart are the feet of the ladder?
centimetre.

11 A large tree casts a shadow of 30 m. At the same time, a 2 m high stick, standing vertically,
casts a shadow of 3 m.
a State the reasons why the triangles △ABE and △DCE are similar.
b If the height of the tree is h metres, find h.

7.08
Scale and area
Scaled area
1 Find the value, x, for each of the following similar rectangles:

c
2 The corresponding sides of two similar triangles are 6 cm and 12 cm. The area of the smaller
triangle is 18 cm2 . Find the area of the larger triangle.
3 A square has a side length of 8 cm. Another square is created by scaling it up by a factor of 7
. Find the area of the larger square.
4 Two rectangles are similar, with matching sides in the ratio 6 : 7. The smaller rectangle has
an area of 576 cm2 and its shortest side has length 8 cm. Find the length of the longest side
of the bigger rectangle.

5 A triangle has side lengths of 6 cm, 12 cm, and 16 cm. A second similar triangle has an area
that is 9 times larger than the first.
a Find the scale factor between the two triangles.

b Describe the relationship between the perimeters of the two triangles.
6 A square of side length 6 cm is enlarged using the scale factor 3. Find the area of the
enlarged square.
7 If a square with an area of 25 m2 is dilated by a factor of 0.4, what is the side length of the
dilated square?
Applications
8 A rectangular sign has a side length of 1.5 m. In a photograph, the corresponding side has a
length of 25 cm.
a Find the scale factor from the photograph to the sign.

b The area of the sign is 10 800 cm2 in real life. Determine its area in the photograph.
9 A model of the Eiffel tower is made in the ratio 1 : 12 960.
a The height of the Eiffel tower is 324 m. Find the height of the model in centimetres.
b The model requires 15 mL of paint to cover its entire surface area. How much paint, in
litres, would be required to cover the entire surface area of the real Eiffel tower?
10 Maria runs a business where she makes and sells soft toys. Her most popular item is a teddy
bear that is 14 cm long. For a special promotion, she decides to make a larger version of the
bear that is 56 cm long.
a Find the scale factor between the two bears.

b Maria uses 224 cm2 of felt to make the small bear. How much felt will she need to make
the big bear?
11 Bianca is looking over a map of her local area and notices that the scale of the map is given
as 1 : 100 in the map legend.
apart on that map.
b Find the distance in metres between the two points from part (a).

12 The scale of the map is 1 : 2000 and two points are drawn 19 cm apart on the map.
a Find the actual distance between the two points in centimeters.

b Find the distance between the points in metres.
13 Consider a map with a scale of 1 : 25 000.
a Find the actual distance between two points which are drawn 14 cm apart on the map.
b Find the distance between the points in kilometres.
14 The scale on a map is 1 : 400 000. How far apart on the map should two train stations be
drawn if the actual distance between the stations is 100 km? Give your answer in
centimetres.
15 The scale on a map of a garden is 1 : 2000. How far apart on the map should two fountains
be drawn if the actual distance between the fountains is 100 metres? Give your answer in
centimetres.
16 The Dominican Republic is shown on the

following map. According to the scale
given, estimate the actual area of the
Dominican Republic.
17 Consider two similar ceilings: the first with dimensions 5 m by 4 m, and the second with
dimensions 20 m by 16 m.
a Find the length scale factor.

b Find the area scale factor.
c The smaller ceiling took 1.5 L of paint to cover it. How many litres of paint would be
required to paint the second ceiling?

18 The figure shows the field on which a game
of tag is being played during a Physical
Education class. To make it more of a fitness
challenge, the teacher dilates the
boundaries of the field by a factor of 1.5.
What is the area of the new field?
19 The figures below are similar. By first finding

the ratio of the sides, what is the value of
the pronumeral?

8.01
What is the Pythagorean
theorem? (Investigation)
8.02
Pythagorean triples
Pythagorean triples
1 Determine whether the following are Pythagorean triples:
a (5, 12, 13) b (12, 5, 13) c (8, 14, 18) d (9, 16, 25)
e (300, 400, 500) f (9, 12, 15) g (15, 8, 17) h (1, 1, 1)
3 4 5

2 Complete the following Pythagorean triples:
a ⬚, 15, 17 b 7, ⬚, 25 c 28, ⬚, 53 d 14, 48, ⬚
3 Peter knows the two smallest numbers in a Pythagorean triple, which are 3 and 4. Find the
number Peter needs to complete the triple.
4 Sean knows the two largest numbers in a Pythagorean triple, which are 41 and 40. Find the
number Sean needs to complete the triple.
5 Given that the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 20, find the two other
side lengths that would complete a Pythagorean triple.
6 Find the number that completes a Pythagorean triple given the following:
a The two largest numbers are 100 and 96.

b The two smallest numbers are 22 and 120.
7 If x, y , and z form a Pythagorean triple, will 3x, 3y and 3z be a Pythagorean triple?
Right angled triangles
8 Determine whether the following triples of numbers represent the sides of right-angled
triangles:
a (2, 4, 6) b (5, 12, 13) c (6, 8, 13) d (3, 4, 5)

9 Identify the hypotenuse of the following triangles:
a b

10 For each of the following triangles, let a and b represent the two shorter sides and c the
length of the longest side:
i Find a2 + b2 . ii Find c2 .
iii Is the triangle a right-angled triangle?
a b
11 Consider the following right-angled

triangle:
Write the equation that can be constructed
from the given information.
12 A right-angled triangle has side lengths x, y , and z. Will a triangle with side lengths of 5x, 5y
and 5z make a right-angled triangle as well?
13 Consider the right-angled triangle with sides (8, 15, 17).
a Find the length of the side that is opposite the largest angle.
b Find the lengths of the two sides that are next to the right angle.
14 Consider a right-angled triangle with shorter side lengths of 15 units and 36 units.
a Find the length of the hypotenuse in the triangle.

b The triple is a multiple of a common Pythagorean triple. Which one?

15 Consider a right-angled triangle with side length of 40 cm and hypotenuse of 85 cm.
a Find the length of the unknown side in the triangle.

b The triple is a multiple of a common Pythagorean triple. Which one?
Applications
16 Three towns Melba, Florey and Giralang are

positioned as shown in the diagram:
Which two towns are furthest apart,
assuming a direct route is taken?
17 A group of engineering students have made a triangle out of some wooden strips. They
have made a triangle with sides lengths 20 m, 48 m, and 52 m.
a Is the triangle they make a right-angled triangle?

b How many metres of wooden strips did they use to make the triangle?
c Find the other right-angled triangles they could create using the exact same length of
wooden strips.

8.03
Finding the hypotenuse
Hypotenuse
1 For each of the following, find the number that completes a Pythagorean triple given the
two smallest numbers:
a 3 and 4 b 8 and 6 c 9 and 12 d 8 and 15
2 For each diagram, identify which side of the triangle is the hypotenuse.
a b

3 For the following right-angled triangles:
i Write the equation that the sides of the triangle satisfy.

ii Solve the equation to find the length of the hypotenuse.
a b

4 Find the length of the unknown side of the following triangles:
a b
c d
e f

5 Find the length of the unknown side of the following triangles as a surd:
a b
6 Find the length of the unknown side of the following triangles, correct to two decimal
places:
a b
c d

e f
g h
Perimeter
7 Consider the following triangle:
a Find the length of the hypotenuse.

b Find the perimeter of the triangle.
8 A right-angled triangle has two shorter sides measuring 15.4 mm and 17.7 mm.
a Find the length of the hypotenuse, correct to two decimal places.
b Find the perimeter of the triangle, correct to two decimal places.
9 A right isosceles triangle has two sides measuring 17 cm.
a Find the length of its hypotenuse, correct to two decimal places.

b Find the perimeter of the triangle, correct to two decimal places.
Diagonals of rectangles
10 Find the exact length of the diagonals of the following rectangles:
a A rectangle whose side lengths are 9 and 12.

b A rectangle whose side lengths are 9 and 14.
11 Find the length of the diagonals of the following squares, correct to two decimal places:
a A square with side length of 9. b A square with side length of 12.
12 Complete the following table:

Side length of Exact length of
square diagonal
1
3
6
11
249

8.04
Finding a short side
Unknown sides
1 Find the number that completes a Pythagorean triple given the following:
a The two largest numbers are 10 and 8.

b The largest and smallest numbers are 41 and 9.
2 For the following right-angled triangles:
i Write the equation that the sides of the triangle satisfy.

ii Solve the equation to find the length of the unknown side.
a b

3 Find the length of the unknown side of the following triangles:
a b
c d
e f

4 Find the length of the unknown side of the following triangles, correct to two decimal
places:
a b
c d
e f

g h
5 Find the length of the unknown side of the following triangles, giving your answer as a surd:
a b
6 The two short sides of a triangle have lengths of 10 and 17. Sarah notices that she can divide
the triangle into two smaller right-angled triangles, each with a height of 8.
a Find the base lengths of the two right-

angled triangles.
b Find the base length of the original
triangle.

7 Find the base length of the following triangles:
a b
Perimeter
8 Consider a right-angled triangle with hypotenuse of length 15 cm and another side of length
4 cm.
a Find the length of the other side, correct to two decimal places.
b Find the perimeter, correct to two decimal places.
9 Consider a rectangle with a diagonal of length 25 cm and a side of length 24 cm.
a Find the length of the other side. b Find the perimeter.

8.05
Applications of Pythagoras'
theorem
Applications of Pythagoras' theorem
1 The screen on a handheld device has dimensions 9 cm by 5 cm, and a diagonal of length
x cm. Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places.
2 Glen’s car has run out of petrol. He walks

8 km west and then 6 km south looking for a
petrol station.
If he is now h km directly from his starting
point, find the value of h.

3 Fred and Carl are playing football together. At one point in the game, they are near the
same corner of the field. Fred is on the goal line, 11 m away from the corner, while Carl is on
the side line, 17 m away from the corner.
Find the shortest distance between Fred and Carl, correct to two decimal places.
4 Consider a cone with slant height 13 m and

perpendicular height 12 m:
a Find the length of the radius, r, of the

base of this cone.
b Hence, find the diameter of the base of
the cone.
5 A soft drink can has a height of 11 cm and a

radius of 4 cm.
Find L, the length of the longest straw that
can fit into the can, correct to two decimal
places.

6 Find the value of d in the following figure,
correct to one decimal place:
7 Two flag posts of height 12 m and 17 m are

erected 20 m apart. Find l , the length of the
string needed to join the tops of the two
posts, correct to one decimal place.
8 The town Bunderidda is 6 km directly south of Appleby and 8 km directly west of Cassel.
Find the shortest distance from Appleby to Cassel.
9 The top of a flag pole is 4 m above the ground and the shadow cast by the flag pole is 9 m
long. Find the distance from the top of the flag pole to the end of its shadow, correct to two
decimal places.
10 A ladder of height h cm is placed against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder is 70 cm
from the base of the wall and the top of the ladder touches the wall at a height of 240 cm,
find h.

11 A sports association wants to redesign the
trophy they award to the player of the
season. The front view of one particular
design is shown in the diagram:

b Find the value of y , correct to two
decimal places.
12 Marge's house has the outer dimensions as

shown in the diagram:
Find the height of the house, h, correct to
one decimal place.
13 A movie director wants to shoot a scene where the hero of the film fires a grappling hook
from the roof of one building to the roof of another. The shorter building is 37 m tall, the
taller building is 54 m tall and the street between them is 10 m wide.
Find the minimum length of rope, l , needed for the grappling hook, correct to two decimal
places.

14 Consider the crane shown below. To help bear heavier loads, a support cable joins one arm
of the crane to the other, through a small tower that rises h m above the crane arm.
a Find the value of h, correct to two decimal places.

b Hence, find the value of l , correct to two decimal places.
c Find the length of the support cable, correct to two decimal places.
15 Emma hikes south of her starting position

for 834 m and then 691 m east, before
stopping for a lunch break. She then travels
south again for 427 m before arriving at her
final destination.
a Find the shortest distance between

where Emma started and where she
stopped for lunch, correct to two
decimal places.
b Find the shortest distance between
where Emma started and where she
finished her journey, correct to two
decimal places.

16 A farmer wants to build a fence around the
entire perimeter of his land, as shown in the
diagram. The fencing costs $37 per metre.
a Find the value of x, correct to two

decimal places.
b Find the value of y , correct to two
decimal places.
c How many metres of fencing does the
farmer require, if fencing is sold by
metre?
d At $37 per metre of fencing, how much
will it cost him to build the fence along
the entire perimeter of the land?
17 Archeologists have uncovered an ancient pillar which, after extensive digging, remains
embedded in the ground. The lead researcher wants to record all of the dimensions of the
pillar, including its height above the ground.
However, the team can only take certain measurements accurately without risking damage
to the artifact. These measurements are shown in the diagram.
a Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places.

b Hence, find h, the height of the pillar, correct to two decimal places.

18 A city council plans to build a seawall and boardwalk along a local coastline. According to
safety regulations, the seawall needs to be 5.25 m high and 7.66 m deep and will be built at
the bottom of a 14.78 m long sloped section of shoreline. This means that the boardwalk will
need to be built 2.43 m above the seawall, so that it is level with the public area near the
beach.
Find the width of the boardwalk, x, correct to two decimal places.

9.01
Areas of special
quadrilaterals
Parallelograms
1 The given parallelogram is formed into a

rectangle:
a Find the area of the rectangle.

b Hence, find the area of the
parallelogram.
2 The given parallelogram is formed into a

rectangle:
a Find an expression for the area of the

rectangle in terms of b and h.
b Hence, find an expression for the area of
the parallelogram in terms of b and h.
3 Find the area of the following parallelograms:
a b

c d
4 Determine whether the following pairs of values could be the dimensions of a parallelogram
with an area of 70 mm2 .
a Base = 10 mm, Height = 7 mm b Base = 7 mm, Height = 10 mm

c Base = 1 mm, Height = 70 mm d Base = 2 mm, Height = 70 mm
Trapeziums
5 The given trapezium is split into a rectangle

and a right-angled triangle:
a Find the area of the rectangle.

b Find the area of the triangle.
c Hence, find the area of the trapezium.

6 The given trapezium is formed into a
rectangle:
a Find the length, l , of the rectangle.

b Hence, find the area of the trapezium.
7 Two identical trapezia are put together to make a parallelogram:
a Find the area of the entire parallelogram.

b Find the area of one of the trapezia.
8 Two identical trapezia are put together to make a rectangle:
a Find the area of the entire rectangle. b Find the area of one of the trapezia.

9 Two identical trapezia are put together to make a parallelogram:
a Find an expression for the area of the entire parallelogram in terms of a, b and h.
b Find an expression for the area of one trapezia in terms of a, b and h.
10 Find the area of the following trapeziums:
a b
c d

e f
Rhombuses
11 The given rhombus can be split into two

triangles:
a Find the area of one triangle.

b Hence, find the area of the rhombus.
12 The given rhombus is formed into a

rectangle:
a Find the length of the rectangle in terms

of y .
b Find the width of the rectangle in terms
of x.
c Find the area of the rectangle in terms
of x and y .
d Hence, find the area of the rhombus in
terms of x and y .

13 Find the area of the following rhombuses:
a b
c d
e f

14 Determine whether the following pairs of values could be the diagonal lengths, x and y of a
rhombus with an area of 9 m2 .
a x = 2 m and y = 9 m. b x = 6 m and y = 3 m.
c x = 12 m and y = 3 m. d x = 6 m and y = 6 m.
Kites
15 The given kite can be split into two

triangles:
a Find the area of one of the triangles.

b Hence, find the area of the kite.
16 The given kite is formed into a rectangle:
a Find the length of the rectangle.

b Find the width of the rectangle.
c Hence, find the area of the kite.

17 The given kite is formed into a rectangle:
a Find the length of the rectangle in terms

of y .
b Find the width of the rectangle in terms
of x.
c Find the area of the rectangle in terms
of x and y .
d Hence, find the area of the kite in terms
of x and y .
18 Find the area of the following kites:
a b
c d

e f
Mixed areas
19 Find the area of the following quadrilaterals:
a b
c d

e f
g h
i j

Missing lengths
20 For each of the following rhombuses, find the value of the pronumeral:
a A = 64 cm2 b A = 128 cm2
21 Rhombus ABCD has an area of

A = 55 cm2 :
Given the diagonal BD = 11 cm, and
AC = x cm, find the value of x.

22 Rhombus ABCD has an area of 13 cm2 :
If diagonal AC = 2, and diagonal BD = y ,
find the value of y .
23 The following kite has an area of 48 cm2 .

The length of one of its diagonals is 12 cm:
Find the length of the other diagonal, k.
24 For each of the following kites, find the value of k:
a A = 15 cm2 b A = 22.5 cm2

c A = 56 cm2 d A = 137.5 cm2
25 For each of the following trapezia, find the value of the pronumeral:
a A = 42 mm2 b A = 36 cm2
c A = 20 m2 d A = 24 cm2

26 Find the value of x if the area of the
trapezium shown is 65 cm2 :
27 Find the perpendicular height, h, of a parallelogram that has an area of 45 cm2 and a base of
5 cm.
28 Find the base length, b, of a parallelogram that has an area of 216 mm2 and a perpendicular
height of 12 mm.
29 The area of a kite is 640 cm2 and one of the diagonals is 59 cm. If the length of the other
diagonal is y cm, find the value of y , rounded to two decimal places.
30 Complete the table of base and height

measurements for three parallelograms that Area (m2 ) Base (m) Height (m)
all have an area of 24 m2 :
24 8
24 12
24 6
31 Complete the table og the lengths of diagonal x and diagonal y for three kites that all have
an area of 36 mm2 :
Area (mm2 ) Diagonal, x (mm) Diagonal, y (mm)

36 18
36 24
36 12

9.02
Introducing the circle
Features of the circle
1 Name the indicated part of the following circles:
a b c d
2 Find the radius of the following circles:
a b
3 Find diameter of the following circle:

4 The radius of the smaller circle shown in the
figure is 16 cm:
If CD = 4 cm, find AD, the diameter of the
larger circle.
5 Complete the following tables:
a b
Diameter Radius Diameter Radius
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
Circle Circle
11 22
1 1
Circle Circle
17 26
2 2
Circle Circle
19 28
3 3
Circle Circle
21 36
4 4
Circle Circle
23 42
5 5
Circumference
6 Determine whether the following statements are true about π.
a π is equal to 3.142.
b π cannot be expressed as a fraction using whole numbers.
c π is the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of a circle.
d π is equal to 22 .
7

e π is the ratio between the circumference and the radius of a circle.

f π is equal to 3.14.

7 For each of the following circle:
i Calculate the exact circumference in terms of π.

ii Hence, calculate the circumference rounded to two decimal places.
a b
c A circle with a diameter of 7.7 cm. d A circle with a radius of 4.1 cm.
8 Calculate the exact circumference of the following circles:
a A circle with a diameter of 59 cm. b A circle with a radius of 22 cm.
9 Calculate the circumference of the following circles, correct to two two decimal places:
a A circle with a diameter of 38 cm. b A circle with a diameter of 45 cm.

c A circle with a radius of 27 cm. d A circle with a radius of 1.8 cm.
10 Caitlin and David calculate the

circumference of this circle using different
formulas.
a Caitlin uses the formula C = πd to

calculate the circumference.
Find her result as an exact value
b David uses the formula C = 2πr to
calculate the circumference, where r is
the radius.
Find his result as an exact value.
c Compare the results of their calculations
and explain what you notice.

11 A circle has a circumference of 52 cm.
a Calculate the exact radius of the circle.

b Hence, calculate the radius rounded to two decimal place.
12 Calculate the exact radius of the following circles:
a A circle with circumference of 12π cm. b A circle with circumference of 12 cm.

c A circle with circumference of 32π cm d A circle with circumference of 26 cm
13 Calculate the radius of the following circles, correct to two decimal places:
a A circle with circumference of 14 cm. b A circle with circumference of 18 cm.

c A circle with circumference of 14.9 cm. d A circle with circumference of 98 cm.
14 A circle has a circumference of 36 cm.
a Calculate the exact diameter of the circle.

b Hence, calculate the diameter rounded to two decimal place.
15 Calculate the exact diameter of the following circles:
a A circle with circumference of 18π cm. b A circle with circumference 18 cm.

c A circle with circumference of 17π cm. d A circle with circumference of 14 cm.
16 Calculate the diameter of the following circles, correct to two decimal places:
a A circle with circumference of 37 cm. b A circle with circumference of 44 cm.

c A circle with circumference of 70 cm. d A circle with circumference of 24.5 cm.
17 Complete the following table that lists the exact radii, diameters, and circumferences of
various circles:
Radius (cm) Diameter (cm) Circumference (cm)

Circle 1 2 4
Circle 2 8
Circle 3 82
Circle 4 340

18 Consider the given circle:
a Find the diameter D, correct to two

decimal places.
b Find the radius r, correct to two decimal
places.
Applications
19 The bottom of a flower pot has a radius of 16 cm. Find the circumference of the bottom of
the flower pot, correct to one decimal place.
20 A scooter tyre has a diameter of 34 cm. Find the circumference of the tyre, correct to one
decimal place.
21 Find the circumference of the Ferris wheel,

correct to one decimal place.
22 Find the length of the strip of seaweed

around the outside of the sushi shown.
Round your answer correct to one decimal
place.

