F. Y. B.

Tech Academic Year 2023-24

Subject: Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Semester: I
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Experiment No: 8
Name of the Experiment: Design of inverting and non-inverting amplifier using OPAMP.

Performed on: -----------------------------------------------

Submitted on: -----------------------------------------------

Aim: Design of inverting and non-inverting amplifier using OPAMP.

Prerequisite:
● Understanding of ideal and practical parameters of OPAMP

Objectives:
● To get familiar with OPAMP as an amplifier

● To identify the pins of an OPAMP such as LM 741

● To measure gain of OPAMP and compare it with theoretical value

● To understand the different configurations of OPAMP

Components and equipment required:

Function generator, CRO, regulated power supply, resistors, capacitors, OPAMP LM741
circuit board, connecting wires, etc.

Theory:
An ‘ideal’ or perfect operational amplifier is a device with certain special characteristics
such as infinite open-loop gain Ao, infinite input resistance Rin, zero output resistance Rout,
infinite bandwidth and zero offset (the output is exactly zero when the input is zero). The
amplified output signal of an operational amplifier is the difference between the two
signals applied to the two inputs. The most commonly available and used of all
operational amplifiers in basic electronic circuits is OPAMP 741. The basic symbol of
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 OPAMP is shown in Fig. 7.1 and detailed pin diagram of general purpose OPAMP 741 is
shown in Fig. 7.2.

Fig.7.1 Symbol of OPAMP

Fig.7.2 Pin diagram of OPAMP 741

Open Loop Gain, (AVL) of an ideal operational amplifier can be very high, as much as
1,000,000 (120 dB) or more. However, this very high gain is of no real use as it makes the
amplifier both, unstable and hard to control as the smallest of input signals, just a few micro-
volts, (μV) would be enough to cause the output voltage to saturate and swing towards one or
the other of the voltage supply losing complete control. As the open loop gain of an
operational amplifier is extremely high, we can therefore afford to lose some of this high gain
by connecting a suitable resistor across the amplifier from the output terminal back to the
inverting input terminal to reduce and control the overall gain of the amplifier. This then
produces an effect known commonly as negative feedback, and thus produces a very stable
operational amplifier.
Table 7.1 Ideal and practical characteristics of OPAMP 741
Sr. General purpose
Parameter Ideal
No. 741 Op-Amp
Open-loop voltage gain, 2,00,000
1
Go(V/V)
2 Input impedance, Zin(Ω) 2 MΩ

3 Output impedance, Zo(Ω) 0 75 Ω

4 Input Offset current, Iio (nA) 0 20 nA

5 Input Bias current, Iib (nA) 0 80 nA

Input Offset voltage, Vio 0 2 mV
6
(mV)
7 Slew rate, SR (V/μs) 0.7 V/μs
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 Sr. General purpose
Parameter Ideal
No. 741 Op-Amp

8 CMRR 90 dB

9 SVRR / PSRR 96 dB

10 Bandwidth BW 1 MHz

Negative Feedback is the process of feeding back a fraction of the output signal back
to the input, but to make the feedback negative, we must feed it back to the negative or
inverting input terminal of the OPAMP using an external feedback resistor called Rf. This
effect produces a closed loop circuit to the amplifier resulting in the gain of the amplifier
now being called its closed-loop gain. The closed-loop inverting amplifier uses negative
feedback to accurately control the overall gain of the amplifier, improves input output
impedance, increases the bandwidth but at a cost of reduction of the amplifiers gain. The
ideal and practical characteristics of an OPAMP IC 741 are given in Table 7.1. Using
negative feedback OPAMP can be used as an inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
Inverting Amplifier:
An inverting-amplifier circuit is built by grounding the positive input of the
operational amplifier and connecting resistors R1 and R2, called the feedback networks,
between the inverting input and the signal source and amplifier output node, respectively
as shown in Fig. 7.3. The analysis of the circuit is performed by relating current I1 with
If and then calculating the output voltage Vo. Gain of the amplifier is given by:

Acl =
Vo
V¿
=−
( )
R2
R1
(7.1)

Fig. 7.3 Inverting amplifier configuration of an OPAMP

Non-Inverting Amplifier:

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 The operational amplifier can also be used to construct a non-inverting amplifier with
the circuit indicated in Fig. 7.4. The input signal is applied to the positive or non-
inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier, and a portion of the output signal is
fed back to the negative input terminal. Analysis of the circuit is performed by relating
the voltage at V2 to both the input voltage Vin and the output voltage Vo. Gain of the
amplifier is given by:

Acl =
Vo
V¿ ( )
= 1+
R2
R1
(7.2)

Fig. 7.4 Non-inverting amplifier configuration of an OPAMP

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit for inverting amplifier as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Select resistors R1 and R2 provided on the circuit board.
3. Set +Vs to +15 V and -Vs to -15V by using the dual power supply and switch on the
supply.
4. Apply sine wave input in the range of 500 mV to 1 V using signal generator.
5. Measure the peak to peak input and output voltages on CRO.
6. Calculate theoretical gain value using Eq. 7.1 for inverting amplifier and Eq. 7.2 for
non-inverting amplifier and compare it with the experimental value obtained by
dividing output voltage by the input voltage.
7. Draw input and output waveforms on the graph sheet.
8. Observe outputs of the amplifier circuit using different values of R1 and R2.
9. Repeat steps 2 to 8 for non-inverting amplifier configuration.

Observation Table:
1. Inverting Amplifier

Sr. Input R1 R2 Output Gain Gain

No. Voltage Voltage Vo (Practical) (Theoretical)
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 Vin Vo / Vin -R2 / R1
1
2
3

2. Non-Inverting Amplifier

Input R1 R2 Output Gain Gain

Sr.
Voltage Voltage Vo (Practical) (Theoretical)
No.
Vin Vo / Vin 1+ (R2 / R1)
1
2
3

Note: Students are instructed to do all the necessary calculations on separate sheets.

Conclusion:
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Post Lab Questions:

1. What is an operational amplifier?
2. Write applications of positive feedback and negative feedback in OPAMP.
3. Write gain equation for inverting and non-inverting amplifier of OPAMP?
4. What is OPAMP adder, OPAMP subtractor circuit?

Additional links for more information:

● http://dei.vlab.co.in/?sub=22&brch=60&sim=1119&cnt=2

● http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.pdf

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