Civil Engineering Project Report On SSF

GOVT.
POLYTECHNIC ETAH
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SESSION 2015-2016
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT

REPORT
ON
“DESIGN OF R.C.C. SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK

FOR A RURAL TOWN”
SUBMITTED ON PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGG.
Er. M. P. SINGH Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA
PRINCIPAL LECTURER
G. P. ETAH CIVIL ENGG. DEPTT.
SUBMITTED BY
ANAND KUMAR
SANDEEP KUMAR
VIJAY KUMAR GAUTAM
VIMLESH KUMAR PAL
FINAL YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ETAH
B.T.E. LUCKNOW U. P., 2015-16

GOVT. POLYTECHNIC ETAH
SESSION 2015-2016
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that this project report entitled “Design of R.C.C Slow Sand Filtration
Tank For A Rural Town” which is submitted by ANAND KUMAR partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING from
GOVT. POLYTECHNIC ETAH is record of student´s award carried out by them
under my supervision.
This project includes all instructions laid down by BOARD OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION LUCKNOW, U. P.
I wish for those bright carriers and all the success in future life.
HEAD OF DEPTT.
(CIVIL ENGG.)
Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA

SESSION 2015-2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all the person behind of screen. Who helped to
transform an idea into a real application.
I would like to express my heart – felt gratitude to my parents without whom I would not
have been privileged to fulfill my dreams. I am grateful to our principal Er. M. P.
SINGH who most ably runs the institution ant had the major hand in enabling to do my
project.
I profoundly thank Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA, HEAD OF DEPTT.

(CIVIL ENGG.) Who has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration
to do my work.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task
would be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible
with their guidance and in encouragement crowns all the efforts with success.
And at last, I would like thanks

all the both teaching and non-teaching teacher, colleagues and loving friends who
extended their timely help and eased my task.
ANAND KUMAR
SANDEEP KUMAR
VIJAY KUMAR GAUTAM
VIMLESH KUMAR PAL

SESSION 2015-2016
INDEX
S. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. THEORY
4. DESCRIPTION OF FILTERS
5. SLOW SAND FILTER (GRAVITY TYPE)
6. RAPID SAND FILTERS (GRAVITY TYPE)
7. PRESSURE FILTERS
8. DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK

9. ESTIMATE
10. ABSTRACT OF COST
11. CONCLUSION
12. SUGGESTION
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LIST OF FIGURES
S. NO. LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO.
1. Showing Typical Slow Sand Filter
2. Showing Filter Bed Construction
3(a). Showing. Plan of Slow Sand Filter
3(b). Showing Cross – Section Details At a – a
4. Showing Working Process of RSF
5. Showing Head Loss & Negative Head
6(a). Showing Vertical Pressure Filter
6(b). Showing Horizontal Pressure Filter
7. Showing Location Map of Slow Sand Filter
8. Design Details of Slow Sand Filter
9. Showing side view of drainage system

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LIST OF TABLE
S. no. list of table page no
1. Percent size distribution of filter sand grains.
2. Grading of Gravel
3. Typical Treatment Performance of Conventional
Slow Sand Filters
4. Comparison of SSF & RSF
5. Population Growth Factors
6. Bar Bending Schedule
7. Abstract of Cost
“DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK ”

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♦ SLOW SAND FILTER:-

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A slow sand filter (SSF) is a very useful water
treatment process. Slow sand filtration effectively removes organic matter,
pathogenic or micro-organism, color and mild turbidity to provide clean and safe
water. No other single treatment process can improve the physical and biological
quality of water as well as slow sand filter.
It is a process well-suited for small, communities since it does not require a high
degree of operator skill or attention. As its name implies, slow sand filter is used to
filter water at very small communities having population of 1000 to 2000 persons.
Fig No.1 – Showing Typical Slow Sand Filter
♦ OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:-

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The main purpose of this project is
consideration of –
І. Removing suspended organic and inorganic matter (microbial, viral and

sediment etc.) from influent water.
ІІ. Design a slow sand filter to supply purified water for small, rural communities.
ІІІ. Guidelines of regard to operating cost with effective, passive and expensive
filtration technology.
ІV. A promising method for small systems with low turbidity or algae containing
source water.
V. A study about the analysis and design process of slow sand filtration.
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♦Filtration:-
Filtration is the process of passing the water through beds

of sand or other granular materials for removing bacteria, color, taste, odors and
producing clear and sparkling water.
Filters are used for this purpose which may be Slow Sand Filter and Rapid Sand
Filters. Pressure Filters are also used now - a –days. Broadly speaking filter
consists of a thick layer of sand and water is allowed to pass through it.
♦1. Types of Filters:-
Filters are classified on the basis of the rate of filtration as well

as on the gravity type and pressure filter.
(A) Classification based on the rate of filtration -

I. Slow Sand Filters
II. Rapid Sand Filters -
(a) Rapid Gravity Filters
(b)Pressure Filters
(B) Classification based on gravity and pressure –
І. Gravity Filters they are –
(a) Slow Sand Filters
(b) Rapid Sand Filters
ІІ. Pressure Filters they are –
(a) Horizontal Pressure Filters
(b)Vertical Pressure Filters
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♦2. Theory of Filtration:-
The appearance of filtration can be explained on the basis

of following four action. The filtration process removes bacteria, color, odors and
pathogenic organisms and make water sparkling. The chemical characteristics of
the water are changed and the numbers of bacteria are reduced materially.
The four actions taken place in filtration are as follows:-
(a) Mechanical straining