23 A coin has a diameter of 2.2 cm. If the coin is rolled through 45 complete revolutions, find
the distance it will travel. Round your answer to one decimal place.
24 A circular running track has a diameter of 23 m. How many laps must be completed to run
1600 m? Round your answer to one decimal place.
25 The diameter of the front wheel of a car is 0.4 m. How many complete revolutions will the
wheel make if the car travels a distance of 50 km?
26 The wheel of Roxanne's bicycle has a radius of 22 cm. How far would she cycle if the wheels
made 250 complete revolutions? Give your answer in metres, correct to one decimal place.
27 Carl is performing an experiment by spinning a metal weight around on the end of a nylon
thread. How far does the metal weight travel if it completes 40 revolutions on the end of a
0.65 m thread? Round your answer to one decimal place.
28 A shallow circular wading pool has a diameter of 4 m. A deeper circular swimming pool has a
radius of 16 m. How many times greater is the circumference of the swimming pool than the
wading pool?
29 A record has a diameter of 30 cm and is played at a speed of 33 1 revolutions per minute.

3

Through what total distance will a point on the rim of the record travel if the record takes 28
minutes to play? Give your answer in metres, correct to one decimal place.
30 A satellite is orbiting the Earth at a height of

h km above the Earth's surface. In one
complete orbit, the satellite travels a
distance of 41 664 km. If the radius of the
Earth is 6400 km, find the height of the
satellite above the Earth. Round your
answer to one decimal place.

9.03
Area of a circle
Area of a circle
1 For each of the following circles:
i Calculate the exact area.

ii Hence, calculate the area rounded to two decimal places.
a b
c d

e f
2 Calculate the exact area of the following circles:
a A circle has a radius of 4 mm. b A circle has a diameter of 8 mm.

c A circle has a radius of 12 mm.
3 Calculate the area of the following circles, rounded to two decimal places:
a A circle has a radius of 9 cm. b A circle has a diameter of 24 cm.

c A circle has a radius of 12 mm.
i Calculate the radius. ii Hence, calculate the exact area.
a A circle has a diameter of 12 mm. b A circle has a circumference of 14π cm.

c A circle has a circumference of 18 cm. d A circle has a diameter of 22 mm.
5 Find the exact radius of the following circles:
a A circle with exact area of 64π cm2 . b A circle with area of 36 cm2 .
c A circle with area of 36π cm2 . d A circle with area of 16π cm2 .
e A circle with area of 25 mm2 .
i Calculate the radius.

ii Hence, calculate the exact circumference.
a A circle with area of 25π cm2 . b A circle has an area of 121π cm2 .

7 The area of a circle is 352 cm2 .
a If its radius is r cm, find r, correct to two decimal places.

b Hence, find the circumference of the circle, correct to one decimal place.
8 A circle has an area of 144 mm2 .
a Calculate the exact radius.

b Hence, calculate the radius rounded to two decimal place.
9 A circle has an area of 16π cm2 .
a Calculate the radius. b Hence, calculate the diameter.
10 A circle has an area of 25 mm2 .
a Calculate the exact radius. b Calculate the exact diameter.
11 A cicle has an area of 144 mm2 .
a Calculate the exact diameter.

b Hence, calculate the diameter rounded to two decimal places.
12 Find the area of the following shapes to one decimal place:
a b

c d
Applications
13 The radius of a circular baking tray is 10 cm. Find its area, correct to two decimal places.
14 A wind turbine has blades that are R m long

which are attached to a tower 60 m high.
When a blade is at its lowest point (pointing
straight down), the distance between the tip
of the blade and the ground is 20 m.
a Calculate the value of R.

b Find the distance travelled by the tip of
the blade during one full revolution,
c A factor in the design of wind turbines is
the amount of area covered by their
blades. The larger the area covered, the
more air can pass through the blades.
Find the area inside the circle defined
by the rotation of the blade tips, correct
to two decimal places.

15 The engineering team at Rocket Surgery
are building a rocket for an upcoming Mars
mission.
A critical piece is the circular connective
disc that connects the booster rocket to the
rest of the spacecraft. This disc must
completely cover the top of the booster
rocket.
The booster rocket has a diameter of
precisely 713.5 centimetres. Answer the
following correct to two decimal places.
a Find the required area of the connective disc.

b Instead of using the exact value, an engineer uses the approximation 3.14 for π.
Find the area using the engineer's approximation for π.
c If the connective disc is more than 100 cm2 too small, the disc will malfunction, resulting
in catastrophic launch failure.
Will the disk malfunction if it is built according to the engineer's calculation? Explain your
answer.

9.04
Parts of circles
Arc length
1 Name the indicated parts of the following circles:
a b
c d

i Find the fraction of the whole circle that lies on the arc AB .
ii Find the exact length of the arc AB
a b
c d
3 If the circumference of the circle is equal to

144 cm, find the length of the arc of the
following sector:

4 If the circumference of the full circle is
equal to 40 cm, find the length of the arc of
the following semicircle:
5 A sector of a circle with radius 29 m is formed from an angle of size 131°. Find the exact
length of the arc.
Area and perimeter of a sector
6 Determine whether the following diagrams represent a single sector:
a b c d
e f

7 Find the fraction of the circle's area covered by each sector:
a b
c d
e f

8 Find the area of the following sectors to two decimal places:
a b
i Find the fraction of the circle's area covered by the sector.

ii Find the exact area of the sector.
a b

10 Find the area of the shaded sectors, correct to two decimal places:
a Area of the circle is 10 cm2 . b Area of the circle is 25 cm2 .
i Find the fraction of the circle's area covered by the sector.

ii Find the perimeter of the sector to two decimal places.
iii Find the area of the sector to two decimal places.
a b

12 The sector in the given diagram has an
angle of 90° and a radius of 14 cm:
a Find the fraction of the circle's area

covered by this sector.
b Find the exact length of the arc PQ.
c Find the perimeter of the sector,
rounded to two decimal places.
13 The sector in the given diagram is a

semicircle with a radius of 14 cm:
Find the exact perimeter of the sector.

14 For each of the following sectors:
i Find the perimeter to the nearest whole number.

ii Find the area to the nearest whole number.
a b
c d
e f

15 Find the perimeter of the following, correct to two decimal places:
a A semicircle with radius 2 cm.

b A semicircle with radius 19 cm.
c A semicircle with diameter 8 cm
d A semicircle with diameter 17.23 cm.
e A sector equal to one quarter of a circle with radius 5 cm.
f A sector equal to one quarter of a circle with radius 17 cm.
g A sector equal to three quarters of a circle with radius 42 cm.
h A sector equal to one third of a circle with radius 9 cm.
i A sector equal to one third of a circle with radius 2.74 cm.
j A sector equal to two thirds of a circle with radius 19 cm.
Annulus
16 Determine whether the following diagrams represent an annulus:
a b c d
e f

17 For each annulus below:
i Find the inner radius. ii Find the outer radius.
a b
18 Consider the following annulus:
a Find the inner radius.

b Find the outer radius.
c Find the circumference of the outer
circle, to one decimal place.
d Find the circumference of the inner
circle, to one decimal place.
e Find the perimeter of the annulus, to
one decimal place.
f Find the area of the annulus, to one
decimal place.
19 Consider the following annulus:
a Find the exact area of the annulus.

b Find the area of the annulus, rounded to
two decimal places.

20 Find the shaded area in the following figures, correct to one decimal place:
a b
21 The following annulus has an inner

diameter of 14 cm and an outer diameter of
24 cm:
Find its exact perimeter.
22 Find the perimeter of the following annulus,

rounded to two decimal places:

23 The following annnulus has an inner
diameter of 10 cm and an outer diameter of
18 cm:
Find its exact area.
24 Tina, Brad, and Homer are designing a logo

for their astronomy club.
Brad proposes that their logo should be in
the shape of an annulus to represent an
eclipse, as shown in the first diagram:
a Find the area of the annulus in the logo,

Tina likes this idea but proposes that they

shift the hole in the annulus to the side so
that it better resembles an eclipse, as
shown in the second diagram:
b Brad claims that this will change the

area of the annulus. Is he correct?
Explain your answer.
c Homer claims that the logo will no
longer be an annulus. Is he correct?

9.05
Composite shapes
Perimeter of composite shapes
1 For each of the following composite shapes:
i State the basic shapes that make up the composite shape.

ii Find the perimeter.
a b
c d

e
2 Find the perimeter of the following composite shapes, to two decimal places:
a b
c d

e
Area of composite shapes
3 Find the shaded area in the following figures, correct to one decimal place:
a b
c d

e f
g h
i j

k l
4 Find the exact shaded area of the following figures:
a b
c d

e f
5 For each of the following composite shapes:
i State the basic shapes that make up the composite shape.

ii Find the exact area.
a b
6 Tricia is drawing a yin-yang symbol. She

chooses to make the radius of the overall
circle be 16 cm and the radius of the small
circles be 2 cm:
Find the area of the shaded part of the
symbol.
Round your answer to two decimal places.

Applications
7 A piece of origami paper, orginally in the

shape of a parallelogram, is folded along its
shortest diagonal as shown.
What is the total area covered by the folded
paper?
8 Lachlan designs a plot of land which

contains his house and garden as shown in
the diagram:
a Find the total area of the plot of land.

b Find the area of the garden.

9 The figure shows a plan of a dining room
floor, which is to be tiled with slate tiles.
a Calculate the area to be tiled. Round

your answer to the nearest metre
squared.
b If the cost of tiling is $10/m2 , how much
will it cost to tile the dining room floor?
10 The back cover of a mobile phone is shown in the following diagram. The rounded corners
are quadrants:
Find the area of the back cover, excluding the circular camera lens. Round your answer to
two decimal places.

9.06
Surface area of prisms
Surface area of prisms
1 Consider the following cube with a side

length of 6 cm:
a Which of the following nets match the given cube?
A B C D
b Find the area of the cube's net.

c Find the surface area of the cube.

2 Consider the following rectangular prism:
a Which of the following nets match the given rectangular prism?
A B C D
b Find the area of the prism's net.

c Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.
3 Find the surface area of the following rectangular prisms:
a b

c d
4 Find the surface area of the following cubes:
a b
5 Find the side length of a cube that has a surface area of 384 cm2 .

6 Find the surface area of the following triangular prisms:
a b
c d
7 Consider the following figure:

b Find its surface area.

8 Consider the following figure:
a Find the find the value of x.

9 Find the surface area of the following prisms. Round your answer to two decimal places
when necessary.
a b
c d

10 Consider the following trapezoidal prism:
a Find the value of y correct to one

decimal place.
11 Consider the following trapezoidal prism:

Find its surface area.
Applications
12 Consider the swimming pool with the

following dimensions:
Calculate the area inside the pool that is to
be tiled. Round your answer to two decimal
places.

13 Sally is building a storage chest in the shape of a rectangular prism. The chest will be 93 cm
long, 80 cm deep, and 18 cm high. Find the surface area of the chest.
14 A birthday gift is placed inside the box

shown:
Find the minimum amount of wrapping
paper needed to wrap this gift?
15 Both of the following popcorn bags are designed to carry 735 cm3 of popcorn.
a Find the height h of bag A.

b Find the height h of bag B.
c Find the surface area of bag A.
d Find the surface area of bag B.
e Which bag should be used to reduce the
amount of paper needed?

9.07
Surface area of cylinders
Surface area of cylinders
1 Consider the following cylinder together

with its net:
a Find the circumference of the circular

base. Round your answers to two
decimal places.
b Hence, find the area of the curved face
of the cylinder. Round your answers to
two decimal places.
2 For each of the following pair of cylinders and their nets, find the curved surface area of the
cylinder. Round your answers to two decimal places.
a b

3 For each of the following cylinders:
i Find the curved surface area of the cylinder. Round your answers to two decimal places.
ii Find the total surface area of the cylinder. Round your answers to two decimal places.
a b
c d

4 Find the surface area of the following cylinders:
Round your answers to two decimal places.
a b
c d
e f

5 Consider the following cylinder:
a Find the surface area of the cylinder to

one decimal place.
b Find the surface area of the cylinder in
square millimetres to the nearest whole
number.
6 The area of the circular face on a cylinder is 8281π m2 . The total surface area of the cylinder
is 25 662π m2 .
a Find the radius of the cylinder. b Find the height of the cylinder.
7 The area of the circular face on a cylinder is 225π m2 . The total surface area of the cylinder
is 3210π m2 .
a Find the value of the radius of the cylinder.

b Find the height of the cylinder.
8 The following cylinder has a surface area of

25 547 m2 :
Find the height the cylinder. Round your
answer to the nearest whole number.

9 The following cylinder has a surface area of
54 425 cm2 :
Find the height the cylinder. Round your
answer to the nearest whole number.
10 Find the surface area of the following

figure.
11 A cylindrical can of radius 7 cm and height 10 cm is open at one end. What is the external
surface area of the can? Round your answer to two decimal places.
12 Find the exact surface area of a cylinder with diameter 6 cm and height 21 cm by leaving
your answer in terms of π.
13 Find the lateral surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 9.2 m and a height of 15.1 m.
Round your answer to one decimal places.

Applications
14 Paul is using a toilet paper roll for crafts. He

has measured the toilet paper roll to have a
diameter 4 cm and a length 10 cm.
Find the surface area of the toilet paper roll.
15 A paint roller is cylindrical in shape. It has a

diameter of 6.2 cm and a width of 38.1 cm.
Find the area painted by the roller when it
makes one revolution. Round your answer
16 The diagram shows a water trough in the

shape of a half cylinder:
Find the exact surface area of the outside of
this water trough, leaving your answer in
terms of π.

17 Amy and Vincent each have a cylinder. Amy's cylinder has a diameter of 8 cm and a height
of 9 cm. Vincent's cylinder has a diameter of 9 cm and a height of 8 cm.
a Find the surface area of Amy's cylinder. Round your answer to two decimal places.
b Find the surface area of Vincent's cylinder.
c Which cylinder has a larger surface area? Round your answer to two decimal places.
18 Jenny wants to make several cans like the

one shown. She plans to cut them out of a
sheet of material that has an area of
1683 cm2 .
How many complete cans can she make?
19 If a spherical ball with a radius of 4.9 m fits exactly inside a cylinder, find the surface area of
the cylinder.
20 The two identical spherical balls with radii

of 2.6 cm fit exactly inside a cylinder.
Find the surface area of the closed cylinder.

21 Find the surface area of the brickwork for
this silo. Assume that there is a brick roof
and no floor.

9.08
Volume of prisms and
cylinders
Volume of prisms
1 For each of the following prisms:
i State the shape of the prism's base. ii Find the area of the prism's base.
iii Find the volume of the prism.
a b
c d

2 Find the volume of the following prisms:
a b
c d
e f

g
3 A triangular prism with a base area of 20 cm2 and a height of 10 cm. Find its volume.
4 An octagonal prism with a base area of 80 mm2 and a height of 120 mm. Find its volume.
Volume of cylinders
5 Rochelle notices that the base of a cylinder is always a circle. To save working out time,
Rochelle decides to combine the area formula A = πr2 with the volume formula V = Ah.
By substituting the area formula into the volume formula, state the formula Rochelle gets for
the volume of a cylinder.
6 Consider the solid shown in the diagram:
a State the shape of the base of this solid.

b Find the exact area of the solid's base.
c Find the exact volume of the solid.

7 Find the volume of the following solids, rounding your answers to one decimal place:
a b
c d
e f

g h
i j

Volume of composite solids
8 For each of the following composite solids:
i State the basic shapes used to make this composite shape.

ii Find the area of the solid's base, rounded to three decimal places.
iii Find the volume of the solid, rounded to two decimal places.
a b
c d

9 Find the volume of the following composite solids. Round your answers to two decimal
places where necessary.
a b
c d
e f

Unknown side given the volume
10 The following rectangular prism has a

volume of 168 mm3 :
Find the length, a, of the rectangular prism.
11 The following rectangular prism has a

volume of 1680 mm3 :
Find the width of the rectangular prism in
millimetres.
12 The volume of the triangular prism shown is

231 cm3 .
Find the value of k.

13 The volume of the triangular prism shown is
247.45 cm3 .
Find the value of y to one decimal place.
14 A prism has a volume of 770 cm3 . Given it has a height of 11 cm, find the base area of the
prism.
15 A prism has a volume of 990 cm3 . Given it has a base area of 110 cm2 , find the height of the
prism.
16 Find the side length of a cube with volume 27 cm3 .
17 Find the length of the rectangular prism with volume 162 cm3 , width 6 cm and height 3 cm.
Applications
18 A garden bed is 5 m in length, 2 m in width and 20 cm in height.

Find the volume of soil in cubic metres that will be needed to fill up the garden bed.
19 A hollow cylindrical pipe has the dimensions shown below:
a Calculate the volume of the pipe shown,

b Calculate the weight of the pipe if 1 cm3
of metal weighs 5.7 g, rounding your
answer to one decimal place.

20 A wedding cake with three tiers is shown.
The layers have radii of 51 cm, 55 cm and
59 cm. If each layer is 20 cm high, calculate
the total volume of the cake in cubic
metres.
21 Jack's mother told him to drink 3 large

bottles of water each day. She gave him a
cylindrical bottle with height 17 cm and
radius 5 cm.
a Find the volume of the bottle. Round

your answer to two decimal places.
b Assuming that he drinks 3 full bottles as
his mother suggested, calculate the
volume of water Jack drinks each day.
Round your answer to two decimal
places.
c If Jack follows this drinking routine for a
week, how many litres of water would
he drink altogether? Round your answer
to the nearest litre.
22 A swimming pool has the shape of a trapezoidal prism as shown in the diagram:
a Find the volume of the pool in cubic

metres.
b If the pool is three-quarters full what is
the volume of the non filled space of the
pool.
c If the distance of the water level to the
top of the pool is h m when it is is three-
quarters full, then find h.

23 A box of tissues is in the shape of a rectangular prism. It has a length of 39 cm, a width of
19 cm and a height of 11 cm.
a Find the volume of the box.

b If the shelf at the supermarket is 95 cm long and has a depth of 40 cm, find the maximum
number of tissue boxes that can fit on the shelf.
24 A special refrigerator is used to store medical samples and has dimensions 18 cm by 70 cm

by 12 cm. The samples are stored in small containers that have dimensions 20 mm ×
50 mm × 20 mm.
Assuming both the refrigerator and the sample containers are rectangular prisms,
a Find the dimensions of the sample containers in centimetres.

b Find the volume of a sample container.
c Find the volume of the fridge.
d How many containers can be stored in the fridge?
25 This nesting box needs to have a volume of

129 978 cm3 , a height of 83 cm and a width
of 54 cm. Find the depth, d, of the box.
26 The volume of the following tent is 4.64 m3 .

Find the height, h, of the tent.

9.09
Metric units for area and
volume
Convert units of area
1 Identify the appropriate unit for measuring the following:
a The area of a football field. b The area of a country.

c The area of the face of a coin. d The area of an A4 sheet of paper.
2 Justin uses the conversion equation 1 metre = 100 centimetres to draw two squares with
the same area:
a Find the area of square A in m2 .

b Find the area of square B in cm2 .
c State the conversion equation from m2 to cm2 .
3 Convert the following areas to cm2 :
a 6 m2 b 4.2 m2 c 0.8 m2 d 7.92 m2
4 Convert the following areas to m2 :
a 15 000 cm2 b 126 000 cm2 c 9000 cm2 d 187 cm2

5 Paul uses the conversion equation 1 kilometre = 1000 metres to draw two squares with the
same area:
2
a Find the area of square A in km .
b Find the area of square B in m2 .
2
c State the conversion equation from km to m2 .
6 Convert the following areas to m2 :
a 7 km2 b 0.36 km2 c 2.9 km2 d 0.025 km2
7 Convert the following areas to km2 :
a 4 900 000 m2 b 980 000 m2 c 24 500 000 m2 d 12 000 m2
8 The square shown in the diagram has an

area of 1 cm2 :
a Find its area in mm2 .

b State the conversion equation from cm2
to mm2 .

