8-Distributed Generation

Power Quality
EE 433
1
 Definition
 Constitution of DG
 Why DG is important
 Perspectives on DG Benefits
 Impact of DG on Power Quality
 Power Quality issues
 Operating Conflicts
 DG-Related Power Quality Standards
2
Definition
Distributed generation (DG) are the electric
generation facilities connected to an area electric
power system (AEPS) through a point of common
coupling (PCC).
Distributed Resources (DR) are the sources of electric

power that are not directly connected to a bulk power
transmission system. DR includes both generators
and energy storage systems
3
Constitution of Distributed Generation
 Reciprocating Engine Genset
 Combustion Turbine
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
 Fuel Cell
 Wind Generation
 Photovoltaic
 Carbon Nanotube
 Mini and micro hydro systems
4
Constitution of Distributed Generation
Connected to the
Wind farms transmission level Gas turbines
Subtransmission level
Batteries, flywheels, superconducting
magnetic energy storage, hydrogen
storage, ultra capacitors
Fuel cells Micro turbines
Distribution level
Combined heat and Gas turbines Reciprocating Photovoltaics Mini and micro hydro
power (CHP) engine systems
5
Advantages of DG
 DG units (renewable energy sources) help combat
global warming by greenhouse gas reduction.
 DG systems can also improve PQ by effectively

increasing the network short circuit capacity
 Distribution system reliability will be improved
6
Perspectives on DG Benefits
 End-User Perspective
 Back Generation to Provide Improved Reliability
 Reduce Energy Bill
 Participation in the Competitive Power Market
 Distribution Utility Perspective

 Transmission & Distribution Relief
 Hedge Against of Uncertain Load Growth
 Hedge Against Price Spike
 Commercial Power Producer Perspective

 Selling Power or Ancillary Service in the Deregulated Market
 Integrated Resource Planning
7
Impact of DG on Power Quality
1. Photovoltaic systems can increase the level of

harmonic distortion in the system
2. Wind turbine systems can increase the voltage
fluctuations and hence the flicker.
3. Capacitors used with induction generators can rise
harmonic resonances
4. Unbalanced loading of the low voltage distribution
network is due to use of single-phase DG units
5. DG can cause disturbance to voltage stability because
of the reversal of power flow
8
Power Quality Issues
Helping on Voltage Sags
9
Operating Conflicts
 Utility fault-clearing requirements
 Reclosing
 Interference with relaying
 Voltage regulation issues
 Harmonics
 Islanding
 Ferroresonance
 Shunt capacitor interaction
 Transformer connections
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Utility Fault-Clearing Requirements
11
Reclosing
 DG Must Disconnect Early in the Reclose Interval to
Allow Time for the Arc to Dissipate.
 Reclosing on DG, Particularly Those System Using
Rotating Machine Technologies, Can Cause Damage to
the Generator or Prime Mover.
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13
Interference With Relay
Reduction of Reach
14
Sympathetic Tripping of Feeder Breaker
15
Defeat of Fuse Saving
16
Voltage Regulation Issues
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DG-Related Power Quality Standards
IEEE Standards:
•IEEE1547-2003: Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources
with Electric Power Systems
Electricity Association – UK:

•UK technical guidelines for inverter single-phase photovoltaic (PV)
generators up to 5kVA, Engineering Recommendation G77, 2000
•Recommendation for the connection of embedded generation plant
to public electricity suppliers’ distribution system, Engineering
Recommendation G59/1, Amendment 2, 1994
•Recommendation for the connection of embedded generation plant
to public electricity suppliers’ systems above 20kV, or with outputs
over 5MW, Engineering Recommendation G75, 1994
Australian standards - AS:

•AS 4777.2-2005: Grid connection of energy systems via inverters -
Inverter requirements
•AS 61400.21-2006: Wind turbines - Measurement and assessment
of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines 18
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Power Quality

Distributed Resources (DR) are the sources of electric

Fuel cells Micro turbines

 DG systems can also improve PQ by effectively

 Distribution system reliability will be improved

 Distribution Utility Perspective

 Commercial Power Producer Perspective

1. Photovoltaic systems can increase the level of

Electricity Association – UK:

Australian standards - AS:

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