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ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND POWER

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF HYBRID
RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM
USING COORDINATED CONTROL SCHEME
Kanagaraj N1, Vijayakumar M2, Ramasamy M3 and Obaid Aldosari4
1,4
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering in Wadi Al-dawasir, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, 11991
2,3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India, 637215

Corresponding author: Kanagaraj N (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]).

ABSTRACT Nowadays, renewable energy sources such as solar Photovoltaic (PV) and wind power systems
play a significant part in the process of generating electricity. These systems are tremendously reliant on the
present and forecasted weather conditions. The inconsistent behavior of the system has an impact on the
production as well as the variances in the output. As a result, the requirement for energy transmission and
distribution systems to compensate promptly is becoming crucial. This paper proposes a new smart grid
application for power system operation. A Static Compensator (STATCOM) device is utilized to improve the
power quality and power flow in the distribution system, reduce unwanted harmonics and compensate for
reactive power in the power sources. A quasi-Z-Source Inverter (qZSI) based STATCOM is constructed in
connection with a Three-Phase Four-Wire (3P4W) distribution system. The combination of a q Z-source and
a Photovoltaic (PV) system makes up the suggested compensator circuit that is employed here for switching.
To control the suggested compensator, an Adaptive Frequency Fixed (AFF) - Second Order Generalized
Integrator (SOGI) has been implemented. The Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used to optimize the
parameters of the Proportional Integral (PI) controller, such as Kp and Ki. The performance is evaluated using
a variety of characteristics, including power, current, and voltage, generated reactive power and active power,
analysis in non-linear load, and other similar metrics.

INDEX TERMS Fuzzy logic controller, Harmonic distortion, Power quality, quasi-Z-source inverter,
Renewable energy sources.

I. INTRODUCTION storage capacity deter customers from continuing with

The fast increase in environmental deterioration around the renewable energy source installation. When combined with
world is a significant challenge in the development of high or medium-high wind energy potential, there are
economically viable alternative methods of electrical energy various places in our world where one may find ample solar
production. Because of this, a massive research effort is energy and lessen the typical stand-alone systems' need for
being done throughout the globe to find a solution for energy storage [2].
producing an ecologically friendly and long-term sustainable In most cases, independent use of solar and wind power
solution in the field of electric power production. PV, wind cannot meet the changing demands of the grid for their
farms, fuel cells, and biomass are the most important availability changes substantially throughout the day. To
participants in the renewable energy generating industry [1]. meet the energy needs of distant users, stand-alone solar and
A stable energy solution, wind-driven stand-alone systems wind energy systems must have excessive storage capacity
have shown their ability to meet the electrical demands of a [3]. It is possible to reduce the amount of energy storage
large number of rural customers across the world, needed in a system by using the complementary nature of
particularly in areas with a medium to high potential for wind wind and solar power. For microgrid applications, several
energy. Although this is true, in areas where local forms of distributed power production are commonly
circumstances are less favourable, the oversizing of wind acknowledged. However, the interface power converter is
turbines and the need for an excessive amount of energy critical to the microgrid's dependability. Thus, a stable and

