NAME: BARLEN LOUIE REYNA DATE: JANUARY 31, 2023

COURSE/YEAR: BSEM 3 INS: ENGR. NATAHNIEL TIU

ACTIVITY # 6

A. Answer the following questions:

(Your answer should not be entirely similar with the answers by the author of the book, as much as
possible create your own answer.)
1. Discuss the following Main Ventilation: (Show Illustrations or equations to further explain the
terminologies)
a. Natural Ventilation (40 points)

o Calculation by Static Method

By utilizing natural forces like wind and thermal buoyancy, natural ventilation is a technique for managing
the indoor air quality in a structure. The rate of air flow across a given space is calculated using the static
method of natural ventilation based on the pressure differential between two places in the space.

Two pressure points—the intake pressure (P1) and the output pressure—must be specified in order to
compute the rate of air flow using the static technique (P2). The subsequent calculation of the pressure
difference is done by deducting the outlet pressure (P2) from the inlet pressure (P1).

Once the pressure difference is determined, the rate of air flow through the space can be calculated using
the following equation:
Q = Cd * A * (P1 – P2)
Where:
Q = the rate of air flow
Cd = the coefficient of discharge
A = the area of the opening
P1 = the inlet pressure
P2 = the outlet pressure

The geometry and form of the opening determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd), a parameter that
describes the nature of the opening. A more open, unrestricted entrance is indicated by a higher coefficient
of discharge, whereas an opening that is more constrained is indicated by a lower coefficient of discharge.

The size of the opening is determined by the area (A) of the opening. More air will flow through a larger
opening than a smaller one.

After calculating the air flow rate (Q), the air exchange rate can be computed by multiplying the air flow
rate (Q) by the number of air exchanges that occur per hour. For instance, the air exchange rate would be
60 cubic meters per hour if the air flow rate was 10 cubic meters per hour and the air exchange rate was 6
times per hour.
Calculating the rate of air flow through a particular space is easy and efficient when using the static method
of natural ventilation. A natural ventilation system that will supply the necessary degree of interior air
quality can be designed and implemented using the obtained air exchange rate.

o Calculation by Logarithmic Formula

The amount of air infiltration into a building can be calculated using the logarithmic formula for natural
ventilation. It takes into account variables like wind speed, wind direction, and temperature and is based on
the logarithm of the ratio of air velocity to room pressure.

The equation for the logarithmic formula for natural ventilation is as follows:
Log(V/P) = A + B log(P) + C log(T) + D log (WS) + E log (WD)

Where:
V = Infiltration rate
P = Atmospheric pressure
A, B, C, D, E = Constants
T = Temperature
WS = Wind speed
WD = Wind direction

Both empirical tests and experiments can be used to find the constants A, B, C, D, and E.

The ambient pressure, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction must all be known in order to compute
the infiltration rate. The amount of air infiltration into the building can then be determined using the
logarithmic formula's outcomes.

An essential tool for determining how well natural ventilation works in buildings is the logarithmic formula
for ventilation. Knowing the penetration rate helps designers create ventilation systems that deliver
sufficient air flow while using less energy.

o Calculation by Thermodynamic Method

The process of air moving into and out of a structure or other enclosed space without the aid of any
mechanical equipment is known as natural ventilation. Differences in air pressure, humidity, and
temperature as well as the presence of a breeze are the usual culprits. Fans, vents, and other tools can also
help to improve it.

Calculating the rate of natural ventilation using the thermodynamic technique involves examining the
thermodynamic characteristics of the air inside a structure or other enclosed space. The following
parameters must be calculated during this process:

1. Air Temperature: To determine the air density and pressure, the air temperature must be
determined.

2. Pressure Differential: The pressure differential between the inside and outside of the building
must be known in order to calculate the air velocity.
 3. Air Velocity: The air velocity is the rate at which air moves through a structure or other enclosed
area.

4. Volume Flow Rate: The volume flow rate is the amount of air that can be moved through an
opening or vent per unit of time.

5. Opening or Vent Area: The opening or vent area is the size of the opening or vent that allows
air to move in and out of the building or enclosed space.

6. Air Density: The air density is the mass of air per unit volume of air.

7. Thermal Conductivity: The rate of heat transport is determined by thermal conductivity.

in a substance.

8. Heat Transfer Coefficient: The rate of heat transfer through a substance is measured by the heat
transfer coefficient.

For a specific building or enclosed space, the rate of natural ventilation can be determined using these
criteria. Equations that take into account the thermodynamic characteristics of the air are used in the
calculating procedure.

For example, the equation for calculating the volume flow rate is:
VFR = (A * ΔP * ρ) / (2 * η)
where:
VFR = Volume Flow Rate
A = Opening or Vent Area
ΔP = Pressure Differential
ρ = Air Density
η = Thermal Conductivity

This equation can be used to determine the air volume flow rate in a given structure or enclosed area. The
rate of natural ventilation can then be calculated using the results of this computation.

o Measuring Natural Ventilation

Using natural elements like wind, temperature and pressure variations, and the stack effect, natural
ventilation involves bringing fresh air into a building or cooling it down. Due to its simplicity and low cost,
this type of ventilation is most frequently employed in residential and commercial structures to ensure
proper air circulation.

