Experiment No.

: 1

SCR CHARACTERISTICS
AIM : To obtain Gate characteristics and V-I characteristics of a given SCR. APPARATUS : (i) SCR (ii) Bread board (iii) Digital Multi Meter () (iv) RPS (0-30V) (v) Decade Resistance Box (vi) Patch cards PROCEDURE: (1) For V I characteristics : (a) Forward V I characteristics : (i) (ii) (iii) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Set the gate circuit voltage source and anode circuit voltage source as per the given value. For a particular setting of the gate current, note down the readings of anode voltage and anode current by varying the voltage source in the anode circuit. (iv) Repeat the step (iii) for any other two settings of gate current. -01 No. -01 No. -04 No. -02 No. -02 No. - 1 Set.

(b) Reverse V I characteristics : (v) (vi) (vii) Now reverse the polarities of the anode voltage source. Open the switch in the gate circuit. Note down the readings of anode voltage and current by increasing

the value of voltage source in the anode circuit.

(2) For Gate characteristics : (viii) Now open the switch in the anode circuit. (ix) (x) Set the gate circuit voltage source and anode circuit voltage source Note down the readings of gate voltage and gate current by as per the given value. reducing the value of gate side rheostat.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VAK

SCR

(0 100) mA M.C.

Rg = 1.5 K

Vg

OBSERVATIONS : (1) For V I characteristics : (a) Forward V I characteristics :

S. No. VAK

Ig1 = IAK VAK

Ig2 = IAK VAK

Ig3 = IAK

S. No.

VAK

IAK

(b) Reverse V I characteristics :

S.
(2) Gate

No.

Rg

Vg

Ig

characteristics :

Calculations:

RESULT :

The Static V I and gate characteristics of SCR are verified. Experiment No. : 2

UJT FIRING CIRCUIT

AIM : To verify the operation of UJT relaxation oscillator. APPARATUAS : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) UJT Relaxation oscillator circuit board CRO with (1:10) probe 40 W Incandescent lamp Patch cards - 1 No. - 1 No. - 1 No. - 1 No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY : Since the UJT exhibits a negative resistance characteristic, it can be used as relaxation oscillator. The external characteristics RB1 and RB2 are resistances which are small in comparison with internal resistances R1 and R2 of the UJT base. The emitter potential V is varied depending on the charging rate of capacitance C. The charging resistance Rc should be such that the load line intersects the device only in the negative resistance region. is called as the intrinsic stand off ratio. It is defined as = ( RB1 ) / (RB1 + RB2) UJT is a highly efficient switch. Its switching time is in a range of nano seconds. Since UJT exhibits a negative resistance characteristics it can be used as an 4

relaxation oscillator. The rise time output pulse will depend on the switching speed of the UJT. And duration will be proportional to the time constant RB1C of the discharge circuit. The output pulses of UJT are identical in magnitude and time period T = RC ( ln ( 1 / ( 1- ))) The value of is specified for each device. For UJT, = 0.63 PROCEDURE : (i) (ii) (iii) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Connect a capacitor C1 in series with variable resistance. Place the knob of variable resistance at either of the extreme

positions and place one capacitor in series and take the readinge of firing angle ant time period, i.e., total time is equal to the sum of turn off and turn on times. (iv) the readings. (v) (vi) Then replace the capacitor with another one and calculate Calculate the RLmax and RLmin from the above readings. the RC from noted readings. Vary the resistance to the other extreme position and note

MODEL CALCULATIONS: T = RC ( ln ( 1 / ( 1- ))) = ( RB1 ) / (RB1 + RB2)=0.63 for UJT OBSERATIONS: S. No.

C
( F)

RVL R (k ) T (SEC) TC (SEC) T (SEC)

RVR TC (SEC) R (k )

MODEL GRAPH:

Calculations:

RESULT: The operation of UJT relaxation oscillator verified.