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dependable distributed power generation system will be qZSI-STATCOM. These are the key objectives of this study.
ensured by the interface power converter's effective power In the presence of distorted and unbalanced voltages as well
control [4]. as DC offset in the load currents, the power quality in the
distribution system may be enhanced by controlling the
As a result, the emphasis of this study is on the
qZSI-STATCOM using an AFF-SOGI-based control
development of an off-grid quasi-Z-source inverter, a new
algorithm.
type of interfacing inverter [5]. PV systems use a variety of
power converter topologies, each with its own set of II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
advantages and disadvantages, such as the use of a
transformer or not, and the use of a two-level or multilevel Because of their low cost and flexible operation, power
inverter. Single-stage inverters are replacing more traditional generators such as wind turbines and PV are employed to
two-stage models because of their small size, low price, and serve the load more effectively than any other power source.
high reliability [6]. The usual inverter, on the other hand, has Because of this, the wind turbine is relied upon to provide
to be larger to cope with the huge swings in PV array voltage both linear and non-linear loads. Compensation circuits are
that are brought on by the low output voltage of the PV used to improve the power quality in the distribution
panels as well as the wide range of variation that is based on network. To solve the power quality issues at the source, a
irradiance and temperature, often at a ratio of 1: 2. Large STATCOM compensator based on a qZSI is built parallel
low-frequency transformers are needed to link an inverter's with the distribution network. The qZSI and PV system have
low voltage output to the grid, however, these transformers been combined into one in the planned compensator circuit,
come with several drawbacks, including larger size, lower which uses STATCOM for switching. The qZSI-based
efficiencies, greater acoustic noise, and higher overall costs. STATCOM model that has been presented may be seen in
The two-stage inverter eliminates the need for a transformer Fig.1. The AFF-SOGI control technique directs the
by using a boost DC/DC converter to increase the input compensator to keep the wind energy system's voltage and
voltage from a wide range to the desired constant value [7]. frequency within acceptable ranges. This also helps to
Due to a malfunctioning switch, the DC/DC converter ends attenuate the harmonics that are present in the 3P4W
up being both the system's most expensive and most efficient distribution system. The fuzzy-tuned PI controller is used to
component. For greater safety, some solar-powered optimize the parameters of the frequency controller. This
electricity generation systems include galvanic isolation, approach controls the flow of power to the load by
which may be installed either in the DC/DC boost converter eliminating harmonics and compensating for the reactive
that makes use of a high-frequency transformer or on the AC power that is present in the power sources.
output side of a line frequency transformer [8]. Additional This PV-assisted qZSI-STATCOM is comprised of four
galvanic isolations like this raise the total system cost and different modes using coordinated control. Mode 1
size, as well as reduce its overall effectiveness. Because of (Production of PV power), Mode 2 (Battery backup), Mode
their superior efficiency, smaller size, and lower cost for the 3 (Continuous supply), and Mode 4 (Flywheel energy
PV system, transformerless topologies deserve further storage) depict the closed or open state of the power
investigation [9]. electronic switches (S1–S7). The control system enters mode:
The qZSI has been used in PV systems because of its 1 when the amount of power produced by the PV power-
single-stage power converter to step-up and step-down producing system is more than the amount of power that is
functions [10], [11]. Additionally, the inverter does not need connected to the load (PLoad). In this mode, the switches are
to be overpowered to manage a broad range of PV DC in the following positions: (S1, S2, S3 = On, S4 = On (If State
voltage variations. This reduces the overall cost of the system of Charge (SOC) of battery ≤ 50%), S5 = Off, S6, S7 = On).
and reduces component count and costs while also increasing When the PV power produced by the PV system drops to PPV
dependability and stability. PV systems may benefit from < 10%, the control system switches to mode:2. When Vsabc
several unique and interesting benefits offered by qZSIs. The equals zero, the mode:3 setting is activated, and the switch
qZSI minimizes switching ripples and simplifies the PV positions are set as follows: (S1, S2, S3 = On, S4 = On (If PPV
system by drawing a steady current from the PV panel and < 10%), S5 = Off, S6, S7 = On). The control system will enter
eliminating the need for additional filtering capacitors. It also mode 4 after it has determined that the power produced by
has a lower component (capacitor) rating and simplifies the the wind energy system Pwind is more than the power
PV system. For the isolated load scenario, this study used generated by the load PLoad. Fig. 2 shows the transition
qZSI to interface the PV-generating system. To improve the condition from one mode to another.
power quality of the distribution system, the authors of this
paper describe the implementation of an AFF-SOGI control
scheme in connection with a PV array and WECS-supported

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Figure 1. STATCOM-aided qZSI is integrated with the wind energy conversion system.

Figure 2. PV-assisted qZSI-STATCOM operating modes.

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III. AFF-SOGI CONTROL FOR qZSI-STATCOM