Analyzing air exchange rates is typically used to quantify natural ventilation. A building's air exchange rate
is a measurement of how much air enters and leaves a structure in a specific period of time. The
effectiveness of natural ventilation increases with the air exchange rate.

Utilizing a tracer gas is the most typical method of determining air exchange rate. An odorless, innocuous
gas called a "tracer gas" is discharged into a space, where its rate of exchange with outdoor air is then
tracked over time. The quantity of tracer gas left in the space after a certain amount of time determines the
rate of exchange.
Using an anemometer is another method of determining air exchange rate. An anemometer calculates the
airflow's velocity and direction. The air exchange rate can be determined by monitoring the speed of air
entering and exiting the building.

The space's temperature and humidity can also be tracked over time to determine the air exchange rate. A
healthy air exchange rate means that the temperature and humidity stay consistent. When the temperature
and humidity fluctuate a lot over time, it means that the air is the exchange rate is insufficient.

Illustration:
Air Exchange Rate = Amount of Tracer Gas/Time

b. Forced Ventilation (20 points)

o Central Ventilation
An air-handling device, which brings in fresh air from the outside and distributes it around the building,
often provides fresh air supply in central ventilation systems. The air handling unit's fan propels the air into
the building through ducts. After that, the air is usually filtered and heated or cooled before being dispersed.

The equation is:

Fresh Air Flow Rate = (Outdoor Air Flow Rate) x (Fresh Air Fraction)

o Boundary Ventilation
Boundary ventilation is a kind of building ventilation system that uses vents at the exterior border of a space
to bring fresh air inside. Utilizing both positive and negative pressure, the system moves air from the outside
of the structure into the interior. Prior to entering the room, the air is filtered and treated to ensure high
indoor air quality. This kind of system is especially helpful in structures without windows since it gives the
room a means to get fresh air without the need for additional openings.

The term "boundary ventilation" refers to a particular type of ventilation system that uses air from outside
the building to form an air barrier around the walls and roof of the structure. In addition to keeping the
internal air clean and fresh, this boundary layer of air aids in reducing the amount of heat lost via the walls
and roof.

Equation: The boundary layer of air created by boundary ventilation can be described by the equation Q =
A*U*(T_o - T_i), where:

Q = the rate of heat transfer through the boundary layer

A = the area of the boundary layer
U = the coefficient of heat transmission
T_o = the outdoor temperature
T_i = the indoor temperature

c. Airflow Direction (20 points)

o Depression Systems
On a depression system, the airflow direction describes the path the air takes as it moves through the
system's parts. In a depression system, the airflow is pulled from the system's blower or other source of
negative pressure before being released into the atmosphere. The direction of airflow is normally from the
blower to the atmosphere, but in some applications, it can also be reversed. The airflow is often employed
in the depression system to establish a stable environment that maintains a steady temperature and pressure
inside the system.

Explanation 1:

An easy to understand example of the depression system's airflow direction. The red arrows represent
airflow out of the depression system, and the blue arrows represent airflow into the depression system. The
arrows show the direction of airflow.

Explanation 2:

An illustration of the air mass flow rate into and out of the depression system. The mass flowrate of air
entering the depression system is shown by the blue arrow, and the mass flowrate of air leaving the
depression system is shown by the red arrow.

Equation 1:

V = m/ρ Where V is the velocity of the air, m is the mass of the air, and ρ is the density of the air.

Equation 2:
P1 = P2 + (ρv2^2)/2 Where P1 is the pressure of the air entering the depression system, P2 is the pressure
of the air exiting the depression system, ρ is the density of the air, and v2 is the velocity of the air exiting
the depression system.

o Blower Systems
A mechanical device called a blower system produces pressured air or gases. A fan, a motor, and an air or
gas inlet and outlet are often included. By the outlet, the pressurized air or gas is released after being pulled
in through the inlet and pressurized by the fan. Different uses for the compressed air or gas include cooling,
ventilation, and air conditioning.
Explanation 1:
An air duct, a motor, and a fan make up a blower system. Air is drawn in from the outside environment and
forced through the air ducts to the appropriate area by the motor, which also powers the fan.
Explanation 2:
The following equation explains the relationship between the fan speed, the motor power and the airflow
rate: Airflow Rate (CFM) = (Fan Speed (RPM) x Motor Power (HP)) / 6356

B. PROBLEM SOLVING
1. The upcast shaft in a mine registers an airflow rate of 750 m3 min−1 when the depression developed
by the main fan is 5600 Pa. When the fan stops the flow in the upcast shaft, it reduces to 180 m3
min−1. Determine the value of the NVP in this mine. (20 points)
 If the fan is running, we now have:

If the fan is stopped or turned off, we now have:

Equalizing:

So Therefor; We have now the:

Utilizing two distinct speeds for the primary fan

The resistance in this instance is constant for both speeds. Thus, we have the following for the main
fan drift:
where the two rotation rates that the motor fan is subjected to are represented by the subscripts 1
and 2.
Thus, the NVP in this instance will be: