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    Introduction To Control Engineering and System Modeling (1) : Majid Midhat Saeed

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    ماجد مدحت سعيد
    The document provides an introduction to control systems, including definitions of key terms like control, plants, processes, and disturbances. It discusses examples of closed-loop and open-loop control systems and compares their advantages and disadvantages. Closed-loop systems provide accurate control and compensate for disturbances but are more complex and costly than open-loop systems.

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    Introduction To Control Engineering and System Modeling (1) : Majid Midhat Saeed

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    ماجد مدحت سعيد
    11 views7 pages
    The document provides an introduction to control systems, including definitions of key terms like control, plants, processes, and disturbances. It discusses examples of closed-loop and open-loop control systems and compares their advantages and disadvantages. Closed-loop systems provide accurate control and compensate for disturbances but are more complex and costly than open-loop systems.

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    The document provides an introduction to control systems, including definitions of key terms like control, plants, processes, and disturbances. It discusses examples of closed-loop and open-loop control systems and compares their advantages and disadvantages. Closed-loop systems provide accurate control and compensate for disturbances but are more complex and costly than open-loop systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views7 pages

    Introduction To Control Engineering and System Modeling (1) : Majid Midhat Saeed

    Uploaded by

    ماجد مدحت سعيد
    The document provides an introduction to control systems, including definitions of key terms like control, plants, processes, and disturbances. It discusses examples of closed-loop and open-loop control systems and compares their advantages and disadvantages. Closed-loop systems provide accurate control and compensate for disturbances but are more complex and costly than open-loop systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    University of Mosul

    College of Engineering

    Mechanical Engineering Department

    Introduction to Control Engineering


    and System Modeling (1)

    Majid Midhat Saeed


    Introduction to Control System
    What is Control: -
    • Control: means measuring the value of the controlled variable of the system and
    applying the control signal to the system to correct or limit deviation of the measured
    value from a desired value.
    • Plants: A plant may be a piece of equipment, or a set of machine parts
    functioning together, the purpose of which is to perform a particular
    operation. It is any physical object to be controlled (such as a mechanical
    device, a heating furnace, a chemical reactor, or a spacecraft)
    • Processes: Natural, artificial, progressively continuing operation that consists of a
    series of controlled actions or movements systematically directed toward a particular
    result or end. Examples are chemical, economic, and biological processes.
    • Disturbances: A disturbance is a signal that affect the value of the output of a system.
    If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal, while an external
    disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.
    • Feedback Control: An operation that, in the presence of disturbances, reduce the
    difference between the output of a system and reference input. Here only
    unpredictable disturbances are specified, since predictable or known disturbances can
    always be compensated within the system.

    Examples of control systems


    1. Speed Control System: The basic principle of a Watt’s speed governor for an
    engine. The amount of fuel admitted to the engine is adjusted according to the
    difference between the desired and the actual engine speeds.
    2. Temperature Control System: The temperature in the electric furnace is
    measured by a thermometer, which is an analog device. The analog temperature is
    converted to a digital temperature by an A/D converter. The digital temperature
    is fed to a controller through an interface. This digital temperature is compared
    with the programmed input temperature, and if there is any discrepancy (error),
    the controller sends out a signal to the heater, through an interface, amplifier, and
    relay, to bring the furnace temperature to a desired value.

    3. Business Systems. A business system may consist of many groups. Each task
    assigned to a group will represent a dynamic element of the system. A business
    system is a closed-loop system. A good design will reduce the managerial control
    required. Note that disturbances in this system are the lack of personnel or
    materials, interruption of communication, human errors, and the like.

    Closed-loop Control Versus Open-loop Control


    1. Open-Loop Control Systems. Those systems in which the output has no effect on the
    control action are called open-loop control systems.

    — In other words, in an open loop control system the output is neither measured nor
    fed back for comparison with the input. Practical examples:
    o Classic Washing Machine
    o Kettle or water heating devices
    o Mobile phone
    o Word processor
    o Alarm clock
    2. Closed-Loop Control Systems. Feedback control systems are often referred to as closed-
    loop control systems. In practice, the terms feedback control and closed-loop control are
    used interchangeably. In a closed-loop control system the actuating error signal, which is
    the difference between the input signal and the feedback signal (which may be the output
    signal itself or a function of the output signal and its derivatives and/or integrals), is fed to
    the controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output of the system to a desired
    value. An example would be a room temperature control system. By measuring the actual
    room temperature and comparing it with the reference temperature (desired temperature),
    the thermostat turns the heating or cooling equipment on or off in such a way as to ensure
    that the room temperature remains at a comfortable level regardless of outside conditions.
    Closed-Loop versus Open-Loop Control Systems.
    Advantages of open-loop control systems are as follows:
    1. Simple construction and ease of maintenance.
    2. Less expensive than a corresponding closed-loop system.
    3. There is no stability problem.
    4. Convenient when output is hard to measure or measuring the output precisely is
    economically not feasible. (For example, in the classic washer system, it would be quite
    expensive to provide a device to measure the quality of the washer’s output, cleanliness
    of the clothes.)
    Disadvantages of open-loop control systems are as follows:
    1. Disturbances and changes in calibration cause errors, and the output may be different
    from what is desired.
    2. To maintain the required quality in the output, recalibration is necessary from time to
    time.
    Advantages of the closed loop control system:
    1. It is the fact that the use of feedback makes the system response relatively insensitive to
    external disturbances and internal variations in system parameters.
    2. It is thus possible to use relatively inaccurate components to obtain the accurate control
    of a given plant, whereas doing so is impossible in the openloop case.
    3. It is accuracy, lack of need for monitoring, little or no drift, remote control.
    Disadvantages of the closed loop control system:
    1. They are costlier.
    2. They are complicated to design.
    3. Required more maintenance.
    4. Feedback leads to an oscillatory response.
    5. Overall gain is reduced due to the presence of feedback.
    6. Stability is the major problem, and more care is needed to design a stable system.

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