Harmonics may be mitigated and reactive power This assures that distortions and imbalances in the grid
consumption from connected loads can be compensated for voltages do not have an impact on the reference currents.
with the help of the qZSI-STATCOM control, which works This method, which is developed from a SOGI algorithm
to enhance the reliability of the power grid in its entirety. based on a constant frequency, allows for the extraction of
Additionally, the goal is to make the grid currents pure the fundamental current by replacing the damping factor and
sinusoids at distorted load currents and unbalanced voltages. the resonant frequency with fractional order versions of these
It is thus possible to use the AFF-SOGI to estimate sinusoidal quantities [15], [16]. The AFF-SOGI has been significantly
reference grid currents regardless of distorted load currents improved by the incorporation of a DC offset rejection loop.
as well as unbalanced grid voltages [11], [12]. Fig. 3 depicts This loop guarantees that the fundamental current estimation
the AFF-SOGI control scheme for qZSI-STATCOM. AFF- is no longer impacted by DC offsets that are present in the
SOGI takes solely the fundamental frequency currents into load current [17]. Fig.4 depicts the AFF-SOGI schematic,
consideration. Where ZCD represents Zero Crossing which reveals the organization of its internal components.
Detector, S/H represents Sample and Hold circuit and Abs The following is an expression that may be used to define the
represents Absolute. It does this by denying permission for in-quadrature transfer function of AFF-SOGI:
the other frequency component to generate the currents in 𝑣′ 𝑚 𝜔𝑛 𝑠 2
issue, which in turn stops those currents from entering the = (1)
𝑣 𝑠 3 +(𝑘 1 +𝑚 𝜔𝑛)𝑠 2 +(𝜔𝑛 )2𝑠+𝑘1 (𝜔𝑛)2
grid and allowing only those generated by the other
frequency component. As a result, only active power from 𝑞′ 𝑚 (𝜔𝑛)2𝑠
the source is drawn from the system [13], [14]. In addition to 𝑣
= 𝑠3+(𝑘 𝜔𝑛 )𝑠 2 +(𝜔𝑛)2 𝑠+𝑘1(𝜔𝑛 )2
(2)
1 +𝑚
this, the controller makes use of unit voltage vectors that are
computed based on the grid's positive sequence voltages.

Figure 3. AFF-SOGI control scheme for qZSI-STATCOM.

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1
𝑣𝑠𝑏 = 3
(− 𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑝 + 𝑣𝑠𝑏𝑐𝑝 ) (7)
1
𝑣𝑠𝑐 = (−𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑝 - 2𝑣𝑠𝑏𝑐𝑝 ) (8)
3

Let, vsabp, vsbcp and vscap are the positive sequence line
voltages of the grid, vsa, vsb and vsc are the grid phase
voltages and the grid line voltages are denoted by vsab, vsbc,
and vsca.
The amplitudes of PCC voltages, VT, and unit templates in-
phase and quadrature-phase are computed as follows:

2 22 2
𝑉𝑇 = √3 (𝑣𝑠𝑎 + 𝑣𝑠𝑏 + 𝑣𝑠𝑐 ) (9)
.
𝑣𝑠𝑎 𝑣𝑠𝑏 𝑣𝑠𝑐
Figure 4. Internal structure of AFF-SOGI. 𝑈𝑎 = 𝑉𝑇
, 𝑈𝑏 = 𝑉𝑇
, 𝑈𝑐 = 𝑉𝑇
(10)
The in-quadrature fundamental-frequency signals are
𝑈𝑎 𝑈𝑐
denoted by v' and q'. m' and n' represent the fractional order 𝑞𝑎 = + (11)
√3 √3
damping factor and resonant frequency, respectively. The
signals at the fundamental frequency are represented by v' √3 𝑈𝑎 (𝑈𝑏−𝑈𝑐 )
𝑞𝑏 = 2
+ 2√3 (12)
and q' notation, respectively. The fractional order damping
factor may be represented by m', while the resonant √3 𝑈𝑎 (𝑈𝑏 −𝑈𝑐 )
frequency can be represented by n'. 𝑞𝑐 = − 2
+ 2√3 (13)
𝜇 Let, Ua, Ub and Uc are the in-phase unit templates and qa,
𝑚 ′ = -2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) (3)
qb and qc are the quadrature-phase unit templates. When
1 there are three phases of active currents being employed,
𝜔𝑛′ = 𝜔𝑛𝑥 (4) the following equations is used to obtain the average active
current:
Overshoot and settling time during the AFF-SOGI
transient, as well as the value of ωn = 2πf rad/s, are used to 𝐼𝑝𝑎 +𝐼𝑝𝑏 +𝐼𝑝𝑐
𝐼𝑝 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (14)
calculate m. Refer to (5), the ratio μ/ x can be defined as: 3