9 Convert the following areas to cm2 :
a 600 mm2 b 35 000 mm2 c 5800 mm2 d 81 mm2
10 Convert the following areas to mm2 :
a 4 cm2 b 22 cm2 c 123 cm2 d 6.2 cm2
11 Convert the following areas as indicated:
a 5 m2 to cm2 b 6 km2 to m2
c 20 000 cm2 to m2 d 1100 mm2 to cm2
e 12 m2 to cm2 f 11 km2 to m2
g 7 cm2 to mm2 h 7600 cm2 to m2
i 27 000 m2 to km2 j 750 mm2 to cm2
k 10 cm2 to mm2 l 12 500 cm2 to m2
m 1 518 000 m2 to km2 n 1520 mm2 to cm2
12 The following rectangle has side lengths

given in centimetres:
a Convert the dimensions of the rectangle

into metres.
b Hence find the area of the rectangle in
square metres.
13 The following rectangle has side lengths

given in millimetres:
a Convert the dimensions of the rectangle

into centimetres.
b Hence find the area of the rectangle in
square centimetres.

14 The following triangle has dimensions given
in millimetres:
a Convert the dimensions of the triangle

into centimetres.
b Hence find the area of the triangle in
square centimetres.
15 Calculate the area of the following rectangles in square centimetres:
a A rectangle with side lengths 0.16 m and 0.8 m.

b A rectangle with side lengths 240 mm and 60 mm.
c A rectangle with side lengths 22 cm and 0.9 m.
d A rectangle with side lengths 22 cm and 90 mm.
16 Calculate the area of the following rectangles in square metres:
a A rectangle with side lengths 0.018 km and 0.09 km.

b A rectangle with side lengths 390 cm and 12.5 m.
17 Calculate the area of the following rectangles in square kilometres:
a A rectangle with side lengths 2900 m and 600 m.

b A rectangle with side lengths 470 m and 6 800 cm.
18 John is tiling a room floor that has a total area of 9 m2 . The tiles he is using are squares,
measuring 25 cm by 25 cm.
a Calculate the area of a single tile in square metres.

b How many tiles will John require to cover the entire floor area?
19 A garden bed measures 430 cm by 250 cm. A bag of fertiliser covers an area of 2 m2 .
a How many whole bags of fertiliser are needed to cover the total area of the garden bed?
b How much area will the left-over fertiliser be able to cover? Give your answer in square
metres.

20 A sand pit set in the corner of a property
has dimensions as shown:
a Calculate the area of the sandpit in

square metres.
b A 20 kg bag of play sand costs $7.80, and
covers an area of 0.5 m2 to an
appropriate depth.
How much will it cost to buy enough
bags of sand to fill this sand pit?
Hectares
21 Convert 1 hectare to the following units:
a m2 b km2
22 Convert the following areas as indicated:
a 6 ha to m2 b 2 ha to m2
c 8.11 ha to m2 d 10.7 ha to m2
e 7.25 ha to m2 f 26 ha to m2
g 26 100 m2 to ha h 200 000 m2 to ha
i 84 500 m2 to ha j 3 200 000 m2 to ha
k 9 750 m2 to ha l 16 500 000 m2 to ha
23 Rectangular farms around Australia were

measured and their dimensions are Length Width Area
Farm
recorded in the table: (m) (m) (m)
2
a Complete the given table by calculating 1 300 100

the area of each farm in m2 . 2 350 15
b Which farm has an area of exactly 1 ha? 3 100 20
c Which farms have an area of more than 4 350 40
1 ha?
5 100 100
d Which farms have an area of less than
1 ha?

Convert units of volume
24 Identify the appropriate unit for measuring the following:
a The volume of a match box. b The volume of an office building.

c The volume of swimming pool. d The volume of sim card.
25 The cube shown in the diagram has a

volume of 1 cm3 :
Find its volume in mm3 .
26 Convert the following volumes to mm3 :
a 5 cm3 b 1.3 cm3 c 0.08 cm3 d 6.05 cm3
27 Convert the following volumes to cm3 :
a 2000 mm3 b 14 000 mm3 c 820 mm3 d 26 mm3

e 0.5 m3 f 0.06 m3 g 0.0075 m3 h 6.05 m3
28 Convert the following volumes to m3 :
a 90 000 cm3 b 2 800 000 cm3 c 15 000 000 cm3 d 126 500 000 cm3
e 6 000 000 000 mm3 f 4 000 000 000 mm3 g12 000 000 000 mm3 h275 000 000 000 mm3
29 Convert the following as specified:
a 43 m3 to cm3 b 18 cm3 to mm3

c 12 000 000 cm3 to m3 d 9000 mm3 to cm3
e 8.97 m3 to cm3 f 9.77 cm3 to mm3
g 96 900 cm3 to m3 h 92 200 mm3 to cm3

30 Find the volume of the following solid in
cubic centimetres:
31 Find the volume of the following solids in cubic millimetres:
a b

9.10
Volume and capacity
Capacity
1 Convert the following as specified:
a 68 000 mL to L b 52 L to mL c 99 000 L to kL d 63 kL to L
e 1 cm3 to mL f 1 mL to cm3 g 36 cm3 to mL h 720 mL to cm3
i 1 m3 to kL j 1 kL to m3 k 83 m3 to kL l 270 kL to m3
m 0.4 L to mL n 3.8 mL to L o 1.67 kL to L p 84.6 L to kL
2 A prism has a volume of 74 000 cm3 . Find the capacity of the prism in litres.
3 A cylinder has a volume of 6100 cm3 . Find:
a The capacity of the cylinder in millilitres. b The capacity of the cylinder in litres.
4 A rectangular prism has dimensions 30 cm, 78 cm and 9 cm.
a Find the volume of the prism in cubic centimetres.

b Hence, find the capacity of the prism in litres.
5 A container has a volume of 1 cubic metre. Find:
a The capacity in millilitres. b The capacity in litres.

c The capacity in kilolitres.
6 A rectangular prism has dimensions 3 m, 8 m and 6 m.
a Find the volume of the prism in cubic metres.

b Hence, find the capacity of the prism in kilolitres.
7 A rectangular prism has dimensions 3 m, 7 m and 0.8 m.
a Find the volume of the prism in cubic metres.

b Hence, find the capacity of the prism in litres.
8 A rectangular prism has dimensions 7 cm, 9 cm and 4 cm .
a Find the volume of the prism in cubic centimetres.

b Hence, find the capacity of the prism in millilitres.
9 A rectangular prism has dimensions 3 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm. Find the capacity of the prism in
millilitres.
10 A rectangular prism has dimensions 40 cm, 900 cm and 7 cm. Find the capacity of the prism in
litres.
11 A cylinder has a diameter of 8 cm and height of 7 cm.
a Find the volume of the cylinder in cubic centimetres, correct to one decimal place.
b Hence, find the capacity of the cylinder in millilitres, correct to one decimal place.
12 A cylinder has a diameter of 12 cm and height of 70 cm.
a Find the volume of the cylinder in cubic centimetres, correct to one decimal place.
b Hence, find the capacity of the cylinder in litres, correct to four decimal places.
13 A cylinder has a diameter of 6 m and height of 7 m.
a Find the volume of the cylinder in cubic metres, correct to one decimal place.
b Hence, find the capacity of the cylinder in kilolitres, correct to one decimal place.
14 A cylinder has a diameter of 8 m and height of 90 m.
a Find the volume of the cylinder in cubic metres, correct to four decimal places.
b Hence, find the capacity of the cylinder in litres, correct to one decimal place.
15 A cylinder has a radius of 4 cm and height of 7 cm. Find the capacity of the cylinder in
millilitres, correct to one decimal place.
16 A cylinder has a radius of 3 cm and height of 70 cm. Find the capacity of the cylinder in litres,
correct to four decimal places.
Applications
17 James drank 9 L of water. Find the amount that he drank in millilitres.
10

18 How many 150 mL jugs of soda water will be needed to fill a 2.4 L container?

19 Find the capacity of the fish tank in litres:
20 279 children went on a picnic. Each child drank 400 mL of orange juice. How many litres
were consumed altogether?
21 A tap is dripping at the rate of 4 mL of water per minute. How many litres of water will be
lost in one day?
22 A gravy boat is designed as a half-cylinder

as shown. It has a diameter of 8 cm and a
length of 15 cm.
Find its capacity to two decimal places.

23 A cylindrical tank with diameter of 3 m is
placed in a 2 m deep circular hole so that
there is a gap of 40 cm between the side of
the tank and the hole. The top of the tank is
level with the ground.
a What volume of dirt was removed to

make the hole? Give your answer to the
nearest metre cubed.
b What is the capacity of the tank to the
nearest litre?
24 A rectangular swimming pool has a length of 27 m, width of 14 m and depth of 3 m.
a Find the volume of this swimming pool in cubic metres.

b Hence, find the capacity of the swimming pool in kilolitres.
25 Yvonne is designing a small cartridge. Its capacity must be exactly 10.4 millilitres. She has
already finished designing the base, which will have an area of 13 square centimetres.
a Find the volume of Yvonne's cartridge in cubic centimetres.

b Assuming that Yvonne's cartridge is a prism, find its height in centimetres.
26 Nadia is designing a lava lamp. Its capacity must be exactly 4.8 litres. She has already
finished designing the base, which will have an area of 120 square centimetres.
a Find the volume of Nadia's lava lamp in cubic centimetres.

b Assuming that Nadia's lamp is a triangular prism, find its height be in centimetres.
27 Kathleen is constructing a swimming pool designed to hold 34.4 kilolitres of water. She has
already decided on a base area of 8 square metres.
a Find the volume of Kathleen's pool in cubic metres.

b If the depth of the pool is the same at every point, how deep must it be in metres.

28 Jack's mother told him to drink 3 large
bottles of water each day. She gave him a
cylindrical bottle with height 17 cm and
radius 5 cm.
a Find the volume of the bottle. Round

your answer to two decimal places.
b Assuming that he drinks 3 full bottles as
his mother suggested, calculate the
volume of water Jack drinks each day.
places.
c If Jack follows this drinking routine for a
week, how many litres of water would
he drink altogether? Round your answer
to the nearest litre.
29 The swimming pool shown is composed of a trapezoidal prism joined to a half cylinder:
a Find the volume of the pool in cubic

metres. Round your answer to three
decimal places.
b How many litres of water can fit in the
pool? Round your answer to the nearest
litre.
c If the pool is filled to a height 10 cm
below the top, how many litres of water
are in the pool? Round your answer to
the nearest litre.
d After construction works at a neighbouring property, a crack opens in the bottom of the
pool and water begins to leak from the pool. It is observed that the height of the surface
of the water in the pool is decreasing by 7 cm each week. Find the amount of water that
is leaking out each week, to the nearest litre.
e Assuming that water continues to leak at this rate, find how many whole weeks it will
take to empty the pool.
30 Xavier has been hired by a live performance group that are famous for their strange and
demanding requests. He must transport 228 323 litres of edible slime from a production
facility and deliver it to a nearby concert hall.
If even a single litre is missing, he will not be paid.
Xavier has a truck with a large, adjustable tank. The base of the tank has an area of 9.5
square metres, and to avoid collisions on his route the top of the tank must be no more than

3.94 metres from the base.
How many trips must Xavier make from the slime production facility to the concert hall?

10.01
Linear rules
Linear equations
1 For each of the following statements:
i Express as an equation. ii State whether the equation is linear.
a y is equal to 7 less than 2 groups of x.

b y equals x divided by 2 plus 8.
c y equals −1 divided by x plus 6.
d y plus the quotient of x and the square of −4 is equal to 14.
Tables of values
2 For each of the following tables representing a linear relationship:
i State what happens to the y -value when the x-value increases by 1.

ii Describe the rule between x and y in words.
iii Write the linear equation for the rule between x and y .
a b
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 6 12 18 24 30 y 8 9 10 11 12
c d
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5
y −7 −8 −9 −10 −11 y −2 −6 −10 −14 −18
e
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 7 9 11 13 15

3 Consider the following table:
a For every 1 unit increase in the x-value, x 9 18 27 36

is there a consistent change in the
y -value? y −68 −131 −194 −257
b State the change in y for every 1 unit

increase in x.
c Explain why we can say that the relationship between x and y is linear.
d Write the linear equation that describes the relationship between x and y .
e Explain how the answer to part (b) helps in writing the rule for the linear relationship.
4 For each of the following tables, state whether the relationship between x and y is linear:
a b
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 12 16 20 y 4 5 6 7 8
c d
x 1 2 4 7 8 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 5 8 11 14 17 y −1 3 7 11 15
e f
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 5 1 −3 −7 −11 y 5 7 13 19 24
g h
x 1 2 7 9 13 x 5 10 15 20 25
y −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 y 15 30 45 60 75
i j
x −1 0 1 2 x −1 0 1 2
y 7 11 7 3 y 3 7 11 15
k l
x −1 0 1 2 x −1 0 1 2
y 3 3 3 3 y 3 7 11 13

m x 3 3 3 3 n x 0 3 6 9
y 0 3 6 9 y −7 0 7 14
o p
x 0 1 3 7 x −6 −5 −3 1
y 14 7 0 −7 y 0 9 18 27
q r
x −6 −3 0 6 x −6 −3 0 3
y 27 18 9 0 y 0 9 18 27
5 For each of the following tables:
i Use the pattern to find the value of y , when x = 0.

ii Write the linear equation that describes the relationship between x and y .
iii Hence, complete the table.
a
x 1 2 3 4 5 14
y 4 8 12 16 20
b
x 1 2 3 4 5 30
y −1 1 3 5 7
c
x −16 1 2 3 4 5
y −2 −4 −6 −8 −10
d
x −30 1 2 3 4 5
y 52 44 36 28 20
e
x 1 2 3 4 5 30
y −13 −20 −27 −34 −41

6 Given that the linear relationship between x and y is in the form y = mx + c, for each of the
following tables:
i Find the values of m and c.

ii Write the linear equation that describes the relationship between x and y .
iii Hence, complete the table.
a
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 21
y 0 2 4 6 8 10
b
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 29
y 8 13 18 23 28 33
c
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 21
y −21 −16 −11 −6 −1 4
d
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 65
y 24 21 18 15 12 9
7 Find the linear equation between x and y for each of the following tables:
a b
x −1 0 1 2 3 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 5 2 −1 −4 −7 y 7 10 13 16 19
c d
x −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 x 3 4 5 6 7
y −36 −31 −26 −21 −16 y −12 −17 −22 −27 −32

Applications
8 The amount of medication M (in milligrams) in a patient’s body gradually decreases over
time t (in hours) according to the equation M = 1050 − 15t.
a After 61 hours, how many milligrams of medication are left in the body?
b How many hours will it take for the medication to be completely removed from the
body?
9 A diver starts at the surface of the water and begins to descend below the surface at a
constant rate. The table shows the depth of the diver over 5 minutes:
Number of minutes passed (x) 0 1 2 3 4

Depth of diver in metres (y) 0 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.6
a What is the increase in depth each minute?

b Write an equation for the relationship between the number of minutes passed (x) and the
depth (y ) of the diver.
c In the equation from part (b), what does the number in front of the x represent?
d Find the depth of the diver after 6 minutes.
e How long does the diver takes to reach 12.6 metres beneath the surface?
10 After Mae starts running, her heartbeat, in beats per minutes, increases at a constant rate.
a Write down the missing value from the table:
Number of minutes passed (x) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Heart rate (y) 49 55 61 67 73 79
b What is Mae's resting heart rate?

c Find the change in y for every increase of one minute.
d Form an equation that describes the relationship between the number of minutes
passed, x, and Mae’s heartbeat, y .
e In the equation from part (d), what does the number in front of the x represent?
f Find Mae’s heartbeat after twenty minutes.

10.02
Visualising a table of
values
Table of values
1 For each of the following linear equations, complete a table of values of the form:
x 1 2 3 4
y
a y = 7x b y =x+8 c y = 2x − 6 d y=x
4

e y = 5x + 1 f y = −3x g y = 2x h y = 10 − 4x
3

2 For each of the following linear equations, complete a table of values of the form:
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y
a y = 4x b y =x+3 c y = 2x + 1 d y=x
5

e y = −x + 2 f y = −2x + 5 g y = 3x − 4 h y = 9 − 2x
Plot points
i Complete the table of values.

ii Plot the points from the table on a coordinate plane.
iii State whether the relationship is linear or non-linear.
a y = 2x b y = 3x + 4
x −1 0 1 2 x −1 0 1 2
y y
c y = −x + 2 d y = −4x + 5
x −1 0 1 2 x −1 1 3 5
y y

e y = 2x − 4 f y = −4x − 1
x −2 0 2 4 x −1 0 1 2
y y
4 Consider the equation y = 3x − 2.

2

a Complete the table of values. x −1 0 1 2

b Plot the points from the table on a
y
coordinate plane.
Graph lines
5 Consider the equation y = −3x.

b Use the two points where x = −1 and
y
x = 1 to sketch the graph of the line.
c Does the point (0, 0) lie on this line?
6 Consider the equation y = 4x + 5.

b Use the two points where x = −1 and y
c Does the point (2, 13) lie on this line?
i Complete the table of values. x −1 0 1 2

ii Use the two points where x = −1 and
y
a y = −2x + 11 b y = 5x − 3
2


8 For each of the following linear equations:
i Complete the table of values.

ii Use the two axes intercepts, where x = 0 and y = 0, to sketch the graph of the line.
a y = 2x − 4 b y = −2x + 4
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2 3
y y
x
c y= −2 d y = 5x − 5
3

3

x 0 2 4 6 x 0 3 6 9
y y
9 For each of the following linear equations:
i Complete the table of values. ii Sketch the graph of the line.
a y =x+4 b y = 2x + 4
x −1 0 1 2 x −1 0 1 2
y y
c y = −2x − 2 d y = 2x − 3
x −3 0 3 6 x −5 0 5 10
y y
e y = − 3x + 6 f x
y= +2
5

2

x −1 0 1 3 5 x −5 0 5 10
y y

10.03
Graphs of linear equations
Intercepts
1 For each of the following graphs:
i State the value of the x-intercept. ii State the value of the y -intercept.
a b
y y
66
33
55
22
44
11
33
x
22
−
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33
−
−11 11
x
−
−22 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−11
−
−33
−
−22
c d
y y
44
11
33
x
22 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
11
−
−11
x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−22
−
−11
−
−22 −
−33
−
−33
−
−44
−
−44

2 Given each linear equation and its graph, state the coordinates of the y -intercept:
a y = 4x − 5 b y = x +3
2

77 y y
66
88
55
44
33 66
22
11 x 44
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11− 11 22 33 44
−11
22
−
−22
−
−33 x
−
−44
−
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66
−
−55
−
−66 −
−22
−
−77
3 Consider the following graph of the line

y = −2x + 3: y
77
66
a State the the y -value, when x is 0. 55
b Explain the relationship between the 44
value of the y -intercept and the 33
equation of the line. 22

11
c If the equation of a line is y = mx + c, x
state the value of the y -intercept. −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11
−
−11
11 22 33 44
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
4 Consider the following three linear

equations and their corresponding graphs: y
10
10
y = x + 4, y = 2x + 4, y = 4x + 4 88
66
a What do all of the equations have in
common? 44
b What do all of the graphs have in 22

x
common?
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
c What conclusion can be made about −
−22
lines that have the form y = mx + 4?
−
−44

5 Find the value of the y -intercept of the following lines:
a y = 7x + 3 b y = 3x − 5 c y = −8x − 3 d y = −8x + 4
e y = 9x f y=2 g y = 2x + 2 h y = 3x + 8
3 5

6 Determine whether the following equations represent lines that will cross the y -axis at 2:
a y = 5x + 2 b y =2−x c y = 2x d y = 2x − 4
e y =x+2 f y =x−2 g y=2 h y = x+4
2

7 The x-intercept occurs when y = 0. Find the value of the x-intercept for the following lines:
a y = 2x − 2 b 3x + y = −3 c y = 4x − 8 d 2y + x = −3
e y = 9x f 2y + 2x = 4 g 3x − 5y = 1 h x = 3y + 10
5

ii Find the coordinates of the y -intercept.

i Find the coordinates of the x-intercept.
iii Use the intercepts to sketch the graph of the line.
a y = 2x − 4 b y = −2x + 2 c y = 3x − 3 d y = −4x + 8
Lines through the origin
9 Consider the linear equation y = 5x.
a Find the coordinates of the y -intercept. b Find the coordinates of the x-intercept.
c Find the value of y when x = 2. d Hence, sketch the graph of the line.
10 Consider the linear equation y = − 5x .

