9.1.4 Reverse Osmosis Acidic Water Treatment SIEMENS
9.1.4 Reverse Osmosis Acidic Water Treatment SIEMENS
9.1.4 Reverse Osmosis Acidic Water Treatment SIEMENS
TREATMENT OF PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER PLANT WASTE WATER
IN FLORIDA FOR DISCHARGE AND RE‐USE PURPOSES
JOHN F. BOSSLER, SIEMENS Water Technologies Corp., Hoffman Estates, IL
RONALD TRAVIS, SIEMENS Water Technologies Corp., Jacksonville, FL
CLARKE VEACH, SIEMENS Water Technologies Corp., Dallas, TX
DOUGLAS M. SPOLARICH, SIEMENS Water Technologies Corp., Parrish, FL
Abstract
Maintaining a negative water balance in phosphate gyp‐stack water is critical to both operating
phosphate plants and in sites in the process of closure. This is particularly true in Florida where
excessive rain from tropical storms can lead to rapidly rising gyp stack water levels and could result in
significant environmental issues.
Siemens Water Technologies has developed, installed and is operating membrane processes that are
treating this pond water. The process is producing water that is being discharged directly to the
environment. The treated water is generally of better quality than many Florida surface and well water
supplies. It can be used in the operating phosphate plants as an alternative source of process water,
reducing the need for other sources of fresh water and ultimately reducing the amount of water that
has to be treated before being discharged.
The reject from the process can also be recycled to the operating plant for the recovery of the P2O5 and
acid values or it can be used to reduce the hydraulic load on a subsequent precipitation process.
The composition of all streams as well as the economics of the process will be presented.
Background
The production of phosphoric acid by the “wet process” involves the reaction of phosphate ore with
sulfuric acid. Due to the high purity of the ore, up to 70% Ca3(PO4)2, central Florida is one of the world’s
major sources of phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. Approximately 10 billion tons have been
excavated from central Florida since 1910 and current reserves are expected to last at least several
more decades.
During the manufacturing of phosphoric acid, large amounts of calcium phosphate or phosphogypsum
material are produced. For each ton of phosphoric acid produced, approximately 4.5 tons of
phosphogypsum is produced. It is slurried with hot acidic process water and disposed of on site,
creating what is known locally as “gyp‐stacks”. The phosphogypsum is required by the USEPA to be
stored on site in a stack and it is not permitted to be disposed of off site or used in construction
materials such as wall board or road base.
The process water is sequestered for cooling on top of the gyp‐stack as well as in ponds and ditches
adjacent to it. Due to the impurities in the ore and low pH, the process water contains a high
concentration of metals that cannot be discharged to the environment, but in an operating plant, can be
returned to the plant for reuse and recovery of acid values.
Normally an active processing plant is operated with negative water balance due to the exothermic
reaction of the phosphate ore with the sulfuric acid. The excess heat induces evaporation of the pond
water. In the event of excessive rainfall, or in a non operating plant, the water cannot be recycled to the
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plant, and evaporation is significantly reduced due to lack of heat input. This puts the plant in a positive
water balance, which if not managed properly, can lead to a catastrophic over flow of the gyp stack
contained ponds.
Figure 1: Typical ranges of Gyp Stack pond water in Florida operating phosphate fertilizer plants.
PARAMETER UNIT A
B C
conductivity μs/CM 15700 22400 20100
turbidity NTU 19.3 19.8 46
TOC ppm as C 107 153 103
pH Std. Units (0-14) 1.7 1.63 1.62
TOTAL hardness ppm as CaCO3 4420 3798 3593
calcium ppm as Ca 1410 1122 1102
magnesium ppm as Mg 219 241 204
sodium ppm as Na 2411 2373 2138
potassium ppm as K 357 344 305
Mineral Acidity ppm as CaCO3 16400 16500 14500
Total Acidity ppm as CaCO3 31000 32000 27500
The problem is even more severe in phosphoric acid plants that have been abandoned. Usually there
are not even rudimentary treatment systems on these sites, there is little if any capital available for
cleanup and the location of the pond is in an environmentally sensitive area.