2
−1 √4−𝑚 A. FREQUENCY CONTROL
𝜇
= {𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑚
0 < 𝑚 < 2 (5)
𝑥 The frequency of the system is determined by utilizing a
𝜋 𝑚 ≥ 2 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) using three-phase terminal
Although the frequency fixed (FF)-SOGI is used as a voltages as input [20]. A fuzzy-tuned PI controller is used
base for the AFF-SOGI, the latter is optimized concerning to compare the estimated frequency to the reference
the parameters m and n. However, if m' and n' are adjusted frequency and to control the frequency error. The active
with x, AFF-SOGI may become adaptable enough to current that is drawn by the compensator circuitry
handle fluctuations in grid frequency. However, the constitutes the output of the frequency PI controller.
process may also be used to calculate basic load currents.
𝐼𝑑(𝑛) = 𝐼𝑑(𝑛−1) + 𝐾𝑝𝑑 {𝑓𝑒𝑟 (𝑛) − 𝑓𝑒𝑟 (𝑛−1) } +
The active current is calculated by holding a sample of the
approximated fundamental currents at each zero crossing 𝐾𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑒𝑟 (𝑛) (15)
of the quadrature unit vectors. For each sampling moment, 𝑓𝑒𝑟 (𝑛) = 𝑓 ∗ − 𝑓(𝑛) denotes
A ZCD is used to determine whether a signal has crossed the difference in frequency between the reference
zero. Grid voltage phase and frequency are carried in unit frequency of the terminal voltage (f *) and the measured
vectors enabling synchronization via these vectors. Since frequency of the terminal voltage (fer(n)). For the frequency
distortion and imbalanced voltages may deform vectors, PI controller, Kpd and Kid represent the proportional and
they should be pure sinusoids of unit amplitude [18], [19]. integral gains, respectively. The fuzzy-tuned PI controller
The unit vectors are generated using positive sequence is utilized for tuning the PI controller gain parameters. The
voltages for this purpose. The following is a list of the fuzzy-tuned PI frequency controller is shown in Fig.5.
phase voltages of the grid, according to the most recent Refer to eq.(16) and (17) state that the PI controller
estimations available: parameters (KP and KI) should be adjusted at every time
step k.
1
𝑣𝑠𝑎 = 3
(2 𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑝 + 𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑝 ) (6) 𝐾𝑝 (𝑘+1)= 𝐾𝑝 (𝑘) + 𝛥𝐾𝑝 (𝑘) (16)

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𝐾𝐼 (𝑘+1)= 𝐾𝐼 (𝑘) + 𝛥𝐾𝐼 (𝑘) (17) B. ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CURRENT

Three-phase load requirements are evenly distributed due
to average active currents. Regardless of the imbalance in
voltage or the uneven demand for load, grid currents are
always balanced as a consequence. To compute the total
active current of the reference grid current, the following
equation is used:
𝐼𝑝𝑇 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑎𝑣𝑔 − 𝐼𝑑 (20)
Calculating the required current to maintain the DC-link
voltage requires the following Equation:
Figure 5. Fuzzy-tuned PI frequency controller. 𝐼𝑑 (𝑟) = 𝐼𝑑 (𝑘 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑑 {𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒 (𝑘) − 𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒 (𝑘 −
The control mechanism is more precise with a few
1)} + 𝑘𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒 (𝑘) (21)
adjustments in KP and KI. FLC is used to determine KP and Vdce as the difference between the DC-link voltage that was
KI, and the selection of their fuzzy range should be referenced and the DC-link voltage that was observed, then
proportional to the starting values of PI parameters. There the PI controller's proportional and integral gains are
should be as few fuzzy ranges as feasible to provide a indicated by the variables kpd and kid. To estimate the
precise response. It is necessary to verify that the chosen reference grid's reactive current, refer to eq.(22) is
KP and KI are competent at each successive time step k in expressed as follows.
this nonlinear PI control approach. Alternatively, these 2 𝑄∗
parameters must be within their acceptable limits in order 𝐼𝑞 = 3 𝑉𝑇
(22)
to give stability (robustness) and effectiveness. Each of the
five linguistic variables may be separated from the rest of For grid reactive power correction, Q* is the amount of
the data. e, de, KP, and KI are related fuzzy subsets that are reactive power that needs to be generated. These are the
[NB, NS, ZE, PS, PB]; where NB (negative large), NS approximate values for the grid's active and reactive
(negative small), ZE (zero), PS (positive small), and PB reference currents.
(positive big) are semantic values, respectively. Each rule 𝐼𝑝𝑎 = 𝐼𝑝 × 𝑈𝑎 , 𝐼𝑝𝑏 = 𝐼𝑝 × 𝑈𝑏 , 𝐼𝑝𝑐 = 𝐼𝑝 × 𝑈𝑐 (23)
table has 15 rules, and the implementation results confirm
that the computing cost is within tolerable bounds. The 𝐼𝑞𝑎 = 𝐼𝑞 × 𝑞𝑎 , 𝐼𝑞𝑏 = 𝐼𝑞 × 𝑞𝑏 , 𝐼𝑞𝑐 = 𝐼𝑞 × 𝑞𝑐 (24)
following is the implication of their statement:
As a result, we may derive the grid's reference currents as
For example, if e is represented by the Ai and ec by the follows:
Bj, then ∆KP /∆KI is Cij /Dij, where the Ai, Bj, Cij and Dij are ∗ ∗ ∗
𝐼𝑠𝑎 = 𝐼𝑝𝑎 + 𝐼𝑞𝑎 , 𝐼𝑠𝑏 = 𝐼𝑝𝑏 + 𝐼𝑞𝑏 , 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑝𝑐 × 𝐼𝑞𝑐
related to the fuzzy subsets of e, ec, ∆KP and ∆KI. To
accomplish fuzzy inference, Mamdani's Min-Max (25)
approach is employed. Using the fuzzy subsets Cij, the A comparison is made between the grid reference currents
degree of membership for the parameter ∆KP may be and the measured grid currents. The hysteresis current
calculated as follows: controller generates the ON/OFF switching patterns for the
IGBT gate driving signals. Therefore, the grid current
  u 
7
uc (K p )=  i 
( e)  u j ( de)  uCij ( K p ) (18) errors are calculated.
∗ ∗
i , j 1 𝐼𝑠𝑎 𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼𝑠𝑎 − 𝐼𝑠𝑎 , 𝐼𝑠𝑏 𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼𝑠𝑏 − 𝐼𝑠𝑏 , 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑒𝑟 =
∗
The degree of membership is represented by u(x). In 𝐼𝑠𝑐 − 𝐼𝑠𝑐 (26)
computing, defuzzification is the process of turning fuzzy These grid current error signals are amplified and then
variables into discrete numbers or values. When it comes compared with a triangle carrier wave in the hysteresis
to achieving crisp values, it is necessary to use the center current controller, which results in the generation of
of gravity approach. For the parameter KP (which is the switching pulses for the qZSI-STATCOM.
same as KI), the following equation should be used to
determine it: C. FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE CONTROL

∑7
𝑘=1 𝛥𝐾𝑝 𝑢𝑐 (𝛥𝐾𝑝 )
Fig.6 shows the DC-link voltage controller of qZSI-
𝛥𝐾𝑝 (𝑒, 𝑑𝑒 )= ∑7
(19) STATCOM. The DC bus voltage error, Vdcer(n), at the nth
𝑘=1 𝑢𝑐 (𝛥𝐾𝑝 )
sampling instant is computed as follows to keep the qZSI-
KP and KI are parameters that may be obtained after STATCOM's DC bus voltage constant [21], [22]:
defuzzification.

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∗
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑒𝑟(𝑛) = 𝑉𝑑𝑐(𝑛) − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (𝑛) (27) A. CASE 1: BALANCED NON-LINEAR LOADS AT
CONSTANT WIND SPEED
When the wind speed is held constant and the non-linear
loads are balanced, PV-STATCOM is evaluated. As may
be seen in Fig.7, the present compensation experimental
findings for Case 1 compensation are shown. Whereas the
non-linear balanced load has an effect, the compensator
circuit may be utilized to maintain a constant voltage and
current.

Figure 6. DC link voltage controller.

The following is the expression for the output of the PI

controller for maintaining constant DC bus voltage of the
qZSI-STATCOM at the nth sampling instant:
∗ ∗
𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑛(𝑛) = 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑛(𝑛−1) + 𝐾𝑝𝑑 {𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒𝑟 (𝑛) −
𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒𝑟 (𝑛−1) } + 𝐾𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒𝑟 (𝑛) (28)
The proportional and integral gains of the PI DC-link
voltage controller will be denoted by the acronyms Kpd and
Kid, respectively. A comparison is made between the
output of the PI controller (Vcon(n)) and the carrier wave
(Vtri), with the result being provided to the gate of the (a)
switch.
∗ ∗
𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑛(𝑛) ⟩ 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖 , 𝑆5 = 1 ; 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑛(𝑛) ⟨ 𝑉𝑡𝑟𝑖 , 𝑆5 = 0 (29)
To operate the flywheel energy storage device, the PI DC-
link controller provides a gating pulse for the power
electronic switch S5.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
The output of the PV-aided STATCOM with AFF - SOGI
controller is tested under different load circumstances
using an experimental prototype. The viability of the
system presented was assessed in each of the scenarios.
Several case studies experimental prototype outcomes are
shown below. Table 1 contains a listing of the system (b)
parameters used for the experiment.
TABLE 1. System parameters used for the experiment.

Symbol Value Description

Vph 230V System Voltage (Phase)
f 50Hz System Frequency
L 26 mH Filter Inductance
R 1.5Ω Resistance
Ah 500Ah battery capacity
PVw 600 W Power output of PV array
VPV 72V PV Nominal voltage
VL / VPh 400 V/ 230 V SEIG Voltage
P 4 kW SEIG Power rating
N 1410 rpm SEIG speed (c)
kW 10 kW Flywheel rated power
Figure 7. Case 1 compensation experimental results: (a)
Nf 1500 rpm Flywheel speed Balanced load current (ILabc) (b) Load, source, and injected
Df 500 mm Diameter of Flywheel current (c) Current at the source side (ISabc)

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The experimental results of DC link voltage, PV array

voltage, and Source voltage and Current are shown in Fig.
8.

(b)

Figure 9. Controlling the DC-link voltage's dynamic aspects:

(a) The voltage of the DC-link in the event that the load current
Figure 8. Voltage at DC link (Vdc), Voltage of PV array (VPV) decreases (b) Voltage of the DC link with a rise in load current.
and Source voltage and Current.

By varying the load current, it is possible to evaluate the

dynamic properties of DC-link voltage control. When the
load current is increased, the DC-link voltage is shown in
Fig.9 (a), and when the load current is decreased, the DC-
link voltage is displayed in Fig.9(b). Voltage drops in the
DC link as a function of load current increase and when the
load current decreases, the DC link voltage rises.
Fig. 10 displays the harmonic spectrum that corresponds to
the uncompensated source current. According to Fig. 11,
the incorporation of the qZSI-STATCOM results in a
reduction of THD for compensated source current from
25.6%, 25.4%, and 25.5% to 1.3%, 1.4% and 1.3%
respectively.

(a)

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Figure 10. The harmonic spectrum corresponds to the Figure 11. Harmonic spectrum with the incorporation of the
uncompensated source current. qZSI-STATCOM.

B. CASE 2: BALANCED LOAD CURRENT WITH

VARYING WIND SPEED
It demonstrates that as soon as the qZSI-STATCOM is
started, the grid current not only becomes sinusoidal but
also continues to stay in phase with the phase voltage,
which typically results in an operation with a power factor
of unity. Fig.12 displays uncompensated Load current and
Compensated source current with the incorporation of
compensator circuitry.

(a)

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The THD of the source current is depicted in Fig. 14 and

15, respectively, both before and after compensation. After
compensation, it has been noticed that the THD of the
source current drops from 25.2%, 25.4%, and 25.5% to
1.3%, 1.4%, and 1.3% respectively. As a result,
STATCOM which is based on AFF-SOGI is able to
successfully compensate the harmonics of the load current
even when the wind speed is varying.

(b)

Figure 12. Experimental results of (a) Uncompensated current

(b) Compensated source current.

The voltage in the PV array and DC-link voltage of qZSI-

based PV-STATCOM are shown in Fig.13.

(a)

(b) Figure 14. Experimental results of uncompensated load

current harmonic spectrum.
Figure 13. (a) PV array voltage (b) DC link voltage.

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uncompensated Load current, are shown in Fig.16. The

source current and voltage both include the compensator
circuitry as part of their respective measurements.

(a)

(b)

Figure 15. Experimental results of compensated load current

harmonic spectrum.
(c)
C. CASE 3: UNBALANCED LOAD CURRENTS WITH
VARYING WIND SPEED Figure 16. Experimental results of (a) uncompensated Load
current (b) compensated source current, together with the
The qZSI-STATCOM that is based on AFF-SOGI can integration of the compensator circuitry (c) source voltage
provide a sinusoidal source current that is not only clear of and current.
dc offset but also has a THD that is much lower than 2%.
The source voltage and current, as well as the

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The THD of the source current is depicted in Fig.17 and

18, respectively, both before and after compensation. After
compensation, it has been noticed that the THD of the
source current drops from 25.5%, 25.7%, and 25.4% to
1.4%, 1.3%, and 1.4% respectively. As a result,
STATCOM which is based on AFF-SOGI can successfully
compensate for the harmonics of the load current even
when the load current is unbalanced.