(b)Sedimentation and absorption
(c) Biological action (metabolism)
(d)Electrolytic action
♦(a)Mechanical straining:-
Sand bed consists of small pores due to which suspended

particles which are larger in size are removed and can’t pass through the pores in
the sand coming in contact with sand surfaces.
This increases the straining action. By mechanical straining action colloidal matter
or bacteria which are too small to be strained, can’t be removed.
♦(b)Sedimentation and absorption:-
The sand pores or voids act as small

sedimentation tanks. Very small particles of suspended matter, colloidal particles
and some bacteria settle in these small tanks due to physical attraction between two
particles of matter and because of the presence of gelatinous coating formed on the
sand grains by previously deposited suspended matter.
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♦(c)Biological action (metabolism):-
It is the growth and life process of the living

cells. The surface layer gets coated with organic film which is known as
ʽschmutzdeckeʼ or ʽ dirty skin ʼ in which the bacterial activities are the highest
and which feed on organic impurities converting them by a complex biochemical
action into simple, harmless compounds, resulting in the purification of matter.
♦(d)Electrolytic action:-
A certain amount of dissolved and suspended matter in

water is ionized i.e. carries charge of one polarity and the particles of small in filter
which are also ionized passes electrical charges of opposite polarity. These
neutralize each other and while so doing, change the chemical character of water.
♦3. Sand required for filtration:-
The sand required for filtration must have the

following properties-
(І)The sand should be obtained from the clay, loam, vegetable or organic matter.
(ІІ)Sand used should be uniform and of proper size.
(ІІІ)Sand should not be very fine nor too coarse.
(ІV)It should be resistant and hard.
(V)The sand should not be lose more than 5% of its weight if placed in
hydrochloric acid for 24 hours.
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The rate of filtration reduces, if the sand used is very fine. Where, the coarse sand
allows suspended particles and bacteria to pass through the sand bed.
The effective size of sand particles should be between 0.33 mm to 0.55 mm. The
coefficient of uniformity should be between 1.30 to 1.75. The depth of sand should
vary 60 cm to 90 cm.
♦4. Effective size:-
The effective size of sand is the sieve size in mm that permits

10% of sand by weight to pass through it.
The section of correct effective size is very important because if very fine sand is
used in filter media, than it will clog the filters and reduce the rate of filtration
whereas if too large size sand (coarse) will not filter the desired impurities and will
allow and fine suspended matter and bacteria to pass through the filter.
A 60% size means that 60% of the sand is smaller than the given size.
♦5. Uniformity of sand bed:-
Also known as uniformity coefficient. It may be

defined as the ratio between the sieve size that will allow 60% of the effective
depth.
1. Now sand with an effective size of 0.30 mm to 0.55 mm and uniformity

coefficient 1.30 to 1.75 are used in filters.
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♦Grading of sand –
The sand bed should consist of graded in various layers. The

following sizes are used in case of slow and rapid sand filters.
(І)Slow Sand Filters:
Effective size of sand grain = 0.30 mm to 0.55 mm
Uniformity coefficient Cu = 1.75
(ІІ)Rapid Sand Filters:
Effective size of sand grain = 0.35 mm to 0.50 mm
Uniformity coefficient Cu = 1.60
The uniform grading decreases the voids space, makes bottom and top of the
filter bed equally effective, resulting in an increased rate of filtration.
Table No.1- Percent size distribution of filter sand grains.
Grain size
Percent size
Fine Medium Coarse
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

1 0.20 0.32 0.34 0.39 0.41 0.45
10 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.65
60 0.53 0.75 0.68 0.91 0.83 1.08
90 0.93 1.50 1.19 1.80 1.46 2.00
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♦6. Gravel for filter:-
The gravel used in filters should be clean hard, durable and

rounded. It should not contain flat, thin or long pieces. The density should be 1600
kg/m3.
Gravel supports the sand allows the wash water to move upwards uniformly on the
sand. Gravel is placed in 5 or 6 layers having finest site at the top
Table No. 2 – Grading of Gravel
Gravel Grading (mm) Thickness of layer (mm)
5–8 4.7 - 2.4

5–8 12.7 - 4.7
7 - 13 19.0 - 12.7
7 - 13 38.0 - 19.0
13 – 20 63.0 - 38.0
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Fig No. 2 – Showing Filter Bed Construction
♦ Description of Filters:-
Slow Sand Filter (Gravity type)
♦ (A) Construction Details:-
♦1. Enclosure Tank:-
It is made of masonry or concrete. It is an open water tight

rectangular tank. Slow Sand Filter are water tight shallow tank about 2.5 m to 4m
deep and having surface area 100 m2 to 200 m2 in play.
The slop at bottom sides varies from 1in 100 to 1in 200 towards cement drain.
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♦2. Filter Media:-
The filter media consists of sand layers 60 cm to 90 cm thick

supported on 30 cm to 45 cm thick gravel bed laid in 5 to 6 layer. The effective size of
filter media varies 0.30 mm to 0.55 mm and uniformity coefficient as 1.75 coarse layers
of sand should be placed near the bottom and fine particles layers towards the top,
beneath which the under-drainage system is laid over concrete bed sloping towards a
central longitudinal drain.
♦3. Under-drainage System:-
Under-drainage system gives a base to the gravel layer. It is

constructed in the bottom of filter tank to collect the filtered water.
It consists of a central drain which is connected with lateral drains or pipes. The lateral
drains or pipe are open jointed pipe or placed interval of 2.5 m to 4 m apart on the
bottom.
Concrete floor and sloping towards the central drains or manifold pipes.
♦4. Inlet and Outlet Chamber :-
The inlet of the filtration tank consists of a chamber fitted

with float valve. The inlet pipe is carried vertically in the body of filter tank and mouth
of inlet pipe flush with water level.
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Fig. No. 3(a) – Showing. Plan of Slow Sand Filter

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Fig. No. 3(b) – Showing Cross – Section Details At a - a
♦ (B)Working Process of Slow Sand Filter:-
An outlet pipe is provided in the outlet

chamber just below the water level in it. The depth of mouth of outlet pipe is kept
contact from the water level inside the outlet chamber by a regulating arrangement. The
filter water is collected in the outlet chamber.
The regulating system consist of telescopic pipes (or adjustable weir) co-operated by
means of a float. The raw water is led gently on the filter bed, and percolating
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downwards through the under-drains in to an outlet chamber. The outlet chamber is

provided with a regulating arrangement, consisting of a telescopic pipe and an adjustable
weir-plate in order to keep the rate of filtration constant.
It is also equipped with a loss of head i.e., the difference in the water level in the filter
and in the outlet chamber. The outlet is so arranged as to prevent the possibility of
negative pressures and resulting filter damage.
From the sedimentation tank water inters the filter through the inlet chamber and
distributed uniformly over the filter bed water gets purified after percolating through the
sand layers. The filtered water passes through the lateral drains towards the central drain
from where it goes to outlet chamber.
The water passes through the filter media @ 2200 to 3400 lit/m2 day and continued till
the deference between the water level on the filter sand and in outlet chamber known as
‘Head loss or Filter Head’. Its value varies 0.75 to 1.2 m. However the maximum
desirable filtration head is obtained by multiplying the depth of filter sand with a factor
0.70 to 0.80.
♦ (C) Washing or Cleaning of Filter Beds:-
The filter is required cleaning when

the head loss reaches a value of 0.70 m to 1.20 m. After some use, the filter gets
clogged to impurities which stay in the pores and the resistance to the passage of
water. Necessitating is an increase in the filtration head in order to keep the rate of
filtration constant.
When head loss increases a specified value 0.70 to 1.20 m a permissible limit, the
working of filter is stopped. A layer of sand from the top of bed till 10 mm to 20
mm is scrapped and replaced with clean sand and working of filter is started. The
scrapped sand is washed with water, dried and stored for return to filter at the time
of next washing after 1 to 3 months.
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♦(D)Limitations of Slow Sand Filter:-

Slow sand filters require a large land area,
large quantities of filter media, and manual labor for cleaning.
Water with high turbidity levels can quickly clog the fine sand filters. Water is
applied to slow sand filters without any pretreatment when it has turbidity levels
lower than 10 NTU.
When slow sand filter are used with surface waters that
have widely varying turbidity, infiltration galleries or rough filters – such as gravel
filters - they be used to reduce turbidity.
Slow sand filters do not completely remove all organic chemicals, dissolved
inorganic substances, such as heavy metals, or trihalomethane (THM) precursors
– chemical compounds that may from THMs when mixed with chlorine. Also,
waters with very fine clays are not easily treated using slow sand filters.
A granular activated carbon (GAC) Sandwich filter is a modified slow sand

filter that removes organic material. This filter use a base sand layer that is
approximately Foot deep and intermediate GAC layer approximately 0.5 feet, and
a top sand layer approximately 1.5 feet deep. This modified slow sand filter
effectively removes pesticides, total organic carbon, and THM precursors.
Slow sand filters are less effective at removing microorganisms from fold water
because as temperatures decrease, the biological activity the filter bed declines.
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♦(D)Characteristics of Slow Sand Filters :-

The essential characteristics of slow sand
filters are-
(І) Rate of filtration is low 100 to 200 lit./m2/h.
(ІІ)The bacterial efficiency is high as much as 98%-99%.
(ІІІ) Slow sand filters are best suited for the filter of water for small plants,
rural communities.
(ІV) Unsuitability for waters having turbidity greater than 50 p. p. m.(mg/lit.)
average turbidity being generally less than 30 p. p. m.
(V) Not very effective in the removal of colloidal matter.
(VІ) Require a large area for construction increasing the initial cost too high.
(VІІ) Filters have to stop due to cleaning of filter bed.
(VІІІ)Slow sand filters are simple in mechanism and operation.
♦(E)Advantages of Slow Sand Filter :-