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Figure 2: A typical analysis of pond water at an abandoned plant in Florida.
Parameter Units 2002 Process
Water Values
Color PCU 70
pH Units 2.85
TOC Mg/L 72
Turbidity NTU 15
Compounding this problem, most of the existing phosphogypsum stacks were not constructed over a
liner and have significantly contaminated the adjacent ground water. This issue was addressed by the
FDEP in 1993 and was subsequently amended, which established critical safety standard including lining
of all new ponds with HDPE.
In Florida there are currently 24 phosphogypsum stacks, covering nearly 8000 acres and containing an
estimated 1.2 billion tons of phosphogypsum and more than 50 billion gallons of nutrient rich, acidic
process water. All of this water will have to be treated before a phosphoric acid plant can be
permanently closed.
Waste Water Treatment Options
Evaporation
Double Liming
Double Liming followed by Reverse Osmosis
Hauling Water off site
Deep Well Injection
Reverse Osmosis
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Numerous treatment options can be used to reduce the contamination in pond water to facilitate reuse
or discharge. These options include evaporation, single or double liming, deep well injection and
membrane (Reverse Osmosis) systems. Each option has advantages and limitation depending on the
site and discharge quality requirements. It is the purpose of this paper to concentrate on the use of
Reverse Osmosis membrane treatment technologies.
Reverse Osmosis
Siemens has employed reverse osmosis systems with excellent results on abandoned sites, non‐
operating phosphate plants and plants currently in operation.
Reverse Osmosis has significant advantages over other technologies. These include:
• Excellent product water quality, usually better than receiving streams for discharge or most
Florida ground waters, for other plant process use such as cooling tower or boiler make‐up.
• Minimal chemical usage and solid waste generation when compared to precipitation
techniques.
• No loss of phosphate and acid values in reject stream, making recovery possible.
Limitations of reverse osmosis include the need for pretreatment that will reduce turbidly to <1 NTU,
and a thorough understanding of the effects that temperature, concentration and pH have on the
solubility of sparingly soluble salts. Scaling of these salts on both membrane surfaces and
interconnecting piping can be a major operating problem if the system is not operated in a fairly narrow
range of these variables. The rejection of various species by the membranes is a function of ionic species
present, which is often a function of pH.
Siemens has done a considerable amount of work understanding these variables and has demonstrated
the ability to maintain the operating parameters within the operating ranges that optimize both
rejection and minimize membrane scaling.
Abandoned Site
The Piney Point fertilizer plant in Palmetto, Florida, has been one of the most publicized environmental
cleanup projects, and potentially one of the greatest threats to the Florida environment, during the past
decade. Inactive since 1999, and managed by the state of Florida since 2001 after Piney Point’s parent
company declared bankruptcy, the plant used millions of gallons of water in producing phosphoric acid
and solid phosphate and ammonium phosphate fertilizers. When in operation, process water was
managed using a series of ponds that acted as the heat sink for plant operations. In an active facility,
the heat content of process water is enough to keep the facility in a negative water balance mode where
evaporation exceeds rainfall. However, when the plant ceased operation, the water balance was
reversed, as more water is collected from rainfall than is evaporated. Without development of a water
treatment and discharge/offsite transfer plan, these ponds would have overflowed, and the highly
acidic, nutrient‐laden process water would have reached Tampa Bay.
Fearing a disaster, the state organized a team to manage the site, and selected wastewater treatment
and offsite disposal methods to solve the problem. One of the solutions chosen was reverse osmosis
(RO). Mobile RO equipment treated approximately 800,000 gallons/day from ponds that once
contained over 800 million gallons of toxic wastewater, making it pure enough to discharge into the bay
without adverse impacts.
