Chapter 1 Review, pages 52–57 Understanding

! !
Knowledge 22. Given: dinital = 0 m; dfinal = 2000 m [W]
1. (b) !
Required: ! dT
2. (c) ! ! !
3. (d) Analysis: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
! ! !
4. (d) Solution: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
5. (a)
6. (c) = 2000 m [W] ! 0 m
!
7. (a) ! dT = 2000 m [W]
8. (d) Statement: Your displacement would be
9. (c) 2000 m [W].
10. False. Direction is the line an object moves ! !
23. Given: dinital = 750 m [E]; dfinal = 2500 m [E]
along from a particular starting point. !
11. False. A vector is a quantity that has a Required: ! dT
magnitude and also direction. ! ! !
Analysis: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
12. True ! ! !
13. False. Vectors are added by joining them tip to Solution: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
tail. = 2500 m [E] ! 750 m [E]
14. False. The difference between speed and !
! dT = 1750 m [E]
velocity is that speed is a scalar while velocity is a
vector. Statement: Your displacement would be
15. True 1750 m [E].
! !
16. False. Motion in a straight line but with a 24. Given: dinital = 2000 m [W]; dfinal = 2500 m [E]
varying speed is considered motion with non- !
Required: ! dT
uniform velocity. ! ! !
17. False. The slope of a velocity–time graph gives Analysis: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
the average acceleration of an object. ! ! !
Solution: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
18. True
19. (a) (v) = 2500 m [E] ! 2000 m [W]
(b) (i) = 2500 m [E] + 2000 m [E]
!
(c) (vi) ! dT = 4500 m [E]
(d) (ii) Statement: Your displacement would be
(e) (iii) 4500 m [E].
(f) (iv) ! !
20. Velocity is a vector while speed is a scalar. 25. Given: dinital = 750 m [E]; dfinal = 0 m (ignore
Average velocity is calculated by dividing the total the detail about the market because displacement
displacement (also a vector) by the total time for only involves initial and final positions)
!
that displacement. Average speed is calculated by Required: ! dT
dividing the total distance (also a scalar) by the ! ! !
total time for that distance. Analysis: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
! ! !
21. If an object has a negative acceleration, it is Solution: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital
accelerating in the direction opposite to the = 0 m ! 750 m [E]
direction it is travelling. The negative acceleration
= 0 m + 750 m [W]
causes the object to slow down and, if it continues, !
to speed up in the opposite direction. ! dT = 750 m [W]
Statement: Your displacement would be
750 m [W].

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-2
 ! ! ! !
26. Given: dinital = 76 km [W]; dfinal = 54 km [E] 30. Given: dinital = 45 km [W]; dfinal = 15 km [E];
!
Required: ! dT ∆t = 1.2 h
! ! ! !
Required: vav
Analysis: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital !
! ! ! ! !d
Solution: ! dT = dfinal ! dinital Analysis: vav =
!t
= 54 km [E] ! 76 km [W] ! !
! dfinal ! dinitial
= 54 km [E] + 76 km [E] vav =
! !t
! dT = 130 km [E] Solution:
! !
Statement: The car’s displacement is 130 km [E]. ! dfinal ! dinitial
vav =
27. Given: ∆d = 250 m; ∆t = 4.0 s !t
Required: vav 15 km [E] ! 45 km [W]
!d =
Analysis: vav = 1.2 h
!t 15 km [E] + 45 km [E]
=
!d 1.2 h
Solution: vav =
!t ! 60 km [E] $ ! 1000 m $
250 m =# &# &
= " 1.2 h % " 1 km %
4.0 s
vav = 63 m/s ! 60 000 m [E] $ ! 1 h $ ! 1 min $
=# &% # &# &
Statement: The race car’s average speed is " 1.2 h " 60 min % " 60 s %
!
63 m/s. vav = 14 m/s [E]
28. Given: vav = 15 m/s; ∆t = 3.0 s Statement: The velocity of the car is 14 m/s [E].
Required: ∆d ! !
31. Given: ∆ d = 2400 m [W]; vav = 9.0 m/s [W]
!d
Analysis: vav = Required: ∆t
!t !
! d = vav !t ! !d
Analysis: vav =
!t
Solution: ! d = vav !t !
!d
! m$ !t = !
(
= # 15 & 3.0 s
" s%
) vav
!
!d
! d = 45 m Solution: !t = !
vav
Statement: The baseball will go 45 m in 3.0 s.
!
29. Given: ∆ d = 310 m [S]; ∆t = 8.0 s 2400 m [W]
! =
Required: vav m
9.0 [W]
! s
! !d
Analysis: vav = !t = 2.7 ! 102 s
!t
! Statement: The bird is in flight for 2.7 × 102 s or
! !d 270 s.
Solution: vav =
!t 32. Given: vav = 251 km/h; ∆t = 14.3 s
310 m [S] Required: ∆d
=
8.0 s !d
! Analysis: vav =
vav = 39 m/s [S] !t
Statement: The average velocity of the bird is ! d = vav !t
39 m/s [S]. Solution:
! d = vav !t
! km $ ! 1 h $ ! 1 min $
= # 251
" &
h %
(
14.3 s # ) &# &
" 60 min % " 60 s %
! d = 0.997 km

