11  Interference and Diffraction Chapter 11 : Interference and Diffraction

1. The nth bright fringe of the  pattern and the The requirement is, mimina must appear on
n’th bright fringe of the  pattern are situated the axis.
D D D  p  D
at yn = n and yn = n   = y1 or  1  t =
d d d  m  2 m d
As these coincide, yn = yn

nD n D  t=
 = 2( p  m )
d d
n  900 4. Applying IR = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos , at central
 = =
n   750 fringe (where  = 0) we get,
Hence the first position where overlapping
IR = I1 + I1 + 2I1 = 4I1
occurs is,
Phase difference at a distance x when path
nD 6(1.5m) (750 109 m) xd
y = y6 = =  3.4 mm difference becomes , is given by
d (2 103 m) D
2. For nth maxima in Young’s double slit 2 xd
 =
experiment,  D
nD yd (103 m)(2 103 m)  2xd 
y= or  = =  I R = I1 + I1 + 2I1 cos  
d nD n(2 m)  d 
10000 1010 m 10000 I I I  2xd 
 = = Å =   2 cos  
n n 4 4 4  D 
But 3500 Å <  < 7000 Å I 2xd 
or I R = 1  cos 
For n = 1, 2, 3 2 D 
 = 10000 Å, 5000 Å, (3333.3) Å
 xd 
For n = 2,  = 5000 Å lies between 3500 Å to = I cos2  
7000 Å. The other wavelengths cannot fulfill  D 
this condition.
5. Using, I = A12 + A 2 2 + 2A1A2 cos 
3. For Young’s double slit experiment, the At central point i.e., for maximum
position of minima is; Imax = (A1 + A2)2 = I0
 1  D = (A + 2A)2 = I0
y = n  
 2 d or I0 = 9A2 or A2 = I0/9
Adjacent minima is the Ist minima or n = 0 For other points,
 1  D D path difference = d sin 
 y1 =  0   = Again, I0 = A2 + (2A)2
 2 d 2d
  2 
When immersed in liquid,  = + 4A cos  d sin  
m   
 2 
 D  = A2 5  4cos d sin  
 y1 =     
 2 m d 
I0
Now fringe shift due to introduction of sheet = [5 + 8 cos2 /  d sin   1]
on the path of one of the beams is . 9
D I0  2  
 = (  1)t or I =
9 1 8cos  d sin  
d  
1
Std. XII : Triumph Physics 
6. For minima, d sin  = n 9. For no appreciable diffraction effects, the
distance must be less than Fresnel distance.
y
Here n = 1, d   = 1(5400 Å) 60 km
D The distance of the hill is = 30 km.
2
D The aperture can be taken as a = 100 m.
y1 = (5400 Å)
d 30 km < Zf
Now, first maximum is approximately a 2 (100 m) 2 (100 m) 2
Zf = =  30 km <
between the first minima and second minima.   
 y  y   1  2  D (100 m) 2
(100 m) 2
yI =  1 2  =   or  <  max = = 0.333 m
 2   2  d 30 km 30000 m
D 3D = 33.3 cm
As y1 = yI  (5400 Å) =   
d 2 d 10. The gap between successive wavefronts is .
2  5400 Å (3 )
  = = 3600 Å Hence the required time, t =
3 c
7. For diffraction at circular aperture, 11. The interference patterns due to different
7 component colors of white light overlap. The
1.22  1.22  (6 10 m)
= = 3
= 3.66  104 rad central bright fringes for different colors are at
d (2 10 m) the same position. Hence, the central fringe is
If r is the radius of the image formed by the white. For a point P for which S2P  S1P = b/2
r where b(= 4000 Å) represents wavelength of
lens at its focus, then  =   blue light, the blue component will be absent
f  and the fringe will appear red in color. Slightly
 r = f = (6  102 m) (3.66  104 rad) 
farther away where S2Q  S1Q = b = r
= 21.96  106 m 2
A = r2 = (3.14) (21.96  106 m)2 where r (= 8000 Å) is the wavelength for the
= 15.14  1010 m2 red colour, the fringe will be predominantly
blue. Thus, the fringe closest on either side of
P
I = the central white fringe is red and the farthest
S will appear blue.
8103 W kW
= 10
 5.2  103 2 12. In the given situation,
15.14 10 m 2
m D
y = (2n  1)
 2d
8. As R = 1.22 D
d = (2n  1)
The angle subtended by the object at the 2 b
y ….( ‘missing wavelength’  minima
human eye is  = and here, d = b)
D
where, y is the separation between the marks S1
and D is the distance of the marks from the y
b
eye.
Now for clarity of vision,  > R S2
y 1.22 yd
 > D<
D d 1.22  D
3 3
yd (110 m)(1.810 m) But y = b/2
 Dgreatest = =
1.22 1.22  5550 1010 m b D
 = (2n  1)
= 2.66  2.7 m 2 2 b
2
 Chapter 11 : Interference and Diffraction