Figure 18. Experimental results of compensated load current

harmonic spectrum.

When step loads are applied, the results are shown in

Fig.19. When a nonlinear load is turned off, the actual
power that was previously provided is transferred to the
Figure 17. Experimental results of uncompensated load DC link until a new supply current reference is appropriate
current harmonic spectrum. for the new load current is determined.

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Figure 20.THD comparison of AFF-SOGI with a different

controller.

The findings that were given in this study are compared to

Figure 19.DC link voltage during step load changes.
those that were reported in some other comparable
As a result, the DC link voltage exceeds the reference research, which can be seen in Table 3. It is abundantly
value. When the nonlinear load is switched, the DC link clear that the provided grid-integrated hybrid PV-SEIG
voltage reduces by around 50V. The DC link voltage is wind energy system with qZSI-STATCOM assistance
stabilized after a few power cycles in both either rivals many other hybrid RES system schemes or
circumstances.THD analysis of various case studies for the achieves equivalent levels of performance to those that
proposed controller is shown in Table 2. It is determined have been described in the published research.
that the THD is only 1.3 percent, much below the TABLE 3. THD results for different topologies and controllers.
suggested maximum limit of 5 percent as stated in IEEE-
Ahmed et Kumar et al.
519 [23]. This implies that even when the grid voltage and Parameters
Proposed Popavath et
al. 2020
Work al. 2018[24]
load current are distorted, the controller can maintain a 2019[25] [26]
distortion-free sinusoidal grid current. The distortion-free Type of Grid Grid Grid Grid
System Integrated Integrated Integrated Integrated
reference grid currents provided by these smooth unit Wind+PV+ PV+Batter Wind+Batter
RES Wind+PV
templates have a permitted THD content. Battery y y
qZSI- VSC-
TABLE 2. THD of load and source current of the proposed Compensato VSC- VSC-
STATCO STATCO
system. r device STATCOM STATCOM
M M

THD of Source current Instantaneou

Case THD of Load current (%) SRF
(%) Controller AFF-SOGI s reactive SRF Theory
study Theory
ILa ILb ILc ISa ISa ISa power theory
1 25.6 25.4 25.5 1.3 1.4 1.3
THD(%) of
2 25.2 25.4 25.5 1.3 1.4 1.3
source 1.3 5.0 2.26 2.72
3 25.5 25.7 25.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 current

The THD results of the AFF-SOGI are compared in Fig.20

with a variety of other controllers that are considered to be V. CONCLUSION
state-of-the-art and are presently accessible in the The important contribution that FACTS has made to the
literature. Three other controllers were chosen for improvement of power system quality has been
comparison with the proposed AFF-SOGI: the Double acknowledged by the major participants in the power
Second-Order Generalized Integrator- Gradient Estimator industry. In addition, the incorporation of the integration
(DSOGI-GE), DC-Immune-PLL (DCIPLL), and Modified of qZSI-STATCOM devices with renewable energy plants
SOGI (MSOGI) suggested by Patil et al. 2017[14]. is possible due to the capabilities of STATCOM devices.
These capabilities include enhancing transient stability,
voltage trips, and power flow control, all of which are
required in the operations of solar and wind power plants.
These systems are profoundly affected by the climatic
conditions in the surrounding area. The unpredictable
behaviour of the system affects the range of production and
output values. As a result, a new smart grid application has

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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3299035

Author Name: Preparation of Papers for IEEE Access (February 2017)

been developed for use in the management of power and Exposition (APEC), Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2011, pp. 401-406, doi:
systems to regulate the flow of power, boost capacities, 10.1109/APEC.2011.5744628.
decrease harmonics in the distribution system, and [8] N. C. Shirazi, A. Jannesari and P. Torkzadeh, “Self-start-up fully
compensate for voltage interruptions that are induced by integrated DC-DC step-up converter using body biasing technique for
power sources. When the fuzzy-tuned PI controller is used energy harvesting applications,” AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 95,
to make adjustments, the performance of the qZSI- pp. 24-35, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2018.07.033.
STATCOM is able to be enhanced due to the technique [9] S. Parthiban and V. Madhaiyan, “Experimental validation of solar PV
that is presented. The voltage fluctuation that was brought sustained ZSI based unified active power filter for enrichment of power
on by the change in reactive power has been eliminated, quality,” Automatika, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 137-153, 2021.
harmonics have been mitigated, and the ideal dynamic doi:10.1080/00051144.2021.1908013.
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Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Improvement in Stand-Alone SEIG-Based Distributed Generation
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number: IF2-PSAU/2022/ 01/22797. on Industry Applications, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 5256-5266, Sept.-Oct. 2018,
doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2812867.
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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3299035

Author Name: Preparation of Papers for IEEE Access (February 2017)

[21] K. Muthuvel and M. Vijayakumar, “Solar PV Sustained quasi Z-

RAMASAMY M received the M.E. (with First
source network-based unified power quality conditioner for enhancement
Class Honors) degree in Power Electronics and
of power quality,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2657, 2020. Drives and obtained Ph.D. degree in Electrical
doi:10.3390/en13102657. Engineering from Anna University, Chennai, in
2007 and 2013, respectively. He is currently
[22] M. Hanif, M. Basu and K. Gaughan, “Understanding the operation
working as an Associate Professor in the
of a Z-source inverter for photovoltaic application with a design Department of Electrical and Electronics
example,” IET Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 278-287, 2011. Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering,
doi:10.1049/iet-pel.2009.0176. Tiruchengode. He has published 36 research
articles in various reputed international
[23] IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic journals and presented 24 papers in national
Control in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Std 519-2014 (Revision of and international conferences. His area of interest is power electronics
IEEE Std 519-1992), 2014; 1-29. converters, electrical drives, custom power devices, power quality, and
electrical machines. He is an active member of IEEE and ISTE. M.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2014.6826459. Ramasamy can be contacted at [email protected].
[24] F. S. Ahmed, A.N. Hussain and A.J. Ali, “Power quality
improvement by using multiple sources of PV and battery for OBAID ALDOSARI (Member, IEEE)
received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in
DSTATCOM based on coordinated design,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci.
electrical engineering from Western Michigan
Eng., vol. 745, no. 1, pp. 012025, 2020. doi:10.1088/1757- University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA, in 2013 and
899X/745/1/012025. 2014, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from the University of
[25] L. N. Popavath and P. Kaliannan, “Photovoltaic-STATCOM with
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, in 2020. He
low voltage ride through strategy and power quality enhancement in a is currently an Assistance Professor with the
grid integrated wind-PV system,” Electronics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 51, 2018. Electrical Department, College of Engineering
doi:10.3390/electronics7040051. at Wadi Ad-Dawasir, Prince Sattam Bin
Abdulaziz University, Wadi Ad-Dawasir,
[26] L. A. Kumar and V. Indragandhi, “Power quality improvement of Saudi Arabia. His current research interests include power electronics,
grid-connected wind energy system using facts devices,” Int. J. Ambient renewable energy systems, artificial neural networks (ANN) and its
Energy, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 631-640, 2020. applications in power electronics, high-frequency transformer design, and
Electrical vehicles. He is a member of the Honor Societies Eta Kappa Nu
doi:10.1080/01430750.2018.1484801.
and Tau Beta Pi.

KANAGARAJ N received a B.E. degree from

Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, India, and
the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees from the
National Institute of Technology (NIT),
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. He is
currently a Professor with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering
at Wadi Al-Dawaser, Prince Sattam Bin
Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. His
research interests include fuzzy logic control,
system identification, fractional order control, maximum power point
tracking, and renewable energy systems.

VIJAYAKUMAR M received his bachelor’s

degree in electrical and Electronics Engineering
from Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India, in
1998 and Master’s Degree in Power Systems
Engineering from Anna University of
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India in
2009, and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from
Anna University, Chennai in 2015. Currently,
he is working as a Professor in the Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India. His
research interests are power quality, Computer networks, Flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS), harmonic optimization techniques, and
grid-connected renewable energy systems. He has guided many
undergraduate, postgraduate students and research scholars and he is an
IEEE member and a Life member of the Indian Society for Technical
Education (ISTE).

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