Design and operation simplicity – as well
as minimal power and chemical requirements – make the slow sand filter an
appropriate technique for removing suspended organic matter. Those filters also
may remove pathogenic organisms.
Slow sand filtration reduces bacteria, cloudiness, and organic levels – thus
reducing the need for disinfection and, consequently, the presence of disinfection
byproducts in the finished water.
Other advantages include:

♦ Sludge handling problems are minimal.
♦ Close operator supervision is not necessary.
♦ Systems can make use of locally available materials and labor.
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Table No. 3 – Typical Treatment Performance of Conventional Slow Sand

Filters
Water Quality Removal

Parameter Capacity
Turbidity < 1.0 NTU

Coli forms 1- 3 log units
Enteric Viruses 2 – 4 log units
Giardia Cysts 2 – 4+ log units
Cryptosporidium Oocysts > 4 log units
Dissolved Organic Carbon < 15 - 25 %
Biodegradable
Dissolved Organic Carbon < 50 %
Trihaliomethane Precursors < 20 – 30 %
Heavy metals
Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb > 95 – 99 %
Fe, Mn > 67%
As < 47 %
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Rapid Sand Filters (Gravity Type)
It is also filters the influent water like as a slow sand filter and also filter media is
sand, but in rapid sand filters, the size of sand grains and operation head is greater
than slow sand filter.
So the filtered water can be achieved by rapid sand filters multiplying of 30 more
than slow sand filters. It is also known as mechanical filter.
Fig. No. 4 – Showing Working Process of RSF
In Fig. nomenclatures used are –

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A = Influent valve
B = Waste water valve
C = Effluent valve
D = Filtered waste valve
E = Wash – water valve
♦ Characteristics of rapid sand filters :-

The essential characteristics of rapid
sand filters are –
(І) Rate of filtration is high 2000 to 6000 lit./m2/h or even more.
(ІІ) Cleaning is done from through back washing.
(ІІІ) Bacterial efficiency is comparatively less (90%).
(ІV) It is more compact and quantities of filtering media required are also less.
(V) Skilled operators for required operate mechanical equipment.
(VІ) Rapid sand filters remove suspended matter, color, odors, bacteria from water,
coarse sand is used.
(VІІ) The wash water pressure should not be more than 10 m.
♦Loss of Head and Negative Head:-

Loss of head or filter head occurs due to the experience of frictional resistance by
water when passes through filter and under-drains. Filter requires cleaning when
loss of head exceeds 2.5 m.
The top layers offer maximum resistance and the loss of head due to friction in this
layers exceeds the depth of water above this layer. Vacuum is created below this
layer which is called a negative head.
It is causes a suction effect. Due to this partial vacuum dissolved gases are released
and there is an air binding effect and formation of bubbles.A negative head more
than 1.2 m should not be allowed because this reduces the rate of filtration greatly.
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Fig. No. 5 – Showing Head Loss & Negative Head

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♦Comparison of Slow Sand Filter and Rapid Sand Filter:-
Table No. 4 – Comparison of SSF & RSF
S. Items Slow Sand Filter Rapid Sand Filter

No.
1. Area Very large Small

2. Quantity of sand Considerable quantity Less quantity
3. Filter media Effective size = 0.30 to 0.55 Effective size = 0.35 to
mm 0.50 mm
Cu = 1.75 Cu = 1.60 (or 1.70 max.)
4. Rate of filtration Low, 100 to 200 lit./m2/h High, 2000 to 6000
lit/m2/h
5. Head loss It is very small, 15 cm to 75 It is more 2 to 3.5 m
cm
6. Skilled supervision Not required Essentially required
7. Coagulation Not required Required
8. Method of cleaning By scrapping the top layers Agitation and back
washing
9. Period of cleaning 1 to 3 months 2 to 3 months
10. Amount of wash water 0.2 to 0.6 % of filtered water 2 to 4 % of filtered water
11. Efficiency Removes bacteria completely Less efficient for the
and less for the removal of removal of bacteria and
color and turbidity more for the removal of
color and turbidity
12. Operating cost For thousand of water treated It is more

is less
13. Maintenance cost Small More
14. Quality of raw water Treatment with chemical is Treatment with chemical
not required but the turbidity is essentially required
should not be more than 50 p.
p. m.
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Pressure Filters
Pressure filters are rapid gravity sand filters enclosed in an airtight cylindrical steel
container. Water passes through sand bed under a pressure greater than
atmosphere.
Water from the sedimentation tank is pumped into the filter by means of pumps.
The pressure varies from 3 kg/cm2 to 7 kg/cm2.
Pressure filters are two types –

(a) Horizontal pressure filters
(b)Vertical pressure filters
The diameter varies from 2 m to 2.5 m in case of vertical filters and in horizontal it
varies from 2 m to 3 m. The height in case of vertical filters kept 2 m to 2.5 m and
in case of horizontal it varies up to 3 m to 8 m.
The rate of filtration varies high 6,000 to15,000 lit./m2/h. The cleaning of filters is
done in the same as in case of rapid sand filters. For increasing the rate of
filtration, air pressure should be maintained at the outer surface.
Pressure filters are
less efficient that the slow or rapid sand filters in removing turbidity and bacteria.
The quality of filtered water is not good. They are best suited for swimming pools,
railway stations, private estates, industries etc.
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Fig. No. 6(a) – Showing Vertical Pressure Filter
Fig. No. 6(b) – Showing Horizontal Pressure Filter