b2 16. Visible light has wavelength () 6000 Å. The

 = least marking on metre scale is 1 mm. If D is
(2n  1)D
the required distance then angle subtended by
b2 b2 1 mm at distance D,
 For n = 1,2,…;  = , ...
D 3D 1mm 1
= = rad
13. Distance of mth bright fringe of  pattern and Dm D  1000
m’th bright fringe of ’ pattern are at In order to see the marking clearly, this angle
mD mD 
y= and y = must be equal to or greater than of the
d d a
Since y = y instrument.
m  750 5 1  a
 = = =  or D 
m  600 4 1000D a 1000
3
 m = 5 and m = 4 2  10 m
 D
Now the position where 5th bright fringe of  1000  6  107
pattern will coincide with 4th bright fringe of  D = 3.3 m
 pattern,
h 1
51 600 109 17. = 
y= mv v
1103 x-rays are fast moving high-energy electrons.
= 0.3  103 m As speed of electron increases, its de-Broglie
= 0.3 mm wavelength decreases.
Angular width for central maximum is given as,
D 2
14. Fringe width, x = =
d d
Half-angular width of central bright portion,
1
  
= v
a  If speed of electron increases, angular width of
Overlapping length, central maximum will decrease.
2 D
y = (2) D  d = d diameter of the telescope
a 18. d =
Number of bright fringes distance of the moon
 2 D  5 5
  d  d = m= m
y 4  10  10
5 3
4  108
= 
a 
x D / d 1.22
 d =
(2D  da)d d
=
aD 1.22 1.22  6  107
 d= =
15. Distance covered between two consecutive d  5 
 8 
maxima = /2  4  10 
  d = 58.5 m  59 m
Total distance covered = (n  1)  S
2 19. For the first minimum on either side of the
2S maximum,
 =
n 1 
a sin  =  or sin  =
c a
Using c =  we get,  =
 3
 sin  = = 0.6
Assuming velocity of TV waves in air to be c 5
we get,   = 36 52
c (n  1)c Since central maximum spreads on both sides
= =
2S / n  1 2S Angular spread =  36 52
3
Std. XII : Triumph Physics 
20. Position of first minima in diffraction pattern
of 1 is given by, a sin  = n
 a sin 1 = 11

 sin 1 = 1
a
For the first maxima of wavelength 2,
3
a sin 2 = 2
2
3 2
 sin 2 =
2a
But 1 = 2 or sin 1 = sin 2
1 3 2 2 2
 =  2 = 1 =  600
a 2a 3 3
 2 = 400 nm
(2n  1)D
21. yn = where n = 1, 2, 3, ….
2d
5 D 19 D
y3 =  =
and y10
2 d 2 d
Since the bands are on opposite sides of the
central bright band, the distance between these
bands is y3 + y10

5 D 19 D
 y3 + y10
 = +
2 d 2 d
12  5896  1010  0.60
=
0.4  103
 1.1  10–2 m  1.1 cm
22. Interference effects are commonly observed in
thin flims when their thickness is comparable
to wavelength of incident light.
For excessively thin film, as compared to
wavelength of light, it appears dark and for a
film which is too thick, it results into uniform
illumination of the film. In thin film,
interference takes place between the waves
reflected from its two surfaces and waves
refracted through it.