Experiment No. : 3 1 - AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH R & RL LOADS AIM : To verify the operation of 1 - AC voltage controller With Resistive and RL loads and to observe the output and input wave forms. APPARATUS : (1) 1 - AC voltage controller power circuit with Firing unit - 1 No. (2) 1 - AC Variac (0v 270v) 1No. (3) Voltmeter (MI type ):(0v 150v) - 2 No. (4) Rheostat (100 / 5 A) 1 No. (5) CRO with (1 : 10) Probe 1 No. (6) Patch Cards 1 set. (7) Inductive load (T/F) 1 No. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1 - AC voltage controller R Load

1 - AC voltage controller RL Load PROCEDURE : (1) For R load : (i) (ii) supply. (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Keep the rheostat position and the variac position as the value given by the Switch ON the CRO and calibrate it with the input voltage. Switch ON the Power circuit and Firing circuit. Observe the Output voltage wave form in the CRO Note down the readings of from the CRO and Vo from the voltmeter. 8 lab instructor. Make connections as per the circuit diagram. Verify the connections from the lab instructor before switching ON the

(viii)

Also calculate the theoretical value of output voltage from the formula and

compare it with the practical value of the output voltage, which is observed from the voltmeter. (ix) angles. (2) For RL load : (i) (ii) Switch off the supply and connect an inductance of given value in series Repeat steps (ii) to (ix) and also note down the readings of . with the load resistance. Repeat the above process from step (vi) to step (vii) for various firing

OBSERVATIONS : (i) For R load : The input voltage, Vph = CRO calibration: V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) Value of the load resistance, RL =

S. No

Firing angel Firing angel Firing angel () In m sec () In degrees () In radians

Vo (Practical)

Vo (Theoritical)

(ii) For RL load : 9

The input voltage, Vph =

(As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) m sec = radians (degrees) = (in m sec) = (radians) (degrees) =

Value of the load resistance, RL = CRO calibration: 180 degrees = Theoretical Extinction angle, = Practical Extinction angle, (radians)

(in m sec) = =

S. No

Firing angel Firing angel Firing angel () In m sec () In degrees () In radians

Vo (Practical)

Vo (Theoritical)

MODEL GRAPH:

10

R-Load
Calculations:

RL-Load

RESULT : The operation of 1 - ac voltage controller with R& RL loads is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output voltages with R and RL loads are found. Experiment No. : 4

1 - HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOADS

AIM : To obtain the A.C phase control by using two SCR,s and two Diodes with R&RL loads at different firing angles APPARATUS : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) No. (vi) Rheostat (100 / 5 A) - 1 No. 11 1 half controlled converter power circuit unit Firing unit Voltmeter M.I. 0 60v Voltmeter M.C. 0 50v 1 - Variac - 1 No. - 1 No. - 1 No. - 1 No. -1

(vii) (viii) (ix)

CRO with (1:10) probe Inductive load (T/F) Patch cards

- 1 No. - 1 No. - 1 Set

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1 - half wave controlled bridge converter with R-Load

1 - half wave controlled bridge converter with RL-Load THEORY : 1 - half wave controlled bridge converter with R & RL loads are shown in the diagrams. Construction ally, two SCRs and two diodes are used for bridge. 12

(i)

For R load : During the positive half cycle of AC supply SCR T1 and diode D1 are forward biased. The SCR T1 is triggered at a firing angle t = , the output current flows through the path AT1RD1B. The load current will flow until T1 is commutated by reversal of supply voltage at t = . During the negative half cycle of AC supply SCR T2 and diode D2 are forward biased. When the SCR T2 is triggered at angle t = ( + ), the output current would flow through the path B T2 R D2 A. This current continues up to t = 2 ,at this angle the SCR T2 is commutated due to reversal of the supply voltage. The theoretical average value of DC output voltage can be calculated by, VO TH = (Vm/ ) (1 + Cos ) Where VO TH is the theoretical average value of DC output voltage Vm is maximum value of AC input voltage and is the firing angle. (ii) For RL load : A fully controlled bridge converter using four SCRs is shown in the circuit diagram. To conduct the SCRs simultaneously firing of SCRs T1, T2 in first half cycle and T3 , T4 in next half cycle is necessary. To ensure this both T1, T2 are fired from the same firing angle. As shown in the diagram when t = , SCRs T1 , T2 are triggered Simultaneously. The current flows through A - T1 R L T2 B. Supply voltage from this instant appears across output terminals and forces the current through load. At t = , the output voltage tends to reverse its direction where as the output current tries to flow on the same direction because of inductive load. The output current becomes zero at an angle t = . At an angle t = ( + ), SCRs T3, T4 are triggered, with this negative line voltage reverse biases SCRs T1 and T2 hence the SCRs T1 and T2 are commutated. Now the current flows through the path B T3 R L T4 A . This continues in every half cycle and we get output voltage as shown in waveforms. The wave forms voltages and currents are shown in figure.