4

a Find the coordinates of the y -intercept.

b Find the coordinates of the point on the line where x = 4.
c Hence, sketch the graph of the line.
11 If a line has equation y = mx + c, explain how you can tell if the line will pass through the
origin.

12 Determine whether the following equations represent lines that will pass through the origin:
x
a y = 8x − 8 b y= c y = −6x d y = 8x
8

e y=x f y=0 g y = −x h y = −6x − 6

8

Gradient
13 Consider the line graph shown:

y
77
a State the y -value when x = 0.
66
b State the y -value when x = 1.
55
c When the x-value increases by 1, by 44
how much does the y -value change? 33
d Hence state the gradient of the line, m. 22
e The equation of this line is y = 2x + 4. 11

x
Explain how to find the gradient from −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22
the equation of the line. −
−11
−
−22
14 Consider the following three linear

equations and their corresponding graphs: y
55
44
y = 4x + 3, y = 4x + 6, y = 4x − 3
33
22
a What do all of the equations have in 11
common? x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
b What do all of the graphs have in −
−11
common? −
−22
c What conclusion can be made about −

−33
lines that have the form y = 4x + c? −

−44
−
−55
15 Find the gradient, m, of the following linear equations:
a y = 9x + 3 b y = −7x + 5 c 5x d y = −x + 5
y= +2
4


16 From the following list of equations, select the lines that have the same gradient:
y = 2 + 7x
x
y = +2
7

y = 5 − 7x
y = 7x
y = 5x + 7
y = 7x − 2
17 For each linear equation:
i Find the value, m, of the gradient. ii Find the value, c, of the y -intercept.
a y = 2x + 9 b y = 5x − 6 c y = −5x + 8 d y = −4x − 2
e 2y = 8x − 1 f 3y = −6x − 2 g y − 5x = 4 h 2y − 3x = 6
18 Given the values of m and c, write the equation of the line:
a m = 2, c = 5 b m = −3, c = 2 c m = −2, c = −1 d m = 4, c = 0
e m = 0, c = −7 f m = 0, c = 4 g m = 1 , c = −2 h m = −3 , c = 1
2 4 2


10.04
Horizontal and vertical
lines
Horizontal and vertical lines
1 State whether the graphs of the following lines are horizontal or vertical:
a y=2 b x = −4 c y=3 d x = 17
e y=0 f x=0 g y−1 =0 h 4 =x
2 7

2 The table shows some points on the line

with equation x = 0. x 0 0 0 0
Does the line x = 0 represent the y -axis or y −8 −1 4 6
x-axis?
3 The table shows some points on the line

with equation y = 0. x −6 −4 1 5
Does the line y = 0 represent the y -axis or y 0 0 0 0
x-axis?
4 Consider the sets of points in the following coordinate planes:
i State whether the set of points lies on a increasing, decreasing, vertical or horizontal
line.
ii Find the equation of the line that passes through the set of points.
a b
y y
44 88
33 66
22 44
11 22
x x
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
−
−11 −
−22
−
−22 −
−44
−
−33 −
−66
−
−44 −
−88

5 Consider the graphed line: y
44
a State the x-intercept.
33
b Does this line have a y -intercept?
22
c Write down the equation of the line.
11
x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
6 Consider the graphed line:

y
a State the y -intercept. 44
b Does this line have an x-intercept? 33
c Write down the equation of the line. 22
11
x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
7 For each of the following tables of values:
i Sketch the graph of the line that passes through the four points.
ii Find the equation of the line.
a b
x 2 2 2 2 x −4 −2 0 2
y −2 −1 0 1 y 5 5 5 5
8 Plot the following lines on a coordinate plane:
a y=8 b x=7 c y = −2 d y=0

9 Find the equation of the following lines:
a b
y y
44 66
33 55
22 44
11 33
x
22
−
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10
−
−11 11
x
−
−22
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−33 −
−11
−
−44 −
−22
c d
y y
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
10 Find the equation of the line given the following conditions:
a The line is parallel to the x-axis and passes through the point (3, −5).
b The line is parallel to the y -axis and passes through the point (−8, 3).
c The line is perpendicular to the x-axis and passes through the point (3, −8).
d The line is perpendicular to the y -axis and passes through the point (3, −4).

11 The temperature (in degrees Celsius) inside a freezer over a five-hour period was recorded:
Time (h) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature (T ) −9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −9
a Sketch the line that passes through each of the pairs of values from the table.
b Write an equation for the temperature T , at time h.

10.05
Finding the equation from
a graph
Equations of lines
1 Determine whether the following graphs are linear:
a b
y y
99
44
88
33
77
22 66
11 55
x 44
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 33
−
−11 22
−
−22 11
x
−
−33 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−44
−
−22
c d
y y
55 44
33
44
22
33
11
x
22
−
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
11 −
−11
x −
−22
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−33
−
−11
−
−44

2 Consider the following graph:
a Complete the table of values for the 66

y
points shown on the line. 55
44
x −1 0 1 2 33
22
y 11 x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11
b State the values of the gradient m, and −
−22
the y -intercept, c. −
−33
c Given that the linear relationship is in −
−44
−
−55
the form y = mx + c, write the equation
−
−66
of the graph.
d Hence find the coordinates for the point
on the line when x = 21.
a Complete the table of values for the 88

y
points shown on the line. 77
66
x −1 0 1 2 55
44
y
33
22
b State the values of the gradient m, and 11
x
the y -intercept, c.
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
c Hence write the linear equation for the
−
−22
graph.
−
−33
d Find the coordinates for the point on the
line where x = 27.

a Complete the table of values for the y

11
points shown on the line: x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
x −2 −1 0 1 −
−11
−
−22
y
−
−33
−
−44
−55
−
−66
c Hence write the equation for the graph. −
−77
d Find the value of y when x = 40. −

−88

33
points shown on the line:
22
11
x −1 0 1 2 x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
y −
−11
−
−22
−
−33
b State the values of the gradient m, and
−
−44
−
−55
−66
d Find the value of y when x = 19. −
−77


33
22
x −5 0 5 10 11
x
y −
−55−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
−−11
b When x increases by 5, by how much −

−22
does y increase? −
−33
c Hence when x increases by 1, by how −

−44
much does y increase? −
−55
d State the values of the gradient m, and

e Hence write the equation for the graph.
f Find the coordinates for the point on the
line where x = 35.

66
55
x −5 0 5 10 44
y 33
22
b State the values of the gradient m, and 11

x
−
−55−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
c Hence write the equation for the graph. −−11
d Find the coordinates for the point on the −

−22
line where x = −45.


33
22
x −5 0 5 10 11
x
y −
−55−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
−−11
−
−22
−33
−
−44
−55

−66
line where x = 45.
a Complete the table of values for the line y

55
shown in the graph:
44
33
x 0 1
22
y 11
x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11
b As x increases by 1, by how much does
−
−22
y increase?
−
−33
c State the values of the gradient m, and −
−44
−55
d Hence write the equation of the line.
e Find the y -value of the point on the line
where x = 22.

a Complete the table of values for the line 66

y
shown in the graph: 55
44
x 0 1 33
22
y 11 x
−
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11
b As x increases by 1, by how much does −
−22
y decrease? −
−33
c State the values of the gradient m, and −
−44
−
−55
−
−66
d Hence write the equation of the line.
e Find the y -value of the point on the line
where x = 27.
a As x increases by 1, by how much does y

22
y increase?
11
b State the values of the gradient m, and x
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33
−
−11
c Hence write the equation of the line. −
−22
−33
line where x = 50. −
−44
−
−55
−
−66
−
−77

a As x increases by 2, by how much does y

44
y decrease?
33
b Hence as x increases by 1, by how much
does y decrease? 22
11
c State the values of the gradient m, and x
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
d Hence write the equation of the line. −
−11
−
−22
e Find the coordinates for the point on the
line where x = −14. −
−33
−
−44
13 For each of the following graphs:
i State the coordinates of the y -intercept.

ii Find the gradient of the line.
iii Write the linear equation expressing the relationship between x and y .
a b
y y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55

c y d y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55
14 Find the equation expressing the relationship between x and y , for each of the following
graphs:
a b
y y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55
c d
y y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55

15 Consider the following graph: y
55
a Find the linear equation expressing the 44
relationship between x and y . 33

22
b Hence find the coordinates for the point
11
on the line where x = 22. x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
−
−55
a Find the linear equation expressing the y

44
relationship between x and y .
33
b Find the coordinates for the point on the
line where x = 25. 22
11
x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
17 Find the equation of the line, given the following information:
a The line has y -intercept of 4, and gradient of −3.

b The line has y -intercept of −2, and gradient of 9.
c The line contains the point (0, 7) and has gradient of −1.
d The line contains the origin and has gradient of 3 .
4

e The line contains the origin and the point (1, 3).
f The line contains the origin and the point (1, −5).
g The line contains the points (0, −5) and (1, 1).
h The line contains the points (0, 2) and (2, 6).

10.06
The point of intersection
Points of intersection
1 For each of the following, state the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two lines:
a b
77
y y
44
66
33
55
44 22
33
11
22 x
11 x −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 −
−11
−
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44
−
−44
−
−55
c d
y y
22 99
11 88
x 77
−
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 66
−−11
55
−
−22
44
−
−33
33
−
−44
22
−
−55
11
−
−66
x
−
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
−
−77 −
−11
−
−88 −
−22
e f
y y
11 99
x
88
−
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−11 77
−
−22 66
−
−33 55
−
−44 44
−
−55 33
−
−66 22
−
−77 11
x
−
−88
−
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
−
−99 −−11
−
−10
10 −
−22

g 22
y h y
22
11 11
x x
−
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 −
−88 −
−77 −
−−11 −66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22
−
−11
−
−22
−
−22
−
−33
−
−33
−
−44
−
−44
−
−55
−
−55
−
−66
−
−77 −
−66
−
−88 −
−77
−
−99 −
−88
i j
y y
77 66
66 55
44
55
33
44
22
33
11
22 x
11 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11
x −
−11
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−22
−
−11 −
−33
−
−22 −
−44
2 The graph of y = 3x − 4 is shown on the coordinate plane:
a Consider the horizontal line with 99

y
equation y = 8. 88
State the point of intersection of the 77
graph of y = 3x − 4 with the line y = 8. 66

55
b Hence determine the value of x that 44
solves the equation 3x − 4 = 8. 33
22
11
x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−22

3 The graph of y = −2x − 4 is shown on the coordinate plane:
a State the point of intersection of the y

22
graph with the line y = −12. x
b Hence determine the value of x that −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
solves the equation −2x − 4 = −12. −−22
−
−44
−
−66
−
−88
−
−10
10
−
−12
12
−
−14
14
x
4 The graph of y = − + 6 is shown on the coordinate plane:
2

a In order to solve the equation 10

10
y
x
− + 6 = 8, state the equation of the 99
2

other line that must be graphed on the 88

axes. 77
x 66
b Hence find the solution to − + 6 = 8. 55
2

44
c Explain why it is not necessary to write
33
the y -value in your answer to part (b).
22
11
x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33
−−11
5 The graph of y = 4x + 5 is shown on the coordinate plane:

3

a In order to solve the equation 13

13 y
4x
+ 5 = 13, state the equation of the 12
12
3 11

11
other line that must be graphed on the 10
10
axes. 99
88
b Hence find the solution to 4x + 5 = 13. 77
3 66

55
44
33
22
11 x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
−−11

6 Emma wishes to find the point of intersection of the following lines:
y = −2x + 3
y = −1
a Complete the table of values for x −1 0 1

y = −2x + 3:
y
b Sketch the graphs of both lines on a coordinate plane.

c Hence determine the point of intersection.
7 Scott wishes to find the point of intersection of the following lines:
y = 2x + 1
y = −3x + 11
a Complete the table of values for x −1 0 1

y = 2x + 1:
y
b Complete the table of values for x −1 0 1

y = −3x + 11:
y
c Sketch the graphs of both lines on a coordinate plane.

d Hence determine the point of intersection.
8 For each of the following pairs of equations:
i Sketch the graph of the two lines on the same coordinate plane.
ii Find the coordinates of the point of intersection.
a y=3 b y = 2x + 2 c y = 3x − 4 d y = −2x + 4
x = −3 x = −3 y=5 y=8
e y = 3x + 3 f y =x+3 g y = −x + 6 h y = −x + 2
x = −1 y = 3x − 5 y =x+2 y = 2x − 4
x x
i y = −4x + 2 j y = +3 k y = −2 l y = 5x + 6
2 2

y = 3x − 12 y = 3x − 2 y = −2x + 3 y = 2x + 12
m y = 3x − 3 n y =x−9 o y = 2x − 7 p y = x +5
2

y = −4x + 11 y = −x − 7 x
y =− −2 y = 3x
2


11.01
Collecting and displaying
data
Surveys
1 After the government decided to increase the minimum retirement age, a news poll
selected a group of people to ask their opinions on the changes.
Determine whether the following people should be represented to avoid sampling bias.
a People in the community who have a wide variety of views, excluding politicians and
policy makers.
b People in the community who have a wide variety of views, even if they are not directly
affected by the changes.
c Only people in the community who would be directly affected by the changes.
2 A radio station conducts a poll asking its listeners to call in to say if they are for or against
restrictions on scalpers selling tickets for gigs at a higher price.
Determine whether the following are the reasons why this is not an appropriate way to
conduct a poll.
a A large variety of people are likely to call.

b A person can call more than once, so they could be counted more than once.
c People with stronger views are more likely to call than those who don’t have a strong
view.
3 A question is inappropriate for a survey given it fulfills any of the following criteria:
Question is unclear
Emotional language
Should be a "yes" or "no" question
Question is too personal
Using the criteria list, determine why each of the questions are inappropriate.
a How many large electronic devices are in your home?

b Many people have worked incredibly hard and even died making this bridge. Do you like
the bridge?
c What is your favourite breed of dog?

4 Determine whether the following questions are likely to give biased results or not:
a Yvonne is asking people on her soccer team, "What's your favourite sport?"
b Lachlan randomly selected people from his school to find about the school sports. He
asked "What's your favourite school sport?"
c Tricia randomly selected people from her school and asked, "The local AFL team is
donating money to our school this term. What's your favourite sport?"
d Lulu is interviewing people outside of a train station. She asks "Should the government
spend more money on public transportation?"
e Shadie is interviewing people about how shark nets are affecting shark attack numbers.
He asks "Shark nets cost $1 000 000 per year and barely help. Do you support shark nets?"
5 Write a possible question you could ask in order to find out the following information:
a You want to gather information about how many people have had a dog as a pet.
b You're interviewing students to find out how often they read.
Frequency tables
6 For each of the following scenarios, construct a frequency table for the results:
a Mr. Rodriguez recorded the number of pets owned by each of the students in his class.
He found that 15 people had no pets, 19 people had one pet, 3 people had two pets and
8 people had three pets.
b Noah asked his students to choose their favourite method of travelling. 9 students
picked car, 13 people picked plane, and 5 people picked boat.
c Rosey asked 15 of her friends what their favourite colour is. Their responses were as
follows:
pink, blue, yellow, blue, green, pink, blue, blue,

blue, pink, pink, blue, green, pink, blue
d Mrs. Brown asked her students how many bedrooms they have in their house. Their
responses were as follows:
4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4
e Mr. Smith asked his students how many siblings they have. Their responses were as
follows:
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2

7 A gymnast received the following scores over several rounds of back to back competition:
a Given that she received these scores Score Frequency

over 15 rounds of competition, find the
value of A. 5 4
b State the percentage of rounds for 6 1

which the gymnast received a score of 7 4
8. Round your answer to two decimal
places. 8 A
c State the percentage of rounds the 9 2

gymnast received a score less than 7.
places.
8 A survey was conducted which asked 30 people how many books they had read in the past
month. Based on the frequency table provided, state whether the following statements are
correct:
a 11 people have read between 6 and 10 Number of books read Frequency

books in the past month.
1−5 2
b 28 people have read at most 15 books in
the past month. 6 − 10 11
c We cannot determine from the table 11 − 15 15

how many people have read exactly 12 16 − 20 2
books.
d We can determine that 2 people have
read exactly 5 books in the past month.
9 The set of marks for a class of students is given below:
81, 81, 71, 81, 81, 61, 71, 93, 71, 58, 71,
58, 61, 93, 93, 71, 61, 61, 81, 58, 93
a Organise the data into a frequency table.

b Find the total number of students in the class.
c Find the number of students who will get a Distinction grade (80 < Score ≤ 90).
d Find the number of students who will get a High Distinction grade (Score > 90).
e Find the percentage of students obtaining a High Distinction grade. Round your answer

10 Consider the following set of scores:
12, 59, 61, 27, 58, 18, 76, 27, 52, 19, 13, 56, 71, 31, 73,
60, 41, 17, 22, 68, 57, 15, 40, 19, 76, 44, 60, 55, 36
a Complete the grouped frequency table Score (x) Frequency (f )

for the data.
10 → 19
b State the modal class for the data.
20 → 29
30 → 39
40 → 49
50 → 59
60 → 69
70 → 79
Stem-and-leaf plots
11 This stem-and-leaf plot records the ages of customers at a beachside cafe last Sunday.
Complete the frequency table for this data:
Age Frequency Leaf

1 047
10 − 19
20 − 29 2 1457
30 − 39 3 139
40 − 49 4 135689
50 − 59 5 456789
60 − 69 6 0236
Key: 5∣2 = 52
12 A city council selected a number of houses at random. They determined the fastest travel
time (in minutes) from each house to the nearest hospital, and recorded the following
results:
25, 37, 16, 27, 27, 35, 21, 18, 19, 49, 14, 19, 31, 42, 18
Represent this data as an ordered stem-and-leaf plot.

13 The back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot shows Grasshoppers Cicadas
the batting scores of two cricket teams, the 52 3 15669
Grasshoppers and the Cicadas:
976441 4 15
a What is the highest score for the
81 5 56
Grasshoppers?
b What is the highest score for the 6 3
Cicadas?
Key: 6∣1∣2 = 12 and 16
14 The back-to-back stem plot shows the

number of pieces of paper used over Paul Edward
several days by Paul’s and Edward’s
students: 7 0 7
Determine whether the following 3 1 123

statements is true. 8 2 8
a Paul's students did not use 7 pieces of 43 3 234

paper on any day. 765 4 9
b Edward's median is higher than Paul’s
32 5 2
median.
c The median is greater than the mean in Key: 6|1|2 = 16 and 12
both groups.
15 The data shows the results of a survey conducted on the price of concert tickets locally and
the price of the same concerts at an international venue:
a What was the most expensive ticket Plot title

price at the international venue?
Local International
b What was the median ticket price at the
7622 6 37
international venue?
97630 7 3468
c What percentage of local ticket prices
were cheaper than the international 85530 8 0269
median?
77410 9 11667
d At the international venue, what
percentage of tickets cost between $90 5 10 13379
and $110 (inclusive)?
Key: 6∣1∣2 = $16 and $12
e At the local venue, what percentage of
tickets cost between $90 and $100
(inclusive)?

16 The stem-and-leaf plot shows the test scores of a school's two Year 7 classes, A and B
a What is the highest score in Class A? Class A Class B

b What is the highest score in Class B? 32 6 3
c Find the mean score of class A, correct 066 7 255
73 8 148
d Find the mean score of class B, correct
to two decimal places. 9 5
e Calculate the overall mean of the year 7 Key: 6|1|2 = 12 and 16

students, correct to two decimal places.
Column graphs and histograms
17 This column graph shows the star ratings by

different patrons at a local hotel:
a Which rating was the most common?

b How many ratings of 5 were there?
c How many more people gave a rating of
3 than a rating of 2?
d State the modal rating.
18 Laura has 7 red marbles, 3 green marbles, 9 yellow marbles, 14 black marbles, and 7 blue
marbles.
Construct a column graph to represent this information.

19 A director wants to see what a small group of people think of their film. The audience is
asked to give the film a score between 0 and 5. The results are shown in the histogram
below:
Given that the median and mean are both 2.5 and the mode is 0, determine whether the
director can make the following conclusions:
a The mean is 2.5 so most people thought the movie was ok.
b People were very divided by the movie.
c The median was 2.5 so most people thought the movie was ok.
d The mode is 0 so everyone disliked this film.
20 Consider the following histogram:
a Determine the mode.

b How many scores of 3 were there?
c How many more scores of 1 were there
than scores of 3?

21 Data is represented in a histogram as shown:
a Complete the following frequency table:
Score Frequency
20
22
24
26
28
30
b State the mode(s) of the data.
22 A government agency records how long people wait on hold to speak to their
representatives. The results are displayed in the following histogram:
a Complete the following frequency table:
Length of hold
Frequency
(minutes)
1
2
3
4
5
b How many phone calls were made?

c How long in total did these people wait on hold?
d Find the mode of the wait times.
23 Construct a histogram to represent the following data:
43, 47, 42, 45, 46, 45, 43, 44, 43, 42, 46, 43, 44, 47, 46, 44, 44, 43, 47, 42, 47, 43, 43, 47

24 The amount of snowfall (in centimetres) is recorded at the base of the mountain each day.
a To create a frequency histogram of the data, which values go on the horizontal axis: the
amount of snowfall or the number of days it snowed each amount?
b The snowfall recorded each day, to the nearest centimetre, is as follows:
0, 3, 5, 2, 0, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 6, 1, 2, 6, 2
Construct a frequency histogram of the data.

c On how many days did 6 centimetres of snow fall?
d On how many days did at least 3 centimetres of snow fall?
e State the mode(s) for the amount of snowfall.
Grouped data
25 The histogram shows the average load times for fifty two webpages:
Use the data from the histogram to complete the following frequency table:
Load time (seconds) Frequency

0−3
3−6 13
6−9
9 − 12 7
12 − 15 4
15 − 18
18 − 21
Total 52

26 The ages of new mothers in a particular hospital are displayed on the following histogram:
Age Frequency
28 ≤ Age < 30
30 ≤ Age < 32
32 ≤ Age < 34
34 ≤ Age < 36
36 ≤ Age < 38
38 ≤ Age < 40
a Complete the frequency table based on the histogram.

b How many new mothers were there?
c How many mothers were under 34 years old?
d How many mothers were 36 years old or older?

27 The frequency table shows the average time spent travelling to work for fifty two people:
a Construct a histogram to display the data shown in the frequency table.
Commute time (min) Frequency

0 ≤ x < 20 15
20 ≤ x < 40 17
40 ≤ x < 60 10
60 ≤ x < 80 6
80 ≤ x < 100 4
Total 52
b Determine whether each of the following statements about the data is accurate:
i The data suggests that people don't care too much about how far away from work
they live. Roughly equal portions of people live less than 40 minutes away and more
than 40 minutes away.
ii The data suggests that people prefer a shorter commute to work. A majority live
within 40 minutes travel, and in general the longer the commute the less people
there are in that category.
iii The data shows that everyone lives within an hours travel from their work, with the
peak amount of people living between 20 and 40 minutes away.
iv The data shows that most people travel to work by car or by walking, since most
travel times are fairly short, and only a few people travel by bus or train.

28 The frequency table shows the price of the most recent book that sixty four university
students bought:
a Construct a histogram to display the data shown in the frequency table.
Price ($) Frequency

0 ≤ x < 20 3
20 ≤ x < 40 18
40 ≤ x < 60 9
60 ≤ x < 80 5
80 ≤ x < 100 20
100 ≤ x < 120 9
Total 64
b Determine whether each of the following statements about the data is accurate:
i The data shows that every university student has bought a book in the last couple of
weeks, with some even spending over $100 on a book.
ii The data shows that the average amount spent on a book by a university student is
between $20 and $39, with not many students spending more than $60 on a book.
iii The data shows that the average amount spent on a book by a university student is
between $80 and $99. This suggests that most students purchased an expensive
textbook recently.
iv The data shows that there are two main price ranges of books that were recently
bought by university students. One peak is between $20 and $39, the other between
$80 and $99.

11.02
Centre and spread
Measures of centre and range
1 Find the range of the following set of scores:
a 20, 19, 3, 19, 18, 3, 16, 3 b 8, −5, −8, 4, 2, 8, −9, 11
2 Consider the following set of scores:
9, 4, 14, 19, 20, 15, 12
a Sort the scores in ascending order. b Find the total number of scores.
c Find the median. d Find the range.
3 Find the mode of the following set of scores:
a 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 14, 14, 14, 20

b 3, 3, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 14, 14, 14, 14, 18
4 Find the median of the following set of scores:
a 2, 5, 5, 7, 9 b 1, 9, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9
c 7, 8, 3, 2 d 3, 8, 13, 17, 19, 24, 26, 27
5 Find the mean of the following scores: 2, 8, 17, 27, 29.
6 The range of a set of scores is 5, and the highest score is 18. Determine the lowest score in
the set.
7 A group of students had a range in marks of 11 and the lowest score was 5. Determine the
highest score in the group.
Compare data sets
8 Consider the set of data:
1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9
If one score of 8 is changed to a 9, state the measure(s) of centre that would be altered.

9 Consider this set of data that represents the number of apps on six people’s phones:
11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 19
If each person downloads another 7 apps, state the measure(s) of centre that would be
altered.
10 The following five numbers have a mean of 11:
11, 13, 9, 13, 9
If a new number is added that is smaller than 9, describe the effect on the mean.
11 Consider the following data sets:
Set A: 5, 2, 5, 6, 6, 3
Set B: 26, 12, 14, 7, 16
a Which set has the lowest mean? b Which set has the lowest median?
12 Which data set has the lowest mode?
Set A: 87, 2, 20, 20, 8, 10

Set B: 11, 8, 8, 48, 2, 17
13 Which data set has the highest median?
Set A: 2, 8, 11, 17
Set B: 8, 20, 20, 48, 87
14 Determine whether the following statements are true or false:
a Two sets of data have the same highest and lowest values. This means they must have
the same mode.
b Two sets of data that have the same highest and lowest values must have the same
range.
c If two sets of data have the same median then the data sets must themselves be the
same.
d If two sets of data have very different modes then the highest values cannot be the
same.

Data displayed in frequency tables
15 State the mode of this data set:

Score Frequency
3 2
4 4
5 8
6 3
7 5
8 3
16 State the modal class of this data set:

Class Frequency
30 − 39 3
40 − 49 3
50 − 59 4
60 − 69 2
70 − 79 5
80 − 89 8
17 For the following data set:

Cumulative
a Find the median. Score Frequency
frequency
b Find the mode. 3 8 8
4 2 10
5 3 13
6 5 18
7 3 21
8 4 25

18 For the following grouped data: Class Frequency
a Find the median class. 6 − 10 8
b Find the modal class. 11 − 15 2
16 − 20 5
21 − 25 3
26 − 30 4
31 − 35 3
19 Consider the data provided in the table:

Score Frequency
a Calculate the range.
68 16
b State the mode.
69 41
c Determine the median.
70 30
71 31
72 49
73 29
20 Determine the mean for the following data set:
Score (x) Frequency (f ) xf

4 8 32
5 6 30
6 3 18
7 8 56
8 2 16
9 8 72
21 Consider the frequency table:

Score (x) Frequency (f ) xf
a Complete the table using the data set
below: 2
2, 7, 3, 6, 3, 2, 2, 2, 5, 6, 3, 2, 2, 3
3, 5, 7, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 6, 7 4
b Hence find the mean, correct to two 5

decimal places. 6

c Find the median score. Score (x) Frequency (f ) xf
7
Class Class centre (x) Frequency (f ) xf

11 − 15 13
16 − 20 18
21 − 25 23
26 − 30 28
31 − 35 33
36 − 40 38
a Complete the table using the data set below:
14, 36, 17, 25, 15, 36, 19, 29, 38, 23, 34, 18, 34,
31, 36, 25, 32, 34, 39, 26, 29, 21, 37, 39, 38
b Hence estimate the mean.

21 − 25 23 7
26 − 30 28 8
31 − 35 33 9
36 − 40 38 6
41 − 45 43 3
46 − 50 48 2
a Complete the frequency table.

b Hence estimate the mean, correct to one decimal place.

24 Calculate the mean for the following data set correct to one decimal place.

11 − 15 13 4 52
16 − 20 18 3 54
21 − 25 23 4 92
26 − 30 28 6 168
31 − 35 33 8 264
36 − 40 38 8 304
25 Consider the following table:

Score Frequency
a Estimate the mean, correct to one
decimal place. 1−4 1
b State the modal class. 5−8 5
c Find the median class. 9 − 12 10

13 − 16 5
17 − 20 3
Data displayed graphically
26 Consider the following bar chart:
a Find the range.

b State the mode.
c Determine the mean, correct to two
decimal places.

27 Consider the following dot plot:
a Find the total number of scores. b Find the median score.

c Find the mode. d Find the range.
28 State the mode of the data set from the following graphical representations:
a b
29 Find the median of the data set from the following graphical representations:
a b

30 Find the mean for the data set from the following graphical representations, rounding your
answers to one decimal place:
a b
31 For each of the given data sets, find the following to two decimal places if necessary:
i Mean ii Median iii Mode iv Range
a b
Leaf Leaf
6 27 2 4
7 122479 3 0555
8 01257 4 02
9 01 5 0299
6 33
Key: 6∣2 = 62
7 01
8 01
9 005
Key: 2∣4 = 24

c
Applications
32 A diver measures how long she can hold her breath underwater over several dives. If the
median time is 2.1 minutes, this means that:
A Most of the time she held her breath for less than 2.1 minutes.
B The longest she held her breath is 4.2 minutes.
C The shortest time she held her breath is 1.05 minutes.
D Most of the time she held her breath for longer than 2.1 minutes.
E Half the dives she was able to hold her breath longer than 2.1 minutes.

33 A real estate agent wanted to determine a typical house price in a certain area. He gathered
the selling price of some houses (in dollars):
327 000, 376 000, 424 000, 439 000, 444 000, 469 000, 472 000, 475 000, 485 000, 496 000
a Calculate the mean house price.

b What percentage of the house prices exceeded the mean?
c Determine the median house price.
d What percentage of house prices exceeded the median?
34 Each student in the class was asked to write down the number of siblings they had. The
teacher recorded the results in the given dot plot:
a How many students are there in the

class?
b If none of the students share the same
siblings, then how many siblings are
there in total?
c Find the mean number of siblings for a
student in this class, correct to one
decimal place.
d Find the mean number of children in a
family for a student in this class, correct
to one decimal place.
35 The given dot plot shows the number of

goals scored across each of Rosey's soccer
games:
a How many games were played in total?

b How many goals were scored in total?
c Find the mean number of goals per
game, correct to one decimal place.

36 In a study, a group of people were shown 30 names, and after one minute they were asked
to recite as many names by memory as possible. The results are presented in the dot plot:
a How many people took part in the

study?
b State the largest number of names
someone remembered.
c State the smallest number of names
someone remembered.
d Find the range of the data.
e Find the median score.
37 A cyclist measured his heart rate

immediately after finishing each event in Leaf
which he competed. The results are 16 2
recorded in the given stem-and-leaf plot:
17 38
a How many events did the cyclist 18 4569
compete in?
19 55
b Find his mean post event heart rate.
Key: 12∣3 = 123
38 The scores for a recent history test are

shown in the stem-and-leaf plot. The Leaf
maximum possible score on the test was
100. 6 23
7 249
a How many students took the test?
8 3499
b Find the mean test score for the class.
9 115
Key: 8∣3 = 83

39 The size of each earthquake that occurred
Leaf
in a region over a three year period,
measured from 0 to 9.9, is recorded in a 1 002356679
stem-and-leaf plot: 2 38
a How many earthquakes in total were 3 357
recorded?
4 1223
b Find the mean number of earthquakes
per year in the region. 5 89
c It was found that the combined total of 6 5

all earthquake sizes was 87. Find the 7 36
mean size of an earthquake that
occurred during the period, correct to 8 7
three decimal places.
Key: 5∣2 = 5.2

11.03
Shape of data
Shape of data
1 A set of data is strongly positively skewed. If the median is 60, is the mean less than, equal
to or greater than 60?
2 Determine whether the following graphs are bimodal:

c

3 Determine whether the following graphs are positively skewed, negatively skewed or
symmetrical:

c
d e
f g

h
4 Find the mean of this data set correct to two decimal places.

5 The stem and leaf plot below shows the age of people to enter through the gates of a
concert in the first 5 seconds:
a Find the following: Leaf

1 01234566
i Median age.
ii Difference between the lowest age 2 011225
and the median. 3 479
iii Difference between the highest age 4 4
and the median.
5 1
iv The mean age, correct to two
decimal places. Key: 1∣2 = 12 years old
b Is the data positively or negatively
skewed?
6 The number of hours worked per week by a group of people is represented in the given
stem-and-leaf plot:
a Are there any outliers? If so, state the No. of hours

value. 0 2
b Is there any clustering of data? If so, in
1
what interval?
2 0366
c Find the modal class(es).
3 145667
4 04679
5 0
Key: 5∣2 = 52 hours

7 Consider the given stem-and-leaf plot: Leaf
0 5
a Are there any outliers? If so, state the
value. 1 78
b Is there any clustering of data? If so, in 2 08
what interval?
3 133789
c Find the modal class(es).
4 135888
d Describe the shape of the data.
5
6
7
8
9 2
Key: 1∣2 = 12
8 The table shows the number of crime

novels in a bookshop for different price Price of crime novel
Frequency
ranges: to nearest $5
a Construct a histogram using the data in 5 5

the table. 10 11
b Describe the shape of the data in the 15 15
graph and table.
20 8
25 15
30 11
35 5

9 The number of peanuts in mixed nut packets were sampled and recorded in the following
stem plot:
a Complete the frequency distribution

table: Leaf
4 368
Score Frequency
5 122
40 − 49
6 67788
50 − 59
7 0033459
60 − 69
8 11146889
70 − 79
9 024569
80 − 89
10 12355678
90 − 99
11 0457
100 − 109
110 − 119 Key: 5∣2 = 52
b Determine whether the following describe the distribution of the data:
i Unimodal ii Bimodal
iii Multimodal but not bimodal
c Find the modal class of the data.
10 The percentage of faulty computer chips in

42 batches were recorded in the given
histogram:
a Determine whether the following

describe the distribution of the data:
i Unimodal
ii Bimodal
iii Multimodal but not bimodal
b Find the modal class of the data.

11 Consider the data shown in the given column graph:
a Are there any outliers?

b Is there any clustering of data?
c Where does the clustering occur: 1 to 4, 5 to 7, or 8 to 11?
d Find the mode.
e Describe the shape of the distribution of the data.
12 The shoe sizes of all the students in a class

were measured and the data was presented
in a bar graph:
a Are there any outliers?

b Is there any clustering of data?
c Where does the clustering occur?
d Find the modal shoe size.
e Describe the shape of the distribution of
the data.

13 Consider the data shown in the histogram:
a Are there any outliers? If so, what is the

value?
what interval?
c What is the mode?
d Describe the shape of the distribution of
the data.
14 Consider the dot plot shown:
a Describe the shape of the distribution.

b Are there any outliers? If so, state the
value.
15 Temperatures were recorded over a period

of time and presented in the given dot plot:
a Are there any outliers? If so, state the

value.
what interval?
c Find the modal temperature.

16 Consider the given dot plot:
a Are there any outliers? If so, state the value.

b Is there any clustering of data? If so, in what interval?
c Find the modal score(s).

11.04
Samples from a population
Census vs sample
1 State whether each of the following is an instance of a sample or a census:
a A random selection of some people at a mall.

b A stock take of all the goods in store.
c A crash test of new cars just manufactured by a factory.
d Asking all the teachers at your school whether they approve of a new class timetable.
e An election to decide the premier of Queensland.
f Asking a random selection of students in your class whether they approve of the teacher.
g A taste test of a large batch of cookies you have just baked.
h A body scan of randomly selected passengers at Melbourne International Airport.
2 Determine whether the following is a census or sample.
a Lucy has asked everyone in her office what snacks should be provided in the office.
b James asks a few of his friends how they did in the test to see if he is above average in
his class.
c Joanne finds the height of the entire class to try to find the average height of 15 year old
students in Australia.
d Justin has determined the age of 10% of houses from each suburb in Sydney.
e Valentina tests every engine that the factory produces.
f Oprah checks every dog brought to her vet to assess the treatment of dogs in the city.
3 Determine whether a census or sample would be better for the following examples.
a A school teacher wants to find out what grade level his students are reading at.
b A university student wants to find the average reaction times for humans.
c A hospital wants to find out which heart rate machines are faulty.
d A store manager wants to know the exact number of stolen items from the store.
e Tricia wants to make sure the fireworks that she creates explode properly.
f A farmer wants to find the average height of the stalks of wheat in his field.

4 State whether a sample or a census would be more suitable for determining:
a The number of ambulances in Australia.

b The number of people watching Lost.
c The average number of letters in the surnames of teachers at your school.
d The number of smokers in Queensland.
e The average weight of students in your class.
f The average dress size of girls in Germany.
g The number of students with brown eyes in a library.
h The most listened to radio station in Sydney.
i The average handwriting speed of students in Victoria.
j The average time it takes students in your grade to run a lap around the school.
k The number of train stations in Sydney.
l The amount of petrol used up by the family car in December.
m Students' favourite colour in your class.
n The average time it takes students in your class to sprint 100 metres.
o The number of post offices in Western Australia.
p The number of dogs in Queensland.
Sampling techniques
5 For each item, detemine the type of sampling method for these following events
a Drawing out the winning ticket number in a lottery .

b Choosing every 5th person on the class roll to take part in a survey .
c Choosing 10% of the students in each year for Years 7-12.
6 At a music concert there is expected to be a crowd of 3240 people. The band is giving away
some shirts for some people that attend based on what order they enter the venue.
a If the band are to give away 18 shirts, find the proportion in simplified fraction of people
that will get shirts.
b If the band are to give away 60 shirts, find the proportion in simplified fraction of people
that will get shirts.
7 A factory produces 1820 TVs every day. How many TVs are tested daily if the factory tests a
systematic sample of:
a every 13th TV b every 70th TV

8 After the government decided to increase the minimum retirement age, a news poll
selected a group of people to ask their opinions on the changes. Determine whether the
following people should be represented to avoid sampling bias:
a People in the community who have a wide variety of views, even if they are not directly
affected by the changes.
b People in the community who have a wide variety of views, excluding politicians and
policy makers.
c Only people in the community who would be directly affected by the changes.
d Only people who are employed.
9 The owner of a movie cinema wants to use stratified sampling in their survey to people who
watch a movie. Determine whether they can use the following systematic sampling
methods:
a Interview 10% of the people from both the people that used the candy bar and 10% of
people who didn't.
b Interview 10% of the people from each movie.
c Interview every 9th person that purchases a ticket.
d Interview every person that sees a horror movie.
10 The principal wants to use systematic sampling in their survey on how students in their
school feel about the new sports equipment. Determine whether the following are
systematic sampling methods:
a Interview 150 random people from the year.

b Organise every student in the year by their height and then select every 7th person in
the line.
c Interview every 7th person on the school student list for that year grade.
d Interview every 7th person that walks past their office.
e Interview one random person from each class in that year.
11 Irene is interested in which students from her school catch public transport. Determine
whether the following sampling methods are likely to be biased or not. Explain your answer.
a Selecting every 10th person on the bus she catches.

b Selecting every 10th person on the student list.
c Selecting the first 50 students that arrive in the morning.
d Selecting by having a computer randomly choose student numbers.

12 For each item, consider the following events to answer:
i Is the sample chosen biased or fair?

ii If biased, identify the type of bias involved.
a Hannah is surveying customers at a shopping precinct. She wants to know which stores
customers shop at the most. She walks around an entertainment store and chooses 30
customers from the store for the survey.
b A TV station wants to know what the most popular type of music is, so they ask listeners
to contact them and vote for their favourite type of music.
c The community health nurse wants to survey the students in a school about their eating
habits. At lunchtime, she stands by a vending machine and surveys every student who
purchases something from the machine.
13 Sean wants to know what 8th graders think of their English class, so he polls 70 random 8th
graders.
Is the sample chosen biased or fair?
14 A school principal wants to estimate the number of students who ride a bicycle to school.
Which sample(s) should be used to not introduce bias?
S1 : All students who are in the school band.
S2 : Eight students in the hallway.
S3 : Ten students from each grade, chosen at random.
S4 : One hundred thirty students during the lunch periods.
15 Which of these scenarios uses biased sampling methods?

