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    Energetics Summary Sheets

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    danyalbhaiji

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Energetics Summary Sheets

    Uploaded by

    danyalbhaiji
    13 views3 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    13 views3 pages

    Energetics Summary Sheets

    Uploaded by

    danyalbhaiji

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    3.1.4.

    1 - Enthalpy Change (AH°)

    In a reaction, bonds are broken and then made. For bonds to be broken, energy is taken in from the
    surroundings and when bonds are formed, energy is given out. The overall energy change of the
    reaction depends on how much energy is transferred in these processes.

    When energy is taken in from the surroundings, the enthalpy change is positive. When energy is
    released, the enthalpy change is negative.

    Overall enthalpy change (AH) can be calculated:

    AH = energy to break bonds + energy to make bonds

    (+ve)

    (-ve)

    Measuring Enthalpy Change

    Enthalpy is measured under standard conditions of 100 kPa pressure and a temperature of 298 K.

    Enthalpy of Formation (A,H°)

    This is defined as:

    The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is produced from its elements under standard
    conditions.

    Enthalpy of Combustion (AH°)

    This is defined as:

    The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is burned completely in oxygen under standard
    conditions.

    Mean Bond Enthalpies

    Different covalent bonds require different amounts of energy to be broken. Values can be found
    experimentally using calorimetry methods. The bond enthalpy values calculated in this way often
    differ from the data book values as they are not exact and vary in each situation. This means the data
    book values are averaged values.

    3.1.4.2 - Calorimetry

    Calorimetry is an experimental method for finding enthalpy change by measuring temperature


    change over time. When observed and plotted on a graph, data can be extrapolated to give an
    accurate value for the change in temperature.

    Example:

    Image courtesy of www.chem.tamu.edu

    Tmax or temperature after n


    Temperature (Celsius)

    T before nxn

    Time (minutes)

    Time when two chemicals are mixed together

    This measured change in temperature is proportional to the energy change:

    q=mc^T

    (q = energy change) (m = mass) (c = specific heat capacity) (AT = temperature change)

    It allows the energy in or out of a substance of known mass to be calculated, which depends on its
    specific heat capacity, defined as:

    The energy required to raise 1g of substance by

    1K without a change of state.

    Using this energy value (q), enthalpy change per mole of substance can be calculated:

    AH=

    q moles

    AH values found using calorimetry are never completely accurate as energy is easily lost from the
    system through conduction or convection and inaccuracies in measuring temperatures.

    3.1.4.3 - Hess's Law

    Energy in a reaction system must be conserved, as it cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore the
    overall enthalpy change for a reaction is the same, regardless of the route taken.

    This is Hess's Law and it is used to determine the enthalpy changes for reactions that cannot be
    found directly using an experimental method. To do this, a triangular cycle method is used with an
    inbetween product. The direction of the arrows indicates whether the values should be added or
    taken away. (They can be treated like vectors):

    Example:

    AH1

    ΔΗΤ

    ΔΗΣ

    ΔΗΤ = ΔΗ + ΔΗ

    B
    Enthalpies of Formation

    Hess's law can be used to calculate an enthalpy change using given enthalpies of formation. When
    setting up the triangular diagram, the arrows point out from the central product C as both A and B
    are formed from the elements at C.

    Enthalpies of Combustion

    Hess's law can also be used to calculate an enthalpy change using given enthalpies of combustion.
    When setting up the triangular diagram, the arrows point towards the central product (which is
    always H2O and CO2) as both A and B burn to form the products at C.

    3.1.4.4 - Bond Enthalpies

    Bond enthalpy data is an averaged value representing:

    The energy required to break one mole of the stated bond

    in a gaseous state, under standard conditions.

    They can be used alongside Hess's Law to find the overall enthalpy change for a reaction. The
    reaction arrows always point towards the central product.

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