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In pond waters, it has been observed that at pH values of about 2.5 or higher, algae becomes an issue.
Below this pH, algae is generally not a problem. Figure 3 shows the process flow of a temporary system
installed at Piney Point, an abandoned site that was under remediation by a court appointed receiver.
This 500‐gpm system included 400,000 gallon storage, bentonite clay feed, ballasted clarification to
remove the bulk of the suspended solids, dual stage media filtration for fine suspended solids removal
and two pass RO with inter‐stage pH adjustment and anti‐scalent. The pH adjustment is for ammonia
removal and the anti‐scalent controls precipitation on the second pass membranes caused by the
decreased solubility of some salts when the pH is increased. The final step in the process is ion
exchange resin that polishes the second pass product to remove low levels of ammonia. Although the
membrane process was capable of achieving the discharge specification of < 1PPM ammonia, the
practical limit of the process was about 0.7 PPM. As there was no retention between the system and
discharge directly to Bishops Harbor, it was felt that a polishing step to prevent an accidental discharge
of ammonia directly to the environment was appropriate.
Figure 3: Piney Point Process Flow Diagram
Feed Water
Storage Tank
Backwash Water
RO or IX
st nd
2 Pass Product to
1 Pass RO Ion
Discharge
Exchange
Polishing
Chemical Chemical Resins
Injection Injection
RO Reject
Stream
It should also be noted that the final product water was pure enough to pose some toxicity problems,
and a small amount of ground water was added to the product before final discharge. The water would
have made excellent boiler feed but there were no operating boilers on the site and the temporary
nature of the project precluded using the water at a different location.
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This equipment started up in May 2002 and operated with numerous changes in operating conditions
until May of 2005. Over 500 million gallons was discharged over this period with no significant product
quality excursions. A maximum of 800,000 gallons per day was discharged until the site started to run
out of feed water.
Figure 4: 2002 analysis of the raw feed and product water at Piney Point compared to discharge
specification.
Color PCU 70 NA NA
Operating Plants
Operating plants have an advantage in that they can operate at a negative water balance since they
have the ability to reduce gyp stack water through evaporation. The warmer temperature of the water
in an operating plant offers the ability to run the RO system at a higher recovery rate, which yields more
purified product water that can be discharged to the environment for inventory control, and or used for
cooling tower and boiler make‐water supplies. The higher rejection rate on the RO also allows for a
higher RO reject stream concentration that contains a more concentrated P205 stream that can be
recycled into the plant process.
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Figure 5: RO process flow in an operating plant and the multiple uses of the process streams.
Chemical
Injection
Backwash Water
RO or IX
st
1 Pass RO
nd
2 Pass Ion
Product to
Discharge,
Exchange
Cooling
Polishing
Tower and
Chemical Chemical Resins
Boiler Feed
Injection Injection
Phos‐acid
Recycle
Stream
System Operating Parameters
• For a reverse osmoses system on phosphate pond water feed to be viable, several parameters
must be met.
• The recovery of the system must be high enough to be practical
• The rate of membrane fouling must be low enough to permit continuous operation
• Fouled membranes must be able to be cleaned effectively
• The quality of the water produced must meet discharge specifications at minimum cost
• Maintaining minimum operating costs is dependent on a balance of chemical consumption and
membrane maintenance
System Recovery
The higher the system recovery the lower the capital cost per gallon of product. In this two pass system
shown in Figure 5, a first pass recovery of 25% to 30% and a second pass recovery of 75% to 80% are
typically achieved, with an overall system recovery of 20‐24%. In general, the RO recovery rate can be
increased with increases in temperature and RO recovery rate must be decreased with increases in feed
water Conductivity. It is critical to continuously adjust for changes in these variables since failing to do so
will increase the membrane fouling potential and cleaning frequency and decrease membrane life, all of
which increase the cost of water production. Fluctuation of these variables will dictate the economic
feasibility of the RO water treatment systems at both abandoned and operating phosphate plants.