Scenario 1 : A community nurse wants to know the average height of all 7th graders that
attend the school where she visits, so she measures the height of all the basketball players.
Scenario 2 : A city councilman asks members of the ice hockey team if they would prefer a
new skateboard park or a new ice-skating rink to be built as the new building project.
Scenario 3 : The lifeguard of a water park wants to determine which water rides are enjoyed
the most so he asks every tenth person who leaves the park to list their three favourite rides.
16 A political polling company calls 1000 people at home between 4 pm and 6 pm on

weeknights to find out who they are most likely to vote for in an upcoming election. They
publish their numbers based on the responses of only the 450 people who answered their
call.
a How could they use random sampling to choose the 1000 people to call?
b Explain the fault with the method the company used.

17 Marine biologists want to determine if a local species of fish is growing to a smaller size than
it used to. They collect and measure 150 of the 450 fish known to exist in the area.
a Did they catch a large enough proportion of the species to be able to determine if the
fish are growing to a smaller size?
b What additional information would make us more confident that the sample is
representative of the population?
18 The local mayor wants to determine how people in her town feel about the new
construction project. Determine the type of sampling each scenario uses:
a Selecting every 50th name from an alphabetical list of residents.

b Giving each resident a random number between 1 and 10 and then selecting everyone
with the number 3.
c Selecting 10% of the residents from each suburb.
19 At a certain university, 12% of students study engineering. 2000 random students have been
asked what subject they are studying. Of those asked, 14% were engineering students.
a What is the population?

b Find the value of:
i The population proportion ii The sample proportion
c Do the 2000 students tested represent a simple random sample?
20 At a certain chocolate factory, 40% of products contain nuts. 200 chocolates are tested to
check if they meet the required quality for sale. Of those tested, 64% contained nuts.
a What is the population?

b Find the value of:
i The population proportion ii The sample proportion
c Do the 200 chocolates tested represent a simple random sample?

21 A group of people is divided into four teams - Blue, Red, Green and Yellow. The table shows
the number of people in each team:
a How many people are there combined Team Number of People

in all of the teams?
Blue 150
b If a stratified sample of 1 in 30 is to be
taken from the group, state the number Red 390
of people who will be chosen. Green 270
c For the sample to be stratified, give the Yellow 300
number of people should be chosen
from the following:
i Blue team ii Red team

iii Green team iv Yellow team
22 In a group of 1600 students, 600 are male and 1000 are female. A stratified sample of 16 is to
be selected from the group based on gender.
a How many males should be selected? b How many females should be selected?
23 A factory produces 3564 DVD players every day. How many DVD players are tested daily if
the factory tests a systematic sample of:
a Every 18th DVD player. b Every 66th DVD player.
24 Out of 1638 students in a school, 234 were chosen at random and asked their favourite
primary colour. From those students, 93 choose red, 42 blue and 99 yellow.
a One in every how many students at the school was sampled?

b Estimate the total number of students in the whole school who prefer the colour:
i Red ii Blue iii Yellow
25 In a group of 480 students, 120 are primary students and 360 are secondary students. A
stratified sample of 120 is to be selected from the group based on year level.
a How many primary students should be selected?

b How many secondary students should be selected?

26 Users of a particular streaming service can be in one of four categories - Standard, Family,
Premium or Business. The table shows the number of people in each category:
a How many customers are there across Team Number of People

all the categories?
Standard 3500
b If a stratified sample of 600 is to be taken
from the group, what proportion of Family 1500
people will be chosen? Premium 3000
c For the sample to be stratified, find the Business 2000
number of customers that should be
taken from the each category:
i Standard ii Family
iii Premium iv Business
27 The length of King George Whiting fish found off the coast of South Australia are known to
be normally distributed with a mean of 29 cm and a standard deviation of 2 cm. Samples of
four various fish species are submitted to the fisheries department, but the name of each
species has been lost.
Which sample is most likely to represent those of the King George Whiting?
Fish 1: 37.29, 33.15, 32.96, 34.89, 35.11, 33.12, 32.84

Fish 2: 26.32, 23.61, 25.42, 25.07, 25.23, 25.59, 23.49
Fish 3: 31.12, 28.16, 25.36, 30.05, 26.2, 28.99, 29.14
Fish 4: 41.54, 28.11, 28.76, 27.62, 18.29, 33.41, 31.96

11.05
Comparing data sets
Comparing data sets
1 The number of goals scored by Team 1 and Team 2 in a football tournament are recorded in
the following table:
a Find the total number of goals scored by Match Team 1 Team 2

both teams in Match C.
A 2 3
b Find the total number of goals scored by
Team 1 across all the matches. B 4 2
c Calculate the mean number of goals C 5 2

scored by: D 3 5
i Team 1 ii Team 2 E 3 4
2 The table shows the scores of Student A and Student B in 5 separate tests:
a Find the mean of the scores of: Test Student A Student B

i Student A ii Student B 1 79 77
b What is the mean of the combined 2 74 83

scores of the two students? 3 86 72
c What is the highest score overall and 4 89 94
which student obtained that score?
5 98 97
d What is the lowest score overall and
which student obtained that score?
3 The salaries of men and women working the same job at the same company are given
below:
Men 80 000 80 000 75 000 80 000 75 000 70 000 80 000

Women 70 000 70 000 75 000 70 000 70 000 80 000 75 000
a Copy and complete the table, giving

your answers correct to two decimal Men Women
place where appropriate:
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
b Which gender seems to be paid better? Justify your answer.

4 A stationery shop kept a weekly record of the number of pens and notebooks sold:
a Find the number of pens sold on Tuesday.

b Find the number of notebooks sold on Friday.
c Find the total number of notebooks sold during the week.
d Find the total number of pens sold during the week
e Find the percentage of pens sold on Thursday, rouding your answer to two decimal
places.
f Calculate the mean number of notebooks sold per day. Round your answer to one
decimal place.
g Calculate the mean number of pens sold per day. Round your answer to one decimal
place.
h Which is the better selling product? Justify your answer.
5 The runs scored by each player in a cricket match are displayed below:
Team A: 63, 0, 81, 22, 39, 66, 9, 18, 3, 3, 5

Team B: 21, 26, 18, 69, 62, 26, 5, 28, 2, 1, 2
a Find the mean runs of the following teams, rounded to one decimal place:
i Team A ii Team B
b Which team scored more runs?

6 In a standardised test out of 100, the students in two classes got the results displayed below:
Class A: 70, 64, 94, 78, 79, 61, 69, 93, 64, 79, 64, 71, 82, 68, 66
Class B: 86, 68, 51, 80, 63, 87, 79, 89, 62, 79, 84, 77, 67, 80, 75
a Find the median mark for:
i Class A ii Class B
b Using the medians, which class did better on the test?
7 The monthly rainfall for two cities across a year is displayed below:
City A: 122, 120, 121, 67, 79, 24, 8, 46, 27, 67, 80, 128
City B: 51, 66, 33, 78, 79, 92, 78, 99, 41, 60, 26, 56
a Find the range in monthly rainfall for:
i City A ii City B
b Which city had more consistent rainfall throughout the year?
8 Marge grows two different types of bean plants. She records the number of beans that she
picks from each plant for 10 days. Her records are shown below:
Plant A: 10, 4, 4, 5, 7, 10, 3, 3, 9, 10

Plant B: 8, 7, 5, 5, 9, 7, 8, 7, 5, 6
a What is the mean number of beans picked per day for Plant A? Round your answer to
one decimal place.
b What is the mean number of beans picked per day for Plant B? Round your answer to
one decimal place.
c What is the range for Plant A?
d What is the range for Plant B?
e Which plant produces more beans on average?
f Which plant has a more consistent yield of beans?
9 The weight (in kilograms) of a group of men

and women were recorded and presented Women Men
in a stem and leaf plot as shown: 763 5
a Find the mean weight of the group of 86311 6 23389

men. 31 7 1248
b Find the mean weight of the group of
8 3
women.
c Which group is heavier? Key: 8∣3 = 83
10 The stem and leaf plot shows the batting scores of two cricket teams, India and Sri Lanka:
a Find the highest score in:

India Sri Lanka
i India ii Sri Lanka 96 3 02569
b Find the mean score of: 97311 4 27

720 5 68
i India ii Sri Lanka
6 3
c Calculate the combined mean of the
two teams. Key: 8∣3 = 83
11 The stem and leaf plot shows the test scores of two classes, A and B:
a Find the highest score in: Class A Class B

732 6 27
98710 7 1367
b Find the mean score of:
30 8 1246
9 18
c Calculate the combined mean of the
two classes, correct to two decimal Key: 8∣3 = 83
places.
12 The stem and leaf plot shows the number of

books read in a year by a random sample of Univerity High School
university and high school students: Students Students
7 0
a Interpret the lowest score for the
University students. 663 1 0035
b Compare the medians of both groups of 4321 2 12446

students.
9886 3 189
c For which student group(s) is the mean
82 4 01
greater than the median?
5
6
3 7
Key: 4∣1∣2 = 14 books and 12 books

13 The back to back stem and leaf plot shows the amount of cash (in dollars) carried by a
random sample of teenage boys and girls:
a Which group carried more cash? Boys Girls

b Find the median amount of cash that the 7 0
boys carried
1 1 1
c Find the median amount of cash that the
541 2 268
girls carried.
d Which group's distribution is roughly bell 854 3 3446689
shaped? 982221 4 346
e Which group has more variation in the 9743 5 4
amounts of cash?
852 6
f Were there any outliers in the boys'
amounts? If so, what are the value(s)? 31 7
g Were there any outliers in the girls'

Key: 1∣2∣2 = $21 and $22
amounts? If so, what are the value(s)?
14 The following back to back stem and leaf plot shows the length (in minutes) of a random
sample of phone calls made by Sharon and Tricia:
a Who made a 14 minute phone call? Sharon Tricia

b Who has the higher median? 3 1 34
c Is Sharon's mean greater than her 76432 2 678
median?
98 3 24
d Is Tricia's mean greater than her median?
43 4 12
76 5 678
Key: 2∣2∣6 = 22 and 26
15 The back to back stem and leaf plot shows

the number of pieces of paper used over Charlie's students Dylan's students
several days by Charlie’s and Dylan’s 7 0 7
students:
321 1 3
a Did Charlie's students use 7 pieces of 8 2 8
paper on any day?
432 3 34
b Who's class had the higher median?
9 4 567
c Is the median greater than the mean in
both groups? 2 5 23
Key: 1∣1∣3 = 11 and 13

16 The back to back stem and leaf plot shows the number of desserts ordered at Hotel A and
Hotel B over several randomly chosen days:
a Interpret the lowest score for Hotel A. Hotel A Hotel B

b Which hotel's median is higher? 3 0
c Is the mean greater than the median in 432 1 34
both groups?
76 2 7
43 3 34
6 4 67
2 5 234
Key: 2∣1∣3 = 12 and 13
17 The median house price in Oklachusetts is $750 000 with a mean price of $800 000 and the
median house price in Brockway is $750 000 with a mean price of $680 000.
Which town is most likely to have some very expensive houses? Explain your answer.
18 Two Chemistry classes, each with 15 students, sit a 10-question multiple choice test, each
with four possible answers (only one of which is correct). Their class results, out of 10, are
below:
Class 1: 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 5, 5, 4
Class 2: 10, 6, 9, 8, 10, 9, 7, 7, 6, 8, 8, 10, 8, 9, 8
a Complete the following table, rounding your answers to one decimal place when
necessary:
Mean Median Mode Range

Class 1
Class 2
b Which class was more likely to have studied for their test? Explain your answer.

19 The hours of sleep per night for two people over a two week period are shown below:
Person A: 10, 9, 6, 6, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 9, 7, 5, 10, 9

Person B: 7.5, 7.5, 8, 7.5, 7, 8, 7.5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8
a Complete the following table, rounding your answers to one decimal place when
necessary:
Mean Median Mode Range

Person A
Person B
b Which person seems to be the least consistent in their sleep habits?

c Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer in part (b)?
d Which person had the most sleep over the 14 nights?
e Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer in part (d)?
20 Two Science classes, each with 20 students, were given a 10 question True/False test. The
results for each class are shown below:
a Calculate the mean for Class 1 correct to one decimal place.

b Calculate the mean for Class 2 correct to one decimal place.
c Find the range for Class 1.
d Find the range for Class 2.
e Do you think Class 1 studied for their test? Justify your answer.
f Do you think Class 2 studied for their test? Justify your answer.

21 The ages of employees at two competing fast food restaurants on a Saturday night are
recorded. Some statistics are given in the following table:
Mean Median Range

Berger's Burgers 18 17 8
Fry's Fries 18 19 4
a If the data for each restaurant was represented using a histogram, what would the likely
shape of the histogram for Berger's Burgers be?
b Which restaurant likely has the oldest employee on the night the data is recorded?
c Which restaurant has the most employees of a similar age?
d Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer to part (c)?
e Which restaurant has an older workforce?
f Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer to part (e)?
22 The beaks of two groups of bird are measured, in millimetres, to determine whether they
might be of the same species. The results are presented below:
Group 1: 46, 34, 35, 44, 31, 37, 38, 31, 40, 29
Group 2: 44, 41, 40, 51, 52, 41, 36, 51, 51, 38
a Calculate the range for:
i Group 1 ii Group 2
b Calculate the mean, rounded to one decimal place, for:
i Group 1 ii Group 2
c Do you think the two groups of birds are from the same species? Explain your answer.

23 The prices of sales at two locations of a shop are recorded in the histograms below:
a Find the mean sale price for:
i Location A ii Location B
b Which location made more sales?

c Which location had a higher average sale price?

24 An online shopping website records the user ratings for two similar products in the
histograms below:
a Find the median user rating for:
i Product A ii Product B
b According to the website's rating system, a perfect rating is 5.0. Which product got more
perfect ratings?
c According to the website's rating system, a positive rating is greater than 3. Which
product got more positive ratings?

25 The following histograms show the season results of two soccer groups, Group A and Group
B, and the number of games (frequency) in which they scored a certain number of goals:
a Find the mode for Group A.

b Find the mode for Group B.
c Find the range for Group A.
d Find the range for Group B.
e Which group scored the lowest total number of goals during the season?
f Which group has the most varied results?

12.01
Describing events
Number of events
1 Consider this list of numbers:
2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9
a How many numbers are in the list?

b How many numbers are even?
c Find the difference between the smallest and the largest number.
d State the number that occurs most frequently.
9, 3, 9, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 8, 2, 7
a Find the difference between the smallest and the largest number.
b State the number that occurs most frequently.
c How many numbers are odd and less than 7?
3 A ten-sided die has all the numbers from 1 to 10 printed on different faces:
a How many faces show an odd number

that is also a prime?
b How many faces show a number that is a
multiple of 2 or a multiple of 3, but not
both?
4 A twelve-sided die has all the numbers from 1 to 12 printed on different faces:
a How many faces show an even number

that is also a prime?
b How many faces show a number that is a
multiple of 3 or a multiple of 4, but not
both?

5 A standard deck of 52 cards is shown:
Find the number of cards that are:
a Red.
b A number between 2 and 8 inclusive.
c Red and have a number between 2 and 8 inclusive.
d Red or a king.
e Diamonds with a number printed on them.
f More than 2 and at most 9.
g Black or Kings, but not both.
6 These 25 gems have three different cuts -

triangular, rectangular, and octagonal.
There are also three colours of gems -
amethysts, emeralds, and rubies.
How many gems are:
a Rectangular
b Not octagonal
c Triangular or octogonal

Mutually exclusive and complementary events
7 Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
a All complementary events are mutually exclusive.

b All mutually exclusive events are complementary.
8 Determine whether the following scenarios involve mutually exculsive events:
a A spinner has the numbers 1 to 10. Josh spins the number 4 and then spinning number 7
on the same spinner.
b A book contains 100 pages. You open to a random page. The page number is 45 or 90.
9 A box of cupcakes contains six chocolate cakes and four cheese cakes. Two of the
chocolate cakes and three of the cheese cakes have vanilla filling inside.
a Is choosing a chocolate cake or choosing a cheese cake mutually exclusive? Explain your
answer.
b Is choosing a chocolate cake and choosing a cake with vanilla icing mutually exclusive?
10 For each of the following, state whether the two events are complementary:
a
Event 1: Selecting a positive number.
Event 2: Selecting a negative number.
b
Event 1: Drawing a red card from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
Event 2: Drawing a black card from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
c
Event 1: Drawing a club from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
Event 2: Drawing a spade from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
d
Event 1: Rolling a number greater than 3 on a die.
Event 2: Rolling a number less than 3 on a die.

11 For each of the following pair of events determine whether they are:
i Mutually exclusive ii Complementary
a
Event 1: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is a 2
Event 2: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is an odd number
b
Event 1: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is 3 or less
Event 2: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is 4 or more
c
Event 1: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is more than 2
Event 2: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is less than 3
d
Event 1: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is factor of 6
12 Consider the following events:
Event 1: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is a factor of 12

Event 3: A six-sided die is rolled, and the result is 5 or more
a Are Event 1 and Event 2 mutually exclusive?

b Are Event 1 and Event 3 mutually exclusive?
c Are Event 2 and Event 3 mutually exclusive?
d Is there a pair of complementary events? If yes, state the complementary events.
13 A constellation is randomly selected from

the following six constellations:
Consider the following events:
Event 1: The constellation has 7 or

more stars
Event 2: The constellation has more
than 4 stars
Event 3: The name of the
constellation begins with a C
constellation begins with a consonant
Which two events are mutually exclusive?

14 A constellation is randomly selected from
the following six constellations:
Consider the following events:
Event 1: The name of the constellation

begins with a consonant
Event 2: The constellation has an
even number of stars
Event 3: The constellation has less
than 5 stars
constellation has more than 6 letters
Which two events are complementary?

12.02
Theoretical probability
Theoretical Probability
2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9
a How many numbers are in the list?

b A number is chosen from the list at random. Find the probability that it is an odd number.
c State the number that has the same probability of being picked as 4.
d A number is chosen from the list at random. State the number that has the highest
probability of being chosen.
2 A number between 1 and 20 inclusive is randomly picked. Find:
a The probability that the number is at least 8.

b The probability that the number is less than 8.
3 A standard deck of 52 cards is shown below:
If a card is selected at random, find:
a The probability that it is a red card.

b The probability that it is a card between 5 and 9 inclusive.
c The probability that it is a card that is red and has a number between 5 and 9 inclusive.
d The probability that it is a card that is red or a king.
e The probability that it is a spade, with a number printed on it.
f The probability that it is a red card that has a number more than 2 and at most 9.
g The probability that it is a black or Kings, but not both.
4 A spinner has 4 sectors with a star, 4 sectors with apple, and 2 sectors with an elephant. All
the sectors are the same size.
a Find the probability of spinning an elephant.

b Find the probability of spinning an apple.
c Are the two events in parts (a) and (b) mutually exclusive?
d Are the two events in parts (a) and (b) complementary?
Probability of complimentary events
5 The probability that Victoria will win the major prize in a raffle at the school fete is 0.053.
Find the probability that Victoria will not win.
6 The probability of the local football team winning their grand final is 0.36. Find the
probability that they won't win the grand final.
7 The probability that it hails today is 0.43. Find the probability that it doesn't hail.
8 A biased coin is flipped, with heads and tails as possible outcomes. Calculate P (heads) if
P (tails) = 0.56.
9 A company that makes sprockets guarantees that they will be within 0.5 mm either way of
the client's chosen size. There is a probability of 0.968 that a sprocket will be within the
allowable size, find the probability that a sprocket won't be within the allowable size.
10 A number between 1 and 100 inclusive is randomly picked. The probability that the number
60
is less than 61 is .
100

a What is the complement of drawing a number greater than 61?

b Find the probability that the number is greater than 61.
11 A number between 1 and 50 inclusive is randomly picked. The probability that the number is
82
less than 42 is .
100

a State the complement of drawing a number less than 42.

b State the complement of drawing a number that is at least 43.
c Find the probability that the number is at least 42.