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-3
Statement: The length of the track is 0.997 km or 37. Given: vi = 0 m/s; vf = 343 m/s;
997 m. aav = 1.25 × 105 m/s2
33. (a) The position–time graph is a straight line, Required: ∆t
so the slope is the same at every point. Since the vf ! vi
slope gives the velocity, the object has uniform Analysis: aav =
!t
velocity. vf ! vi
(b) The slope of the position–time graph is !t =
aav
negative, so the velocity is negative. The slope is
constant, so the velocity is constant. vf ! vi
Solution: !t =
34. (a) The position–time graph is curved aav
downward, so the object has non-uniform velocity. m m
In the first half of the time, the displacement is 343 !0
s s
more than twice the displacement in the second =
5 m
half of the time. 1.25 " 10 2
(b) The slope at all points of the position–time s
!3
graph is positive, so the velocity is always positive. !t = 2.74 " 10 s
The slope is decreasing, so the velocity must also Statement: The acceleration will take 2.74 × 10–3 s
be decreasing or slowing down. or 2.74 ms.
! ! ! !
35. Given: vi = 0 m/s; vf = 5.0 m/s [E]; ∆t = 1.25 s 38. Given: vi = 180 km/h [S]; aav = 8.2 m/s2 [N];
! ∆t = 3.2 s
Required: aav
!
! Required: vf
! !v
Analysis: aav = ! !
!t ! vf ! vi
! ! Analysis: aav =
vf ! vi !t
= ! ! !
!t aav !t = vf ! vi
! ! ! ! !
! vf ! vi vf = vi + aav !t
Solution: aav =
!t Solution:
5.0 m/s [E] ! 0 m/s ! ! !
= vf = vi + aav !t
1.25 s
! $
=
5.0 m/s [E]
" s
m
= 180 km/h [S] + # 8.2 2 [N]& 3.2 s
%
( )
1.25 s
! = 180 km/h [S] + 26.24 m/s [N]
aav = 4.0 m/s 2 [E]
Statement: The average acceleration of the runner ! m $ ! 1 km $ ! 60 min $ ! 60 s $
= 180 km/h [S]+ # '26.24 [S]& # # &
is 4.0 m/s2 [E]. " s % " 1000 m &% " 1 h % #" 1 min &%
! ! !
36. Given: vi = 0 m/s; aav = 6.25 m/s2 [W]; vf = 86 km/h [S]
∆t = 2.0 s Statement: The velocity of the car is 86 km/h [S]
!
Required: vf when it makes the turn.
! !
v ! vi 39. Given: aav = 1.8 m/s2; ∆t = 2.4 s; vf = 10.2 m/s
!
Analysis: aav = f Required: vi
!t
! ! ! vf ! vi
aav !t = vf ! vi Analysis: aav =
! ! ! !t
vf = vi + aav !t
aav !t = vf ! vi
Solution: vi = vf ! aav !t
! ! !
vf = vi + aav !t
Solution: vi = vf ! aav !t
! $
m
= 0 m/s + # 6.25 2 [W]& 2.0 s ( ) " m%
!
" s % (
= 10.2 m/s ! $ 1.8 2 ' 2.4 s
# s &
)
vf = 13 m/s [W]
vi = 5.9 m/s
Statement: The final velocity of the horse is
13 m/s [W]. Statement: The student’s initial speed was 5.9
m/s.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-4
 ! !
40. Given: b = 4.0 s; h = 2.0 m/s [E]; l = 4.0 s; 43. (a) Given: vi = 0 m/s; ! d = 10.0 m [down];
w = 2.0 m/s [E] ! ! 2
! a = g = 9.8 m/s [down]
Required: ! d
Required: ∆t
Analysis: Use the area under the graph to ! ! 1!
( )
2
determine the position at t = 4.0 s: Analysis: ! d = vi !t + a !t
! 2
! d = Atriangle + Arectangle
1!
( ) ( )
2