13

The theoretical average value of DC output voltage can be calculated by, VOTH = (Vm / ) (Cos - Cos ) Theoretically the value of Extinction angle can be calculated by, = ( + ) ; Where = tan-1 ( L / R) PROCEDURE : (i) For R load : (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) the supply. Keep the rheostat position and the variac position as the value Switch ON the CRO and calibrate it with the input voltage. Switch ON the Power circuit and Firing circuit. Observe the Output voltage wave form in the CRO Note down the readings of from the CRO and Vo from the given by the lab instructor. Make connections as per the circuit diagram. Verify the connections from the lab instructor before switching ON

voltmeter. (xvii) Also calculate the theoretical value of output voltage from the formula and compare it with the practical value of the output voltage, which is observed from the voltmeter. (xviii) Repeat the above process from step (vi) to step (vii) for various firing angles. (ii) For RL load : (xix) (xi) Switch off the supply and connect an inductance of given value in series with the load resistance. Repeat steps (ii) to (ix) and also note down the readings of .

OBSERVATIONS : (i) For R load : The input voltage, Vph = V (As given by the instructor)

14

Value of the load resistance, RL = instructor) CRO calibration: 180 degrees = S. No Firing angel () In m sec Firing angel () In degrees Firing angel () In radians

(As given by the radians Vo (Theoretical)

m sec = Vo (Practical)

(ii) For RL load : The input voltage, Vph = V (As given by the instructor) Value of the load resistance, RL = (As given by the instructor) CRO calibration: 180 degrees = m sec = radians Theoretical Extinction angle, = (in m sec) = (degrees) = (radians) Practical Extinction angle, = (in m sec) = (degrees) = (radians)

S. No

Firing angel () In m sec

Firing angel () In degrees

Firing angel () In radians

Vo (Practical)

Vo (Theoretical )

MODEL GRAPHS:

15

R-Load Calculations:

RL-Load

RESULT : The operation of 1 - half controlled converter is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output voltage are found, both for R and RL loads. Experiment No. : 5

FORCED COMMUTATION CIRCUITS

AIM : To verify the different types of forced commutation circuits by connecting a bulb and resistive load. APPARATUS : 1. Forced commutation circuit kit. 2. RPS 3. Firing pulse generator 4. bulb 5. Decade resistance box CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

16

Class B Class A ( Series resonant commutation circuit) ( Parallel resonant commutation circuit)

Class C ( Complementary commutation circuit)

Class D ( Auxiliary commutation circuit)

Class E (External pulse commutation circuit) THEORY : Commutation is the process of turning off the SCR and it normally causes the transfer of current flow to other parts of circuit. Commutation can be divided into a. b. a. Natural commutation and Forced commutation

NATURAL COMMUTATION: If the source voltage AC the SCR current goes through a natural zero and a reverse voltage appears across the SCR. The device is then automatically turned off due to the natural behavior of source voltage. This is known as natural commutation or line commutation.

b.

FORCED COMMUTATION:

17

In some SCR circuits the input voltage is DC and the forward current of the SCR is DC and the forward current of the SCR is forced to zero by external or additional circuitry called as commutation circuitry to turn off SCR. This technique is called forced commutation and normally applied in DC to DC converters and AC to AC converters. Forced commutation circuits can be classified as 1. Class A ( Series resonant commutation circuit) 2. Class B ( Parallel resonant commutation circuit) 3. Class C ( Complementary commutation circuit) 4. Class D ( Auxiliary commutation circuit) 5. Class E (External pulse commutation circuit)

PROCEDURE :
CLASS-A: 1. Make the interconnections in the power circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. connect trigger output T1 to gate and cathode of SCR T1. 3. Switch on the DC supply to the power circuit and observe the voltage waveform across load by varying the frequency potentiometer. 4. Repeat the same for different values of L,C, and R. CLASS-B: Repeat the same procedure as in the class-A commutation. CLASS-C: 1. make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. connect T1 and T2 from firing circuit to Gate and cathode of Thyristor T1 and T2. 3. observe the waveforms across R1, R2, C by varying frequency and also duty cycle potentiometer. 4. Repeat the same for different values of C and R.

18

CLASS-D: 1. make the connections as given in the circuit diagram. 2. connect T1 and T2 gate pulse from the firing circuit to the corresponding SCRs in the power circuit. 3. Initially keep the trigger ON/OFF at OFF position to initially charge the capacitor, this can be observed by connecting CRO across the capacitor. 4. now switch ON the trigger O/P switch and observe the voltage waveforms across the load, T1, T2 and capacitor. Note down the voltage waveforms at different frequency of chopping and also at different duty cycle. 5. repeat the experiment for different values of load resistance, commutation inductance and capacitance. Calculations:

RESULTS: Experiment No. : 6

1 Ph. CYCLO CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOADS

AIM : To verify the operation of a 1 - cyclo converter (midpoint type) and to check the out put frequency with R &R L loads APPARATUS: (i) 1 - cyclo converter power circuit unit (ii) 1 - cyclo converter Firing unit (iii) 1 - center tapped transformer (iv) CRO with (1:10) probe

- 01 No. - 01 No. - 01 No. - 01 No.

19

(v) (vi)

Inductive load (T/F) patch cards

- 01 No. - 01 No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1 - cyclo converter with R Load

1 - cyclo converter with RL Load

THEORY: The circuit diagram of 1 - cyclo converter with R & RL loads are shown in the fig. Constructionally there are four SCRs T 1,T2,T3 &T4. Out of them T1,T2 are responsible for generating positive halves forming the positive group. The other two T3,T4 are responsible for negative halves forming negative group. This configuration and waveforms are shown for of the supply frequency. Natural commutation process is used to turn off the SCRs. (i) For R LOAD:

20

During the first positive half cycle when point A is positive with respect to O , SCR T1 is in conducting mode and is triggered at t = . Then current flows through positive point A-T1-load- negative point O. In the negative half cycle when B, point is positive with respect to the point O, SCR T1 is automatically turned off due to natural commutation and SCR T2 is triggered at t= ( + ). In this condition the current flows through B T2 Load O. The flow of the current direction is same as in the first case. After two positive half cycles of load voltage and load current SCR T4(after T2,T4 should be fired) is gated at t=(2 + ) when O is positive with respective B. In this condition the load current flows through O-load-T4 -B.Thus the direction of load current is reversed. In the next half cycle when O is positive with respect A when t=3 , T4 turns off due natural commutation and at t=(3 + ) T3 IS Triggered. In this condition the load current flows through O-load T3-A.The direction of load current is same as previous case. In this manner two negative half cycles of load voltage and load current, equal to the no. of two positive half cycles are generated. Now T1 is again triggered to fabricate further two positive half cycles of load voltage and so on. Like this the in put frequency 50Hz is reduced to at the out put across the load. The in put and the out put wave forms are shown in the figure. The frequency of out put voltage can be calculated by:Frequency (fo) = ( Time period ) -1