12 The 26 letters of the alphabet are written on pieces of paper and placed in a bag. If one
letter is picked out of the bag at random, find the probability of:
a Not selecting a B.
b Not selecting a C.
c Not selecting a K, R or T.
d Not selecting a K, L or M.
e Selecting a letter that is not in the word PROBABILITY.
f Not selecting a T, L, Q, A, K or Z.
g Not selecting a A, E, I, O or U.
h Selecting a letter that is not in the word WORKBOOK.
13 A letter is chosen at random from the word ORDERED.
a State the letter that has the highest probability of not being chosen.
b Find the probability that the chosen letter is not "D".
14 A standard 6-sided die is rolled once.
a Find the probability of rolling a prime

number.
b Find the probability of rolling an odd
number.
c Are the two events in parts (a) and (b)
mutually exclusive?
d Are the two events in parts (a) and (b)
complementary?
e The probability of not rolling a 2.
f The probability of not rolling a 2 or 5.
g The probability of not rolling an odd
number.
h The probability of not rolling a 9.
i The probability of not rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 or 6.
15
a A bag contains red marbles and blue marbles. Given the probability of drawing a red
marble is 21/44, find the probability of drawing a blue marble.

b Another bag contains 34 red marbles and 35 blue marbles. If a marble is picked at
random, find:
i P (red) ii P (Not Red)
16 A bag contains 50 black marbles, 37 orange marbles, 29 green marbles and 23 pink marbles.
If a marble is selected at random, find the following probabilities, in simplest form:
a P (orange) b P (orange or pink)

c P (not orange) d P (neither orange nor pink)
17 Mario has a bag of marbles. It contains 3 white marbles and 5 marbles of other colours. Mario
picks a marble from the bag without looking.
a Find the probability that Mario picks a white marble.

b Find the probability that Mario picks a marble that is not white.
c Are the two events in parts (a) and (b) mutually exclusive?
d Are the two events in parts (a) and (b) complementary?
18 A marble is chosen at random from a box containing 4 different colour marbles, red, blue,
green and purple. The probability of selecting different colours is given in the table. Find:
a The probability of not selecting a green Colour Probability

marble.
3
b The probability of not selecting a blue Red
13

marble. 2
Blue
c The probability of selecting a red or 9

purple marble. 1
Green
5

d The probability of not selecting a purple

marble.
e The probability of selecting neither a
blue or green marble.

19 A constellation is randomly selected from the eight shown below:
a Find the probability that the name of the constellation begins with a vowel.
b The complementary event is selecting a constellation that begins with a consonant. Find
the probability of this event.
c Find the probability that the constellation has 6 or more stars.
d The complementary event is selecting a constellation that has less than 6 stars. Find the
probability of this event.

12.03
Venn diagrams
Venn diagrams
1 A group of students were asked why they skipped breakfast. The two reasons given were
that they were "not hungry" and they were "too busy".
a How many of the students skipped

breakfast because they were not
hungry?
b How many of the students only skipped
breakfast because they were too busy?
c How many of the students skipped
breakfast because of one reason?
2 A group of students were asked about their

siblings. The two categories show if they
have at least one brother, and if they have
at least one sister:
a How many of the students have at least

one sibling?
b How many of the students have at least
one brother?
c How many of the students don't have a
sister?
3 A jeweller has arranged his gems based on

the cut and colour of the gem:
Cuts - triangular, rectangular, and

octagonal
Colours - amethysts, emeralds, and
rubies
a How many of the gems are rubies?

b How many of the gems are triangular?
c How many of the gems are both rubies
and triangular?


octagonal
rubies
a How many of the gems are not rubies?

b How many of the gems are both ruby
and triangular?
c How many of the gems are rubies that
aren't triangular?


octagonal
rubies
Write an appropriate category name for

"Circle 2" in the diagram.
6 A student is arranging a list of seven

numbers into two categories. One category
is his lucky numbers.
Write an appropriate category name for
"Circle 1" in the diagram.

7 A student creates the following diagram of
their favourite animals:
a How many of the animals have four

legs?
b How many of the animals have four legs
and stripes?
c How many of the animals have four legs
or stripes, but not both?
8 The following diagram is used for sorting numbers according to two categories:
Numbers that are divisible by 7

Numbers that are even
a Construct a Venn diagram and shade the

area where you would place the 8.
b Construct a Venn diagram and shade the
c Construct a Venn diagram and shade the
9 The Venn diagram shows the overlap of

students who own a pet and students who
own a bicycle:

area that represents the students who
own a pet and own a bicycle.
own a pet but don't own a bicycle.
10 A student is making a Venn diagram from the information gathered from her classmates: 18
people play cricket, 15 play softball, and 6 play both softball and cricket.
a How many people only play softball?

b Construct a Venn diagram that shows how many students play each sport.

11 A student is making a Venn diagram about a recent catch-up test for those that missed or
did poorly on the original test. In the class of 30 students, 27 did the original test and 10 did
the catch-up test.
a Given that everyone in the class did at least one test, how many people did both tests?
b Construct a Venn diagram that shows how many students did each test.
12 Avril makes a Venn diagram about the possible dance partners in her dance class:
a How many students are there in Avril's

class, not including Avril?
b Avril thinks her partner is suitable if they
are both good dancers and the right
height for her. How many suitable
partners are there in the class?
c Avril is told that her partner will be
randomly assigned. Find the probability
that her partner will be suitable.
13 Carl makes a Venn diagram about the possible pets he could get from the local shelter:
a Carl is told that a pet will be selected at

random. Find the probability that his
new pet will be a dog that isn't fluffy.
b Carl is told that a pet will be selected at
random. Find the probability that his
new pet won't be fluffy.
14 The given Venn diagram shows the number

of students in a school playing rugby
league, rugby union, both or neither:
Find the number of students who:
a Play rugby league only.

b Play rugby league.
c Play rugby union.
d Play rugby union only.
e Do not play rugby league.
f Do not play rugby union.

15 The diagram shows the decisions of 448
workers choosing to work and workers
choosing to strike on a particular day of
industrial action.
Find the number of workers who chose to:
a Strike.
b Strike and work.
c Work and not strike.
d Work or strike.
e Neither work nor strike.
16 The Venn diagram shows the number of

students choosing to study on the night
before an exam, and the number of
students choosing to party:
Find the number of students that chose:
a To party.
b Not to study.
c Neither to study nor party.
17 The Venn diagram shows the decisions of

535 consumers choosing to buy an iPhone
and consumers choosing to buy a
Blackberry.
Find the number of consumers that chose
to buy:
a A Blackberry.
b A Blackberry only.
c Both phones.
d An iPhone or a Blackberry.
e Neither phones.
f An iPhone but not a Blackberry.

Three circle Venn diagrams
18 Joanne is struggling to decide what to

watch online. She decides to pick one
movie at random from the streaming
website. A Venn diagram of her options
sorts movies into three categories based on
their genre: Comedy, Action and Horror:
a How many of the movies are horror

films?
b How many of the movies fit into only
one genre?
c How many of the movies are an action
film combined with at least one other
genre?
19 Charlie is struggling to decide what movie to watch. He decides to pick one at random from
his collection. A Venn diagram of his collection sorts movies into three categories: Comedic
films; Romantic films, and runtime is over 2 hours:
a How many movies are there in Charlie's

collection?
b Charlie wants to watch a comedy. Find
the probability he will select a a comedy.
c Charlie is after a romantic comedy that
goes for less than 2 hours. Find the
probability that he will select a suitable
film.
d Charlie is after a comedy film that goes
for longer than 2 hours. Find the
probability that he will select a suitable
film.

20 A florist collected a sample of her flowers and divided them into the appropriate categories
as shown in the Venn diagram:
Find the number of flowers which are:
a Not red but have thorns. b Not red and does not have thorns.
21 The Venn diagram shows the overlap of

students who play netball, soccer and
rowing.

play two or more sports.
row but don't play netball.

22 The following diagram is used for sorting
shapes according to three categories:
Shapes with exactly three sides

Shapes with at least one right angle
Shapes with sides that are all equal in
length

area where you would place "a rectangle
that isn't a square".
area where you would place "an
equilateral triangle".

12.04
Two-way tables
Two-way tables
1 50 students were asked whether or not they were allergic to nuts and dairy. The two-way
table is provided below:
Allergic to Nuts Not Allergic to Nuts

Allergic to Dairy 6 11
Not Allergic to Dairy 6 27
a How many students are allergic to nuts?

b How many students are allergic to nuts or dairy, or both?
c How many students are allergic to at most one of the two things?
2 Some students were asked if they are left or

right handed. The results are provided in Left- Right-
Total
the following table: handed handed
A student is picked from this group at Female 10 39 49
random.
Male 5 50 55
a How many of the students are right- Total 15 89 104
handed males?
b How many of the students are left-
handed?
c How many of the students are not right-
handed males?
3 Mr. Tobit asked the students in his class to

pick their favourite subject. He displayed Boys Girls
the results in the following two-way table:
Maths 11 12
a How many girls did not pick maths as Music 8 18
their favourite subject?
Science 13 11
b How many students picked music?
English 15 10
c How many boys are in Mr. Tobit's class?
4 170 tennis players were asked whether they

would support equal prize money for the Support Do not support
women’s and men’s draw.
Males 35
Complete the following table:
Females 71 15

5 A healthy living initiative asked people to describe how often they go to the gym. Their
responses are shown in the following table:
a How many people were surveyed? Female Male

b If one person is chosen at random, find
Frequently 35 37
the exact probability that they are a male
who frequently attends the gym. Rarely 35 13
c If one person is chosen at random, find
the probability that they attend the gym
rarely.
6 Members of a gym were asked what kind of training they do. The two way table shows the
results:
a How many gym members were asked Cardio Weight

altogether?
Male 11 30
b How many members do weight training?
Female 47 12
c If a member is chosen at random, what is
the probability that they do weight
training?
d According to the table which is more
likely doing weight training, men or
women?
7 A nonsmoking initiative asked smokers to

describe how often they smoke: Female Male
a How many people were surveyed? Frequently 57 34
b If one person is chosen at random, what Rarely 35 14

is the probability that they are a frequent
male smoker?
c If one person is chosen at random, what
is the probability that they smoke rarely?

8 A town has two campsites to choose Tent Cabin
between which both offer tent and cabin
accomodation. This two-way table records Sunny Campground 178 62
the campers choices in one summer: Platypus Creek 101 281
a How many people stayed in one of the town's campsite?

b State the proportion of the people that stayed in a tent.
c State the proportion of the people who stayed in cabins was in Sunny Campground. .
d State the proportion of people stayed at Platypus Creek.
9 A group of tourists were asked whether they spoke Mandarin or Spanish.
a Complete the following table: Not

Spanish Total
b How many people speak both Spanish
languages?
Mandarin 58 10
c If one person is chosen at random, find
Not
the probability that they speak neither 15 17
Mandarin
language.
d If one person is chosen at random, find
the probability that they speak only one
of the languages.
10 Sophia asked some people in her community whether they were vegetarian or not. 29
responders said they were vegetarian, of which 8 were children. 14 children said they were
not vegetarian, and 11 adults said they are not vegetarians.
a Construct a two-way table based on the results of Sophia's survey.

b State the proportion of responders that are vegetarian.
c State the proportion of adults that are vegetarian.
11 The following table shows the number of

trains arriving either on time or late at a Arrived Arrived
particular station: on time late
a How many trains were late on Friday? Monday 23 9
b How many trains passed through the Tuesday 20 5

station on Wednesday? Wednesday 27 8
c How many trains were on time Thursday 28 14
throughout the entire week?
Friday 15 12
d State the proportion of trains that were
on time over the whole week. . Saturday 22 6
Sunday 26 13

12 In a study, some people were asked whether they lie. A partially completed two-way table of
the results is shown below.
a Complete the following table: Lie Dont Lie Total

b Of those in the study, one is chosen at
Children 15 25
random. Find the probability that they
said they never lie. Adults 10
Total 60
13 This table describes the departures of trains

out of a train station for the months of May Departed on time Delayed
and June:
May 123 32
June 124 47
a How many trains departed during May and June?

b State the proportion of the trains in June that were delayed. Write your answer as a
percentage to one decimal place.
c State the proportion of the total number of trains during the 2 months that were ones
that departed on time in May. Give your answer as a percentage rounded to one decimal
place.
d Find the probability that a train selected at random in June would have departed on
time. .
e Find the probability that a train selected at random from the 2 months was delayed.

14 At a local university, students were asked what their favourite subject at high school was
and what they have decided to major in after 3 years of university. The results are shown in
the following table:
Maths Science Music Art

Total
favourite favourite favourite favourite
Maths major 76 20 61 43 200
Science
64 46 53 59 222
major
Music major 64 11 67 59 201
Art major 6 19 38 74 137
Total 210 96 219 235 760
One student is chosen at random. Find:
a The probability that a student's favourite subject was mathematics at high school.
b The probability that a student is majoring in music or arts at university.
c The probability that a student's favourite subject was music and they studied something
different at university.
d The probability that a student's major is the same as their favourite subject?
Two-way tables and Venn diagrams
15 Consider the Venn diagram:

Complete the table of values below.
Play Rugby League Don't play Rugby League

Play Rugby Union
Don't play Rugby Union

16 A student makes a Venn diagram of
students who are late to school, and
students who catch the bus to school.
Construct a two-way table based on the
Venn diagram.
17 A vet has 28 pets visit their practice in a day.

The pets are categorised based on whether
they have been vaccinated and whether
they have been microchipped.
Venn diagram.
18 60 residents of a city were asked "Do you

support the construction of the new train
station? ". The residents questioned were
also classified as living in the north, south or
in the inner city.
Venn diagram.
19 Students in Irene's class were asked if they owned a dog and asked if they owned a snake.
The following two-way table shows that information:
Owns a dog Doesn't own a dog

Owns a snake 2 3
Doesn't own a snake 13 11
Construct a Venn diagram that represents the information provided in the two-way table.

20 100 random people in Australia were surveyed, examining their carbon footprint and the city
they lived in. The people were then categorised as living in either an urban or regional
location, and whether that person has a high carbon emission or low carbon emission.
Urban Regional Total

High Emission 37 13 50
Low Emission 24 26 50
Total 61 39 100
Construct a Venn diagram that represents the information provided in the two-way table.

12.05
Probability with Venn
diagrams and two-way
tables
Probability calculations
1 In a class, 5 students play both football and tennis, 13 students in total play tennis, and 11 in
total play football.
a How many students only play football?

b How many students play only one sport?
c If a random student is chosen from the group, find the probability that the student only
plays tennis.
2 Consider the following list of numbers:
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144
If a number from the list is chosen at random, find:
a The probability that it is an even number that doesn't contain a 3.

b The probability that it contains a 3 or is an odd number.
c The probability that it is either odd or contains a 3, but not both.
3 A grade of 234 students are to choose to study either Mandarin or Spanish (or both). 134
students choose Mandarin and 120 students choose Spanish.
a How many students have chosen both languages?

b If a student is picked at random, find the probability that the student has chosen Spanish
only.
c If a student is picked at random, find the probability that the student has not chosen
Mandarin.
4 In a music school of 129 students, 83 students play the piano, 80 students play the guitar and
14 students play neither. Find the probability that a student chosen at random plays:
a Both the piano and the guitar. b The piano or the guitar.
c Neither the piano nor the guitar.
5 In a survey of 31 students, it was found that 16 students play tennis and 14 students play
hockey. 2 students play none of these sports, 8 play both tennis and cricket, 7 play both
cricket and hockey, 6 play both tennis and hockey and 3 play all three.
Find the probability that a randomly selected student plays all three sports.

6 In a study, some people were asked whether they were musicians or not. 25 responders said
they were a musician, of which 10 were children. 25 children said they were not musicians,
and 13 adults said they are not musicians.
a How many people were in the study?

b State the proportion of responders that are musicians.
c State the proportion of adults that are musicians.
7 In a particular high school where there are 91 year 8 students, 40 students study History only,
36 students study French only and 10 students study both. If a student is randomly chosen,
find the probability that this student is studying:
a History and French. b History only.

c French only. d French or History.
e Neither subject.
8 A student is making a Venn diagram about politicians in the last two elections. Looking at a
group of 24 politicians, 14 ran in the first election and 19 ran in the second election.
a Given that every politician examined was in at least one election, how many politicians
ran in both elections?
b If a politician is randomly chosen in the second election, find the probability they were
also in the first election.
9 In a survey, 104 students were asked if they are left or right-handed, of which 49 were
female. 50 male students said they were right-handed, and 10 female said they are left-
handed.
a How many male students were in the study?

b State the proportion of students that are left-handed.
c State the proportion of male students that are left-handed.
10 A small magazine asked people from

different states to send in a vote on
whether they supported Daylight Saving
Time. The diagram shows the proportion of
people that voted YES or NO in NSW, ACT
and QLD:
a State the proportion of people who

voted "YES".
b State the proportion of "NO" votes that
are from NSW.

c Considering just the voters from NSW
and ACT, state the proportion of the
votes that are NSW "YES" votes.
11 The Venn diagram shows the decisions of

535 consumers choosing to buy an iPhone
and consumers choosing to buy a
Blackberry:
If a consumer is selected at random, find the probability that he chose to buy:
a A Blackberry. b A Blackberry only.

c Both phones. d An iPhone or a Blackberry.
e Neither phones. f An iPhone but not a Blackberry.
12 The Venn diagram depicts the investment choices of 1232 investors:
Find the probability that an investor randomly selected has investments in:

a Bonds b Bonds and real estate.
c Bonds or real estate. d Bonds and real estate but not shares.
e Shares, bonds and real estate. f Real estate and shares but not bonds.
g Shares, bonds or real estate.

13 A florist collected a sample of her flowers and divided them into the appropriate categories.
as shown in the Venn diagram:
Find the probability that a flower is:
a Not red but has thorns. b Not red and does not have thorns.
14 In a group of 183 primary and senior students, 96 are primary students. The students fell into
three categories of travel to school - by bus, car, or walking. 113 students get to school by
bus, 60 are primary students. 48 students get to school by car, 25 are primary students.
a How many senior students catch the bus to school?

b How many senior students are there in total?
c Find the probability that a senior student walked to school.
15 Sophia asked some people in her community whether they were vegetarian or not. 29
responders said they were vegetarian, of which 8 were children. 14 children said they were
not vegetarian, and 11 adults said they are not vegetarians.
a What proportion of responders are vegetarian?

b What proportion of adults are vegetarian?
16 99 students were asked if they choose to study on the night before an exam or choose to
party. 51 students choose to party while 59 choose to study. 10 neither choose to study nor
party.
a Find the number of students that chose to study and party

b Find the probability that a student chosen at random chose:
i Not to party. ii To study and party.

iii To study only. iv To study or party.

17 The employees of Pentagonal Plumbing were discussing where they should hold their end
of year party. Of all of the employees:
53 would go to a restaurant
67 would go to a bowling alley
72 would go to a theme park
16 would only go to either a restaurant or a bowling alley
27 would only go to either a bowling alley or the theme park
17 would only go to either a restaurant or the theme park
8 would not go to a restaurant or a bowling alley or to the theme park
6 would go to all three places.
a How many people in total work at Pentagonal Plumbing?

b Given that the restaurant isn't available, state the proportion of the employees who still
have another option.
18 Out of 100 students in a school, there are 55 students who are taking Physics classes, 50
students who are taking Chemistry classes and 15 students who are not enrolled in Physics
or Chemistry classes.
Find the probability that the student is:
a Taking Physics classes only.

b Taking Chemistry classes only.
c Taking both Physics and Chemistry classes.