Solution: = 0 m/s !t + a !t
! 2
!
! d = Atriangle + Arectangle
( ) 2!d
2
!t = !
1 a
= bh + lw !
2 2!d
!t = !
! $ ! $
1
2
(
= 4.0 s # 2.0
"
)m
s
(
[E]& + 4.0 s # 2.0
% "
m
s
)[E]&
% !
a
2!d
= 4.0 m [E] + 8.0 m [E] Solution: !t = !
! a
! d = 12 m [E]
=
(
2 10.0 m )
Statement: The object has travelled 12 m [E] after ! m$
4.0 s. #" 9.8 s 2 &%
! !
41. Given: vi = 4.0 m/s [W]; aav = 1.0 m/s2 [W];
!t = 1.4 s
∆t = 3.0 s
! Statement: The ball takes 1.4 s to fall 10.0 m.
Required: ! d ! !
! (b) Given: vi = 0 m/s; ! d = 10.0 m [down];
! 1! ! !
Analysis: ! d = vi !t + aav !t 2 2
a = g = 9.8 m/s [down]
2 !
Solution: Required: vf
! ! 1!
! d = vi !t + aav !t 2 Analysis: vf 2 = vi 2 + 2a ! d
2
vf = vi 2 + 2a ! d
! $ 1! $
m
( ) m
( )
2
= # 4.0 [W]& 3.0 s + # 1.0 [W]& 3.0 s
" s % 2" s 2
% Solution: vf = vi 2 + 2a ! d
= 12 m [W] + 4.5 m [W] ! m$ !
2
m$
!
! d = 17 m [W] = # 0 & + 2 # 9.8 2 & 10.0 m
" s% " s %
( )
Statement: The displacement of the object is
vf = 14 m/s
17 m [W].
( )
42. (a) Equation 4 vf 2 = vi 2 + 2a ! d should be
Statement: The final velocity of the ball is 14 m/s.

used to find the final velocity because it includes Analysis and Application
the variables ∆d, aav, vf, and vi, and excludes time. 44. (a)
(b) Given: vi = 3.0 m/s; ∆d = 6.0 m; a = 0.80 m/s2
Required: vf
Analysis: vf 2 = vi 2 + 2a ! d
vf = vi 2 + 2a ! d

Solution: vf = vi 2 + 2a ! d
2
! !
! m$ ! m$ (b) Given: ! d1 = 230 m [E]; ! d2 = 350 m [E]
= # 3.0 & + 2 # 0.80 2 & 6.0 m
" s% " s %
( ) !
Required: ! dT
vf = 4.3 m/s ! ! !
Analysis: ! dT = ! d1 + ! d2
Statement: The final velocity of the ball is ! ! !
4.3 m/s [down]. Solution (algebraic): ! dT = ! d1 + ! d2
= 230 m [E] + 350 m [E]
!
! dT = 580 m [E]

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-5
 ! !
Solution (scale diagram): 46. Given: dinital = 4.0 m [E]; dfinal = 16 m [E];
This figure shows the given vectors, with the tip of
! ! ∆t = 6.0 s
! d1 joined to the tail of ! d2 . The resultant vector, !
! ! Required: vav
! dT is drawn in black, from the tail of ! d1 to the !
! !d
! ! Analysis: vav =
tip of ! d2 . The direction of ! dT is [E]. !t
! !
! dfinal ! dinitial
! dT measures 5.8 cm in length, so using the scale !
vav =
! !t
of 1 cm : 100 m, the actual magnitude of ! dT is ! !
! dfinal ! dinitial
580 m [E]. Solution: vav =
!t
Statement: The car’s total displacement is
16 m [E] ! 4.0 m [E]
580 m [E]. =
6.0 s
45. (a) !
vav = 2.0 m/s [E]
Statement: The average velocity of the object is
2.0 m/s [E].
! !
47. Given: d1 = 250 m [N]; d2 = 750 m [N];
t1 = 15 s; t2 = 36 s
!
Required: vav
!
! !d
Analysis: vav =
!t
! !
! d2 ! d1
vav =
t2 ! t1
! ! ! !
(b) Given: ! d1 = 54 m [N]; ! d2 = 72 m [S] ! d2 ! d1
! Solution: vav =
Required: ! dT t2 ! t1
! ! ! 750 m [N] ! 250 m [N]
Analysis: ! dT = ! d1 + ! d2 =
! ! ! 36 s ! 15 s
Solution (algebraic): ! dT = ! d1 + ! d2 500 m [N]
=
= 54 m [N] + 72 m [S] 21 s
!
= !54 m [S] + 72 m [S] vav = 24 m/s [N]
!
! dT = 18 m [S] Statement: The average velocity of the car
between the checkpoints is 24 m/s [N].
Solution (scale diagram): ! !
This figure shows the given vectors, with the tip of 48. Given: d1 = 320 m [E]; d2 = 140 m [W];
! !
! d1 joined to the tail of ! d2 . The resultant vector, t1 = 25 s; t2 = 49 s
!
! ! Required: vav
! dT is drawn in black, from the tail of ! d1 to the !
! ! ! !d
tip of ! d2 . The direction of ! dT is [S]. Analysis: vav =
! !t
! !
! dT measures 0.9 cm in length, so using the scale ! d2 ! d1
! vav =
of 1 cm : 20 m, the actual magnitude of ! dT is t2 ! t1
! !
18 m [S]. ! d2 ! d1
Solution: vav =
Statement: The eagle’s total displacement is t2 ! t1
18 m [S]. 140 m [W] ! 320 m [E]
=
49 s ! 25 s
140 m [W] + 320 m [W]
=
24 s
!
vav = 19 m/s [W]

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-6
Statement: The average velocity of the racer 51. Given: vi = 1.0 m/s; vf = 7.6 m/s;
between the checkpoints is 19 m/s [W]. ∆t = 0.8 s
! ! !
49. Given: d1 = 450 km [W]; d2 = 920 km [W]; Required: aav
!
vav = 40.0 km/h [W] vf ! vi
Analysis: aav =
Required: ∆t !t
!
! !d v !v
Analysis: vav = Solution: aav = f i
!t !t
! !
! d2 ! d1 7.6 m/s ! 1.0 m/s
vav = =
!t 0.8 s
! ! aav = 8.3 m/s 2
d2 ! d1
!t = ! Statement: The acceleration of the deer is
vav
! ! 8.3 m/s2.
d2 ! d1 ! !
Solution: !t = ! 52. Given: vi = 7.0 m/s [W]; vf = 12.1 m/s [W];
vav ! 2
aav = 3.9 m/s [W]
920 km [W] ! 450 km [W]
= Required: ∆t
km ! !
40.0 [W] ! vf ! vi
h Analysis: aav =
!t
!t = 12 h ! !
vf ! vi
Statement: It will take the train 12 h to travel !t = !
aav
between the two stations. ! !
! !
50. Given: d1 = 4.5 km [S]; d2 = 2.5 km [N]; v !v
Solution: !t = f ! i
vav = 9.7 m/s aav
Required: ∆t 12.1 m/s [W] ! 7.0 m/s [W]
! =
! !d 3.9 m/s 2 [W]
Analysis: vav =
!t m
! ! 5.1 [W]
! d2 ! d1 =
s
vav =
!t m
! ! 3.9 2 [W]
d2 ! d1 s
!t = ! !t = 1.3 s
vav
! ! Statement: It takes 1.3 s for the motorcycle to
d2 ! d1 accelerate.
Solution: !t = ! !
vav 53. Given: vi = 32.0 m/s [down];
2.5 km [N] ! 4.5 km [S] !
= vf = 24.0 m/s [up]; ∆t = 5.30 s
9.7 m/s !
Required: aav
2.5 km [N] + 4.5 km [N]
= ! !
9.7 m/s ! v ! vi
Analysis: aav = f
7.0 km [N] " 1000 m % " 1 min % !t
= ! !
m $# 1 km '& $# 60 s '& ! v ! vi
9.7 Solution: aav = f
s !t
!t = 12 min 24.0 m/s [up] ! 32.0 m/s [down]
=
Statement: The trip will take him 12 min. 5.30 s
24.0 m/s [up] + 32.0 m/s [up]
=
5.30 s
!
aav = 10.6 m/s 2 [up]
Statement: The average acceleration of the
bungee jumper is 10.6 m/s2 [up].