For R& RL load: When A is positive with respective O forward biased SCR T1 is triggered at t= and the current start to flow through A-T1-R-L-O.Load voltage becomes zero at t= but load current will not becomes zero at this angle due inductance. It becomes zero at which is called distinction angle. So RI is naturally commuted at t= .After half cycle point B positive with respect to point O. Now at an angle t= + T2 is triggered and the load current takes path from B-T2-R-L-O,and its direction is positive as in the previous case. The load current decays zero at t=( + ) and SCR T2 Is naturally commutated. 21

In the half cycle when O is positive with respect to B point, T4 is triggered instead of T1,at an angle t=(2 + ).Now the load current flows through O-L-R-T4-B but the direction of load current reversed. When the load current becomes zero at an angle t=(2 + ) T4 naturally commutated because the voltage is already reversed at t=3 . When t=(3 + ) and point O, is positive with respect point A,T3 is triggered then the current flows through O-L-R-T3-A,and the direction of load current is same in previous case. In the next half cycle again T 1 will triggered like this we get one cycle of out pot frequency for two cycles of input frequency, when the frequency division switch is at 2. The wave forms of load voltage and load current are shown in fig . The frequency of load voltage can be calculated by. fo = (Time period) -1 . PROCEDURE: For R & RL loads : (i) circuit. (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Switch on the supply and note down the frequency of the input voltage Set the frequency division switch at 2 and note the readings of time period Calculate the practical value of output frequency by reciprocating the Set the rheostat value as given by the instructor, before connecting in the

from the CRO of output voltage waveform for different set of firing angles. value of time period, and theoretical value of frequency will be found from frequency division setting. (vi) Repeat the steps (iv) and (v) for frequency division of 3 and 4.

OBSERVATIONS :

(i) For R load : Input voltage = V Input frequency = Hz Value of resistive load =

22

S.No.

Frequency division

Firing angle

Time Period In m sec

Frequency (Practical)

Frequency (Theoretical)

(ii)For RL load :Input voltage = V Input frequency = Hz Value of resistive load = Value of load inductance = H Time Period In m sec

S.No.

Frequency division

Firing angle

Frequency (Practical)

Frequency (Theoretical)

MODEL GRAPHS:

23

R-Load
Calculations:

RL-Load

RESULT : The operation of 1 - R and RL loads.

cyclo converter is verified and the theoretical and

practical values of output frequencies at different frequency divisions are found, both for EXPERIMENT No. : 7

24

1- FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R & RL LOAD

AIM : To obtain AC phase control using SCRs with R & RL loads at different firing angles. APPARATUS : (1). 1 - fully controlled bridge converter power circuit (2). Firing circuit (3). Voltmeter (0 v- 60 v, MI) (4). Voltmeter (0 v- 50 v, MC) (5). 1 - Variac (6). Rheostat (100 / 5A) (7). Inductive load (T/F) (8). CRO with (1:10) probe (9). Patch cards CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

- 1 No. 1 No. - 1 No. - 1 No. - 1 No. 1 No. - 1 No. 1 No. 1 set

1 - fully controlled bridge converter power circuit with R-Load

1 - fully controlled bridge converter power circuit with RL-Load THEORY: 25

(i).

For R load: A fully controlled bridge converter using four SCRs is shown in the

circuit diagram. In the bridge circuit diagonally opposite pair of SCRs are made to conduct, and are commutated simultaneously. During the first positive half cycle SCRs T1 and T2 are forward biased and they are triggered simultaneously at t = . Then current flows through the path A T 1 R T2 B. During the negative half cycle of the input SCRs T3 and T4 are forward biased and they are triggered at t = ( + ) simultaneously. Then the current flows through B T3 R T4 A. Thyristors T1 , T2 and T3 , T4 are triggered at the same firing angle in each positive and negative half cycles of the input voltage respectively. When the output voltage falls to zero, the output current also falls to zero because of resistive load. Hence SCRs T1 , T2 in positive half cycle and T3 , T4 in negative half cycle turns off by natural commutation. The related voltages and current wave forms are shown in the diagram. The theoretical value of the average DC output voltage can be calculated by Vo TH = (Vm / ) (1 + cos ) Where VoTH is the theoretical value of the output voltage, Vm is the maximum value of the AC input voltage and is the firing angle. (ii) For RL load:

A fully controlled bridge converter using four SCRs is shown in the circuit diagram. To conduct the SCRs simultaneously firing of SCRs T1, T2 in first half cycle and T3 , T4 in next half cycle is necessary. To ensure this both T 1, T2 are fired from the same firing angle. As shown in the diagram when t = , SCRs T1 , T2 are triggered Simultaneously. The current flows through A - T1 R L T2 B. Supply voltage from this instant appears across output terminals and forces the current through load. At t = , the output voltage tends to reverse its direction where

26

as the output current tries to flow on the same direction because of inductive load. The output current becomes zero at an angle t = . At an angle t = ( + ) SCRs T3, T4 are triggered, with this negative line voltage reverse biases SCRs T1 and T2 hence the SCRs T1 and T2 are commutated. Now the current flows through the path B T 3 R L T4 A .This continues in every half cycle and we get output voltage as shown in waveforms. The theoretical value of the average DC output voltage can be calculated by Vo TH = (2 Vm / ) (cos - cos ) PROCEDURE: (i). For R load: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (2) (a) (b) (c) (d) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Calibrate the CRO with the input voltage. Set the rheostat as per the given value before connecting in the circuit. Switch on the power supply and firing circuit. Set the input voltage as per the given value with the help of variac. Note down the firing angle from the CRO and the reading of DC voltmeter by varying the firing angle knob. Calculate the value of theoretical value of average DC output voltage by using Tabulate the readings and draw the graphs between Theoretical and Practical average D.C out put voltages against firing angles. For RL load: Make the connections as per the circuit diagram Calibrate the CRO with the input voltage Set the rheostat as per given value before connecting in circuit Switch on the power supply and firing circuit. Set the input voltage as per the given value with the help of variac

27

(f) (f) (g)

Note down the firing angle ,Excitation angle from the C.R.O and the reading of D.C volt meter by varying the firing angle. Calculate the average value of D.C out put voltage by formula. Tabulate the readings and draw the graphs between Theoretical and Practical average D.C out put voltages against firing angles

OBSERVATIONS : (i) For R load : The input voltage, Vph = Value of the load resistance, RL = CRO calibration: 180 degrees =

V (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) m sec = radians

S. No

Firing angel Firing angel Firing angel Vo () () () (Practical) In m sec In degrees In radians

Vo (Theoritical)

(iii)

For RL load : (As given by the instructor) (As given by the instructor) H (As given by the instructor) m sec = radians (in m sec) = (degrees) = (radians) (in m sec) = (degrees) = (radians)

The input voltage, Vph = V Value of the load resistance, RL = Value of the load inductance, L = CRO calibration: 180 degrees = Theoretical Extinction angle, = Practical Extinction angle, =

28

Firing S. angel () No In m sec

Firing angel () In degrees

Firing angel () In radians

Vo (Practical)

Vo (Theoritical)

MODEL GRAPHS:

R-Load

RL-Load

RESULT : The operation of 1 - fully controlled converter is verified and the theoretical and practical values of output voltage are found, both for R and RL loads at different firing angles.

29

Experiment No. : 8

SERIES INVERTER
AIM:To Study the function of Single phase SERIES INVERTER 1. 2. 3. 4. Single phase Series inverter kit Bulb - 230v, 25w Voltmeter - 0 - 300V,MI C.R.O with 1:10 probe - 01 - 01 - 01 - 01

APPARATUS :-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY :- The series inverter uses class-A type of commutation. Commutating components L and C applied in series with the load to form an under damped circuit since SCRs turn off by themselves when the current becomes zero. This inverter is classified as self-commutated inverter. The necessary condition this inverter is that the series circuit consisting of commutating components C and L and load R must be under damped. Therefore R2 must be less than 4L/C.
30