12.06
Experimental probability
Experimental probability
1 If the relative frequency of an event is 1, the event:
A Happened for most of the trials. B Didn’t happen. C Happened on each trial.
2 A bag contains 24 red marbles and 26 blue

marbles.
What is the probability of drawing a red
marble?
3 A bag contains 28 red marbles, 29 blue marbles, and 27 black marbles.
a What is the probability of drawing a blue

marble?
b A single trial is drawing a marble from
the bag, writing down the colour, and
putting it back. If this trial is repeated
400 times, how many blue marbles
should you expect? Round your answer
to the nearest whole number.
4 Mohamad watched cars drive past his house over five minutes. In this time, 12 cars went by,
and 10 of those cars were white. What is the experimental probability of a car being
coloured white?
5 Ryan decided to flip a coin 20 times.
a How many times would he expect a head to appear?

b After he finished flipping the coins, he noticed that heads had appeared 11 times. Write
the experimental probability of getting a head.
6 Rosey has a bag with 2 red balls, 2 blue balls, and 2 green balls in it. She took a ball out of
the bag and returned it 36 times.
a How many times would she expect to get a red ball?

b After she finished, she noticed that she had drew a red ball 15 times. Write the
experimental probability of getting a red ball as a fraction.
7 A retail store served 989 customers in October, and there were 21 complaints during that
month. What is the experimental probability that a customer complains? Round your answer
to the nearest whole percent.
8 An insurance company found that in the past year, of the 2523 claims made, 1492 of them
were from drivers under the age of 25.
a Find the experimental probability that a claim is filed by someone under the age of 25.
Round your answer to the nearest whole percent.
b Find the experimental probability that a claim is filed by someone 25 or older. Round your
answer to the nearest whole percent.
9 Five schools compete in a basketball competition. The results from the last season are given
in the table below:
Match Winner Match Winner

St Trinian's v Ackley
Lakehurst v St Trinian's Lakehurst St Trinian's
Bridge
Summer Heights v
Marquess Marquess v Lakehurst Lakehurst
Marquess
Ackley Lakehurst v Summer Summer
Lakehurst v Ackley Bridge
Bridge Heights Heights
Marquess v Ackley Ackley
St Trinian's v Marquess Marquess
Bridge Bridge
Summer Heights v Ackley Ackley St Trinian's v Summer
St Trinian's
Bridge Bridge Heights
What is the experimental probability that Ackley Bridge wins a match?
10 At the main traffic light in town going north to south, the green light is on for 27 seconds,
then the yellow light lasts for 3 seconds, and then the red light is on for 10 seconds. This
cycle then repeats.
If a car approaches the traffic light, what is the probability that the light will be:
a Green? b Yellow? c Red?
11 Beth is testing a coin to see if it is fair. She has flipped the coin 100 times and recorded 52
tails.
a What is the experimental probability of flipping tails with this coin? Write your answer in
decimal form.
b Beth now wants to tell the coin manufacturer about the fairness of the coin. What should
she tell them?

c Beth tested the coin again. This time she flipped the coin 1000 times, and flipped 504
tails. What is the experimental probability of flipping tails based on this second
experiment? Write your answer in decimal form.
d Given the two experiments, can Beth say the coin is fair? Explain your answer?
12 The experimental probability that a commuter uses public transport is 30%. Out of 200
commuters, how many would you expect to use public transport?
13 If the probability of an event is 3 , how many times would you expect it to occur in 76 trials?
4

14 A medical student is predicting how many people in their town will have certain genes. The
population of their town is 1 600 000.
a The probability of a person having the gene for red hair is 3%. How many people in the
town are expected to have this gene?
b The probability of a person having the gene for tetrachromacy is 0.03%. How many
people in the town are expected to have this gene?
15 A factory produces tablet computers. In March, it produced 7000 tablets, and 140 were found
to be faulty.
a What is the experimental probability that a tablet produced by the factory is faulty?
b The factory plans to produce 8000 tablets in April. How many should they expect to be
faulty?
Frequency tables
16 To prepare for the week ahead, a restaurant keeps a record of the number of each main
meal ordered throughout the previous week:
a How many meals were ordered Meal Frequency

altogether?
Chicken 21
b What is the experimental probability that
a customer will order a chicken meal? Beef 55
Round your answer to the nearest whole Lamb 55
percent.
Vegetarian 31

17 The table tabulates the results of rolling a die multiple times:
a Find the experimental probability of not Outcome Frequency

rolling a number less than 3.
1 17
b Find the relative frequency of not rolling
a prime number. 2 14
c Find the sum of the relative frequencies 3 12

of rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. 4 13
d Find the sum of the experimental 5 12
probabilities of rolling an even or odd
number. 6 16
18 Boxes of matchsticks are examined and the

number of matchsticks in each box is Number of Number of
recorded in the table: matchsticks Boxes
If the number of matchsticks of another box 87 0
were counted, what is the experimental
88 0
probability it will:
89 7
a Have 89 matchsticks?
90 5
b Have more than 90 matchsticks?
91 6
c Have less than 90 matchsticks?
92 5
93 3
19 The following frequency table shows the

number of people that came to donate Weight in kg (x) Frequency (f )
blood and their respective weights:
40 − 44 4
a If this group is considered to be 45 − 49 1
representative of the population, what is
the probability that someone in the 50 − 54 1
population weighs 50 to 54 kg? 55 − 59 3
b What is the probability that someone 60 − 64 10
weighed between 60 and 69 kg
65 − 69 8
inclusive?
70 − 74 2
Total 29

20 A die is rolled 60 times and the results are recorded in the following table:
Using this frequency table, find the experimental probability of rolling a:
a 6 Number Frequency
b 3 or higher 1 11
c 3 or lower
2 12
3 12
4 12
5 11
6 2
21 The table tabulates the outcomes of tossing three coins multiple times:
a How many times was the experiment Outcome Frequency

repeated?
HHH 13
b Find the experimental probability of
tossing: HHT 13
HTH 14
i 3 tails
HTT 11
ii at least 2 heads
iii at least 1 tail THH 13
iv only 1 head THT 14

TTH 11
TTT 13
22 A mixed martial arts club posted the results from the tournaments last year. The table shows
the main fighting style of the winner for each tournament:
a What was the total number of Event Frequency

tournaments?
Karate 40
b What is the experimental probability of a
wrestler winning? Wrestling 55
c Which is the most successful fighting Judo 46

style? Taekwondo 59
d If 1000 further tournaments are to be
held, how many tournaments would you
expect Judo fighters to win?

23 The following table shows the number of trains that arrived on time at the local station
during the week:
a What is the experimental probability that Number of On

a train will be on time on Monday? Day
trains time
percent. Monday 29 22
b What was the highest experimental Tuesday 21 18

probability of a train being on time out Wednesday 28 26
of each of the five days? Round your
answer to the nearest whole percent. Thursday 26 20
c What is the experimental probability of a Friday 23 19

train arriving on time across the entire
week? Round your answer to the
nearest whole percent.
24 Maria is tossing a coin. She keeps tossing the coin until a Tail appears. Her first set of tosses
went Heads, Heads, Tails. So she stopped after three tosses. She repeated the experiment
19 more times and recorded her results in the following table:
a Based off Maria's experiment, what is Number of Tosses before

the experimental probability that it takes Frequency
a Tail appears
5 tosses of the coin before a Tail
appears? 1 7
b Theoretically, what is the probability that 2 3

it takes 5 tosses of a coin before a Tail 3 4
appears?
4 3
c Was the experimental probability Maria
found equal, greater or less than the 5 3
theoretical probability?

25 Homer used a spinner to choose "YES" or "NO". The table shows three different days, how
many times he spun the spinner and how many times it landed on "YES":
Day Number of spins Number of "YES"s

1 6 3
2 30 9
3 84 20
Yvonne wants to reuse the spinner that Homer used. Which spinner should she pick?
A B C D
26 Consider the table showing the status of a

domino game being played by four players: Number of Number of
Player dominoes high valued
Each player draws as many dominos as they
like from a bag. A domino has two numbers drawn dominoes
from 1 to 6. A high value domino occurs if A 10 9
the sum of its two numbers is greater or
B 7 1
equal to 6 while a low value domino occurs
otherwise. C 8 7
A player wins by randomly selecting a low D 6 4

value domino from their drawn sample. At
this point in the game, which player has the
lowest chance of winning?

Frequency graphs
27 Consider the column graph showing outcomes of a coin toss experiment:
a How many times was the coin flipped?

b What was the relative frequency of
heads in this experiment?
28 The column graph shows the four countries that university students applied to for exchange
in the last month:
a What is the relative frequency of the country with the fewest applications?
b If the monthly applications are the same throughout the year, how many people in total
will apply for UK over the next six months?

29 The size of several earthquakes was measured over a period of time and the results are
presented in the histogram below:
a Estimate the probability that an

earthquake will measure 5, 6, or 7.
b Estimate the probability that an
earthquake measures less than 5.
30 This histogram shows the number of people that waited in line for a rollercoaster at a theme
park, and the length of time they had to wait:
a Find the probability that someone

waited in line for under 40 minutes.
b Find the probability that someone had to
wait at least 50 minutes to be served.

31 The following histogram shows the heights of people that were surveyed at a particular
rollercoaster ride in a theme park:
a Estimate the probability that someone

randomly chosen at the park was
between 130 and 150 cm tall.
b Find the probability that someone
randomly chosen was at most 130 cm
tall.

12.07
Two-step experiments
Tables
1 A player is rolling two dice and calculating

their sum. They draw a table of all the 1 2 3 4 5 6
possible dice rolls for two dice and what
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
they sum to:
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Find the probability the dice will sum to 8.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 A player is rolling two dice and calculating

their difference, that is the largest number 1 2 3 4 5 6
minus the smaller number. They draw a
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
table of all the possible dice rolls for two
dice and what their difference is: 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
a List the sample space for the difference 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

of two dice. 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
b What is the probability the dice will have 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
a difference of 0?
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
3 The following two spinners are spun and the sum of their respective spins are recorded:
a Complete the following table to

represent all possible combinations:
Spinner 2 3 4
7 10
9 11 13
12 14 16
b Find the probability that:
i The first spinner lands on an even number and the sum is even.
ii The first spinner lands on a prime number and the sum is odd.
iii The sum is a multiple of 3.

4 A fair die is rolled twice.
a Create a table displaying all possible outcomes.

b Find the probability of rolling a:
i 3 and a 6 in any order. ii 3 and then a 6.

iii a double iv an odd and an even number
5 The following spinner is spun and a normal six-sided die is rolled. The result of each is
recorded:

represent all possible combinations:
W X Y Z
1 1, W 1, ⬚ 1, Y 1, Z
2 ⬚, W 2, X 2, Y 2, Z
3 3, W 3, X 3, Y ⬚, ⬚
4 4, W 4, X 4, Y 4, Z
5 5, W 5, X ⬚, ⬚ 5, Z
6 6, W 6, X 6, Y 6, Z
b State the total number of possible outcomes.

c Find the probability that:
i The spinner lands on X and the dice rolls a prime number.

ii The spinner lands on W and the dice rolls a factor of 6.
iii The spinner doesn’t land on Z or the dice doesn't roll a multiple of 3.
6 The following spinner is spun and a normal six-sided die is rolled. The product of their
respective results is recorded.
a Construct a table to represent all

possible outcomes.
b Find the probability of an odd product.
c Find the probability of rolling a 5 on the
dice and scoring an even product.
d Find the probability of spinning a 3 on
the spinner or scoring a product which is
a multiple of 4.

7 Xavier is choosing an outfit for the day and has 3 shirts (cyan, pink, and white) and 4 ties
(black, grey, red, and yellow) to select from.
a Complete the following table to show all the possible outfits Xavier could wear:
Cyan (C) Pink (P ) White (W )

Black (B) C, B ⬚, B W,B
Grey (G) C, G P,G W,⬚
Red (R) ⬚, ⬚ P,R W,R
Yellow (Y ) C, Y ⬚, ⬚ W,Y
b How many different outfits are possible?

c What is the probability that he wears a black tie?
d What is the probability that he wears a white shirt?
8 200 people were questioned about whether they voted for Labor, Liberal or Greens last
election and who they’ll vote for this election.
a Fill in the missing values in the table of results:
Labor Liberal Greens

Total
(next election) (next election) (next election)
Labor
25 41 70
(last election)
Liberal
16 1 90
(last election)
Greens
9 26
(last election)
Total 140 10 200
b Determine the probability that a randomly selected person will vote Labor next election
given that they voted Liberal last election.
c Determine the probability that a randomly selected person did not vote Green last
election given that they will vote Green this election.
d If a person voted Labor or Liberal last election, what is the probability they’ll vote Liberal
this election?

9 The following two spinners are spun and the sum of their respective spins is recorded:

represent all possible outcomes:
Spinner 2 4 5
3
7
i The sum is less than 13.

ii The sum is odd.
iii A 7 was spun given that the sum is less than 12.
iv The sum is odd given that a 4 was spun.
Tree diagrams
10 On the island of Timbuktoo, the probability

that a set of traffic lights shows red, yellow
or green is equally likely. Christa is
travelling down a road where there are two
sets of traffic lights.
What is the probability that both sets of
traffic lights will be red?

11 An ice-cream shop offers one flavour of ice-cream at a discounted price each day. There are
six flavours for the owner to choose from, that could be discounted. Three of the flavours are
sorbet and the other three are gelato.
The three sorbet flavours are raspberry (R), lemon (L) and chocolate (C ). The three gelato
flavours are vanilla (V ), mint (M ) and chocolate (C ). Each decision has equal probability.
a List the sample space for which ice-

cream type and flavour could be chosen.
b Find the probability that the lemon
sorbet is selected.
c Find the probability that the flavour will
be chocolate.
12 Hadyn is looking for a way to randomly choose a prime number between 1 and 20.
He first flips a coin to decide 0 or 1 and depending on the result he then rolls one of two
four-sided dice, shown in the tree diagram. He arrives at his number by putting the coin
number in front of the dice number.
a List the sample space of numbers

created.
i The number 19 will be the result.

ii The number will end in a 3.
13 Three cards labelled 2, 3 and 4 are placed face down on a table. Two of the cards are
selected randomly to form a two-digit number. The outcomes are displayed in the following
probability tree diagram:
a List the sample space of two digit

numbers produced by this process.
i 2 appears as a digit in the number.

ii The sum of the two selected cards is
even.
iii The number formed is greater than
40.

14 For breakfast, Maria has something to eat and drinks a hot drink. She will eat either toast (T )
or porridge (P ) and will drink either juice (J ) or coffee (C ).
The chance of Maria making toast is 0.7. The chance of Maria drinking coffee is 0.4.
a Find the probability that Maria drinks

juice and eats toast.
b Find the probability that Maria drinks
juice or eats toast.
15 Han owns four green ties and three blue ties. He selects one of the ties at random for
himself and then another tie at random for his friend.
a Write the probabilities for the outcomes

on the edges of the probability tree
diagram:
b Calculate the probability that:
i Han selects a blue tie for himself.

ii Han selects two green ties.
16 Bart is purchasing a plane ticket to Adelaide. He notices there are only 4 seats remaining, 1
of them is a window seat (W ) and the other 3 are aisle seats (A). His friend gets on the
computer and purchases a ticket immediately after. The seats are randomly allocated at the
time of purchase.

diagram for the seat Bart receives and
the seat his friend receives:
i Bart's friend has an aisle seat.

ii Bart's friend receives an aisle seat if
Bart has a window seat.

17 Sally is drawing 2 cards from a deck of 52 cards. She draws the first card and checks whether
it is red (R) or black (B ). Without replacing her first card, she draws the second card and
records its colour.

diagram:
b What is the probability that Sally draws a
black card and then a red card?
c State whether each of the following
events has an equal probability to
drawing a black then a red card:
i Drawing a red card and then a black

card.
ii Drawing a red card and then another
red card.
iii Drawing at least one black card.
iv Drawing a black card and then
another black card.
v Drawing one black card and one red
card in any order.
18 In tennis, if a player's first serve goes out, the player takes a second serve. If it goes in, they
don't need to take a second serve. A player serves with the following probabilities:
First serve goes in - 0.55

Second serve goes in - 0.81

diagram:
i The player needs to make a second

serve.
ii Both of the player's serves go out.
19 A coin is tossed twice.
a Construct a tree diagram showing the results of the given experiment.

b Use the tree diagram to find the probability of tossing:
i Exactly 1 head. ii 2 heads.

iii No heads. iv 1 head and 1 tail.
20 Han watches two episodes of TV each night. He begins with either News or Current Affairs.
If he watches Current Affairs, he might watch either Comedy, Horror or Animation next. If he
watches News, he will always choose a Comedy to watch afterwards.
a Construct a tree diagram of all possible options.

b If, at every stage, the possible outcomes of each choice are equally likely, what is the
probability Han watches a Comedy?
21 A coin is tossed, then the spinner shown is spun and either lands on A, B or C:
a Construct a probability tree diagram that

correctly shows all possible outcomes
and probabilities.
b Find the probability of:
i Landing on tails and the spinner

landing on C.
ii Landing on tails, or the spinner
landing on C, or both.
22 Five ordinary dice are rolled. What is the probability that the results are all sixes?
23 Neville has found that when playing chess against the computer, he wins 1 of the time.
3

a Find the probability that:
i He wins two games in a row. ii He wins three games in a row.

iii He wins at least one of three games.
b Calculate whether Neville has a better chance at winning at least one of two games or
winning at least one of three games.

24 Mr and Mrs Smith are starting a family. When having each child, they assume that having a
girl is just as likely as having a boy.
a Find the probability that:
i The first child is a girl.

ii The first child is a girl and the second child is a boy.
iii The first two children are girls and the third child is a boy.
b The Smiths have three children, all girls. What is the probability that the next child will be
a boy?
c What is the probability that in a four-child family, the first three are girls and the fourth is
a boy?
25 Consider tossing a normal fair coin:
a If you have already tossed the coin 10 times, what is the chance that on the next toss it
will land on tails?
b If I’ve tossed it 5 times, what is the chance the first three were a tail and the last two
were a head?

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Contents

3. Ratios and Rates

10. Coordinate geometry

1 Are the following statements true or false?

a The product of a positve number with a negative number is negative.

2 State whether the following expressions will be positive or negative:

a (−147) × 183 b (−151) × (−185)

a (−6) × 4 b 6 × (−4) c (−6) × (−4)

a (−19) × 17 b 19 × (−17) c (−19) × (−17)

a (−37) × 31 b 37 × (−31) c (−37) × (−31)

a 3 × (−2) × 5 b (−3) × 2 × (−5)

a (−11) × r = −66 b n × (−3) = −36

9 Complete the following equations:

a ⬚ × (−5) = 55 b −6 × ⬚ = −66 c ⬚ × 8 = −56 d 7 × ⬚ = −84

10 Find the value of n in the following statements:

a A number n is multiplied with −3 to give 21.

11 Explain why there is no solution to the equation x2 = −1.

12 Is the quotient of a positive integer and a negative integer positive or negative?

13 State whether the following expressions will be positive or negative:

a (−2432) ÷ 32 b (−855) ÷ (−15)

14 Consider the equation 42 ÷ 7 = 6, and find the value of the following:

a (−42) ÷ 7 b 42 ÷ (−7) c (−42) ÷ (−7)

a (−667) ÷ 29 b −667 ÷ (−29) c (−667) ÷ (−29)

a (−924) ÷ 28 b 924 ÷ (−28) c (−924) ÷ (−28)

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a (−2) ÷ (−2) b (−2) ÷ 1 c 4 ÷ (−1) d 0 ÷ (−36)

18 Solve the following equations:

a (−108) ÷ n = −12 b p ÷ (−8) = 11

19 Complete the following equations:

a ⬚ ÷ (−6) = −9 b ⬚ ÷ 5 = −7 c ⬚ ÷ 5 = −11 d (−72) ÷ ⬚ = 9

20 Find the value of n in the following statements:

a A number n, when divided by 3, gives −9.

a (−4) × 3 ÷ (−2) b 5 × (−3) × (−7)

© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

22 Which quadrant(s) could the point (x, y ) lie in if:

c Find Ivan's total score for the total 18

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a −7 − ((−8) ÷ 2) b (−39 + 9) ÷ (−5)

4 Fill in the blank:

6 − (−60) ÷ (−3) = −22

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© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

11 Brad used his calculator to evaluate (4 × 11 + 9) ÷ 14 − 20 and got the answer 85 .

12 Evaluate the following:

a 214 + 300 b 99 735 − 37 926 c 629 + 543 d 800 ÷ 10

13 Evaluate the following:

a Find the number of crates of fruit each customer will receive.

© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

1 State whether the following numbers are perfect squares:

2 Evaluate the following:

a Evaluate 22 × 52 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

4 Given that we know 5 × 5 = 25. What is 25 ?

5 Evaluate the following:

e 144 − 64 ​ f 62 + 82 g 132 − 122 h 132 − 122 ​

© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

1 State the base for the expression 95 .

2 State the power for the expression 27 .

3 Write the following powers of 9 in index form:

4 Write the following expressions using index notation:

e 144 − 64 f 62 + 82 g 132 − 122 h 132 − 122