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-7
 ! !
54. Given: vi = 4.3 m/s [W]; vf = 2.5 m/s [E]; (b) Given: b1 = 3.0 s; b2 = 2.0 s; h = 1.0 m/s [W];
∆t = 7.2 s l = 2.0 s
!
! Required: ! d
Required: aav !
! ! Analysis: ! d = Atriangle 1 + Arectangle + Atriangle 2
! vf ! vi
Analysis: aav = Solution:
!t !
! ! ! d = Atriangle 1 + Arectangle + Atriangle 2
! v !v
Solution: aav = f i
!t 1 1
= b h + lh + b2 h
2.5 m/s [E] ! 4.3 m/s [W] 2 1 2
=
7.2 s ! $ ! $
2.5 m/s [E] + 4.3 m/s [E]
1
2
(
= 3.0 s # 1.0
"
m
s
)[E]& + 2.0 s # 1.0
% "
(
m
s
)
[E]&
%
=
7.2 s ! $
!
aav = 0.94 m/s 2 [E] +
1
2
( )
2.0 s # 1.0
"
m
s
[E]&
%
Statement: The average acceleration of the = 1.5 m [E] + 2.0 m [E] + 1.0 m [E]
balloon is 0.94 m/s2 [E]. !
55. (a) 0 s to 3.0 s: ! d = 4.5 m [E]
! Statement: The ball has travelled 4.5 m [E] after
Given: ! v = 1.0 m/s [E]; ∆t = 3.0 s
! 7.0 s.
Required: aav
! 56. (a) Given: l = 3.0 s; h = 4.5 m/s2 [S]
! !v !
Analysis: aav = Required: ! v
!t !
! Analysis: ! v = Arectangle
! !v !
Solution: aav = Solution: ! v = Arectangle
!t
1.0 m/s [E] = lh
=
3.0 s ! $
!
aav = 0.33 m/s 2 [E] (" s
m
)
= 3.0 s # 4.5 2 [S]&
%
!
Statement: The average acceleration from 0 s to ! v = 14 m/s [S]
3.0 s is 0.33 m/s2 [E]. Statement: The velocity has increased by
3.5 s to 5.0 s: 14 m/s [S] from 2.0 s to 5.0 s.
! ! !
Given: ! v = 0.0 m/s; ∆t = 1.5 s (b) Given: vi = 6.0 m/s [S]; ! v = 14 m/s [S]
!
Required: aav !
! Required: vf
! !v ! ! !
Analysis: aav = Analysis: vf = vi + ! v
!t
! ! ! !
! !v Solution: vf = vi + ! v
Solution: aav =
!t = 6.0 m/s [S] + 14 m/s [S]
0.0 m/s !
= vf = 20 m/s [S]
1.5 s Statement: The final velocity of the object is
!
aav = 0.0 m/s 2 20 m/s [S].
Statement: The average acceleration from 3.5 s to
5.0 s is 0.0 m/s2.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-8
57. (a)
Time Acceleration Equation Velocity
! ! !
(s) (m/s [W]) v = vi + a !t (m/s [W])
! " %
0 –3.0
# s
m
&
(
v = 5.0 m/s [E] + $ !3.0 2 [E]' 0.0 s ) 5.0

! " %
1.0 –3.0
# s
m
&
(
v = 5.0 m/s [E] + $ !3.0 2 [E]' 1.0 s ) 2.0

! " %
2.0 –3.0
# s
m
&
(
v = 5.0 m/s [E] + $ !3.0 2 [E]' 2.0 s ) –1.0

! " %
3.0 –3.0
# s
m
&
(
v = 5.0 m/s [E] + $ !3.0 2 [E]' 3.0 s ) –4.0

! " %
4.0 –3.0
# s
m
&
(
v = 5.0 m/s [E] + $ !3.0 2 [E]' 4.0 s ) –7.0

! " %
5.0 –3.0
# s
m
&
(
v = 5.0 m/s [E] + $ !3.0 2 [E]' 5.0 s ) –10.0

(b) Statement: The instantaneous velocity of the

object at 2.0 s is –1 m/s [E].
!
(c) Given: ! d = –6 m [E]; ∆t = 4.0 s
!
Required: vav
!
! !d
Analysis: vav =
!t
!
! !d
Solution: vav =
!t
!6 m [E]
=
4.0 s
!
vav = !1.5 m/s [E]
Statement: The average velocity of the object
over the time interval from 1.0 s to 5.0 s is
–1.5 m/s [E].
59. (a) Given: vi = 160 km/h; vf = 0 m/s;
a = 11.0 m/s2
58. (a) Reading from the graph, at t = 3.0 s, Required: ∆t
!
d = –2.5 m [E], so the object is –2.5 m [E]. Analysis: vf = vi + aav !t
(b) Given: t = 2.0 s; position–time graph
! vf ! vi
Required: vinst !t =
! aav
Analysis: vinst is equal to the slope, m, of the
! Solution: Convert vi to metres per second:
!d " km % " 1000 m % " 1 h % " 1 min %
tangent to the curve at t = 2.0 s, so m = . vi = $ !160 ' $ '
!t
# h & $# 1 km '& $# 60 min '& # 60 s &
By placing a ruler along the curve in Figure 8 at
vi = 44.44 m/s
t = 2.0 s, I can picture the tangent. The tangent has
a rise of about –5 m [E] over a run of 5.0 s.
!
!d
Solution: m =
!t
!5 m [E]
=
5.0 s
!
vinst = !1 m/s [E]