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♦ Characteristics of pressure filters:-
(І) They do not require pumping devices because filtered water comes under
pressure.
(ІІ) These filters require very small area for their installation.
(ІІІ) They are not efficient in removing bacteria and turbidity.
(ІV) Sedimentation and coagulation tanks are not required.
(V) Those units are suited for small estates and small town water supply.
♦Disinfection of water:-
The process of killing the pathogenic bacteria (i.e.
harmful and causes disease), from the water and making it safe to the public use in
known as disinfection.
The main object of disinfection is to prevent contamination of water. The water

after filtration may contain some disease producing and useful bacteria. The
chemical or substances used for this purpose are known as disinfection.
The color, odors, testes and turbidity etc. are not dangerous to the public but the
disease casing bacteria may lead to spread of various diseases to the public life.
Chlorine has been found as the most ideal disinfectants throughout the world and
used mostly at all the water works.
Fig. No. 7 – Showing Location Map of Slow Sand Filte

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Table No.5 – Population Growth Factors
Design Yearly Growth Rate ( % )

period
Years
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
7 1.1 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.32
10 1.16 1.22 1.25 1.34 1.41 1.48
15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.68 1.80
20 1.35 1.49 1.64 1.81 1.99 2.19
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DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
Designing a slow sand filtration tank for a rural town having population of 250
persons. The scheme of treated water supply is 70 lit./day for each person. For
water supply, 2 units will be constructed in which one unit is standby.
Rate of filtration will be 200 lit./m2/h filtration surface.
For a rectangular slow sand filtration tank technical assumptions –
1. Rural community population = 250 persons

2. Water supply for each person = 70 lit./day
3. Rate of filtration = 200 lit./m2/h filtration surface
= 200 × 24 lit./m2/day filtration surface
4. Ratio of length : breadth = 2.5 : 1
5. Depth/Height of tank =3m
6. Depth of water level = 1.45 m
7. Depth of sand bed = 60 cm
= 0.60 m
8. Depth of gravel bed = 45 cm
= 0.45 m
9. Depth of under drainage = 45 cm
= 0.45 m
10.Free board = 5 cm
= 0.05 m
11.No. of unit = Minimum 2 nos.
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♦ CALCULATION:-
♦Step 1. Dimensions of filtration tank:-
According to assumptions –
Average demand of water in rural community = Water supply for each
person × Population
= 70 × 250 lit./day
Maximum demand of water = 1.5 × Average demand of water

= 1.5 × 70 × 250 lit./day
= 26250 lit./day
Let rate of filtration 200 lit./m2/h filtration surface

Rate of filtration per day= 200 × 24 lit./m2/day
Maximum demand of water
∴ Total filtration area = Rate of filtration
26250
= 200× 24
= 5.47 m2
A minimum of two filter should be constructed
Total filtration area
∴ Each filter constructed area = 2
5.47
= 2
= 2.74 m2
Let of ratio of length: breadth = 2.5: 1
Then, For breadth of filter (B),

(2.5 B × B) m = 2.74 m 2
2.74
B2 = 2.5 m
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B2 = 1.096 m
B = √ 1.096 m
B = 1.05 m
∴ Length of filter, L = (2.5 × 1.05) m
L = 2.625 m say 2.63 m
∴ Dimension of each filtration unit = (2.63 × 1.05) m
The depth of filter tank is taken generally taken 3 m.
∴ Volume of each filter unit V = (L × B × D) m3

= (2.63 × 1.05 × 3) m3
= 8.29 m3 say
For two units, Total volume = 2 × Volume of one unit

= 16.58 m3
♦Step 2. Depth of sand bed:-
Assuming sand bed depth = 60 cm say 0.60 m [generally taken 60-90 cm]
♦Step 3. Depth of gravel bed:-
Assuming gravel bed depth = 45 cm say 0.45 m
♦Step 4.Under- drainage system:-
To design this system, let assuming the area of the perforations is 0.2 % of the total
filter area.
∴ Total area of perforation = 0.2 % × Total filter area
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0.2
= 100 ×(2.63 ×1.05)
= 0.0055 m2
Now, assuming the area of each lateral 2 times area of perforation in it (for 13 mm
dia. perforation), we have
Total area of laterals = 2 × Total area of perforations
= 2 × 0.0055 m2
= 0.011 m2
Now, assuming the area of manifold to be about twice the area of laterals, we have
The area of manifold = 2 × 0.011 m2

= 0.022 m2
∴ Dia. of manifold (d) is given by
π
4 × d2 = 0.022
0.022 × 4
d=√ π
d = 0.16 m
or, Hence, use a 20 cm dia. manifold pipe laid lengthwise along the centre of the
filter bottom.
Laterals running with sloping 1 in 10 to the manifold (i.e. widthwise) emanating
from the manifold may be laid at the spacing of say 15 cm (max. 30 cm).
The no. of laterals is then given as

2.63× 100
= 15
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=17.5 say 18 nos.
On either side of the manifold Hence, use 36 laterals in all, in each unit.
Width of filter Dia .of manifold