At point A load current i is zero and TH1 will be turned off and also the capacitor C will be charged to a voltage Vc in the reverse direction. Duration AB should be more than the turn off time it requires. Capacitor C will now discharge through TH2 and the under damped circuit. Load current i will be in the opposite direction and again become zero and at point C. TH2 will then turn off. The output frequency will then be given by
f = 1 / (T/2+Toff)

In basic series inverter, the TH2 can be triggered only after TH1 is turned off, otherwise there will be short circuit on the DC supply. And commutation of SCR will not take place. This limitation can be relaxed by modified series inverter shown in figure. In the modified series inverter, two inductors L1 and L2 have the same inductances and are closely coupled. Therefore when TH1 is fired, and current i1 begins to rise during the first quarter of the cycle, the potential across L1 will be positive with respect to polarity as shown in figure though induced voltage in L2 will now add to the capacitor voltage in reverse biasing TH2. Important feature of this circuit is that TH2 can be triggered even before TH1 has been turned off.

PROCEDURE : 1. Disconnect the link patch card from the terminals marked LINK 2. Keep the frequency knob at minimum position. 3. Place load lamp at its place. 4. Connect the terminals marked LINK with a patch card . 5. Immediately after connecting a link the observe the load lamp to glow, 6. Observe the waveforms on C.R.O.

31

MODEL GRAPHS:

Calculations:

32

RESULT :- The function of single phase Series Inverter is studied. Experiment No: 9
RC FIRING CIRCUIT Aim: To study the behavior of RC firing circuit and to measure firing angle. Apparatus: 1. RC firing circuit board 2. CRO 3. Power supply unit 4. bulb Circuit Diagram:

Theory:

Triggering of SCRs by means of SCR gate control is one of the

methods of triggering . simple R, RC and UJT is used for the gate control voltage triggering. The gate current magnitude can be changed by varying resistance R. Firing angle can be controlled from 00 to 1800. In negative half cycle capacitor C changes through D2 with lower plate positive to the peak supply voltage Vm. this capacitor voltage remains constant at Vm until supply voltage passes through zero and becomes positive, C begins to charge through variable Rv from the initial voltage Vm to 0 to Vgl. When capacitor charges to positive voltage equal to gate trigger voltage Vgt, SCR is fired and after this, capacitor holds to small positive voltage. Diode D1 is used to prevent

33

the breakdown of cathode to gate junction through D2 during the positive half cycle. The gate current magnitude can be changed by varying resistance R. the SCR triggers when there is sufficient gate current. The maximum firing angle can be 900 since the gate current is in phase with applied voltage. The charging rate is controlled by resistance, R. Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Vary the variable resistance to some position (min or max), then switch on the supply. 3. Connect oscilloscope across capacitor with probe ratio 1:1 (as capacitor voltage is small), measure charging and discharging time. 4. Change probe ratio to 1:10 and measure load voltage Vo across the bulb. 5. Vary variable resistance for different intervals and measure the corresponding charging and discharging time across the capacitor and load voltage Vo. Tabular form: S.No. Firing angle ( ) (in milli seconds) Firing angle ( ) (In degrees) Charging Discharging (in msec.) + time

34

Model Graphs:

Calculations:

Results:

35

Experiment No. : 10 PARALLEL INVERTER

AIM :- To study the function of single phase Parallel Inverter. APPARATUS : 1. Single phase Parallel Inverter kit 2. Bulbs 230V/40W 3 Volt meter, 0-300V,MI 4. C.R.O with 1: 10 Probe - 01 - 02 - 01 - 01

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

36

PROCEDURE :1.Remove the link across the terminals marked LINK 2.Place the load lamps at place 3. Now switch on the main supply. 4. Observe the wave form at terminals TP-1 & TP-2 With respect to terminal with CRO By using 1:10 probe. 5. Now place the connecting link across terminals marked LINK 6. Observe the out put by glowing lamp 7. Observe the wave form at terminals marked TP-3 & TP-4 with respective to the ground terminal . MODEL GRAPH:ground

37

Calculations:

RESULT :- The function of single phase Parallel Inverter is studied.

38