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-9
 vf ! vi Statement: The sailboat is accelerating at a rate of
!t = 0.79 m/s2.
aav
61. (a) Given: vi = 52 km/h; aav = 2.0 m/s2;
0 km/h ! 44.44 m/s
= (two extra digits carried) ∆t = 7.2 s
!11.0 m/s 2 !
Required: ! d
m !
!44.44 ! 1!
s Analysis: ! d = vi !t + aav !t 2
= 2
m
11.0 2 Solution: Convert vi to metres per second:
s
! km $ ! 1000 m $ ! 1 h $ ! 1 min $
!t = 4.0 s vi = # 52 & # &
Statement: The car takes 4.0 s to stop. " h % #" 1 km &% #" 60 min &% " 60 s %
(b) Given: vi = 44.44 m/s; vf = 0 m/s; vi = 14.44 m/s
a = 11.0 m/s2
1
Required: ∆d ! d = vi !t + a !t 2
2 av
Analysis: vf 2 = vi 2 + 2a ! d
! m$ 1! m$
( ) ( )
2
v 2 ! vi 2 = # 14.44 & 7.2 s + # 2.0 & 7.2 s (two extra digits carried)
!d = f " s% 2" s2 %
2a
Solution: ! d = 1.6 ' 102 m
Statement: The displacement of the van is 160 m
vf 2 ! vi 2
!d = or 1.6 × 102 m.
2a
(b) Given: vi = 14.44 m/s; a = 2.0 m/s2; ∆t = 7.2 s
(0 m/s) ! ( 44.44 m/s)
2 2
Required: vf
= (two extra digits carried)
(
2 !11.0 m/s 2 ) Analysis: vf = vi + a !t
m2 Solution:
!1975 vf = vi + a !t
2
s
=
m ! m$
!22.0
m
2
= 14.44 ( )
+ 2.0 2 & 7.2 s (two extra digits carried)
s #" s %
s
! d = 90 m ! m $ ! 1 km $ ! 60 s $ ! 60 min $
= # 28.84 # &
Statement: The car travels 90 m when braking. " s &% #" 1000 m &% #" 1 min &% " 1 h %
60. Given: vi = 5.5 m/s; vf = 9.0 m/s; ∆d = 32 m !
vf = 1.0 ' 102 km/h
Required: a
Analysis: vf 2 = vi 2 + 2a ! d Statement: The van’s final velocity is 100 km/h or
1.0 × 102 km/h.
vf 2 ! vi 2
a=
2!d
vf 2 ! vi 2
Solution: a=
2!d
(9.0 m/s) ! (5.5 m/s)
2 2

=
2 ( 32 m )
m2
50.75
= s2
!64 m
! d = 0.79 m/s 2

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-10
62. (a) Step 1: Create a table of values to calculate the velocity and position at each time until the rock hits the
water.
! ! ! !
Given: vi = 12 m/s [down]; ! d = 20 m [down]; a = g = 9.8 m/s2 [down]
Equation
Equation ! ! 1!
Time Velocity
( ) Position
2
! ! ! ! d = vi !t + a !t
(s) v = vi + a !t (m/s [down]) 2 (m [down])

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 12 [down]& 0.0 s
v = 12 [down] +
s " s %
0.0 ! $ 12 0.0
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
#" 9.8 s 2 [down]&% 0.0 s + # 9.8 [down]& 0.0 s
2" s 2
%

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 12 [down]& 0.5 s
v = 12 [down] +
s " s %
0.5 ! $
17 7.2
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
#" 9.8 s 2 [down]&% 0.5 s + # 9.8 [down]& 0.5 s
2" s 2
%

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 12 [down]& 1.0 s
v = 12 [down] +
s " s %
1.0 ! $
22 17
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
#" 9.8 s 2 [down]&% 1.0 s + # 9.8 [down]& 1.0 s
2" s2 %

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 12 [down]& 1.5 s
v = 12 [down] +
s " s %
1.5 ! $
27 29
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
#" 9.8 s 2 [down]&% 1.5 s + # 9.8 [down]& 1.5 s
2" s 2
%

Step 2: Use these values to create velocity–time and position–time graphs.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-11
(b) Step 1: Create a table of values to calculate the velocity and position at each time until the ball hits the
ground.
! ! !
Given: vi = 32 m/s [up]; a = g = –9.8 m/s2 [up]
Equation
Equation ! ! 1! Position
Time Velocity
( )
2
! ! ! ! ! d = vi !t + a !t !
(s) v = vi + a !t v (m/s [up]) 2 ! d (m [up])

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 32 [up]& 0.0 s
v = 32 [up] +
s " s %
0.0 " %
32 0.0
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
$# !9.8 s 2 [up]'& 0.0 s + # '9.8 [up]& 0.0 s
2" s2 %

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 32 [up]& 1.0 s
v = 32 [up] +
s " s %
1.0 " %
22 27
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
$# !9.8 s 2 [up]'& 1.0 s + # '9.8 [up]& 1.0 s
2" s 2
%

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 32 [up]& 2.0 s
v = 32 [up] +
s " s %
2.0 " %
12 44
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
$# !9.8 s 2 [up]'& 2.0 s + # '9.8 [up]& 2.0 s
2" s2 %