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Membrane Fouling Suspended Solids
Membrane fouling occurs by two mechanisms, suspended solids and precipitating dissolved solids. The
suspended solids are removed by mechanical means. In operating plants, dual stage media with a filter
aid addition has shown to be an effective method of reducing turbidity to below 0.1 NTU with a feed of
less than 10 NTU. Figure 6 shows Turbidity levels being reduced from 7.21 to 0.6 NTU.
In abandoned sites, the presence of algae at the typically higher pH is more troublesome. The
pretreatment, as shown in figure 3, consists of bentonite clay fed to a clarifier along with an oxidation
and filter aid addition, followed by dual stage filtration.
Figure 6: Raw feed Turbidity 7.21 NTU. Top Line ‐Raw Feed Flow / 2nd Line ‐1st Stage MMF Product 3
NTU / 3rd Line ‐2nd Stage MMF Product 0.6 NTU.
Membrane Fouling Due to Precipitation
Precipitation of suspended solids is the second mechanism of membrane fouling. The fouling rate of the
membranes caused by precipitation is controlled by the TDS, the pH, temperature of the feed and the
system recovery. Generally lower TDS, pH, and system recovery and higher temperature result in a
lower membrane fouling rate.
Scale on the first pass RO membranes is predominantly fluorosilicic acid and its salts and phosphate salts
predominantly calcium. The precipitation of these salts is minimized by maintaining the pH of the feed
as low as practical. Figures 8 & 9 show the forms of both fluorosilicic and phosphoric acid as a function
of pH.
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Figure 7:
Figure 8:
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Membranes must be able to be cleaned effectively without damage and loss of rejection.
Membrane life must be long enough for limited membrane replacement cost. Although membrane
fouling is caused by two distinct mechanisms, they are closely interrelated. Suspended solids will
promote precipitation and vice versa. A well controlled program to clean membranes before they are
irreversibly fouled is critical. We have established a program where an increase in driving pressure of
more than 100 psi or a pressure drop of more than 20 psi indicates a membrane cleaning is needed.
Figure 9 – RO Membrane fouled with various gyp‐stack water precipitated salts.
Figure 10: RO Membrane cleaned for re‐use.
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Figure 11: Desired RO membrane cleaning results.
RO Product Water Quality as a Function of pH
Product water quality, specifically fluoride and ammonia, are affected dramatically by the system
operating conditions. Reverse osmosis membranes as a general rule have limited ability to reject
dissolved gasses. Fluoride exists in solution as hydrofluoric acid at low pH, a dissolved gas, and as a salt
at higher pH as shown in Figure 8. Ammonia behaves similarly but in reverse as it is a salt at lower pH
and a gas (ammonium hydroxide) at higher pH, as shown in Figure 12. To maintain optimum rejection of
both fluoride and ammonia, control of the feed pH to the second pass RO is critical.
Figure: 12
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Conclusions
For a successful operation, careful consideration needs to be given to the following:
• Filtration of feed to the RO membranes < 1NTU Turbidity
• Conductivity
• Temperature <110˚ F
• pH of the feed water can be as low as 1.3
• Clarification may be required at pH above 2.5 if algae is present
• Control of the feed water pH to the second pass RO is critical
• Maintaining minimum operating costs is a function of balancing chemical consumption and
maximizing RO membrane life.
Reverse Osmosis membrane technology has shown that it can successfully and economically treat gyp
stack pond water with a specific conductivity of up to ~30,000 µS/cm. Rejection of 99+% of all ionic
species can be achieved. The product water can be directly discharged or used for process water and
the reject streams can be directed back to the process for acid and phosphate recovery or can be used
to reduce the hydraulic load on subsequent precipitation processes.
Figure 13: Actual raw feed and final system product water quality comparison of water treated by
Siemens Water Technologies RO membrane system.
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