Now, Length of each lateral = −¿
2 2
3 0.2
= −
2 2
2.8
= 2
= 1.4 m
Now, adopting 13 mm dia. perforations in the laterals, we have
Total area of perforations

π
= 0.0055 m2 say 55 cm2 = x × 4 ×(1.3) 2
Where, x = Total no. of perforations in all 36 laterals
4 1
x = 55 × π × ( 2 )
1.3
=41.44 say 42 nos.
No. of perforations in each laterals

42
= 36
= 1.16 say2
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∴ Area of perforations per lateral
= 2¿ cm2
= 2.65 cm2
Now, Area of each lateral

= 2 × Area of perforations per lateral
= 2 × 2.65
= 5.30 cm2
∴ Dia. of each lateral

4
= √ (5.3 × π )
= 2.59 cm say 2.6 cm
Hence, use 36 laterals each of 2.6 cm dia. @ 15 cm c/c each having 4 perforations
of 13 mm size, with 20 cm dia. manifold.
♦Step 5. Check:-
Length of each lateral 1.4 m
Dia . of lateral
= 2.6 cm
140
= 2.6
= 53.8 (which is less than 60 and Hence O.K.)
Now, let assuming the rate of washing of the filter be 20 cm rise/minute or 0.20 m
rise/minute.
SESSION 2015-2016
∴ The wash water discharge
0.20 × ( 2.63 ×3 ) m3
=
60 sec
= 0.0263 m3/sec
∴ Velocity of flow in lateral for wash water

0.0263
= 36 ×¿ ¿
0.0263 ×10000
= 36 ×5.30
= 1.37 m/sec
Similarly, Velocity of flow in the manifold

Discharge
= Area
0.0263
= π
×¿ ¿
4
0.263
= 0.0314
= 0.83 m/sec, which is less than 1.8 to 2.4 m/sec.

(max. permissible) and Hence O.K.
♦Step 6. Design of Wash-water Trough:-

SESSION 2015-2016
Wash-water trough, as said earlier, are generally kept at about 1.5 m – 2 m. So in a
2.63
length of 2.63 m of filter bed, let providing 3 troughs at 3 = 0.88 m apart.
Now, the total wash-water discharge of 0.0263 m3/sec. enters in these 3 trough.
∴ Discharge in trough
0.0263
= 3
= 0.008 m3/sec.
The dimensions of a flat bottom trough are now designed by using an empirical
formula
Q = 1.376 b y 3 /2
Where, Q = Discharge in m3/sec

b = Width of trough in m = 0.88 m
y = Water depth in the trough in m
Let,
∴ 0.008 = 1.376 × 0.88 × y 3 /2
3 /2 0.008 ×60
y = 1.376 ×0.88
y = 0.396
3 /2
y = (0.396 ¿ ¿ 2/3
= 0.53 m say 53 cm
Keeping 5 cm freeboard, adopt the depth of trough

SESSION 2015-2016
= (53 +¿ 5) cm
= 58 cm
Hence, 3 nos. wash-water troughs of size (58 × 10) cm may be used.
♦7. Depth of Filter Box:-
1. Depth of under-drains = 0.45 m

2 . Depth of gravel bed = 0.45 m
3 . Depth of sand bed = 0.60 m
4. Depth of water depth = 1.45 m
5. Depth of free-board = 0.05 m
∴ Depth of filter box = 3.0 m

SESSION 2015-2016
SESSION 2015-2016
Fig. No. 8 – Design Details of Slow Sand Filter
♦Notes of filtration tank:-
♦1. Inside parameters-

Length (l) = 2.63 m
Breadth (b) = 1.05 m
♦2. Outside parameters-
Slab thickness = 15 cm = 0.15 m [with 15 mm cover]

Wall thickness = 15 cm = 0.15 m
SESSION 2015-2016
Total Length (L) = 2.93 m ¿L= 2.63+0.15+ 0.15=2.93 m ] Total
Breadth (B) = 1.35 m [B = 1.05+0.15+ 0.15=1.35 m ¿
Total Height (H) = 3.15 m [H = 3.0 +0.15=3.15 m¿
♦3. Under-drainage system-
Height = 0.45 m
Main central drain @20 cm dia. in length of 2.63 m & laterals @2.6 cm in length
of 1.4 m with slope of 1 in 10.
♦4. Reinforcement Fe 415 Tor Bars, Density = 7850 Kg/m3

♦5. R. C. C. M-20 (1: 1.5: 3) Grade Concrete
♦6. All dimensions in m
♦ Calculation of Concreting Work:-
♦1. Estimating Of Slab:
Length (L) = 2.93 m

Breadth (B) = 1.35 m
Height (H) = 0.15 m
Volume (V) = 0.593 m3

SESSION 2015-2016
♦2. Estimating Of Under-drainage System:-
Fig no. 9 Showing side view of drainage system
Area of main pipe,

π
A1 = 4 × D 2 where, D = Dia. of central drain in m
π
¿ ×(0.20)2
4
A1 = 0.0314 m2
Area of under-drains,
A2 = l × b
= 2.63 ×1.05
A2 = 2.76 m2
Volume of under-drains-
SESSION 2015-2016
For trapezoidal section,
h
V = 6 ¿A1 +¿ A2 + 4Am]
Where, Am = A1 + A2
2
2.76+0.0314
= 2
Am = 1.396 m2
0.23
∴ V1 = 6 [2.76 +0.0314 +4 ×1.396 ¿
= 0.038 ×8.375
V1 = 0.32 m3
For rectangular section,

l = 2.63 m
b = 1.05 m
h = 0.22 m
V = l ×b × h
∴ V2 = 2.63×1.05 × 0.22
V2 = 0.61 m3
Total volume of drainage,

V =V1 +V 2
∴ V = 0.32 +0.6 0 = 0.93 m3
♦Deduction Volume-
SESSION 2015-2016
Let,
d1 = 2.6 cm = 0.026 m or r1 = 0.013 m, and h1 = 1.40 m
d2 = 20 cm = 0.20 m or r2 = 0.10 m, and h2 = 2.63 m
Where,
d1, h1 and d2, h2 are respectively dia. and height/length of central drain and
laterals.
Total deduction volume of central and lateral drains,
V = π ¿r1)2h × π ¿r2)2h
= π ×(0.013)2 ×1.40+ π × (0.10)2 ×2.63

= 0.083 m3
∴ V = 0.083 m3
Total volume for concreting in drainage:-
V = Total volume of drainage – Total deduction volume
= 0.93 – 0.083
V = 0.847 m3
♦ 3. Estimation of Walls:-
Short wall, both side

V = 1.05 × 0.15× 3 ×2
= 0.946 m3
Long wall (for one side wall)

V = 2.93 ×0.15 × 3= 1.319 m3
Let 0.20 m dia. of outlet pipe in 2nd long wall
V = [Area of long wall – Area of outlet pipe] × Height of wall

SESSION 2015-2016
= [2.93 ×0.15 – πr 2] × 3
= [0.44– 3.14× ( 0.10 )2] ×3
= [0.44 – 0.0314] ×3
= 0.41 × 3
V = 1.23 m3
Total volume for concreting in walls,
V = Volume of short walls +¿ Volume of long walls

= 0.946 + (1.319 + 1.23)
V = 3.495 m3
Total volume of concreting,
V = Volume of slab + Volume of under-drainage + Volume of walls

= 0.593 + 0.847 + 3.495
V = 4.935 m3
♦ Calculation Of Reinforcement Steel:-
♦1. Bottom Slab - 15cm thick, cover = 15 mm.
(a) Main bars 12 mm ɸ @ 125 mm c/c both sides –
Outsidelength−Cover
No. of bars = Spacing
2.93−0.03
= 0.125
= 23.2 say 24 Nos.

SESSION 2015-2016
(b) Distribution bars 8 mm ɸ @ 150 mm c/c both sides –
Outside breadth−Cover
No. of bars = Spacing
1.35−0.03
= 0.150
= 8.8 say 9 Nos.
♦2. Side walls – 15 cm thick, cover = 15 mm
(a) Short walls –
Main bars 12 mm ɸ @ 125 mm c/c both sides –
1.35−0.03
No. of bars = 0.125
= 10.6 say 11 Nos. (for one sides)
For two sides = 11 ×2

= 22 Nos.
Distribution bars 8 mm ɸ @ 150 mm c/c both sides –

3.00−0.03
No. of bars = 0.150
= 19.8 say 20 Nos. (for one side)

= 40 Nos.
(b) Long wall –
For one side wall, Main bars 12 mm ɸ 125 mm c/c

SESSION 2015-2016
2.93−0.03
No. of bars = 0.125
= 23.2 say 24 Nos.

= 48 Nos.
For one side wall, Distribution bars 8 mm ɸ @ 150 mm c/c
3.00−0.03
No. of bars ¿ 0.150
= 19.8 say 20 Nos. [Let main pipe dia. negligible]

= 40 Nos.
♦3. Supply of Fe 415 Tor Bars –
Filtration tank (2.93 m ×1.35 m ¿
Quantity = 130 kg [According to bar bending schedule]
♦4. Capacity of filtration tank –
(Free-board = 0.05 m)
H = 3 – 0.05 = 2.95 m
Filtration tank capacity –

V = l × b× h [Where, l = 2.63 m, b = 1.05 m & h = 2.95 m]
SESSION 2015-2016
= 2.63 ×1.05 × 2.95
= 8.146 m3 or 8146 Liter
♦5. Percentage of Reinforcement Steel –
Volume of concreting = 4.935 m3
280× 1
Volume of reinforcement bars (1 m3 =7850 kg) = 7850 = 0.0357 m3
0.0357
∴ % P = 4.935 × 100
% P = 0.72 %
Table No. 6 -Bar Bending Schedule
Detailing of Total Unit Total

Bars & Dia. Nos. Length length weight weight
(ɸ mm) (m) (m) ( Kg ) ( Kg )
SESSION 2015-2016
(a)Bottom
slab- 24 2.90 69.60 0.888 61.81
Main bars
12mm ɸ
Distribution
9 1.32 11.88 0.222 2.64
bars 8mm ɸ
(b)Side walls-
Short walls –
0.888 25.79
Main bars 22 1.32 29.04
12mm ɸ
Distribution 40 2.97
bars 8mm ɸ 118.80 0.222 26.37
Long wall – 48
Main bars 2.90 139.2 0.888 123.60
12mm ɸ
Distribution
40 2.97 118.80 26.37
bars 8mm ɸ 0.222
Total 266.58
Add- 5% for over lapping & wastage 13.33
Grand Total 279.91

Say 280 kg
♦6. Rate Analysis for Different Items –

SESSION 2015-2016
Let M- 20 (1: 1.5: 3) Grade concrete –
Because according to P.W.D. Code, For 1 m3, the quantity of concrete materials
M- 20 Grade is taken, as follows –
(i) Cement = 0.276 m3 or 8.3 Bags

(1m3 cement = 30 Bags cement, generally 50 kg per Bags)
(ii) Sand = 0.42 m3
(iii) Ballast = 0.84 m3
For 4.935 m3 Concreting work, M-20 Grade (1: 1.5: 3) total quantity of materials
will be taken, as follows –
(i) Cement = (0.276 × 4.935) m3
= 1.362 m3
= 1.362 ×30 = 40.86 Bags Say 41 Bags
(ii) Sand = (0.42 ×4.935) m3

= 2.073 m3
(iii) Ballast = (0.84 ×4.935) m3
= 4.146 m3
SESSION 2015-2016
Table No. 7 – Abstract of Cost
S. Description of Quantity Rate Per Amount

No. Items & Work
SESSION 2015-2016
1. Concreting work–
(a) O.P.C. Cement 41 Bags 270/- Bags 11,070.00
(50 kg)
(b) Sand (Local) 2.073 m3 450/- m3 932.85
(c) Stone ballast 20-

40 mm (Including 4.146 m3 950/- m3 3,938.70
cartage)
Reinforcement steel
2. (Fe-415 Tor Bars)
280 kg 42/- 11,760.00
Kg
Outlet PVC pipe @
200 mm dia.
3.
0.50 m 2,870/- 1,435.00
m
Total = Rs. 29,136.55

Add – For water works @ 1% =Rs. 291.37
Contractor profit @ 10 % = Rs. 2913.66
Grand Total = Rs. 32,134.58 say

Rs. 32,135
32,135
∴ Rate per m3 = 4.935 =Rs. 6,511.65 say Rs. 6,512
Because it should be constructed minimum of two filter units.

Therefore,
SESSION 2015-2016
Total cost = 32,135 ×2
= Rs. 64,270/-
♦Conclusion:-
♦Suggestion:-
Slow Sand Filtration tank design is very simple and it´s operating
and maintenance is also very economical and effectual.
SESSION 2015-2016
The following suggestion should be follow while constructing a slow sand
filtration tank –
1. It should be constructed always for rural and small communities having
minimum population as well as possible.
2. It should be constructed where water demand is necessary in emergency time.
3. Slow sand filtration tank should be used properly for requirement of water
supply.
4. It should be cleaned in interval of 1 to 3 months.
5. It should be constructed with locally available good quality materials for
economical and effective, passive designing.

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GOVT.

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT

“DESIGN OF R.C.C. SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGG.

Er. M. P. SINGH Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA

G. P. ETAH CIVIL ENGG. DEPTT.

VIJAY KUMAR GAUTAM

VIMLESH KUMAR PAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ETAH

B.T.E. LUCKNOW U. P., 2015-16

This project includes all instructions laid down by BOARD OF

Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA

I profoundly thank Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA, HEAD OF DEPTT.

And at last, I would like thanks

VIJAY KUMAR GAUTAM

VIMLESH KUMAR PAL

8. DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK

1. Showing Typical Slow Sand Filter

2. Showing Filter Bed Construction

3(a). Showing. Plan of Slow Sand Filter

3(b). Showing Cross – Section Details At a – a

4. Showing Working Process of RSF

5. Showing Head Loss & Negative Head

6(a). Showing Vertical Pressure Filter

6(b). Showing Horizontal Pressure Filter

7. Showing Location Map of Slow Sand Filter

8. Design Details of Slow Sand Filter

9. Showing side view of drainage system

1. Percent size distribution of filter sand grains.

3. Typical Treatment Performance of Conventional

Slow Sand Filters

4. Comparison of SSF & RSF

5. Population Growth Factors

6. Bar Bending Schedule

“DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK ”

♦ SLOW SAND FILTER:-

Fig No.1 – Showing Typical Slow Sand Filter

♦ OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:-

І. Removing suspended organic and inorganic matter (microbial, viral and

Filtration is the process of passing the water through beds

♦1. Types of Filters:-

Filters are classified on the basis of the rate of filtration as well

(A) Classification based on the rate of filtration -

The appearance of filtration can be explained on the basis

The four actions taken place in filtration are as follows:-

(a) Mechanical straining

Sand bed consists of small pores due to which suspended

♦(b)Sedimentation and absorption:-

The sand pores or voids act as small

It is the growth and life process of the living

A certain amount of dissolved and suspended matter in

♦3. Sand required for filtration:-

The sand required for filtration must have the

(ІІ)Sand used should be uniform and of proper size.

(ІІІ)Sand should not be very fine nor too coarse.

(ІV)It should be resistant and hard.