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 32 [up]& 3.0 s
v = 32 [up] +
s " s %
3.0 " %
3 52
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
$# !9.8 s 2 [up]'& 3.0 s + # '9.8 [up]& 3.0 s
2" s 2
%

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 32 [up]& 4.0 s
v = 32 [up] +
s " s %
4.0 " %
–7 50
1! $
( ) ( )
m m 2
$# !9.8 s 2 [up]'& 4.0 s + # '9.8 [up]& 4.0 s
2" s 2
%

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 32 [up]& 5.0 s
v = 32 [up] +
s " s %
5.0 " % –17 38
m
( ) 1! $
m
( )
2
$# !9.8 s 2 [up]'& 5.0 s + # '9.8 [up]& 5.0 s
2" s2 %

( )
! ! m $
! m ! d = # 32 [up]& 6.0 s
v = 32 [up] +
s " s %
6.0 " % –27 16
m
( ) 1! $
m
( )
2
$# !9.8 s 2 [up]'& 6.0 s + # '9.8 [up]& 6.0 s
2" s 2
%

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-12
Step 2: Use these values to create velocity–time and position–time graphs.

!
63. Given: vi = 10.0 m/s [down]; ∆t = 2.1 s; m2
! ! 2
!484
a = g = 9.8 m/s [down] s2
! =
Required: ! d m
!19.6
! ! 1! s2
( )
2
Analysis: ! d = vi !t + a !t
2 ! d = 25 m
Solution: Statement: The baseball will reach a maximum
! ! 1! height of 25 m.
( )
2
! d = vi !t + a !t ! !
2 (b) Given: vi = 80.0 m/s [up]; vf = 0.0 m/s;
! !
1! $ 2
! $ a = g = 9.8 m/s [down]
m
( m
) ( )
2
= # 10.0 [down]& 2.1 s + # 9.8 [down]& 2.1 s
" s % 2" s 2
% Required: ∆t
! vf ! vi
! d = 43 m [down] Analysis: a =
!t
Statement: The bridge is 43 m high.
! ! vf ! vi
64. (a) Given: vi = 22 m/s [up]; vf = 0.0 m/s; !t =
! ! 2 a
a = g = 9.8 m/s [down]
v !v
Required: ∆d Solution: !t = f i
a
Analysis: vf 2 = vi 2 + 2a ! d m m
0 ! 22
vf 2 ! vi 2 s s
!d = =
2a " m%
Solution: $# !9.8 s 2 '&
vf 2 ! vi 2 !t = 2.245 s (two extra digits carried)
!d =
2a It will take the ball the same amount of time to
2 2
" m% " m% reach the maximum height as it will to return to the
$# 0 s '& ! $# 22 s '& baseball player.
= 2(2.245 s) = 4.5 s
" m%
2 $ !9.8 2 ' Statement: The ball is in the air for 4.5 s.
# s &

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-13
Evaluation For 3.0 s to 6.0 s:
!
65. Answers may vary. Sample answers: Given: ! v = –9.0 m/s [S]; ∆t = 3.0 s
!
(a) Required: aav
Equation Velocity !
! !v
Time ! !d (m/s Analysis: aav =
v= !t
Trial (s) !t [down]) !
! !v
1.0 m Solution: aav =
1 0.49 2.0 !t
0.49 s !9.0 m/s [S]
1.0 m =
2 0.50 2.0 3.0 s
0.50 s !
aav = !3.0 m/s 2 [S]
1.0 m Statement: The average acceleration from 3.0 s to
3 0.47 2.1
0.47 s 6.0 s is –3.0 m/s2 [S].
(b) Since velocity is a vector, it has direction. So a
(b) negative velocity is the same as a positive velocity
Equation Velocity in the opposite direction, which means the object is
Time ! !d (m/s moving in the opposite direction. The velocity of
v=
Trial (s) !t [down]) this object is negative from 5.0 s to 8.0 s.
2.0 m (c) (i) The velocity is positive between 0 s and
1 0.60 3.3 5.0 s, and the slope is negative from 3.0 s to 5.0 s.
0.60 s
Since the slope of a velocity–time graph gives the
2.0 m
2 0.64 3.1 acceleration, the object has positive velocity and
0.64 s negative acceleration from 3.0 s to 5.0 s.
2.0 m (ii) The velocity is negative between 5.0 s and
3 0.65 3.1
0.65 s 8.0 s, and the slope is positive from 7.0 s to 8.0 s.
The 2.0 m distance gives the fastest average Since the slope of a velocity–time graph gives the
velocity. This is what should be expected, because acceleration, the object has negative velocity and
there is more time for the pencil to accelerate and positive acceleration from 7.0 s to 8.0 s.
travel at a faster velocity. (iii) Since the slope of a velocity–time graph gives
66. Graph (a) is a curve getting steeper as time the acceleration, the object has zero acceleration
increases. Graph (b) is also a curve getting steeper from 6.0 s to 7.0 s, when the graph is flat.
as time increases. The magnitude of the (d) Normally, to determine the distance or
displacement in graph (b) is more than 10 m displacement from a velocity–time graph, you
greater than in graph (a), so graph (b) has the would calculate the area under the graph. Since the
greater average velocity (magnitude). So, graph (b) graph goes below the x-axis (when the object stops
must also have the greater acceleration in and moves in the opposite direction), you would
magnitude. have to calculate the area between the graph and
67. (a) For 0 s to 2.0 s: the x-axis to determine the total distance. Since
!
Given: ! v = 4.0 m/s [S]; ∆t = 2.0 s some of the movement was back towards the
!
Required: aav starting point, to find the position or displacement,
! you would have to subtract the distance travelled
! !v
Analysis: aav = north from the distance travelled south. To do so,
!t
! subtract the area above the graph when the velocity
! !v is negative from the area below the graph when
Solution: aav =
!t velocity is positive.
4.0 m/s [S]
=
2.0 s
!
aav = 2.0 m/s 2 [S]
Statement: The average acceleration from 0 s to
2.0 s is 2.0 m/s2 [S].

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-14
(e) The velocity is positive between 0 s and 5.0 s
and the graph forms a triangle with b = 5.0 s and
h = 6.0 m/s:
1
Atriangle = bh
2
! m$
1
( )
= 5.0 s # 6.0 &
2 " s%
Atriangle = 15 m
The velocity is negative between 5.0 s and 8.0 s
and the graph forms a trapezoid with b1 = 3.0 s,
b2 = 1.0 s, and h = 3.0 m/s:
!b +b $
Atrapezoid = # 1 2 & h
" 2 %
! 3.0 s + 1.0 s $ ! m$
=# &% #" 3.0 s &% The slope of the velocity–time graph is zero at
" 2
t = 3.0 s, so the instantaneous acceleration of the
Atriangle = 6 m object is zero at t = 3.0 s.
The total distance travelled is 15 m + 6 m = 21 m. (d) At t = 3.0 s in the position–time graph, the
The position relative to the starting point is slope reaches its maximum steepness and starts
15 m [S] + 6 m [N] = 9 m [S]. levelling out again. You could say that the graph
68. (a) The slope of a position–time graph gives changes from arching down to arching up.
the velocity. Since the slope is 0 m/s at t = 1.0 s
and t = 5.0 s, those are the times when the Reflect on Your Learning
instantaneous velocity of the object is zero. 69. (a) When considering acceleration–time
(b) The slope of a velocity–time graph gives the graphs, the area underneath the line or curve gives
acceleration. That means that the instantaneous the velocity of an object. If the acceleration of an
acceleration is zero whenever the slope of the object is not constant, than the velocity–time graph
graph is flat. would not look like a straight line. It could be
(c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: curved, be non-linear line segments, or a
Using a ruler to approximate the instantaneous combination of the two.
velocity from the graph, I can see the following: (b) The units of the slope in an acceleration–time
• the slope is positive and decreasing from 0 s graph would be written as m/s2/s or m/s3. The
to 1.0 s slope shows how quickly the acceleration is
• the slope is negative and decreasing from changing.
1.0 s to 3.0 s
• the slope is negative and increasing from 3.0 s Research
to 5.0 s 70. Answers may vary. Students’ answers should
• the slope is positive and increasing from 5.0 s follow along the guides of the questions given.
to 6.0 s They should try to focus on how the device
The velocity–time graph for the object would look worked or any special techniques that were used
similar to this: and the mathematics behind it.
71. Answers may vary.
(a) Students’ answers will likely mention the
cheetah as being the fastest land animal, but that its
speed cannot be maintained for a very long time.
Other animals mentioned might include the
pronghorn or the wildebeest.
(b) Students will likely mention the peregrine
falcon as being the fastest bird but only in a dive.
Other birds mentioned might include the albatross
or the swift.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-15
(c) Students’ answers will likely include the
sailfish and a description of how it gets its name
and how it can reach the speeds it does.
72. Answers may vary. Students’ answers should
include the world records for both land and flight
speeds, and give estimates on how fast the average
space shuttle rocket can travel. They may include a
brief history of each or the propulsion technologies
that are used.
73. Answers may vary. Each runner’s starting
block is connected to an electronic false start
system and the control room that signals the start
of the race. Any sign of acceleration by a runner
before the starting device has gone off is detected
by the officials and immediately stops the race.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line 1-16