Group No:

Experiment-02
Study of Op-Amp: Introduction to Op-Amp, Comparator Circuits, Non-Inverting Amplifier,
Inverting Amplifier & Inverting Summing Amplifier

CSE251 - Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

Objective
1. To understand the basic principles and characteristics of an Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
2. To understand Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) as a Comparator and investigate its use
3. To investigate the use of Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) as Non-Inverting Amplifier, Inverting Amplifier
and Inverting Summing Amplifier

Equipment
1. Op-Amp (uA741)
2. Resistance (1kΩ, 2.7kΩ, 10kΩ)
3. DC Power Supply
4. Function Generator
5. Digital Multimeter
6. Trainer Board, Breadboard, Chords and Wires

Background Theory
Introduction

(1) Op-Amp Simplified Circuit Symbol (2) Op-Amp IC Pin Diagram

One of the most widely used electronic devices in linear applications is the Operational Amplifier, commonly
known as the Op-Amp. An Op-Amp is an integrated circuit that amplifies the difference between two input volt-
ages and produces a single output. We can also do various mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, integration, differentiation etc. with the help of Op-Amp. With the addition of suitable external
components, Op-Amp can be used for a variety of applications. The figure above shows the simplified circuit
symbol of an Op-Amp. There are 2 terminals for input, 1 terminal for output and 2 terminals for powering up
the Op-Amp. Inverting, Non-Inverting are the input terminals and VS+ , VS− are the terminals used for powering
up the Op-Amp. VS+ is referred to as ‘Positive Supply Voltage’ and VS− is referred to as ‘Negative Supply
Voltage’. The IC pin diagram of an Op-Amp is also shown where all of the terminals are labeled. Op-Amp is
biased with dc supply voltages, although those connections are seldom explicitly shown.

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Ideal Op-Amp
The ideal Op-Amp senses the difference between two input voltages and
amplifies the difference to produce an output voltage. The figure shown
on the right side represents the equivalent circuit of an ideal Op-Amp
and the circuit configuration is known as the open-loop configuration of
Op-Amp. The parameter ‘A’ shown in the equivalent circuit is the open-
loop differential voltage gain of the Op-Amp. In an ideal Op-Amp, the
open-loop gain ‘A’ is very large value approaching infinity and there is
no current flowing into the the input terminals. But in a real Op-Amp, a
small amount of current flows into the input terminals and the open-loop
gain ranges from 104 to 105 or higher. We will analyze the circuits using
the ideal Op-Amp throughout this experiment.

Practical Considerations
Looking into the equation of the output, vO = A(v2 − v1 ), one may think that, we can get any voltage at the
output of the Op-Amp. But the output voltage is limited since the Op-Amp is composed of transistors biased
in the active region by the dc supply voltages VS+ and VS− . When vO approaches VS+ , it will saturate, or be
limited to a value almost equal to VS+ , since it cannot go beyond the positive bias voltage. Similarly, when the
output voltage approaches VS− , it will saturate at a value almost equal to VS− .

Op-Amp Comparator
The comparator is essentially an op-amp operated in an open-loop configuration, as shown below:

(1) Op-Amp Comparator (2) Non-inverting Circuit (3) Inverting Circuit

A comparator compares two voltages to determine which one is larger. Comparator is usually biased at voltages
VS+ and VS− , although other biases are also possible. When, non-inverting input > inverting input then,
vO = VS+ . When, inverting input > non-inverting input, i.e. v1 > v2 then, vO = VS− . The figures above show
two comparator configurations along with their voltage transfer characteristics to illustrate the behaviour of a
comparator with VREF as reference voltage which can be controlled to get the desired output.

Non-Inverting Amplifier
The amplifier circuit of an op-amp that does not invert the input
voltage at the output is called the non-inverting amplifier. This
circuit amplifies the input voltage, vI according to the gain which can
be controlled by the resistances R1 and R2 . The following equation
shows the relation between the input and output of a non-inverting
amplifier:
R2 R2
vO = (1 + ) × vI ; where, gain = (1 + )
R1 R1 Non-inverting Amplifier

2
Inverting Amplifier
Inverting amplifier configuration of an op-amp is one of the most
widely used op-amp circuits. It amplifies the input voltage, vI ac-
cording to the gain which can be controlled by the resistances R1
and R2 . The input voltage gets inverted at the output, hence the
name inverting amplifier. The following equation shows the relation
between the input and output of an inverting amplifier:
Inverting Amplifier
R2 R2
vO = −( ) × vI ; where, gain = −
R1 R1

Inverting Summing Amplifier

The figure shows the circuit configuration of an op-amp known
as inverting summing amplifier that does the job of weighted
summation. The input voltages are added according to their
weight and gets inverted at the output. The weight of each
input voltage during the summing operation can be controlled
by the resistances R1 , R2 and RF . The following equa-
tion shows the relation between input and output of the cir-
cuit: Inverting Summing Amplifier

vO = −( R
R1 × vI1 +
F RF
R2 × vI2 ); where, gain for vI1 = − R RF
R1 , gain for vI2 = − R2
F

The inverting summing amplifier circuit has 2 inputs which can be

extended to as many inputs as we want and the equation will change
accordingly. Let’s say, we need to add another input, vI3 . The equa-
tion will become:

vO = −( R
R1 × vI1 +
F RF
R2 × vI2 + RF
R3 × vI3 )

where, gain for vI1 = − R RF

R1 , gain for vI2 = − R2
F 3-input Inverting Summing Amplifier
gain for vI3 = − R
R3
F

Task-01: Input, Output Waveform of Op-Amp Comparator

set amplitude=1V in
Procedure signal generator

1. Construct Circuit-1 with vI = 2 V (p-p), 1 kHz sine wave and VREF = 0.5 V. Use the trainer board for
the supply voltages, VS+ = +8V and VS− = −8V and use these supply voltages for the next tasks.
2. The ground of the oscilloscope, trainer board and function generator should be connected.

3. Connect CH1 and CH2 of the oscilloscope to vI and vO respectively. Observe the input and output
waveform and capture them using a camera.
4. Now, construct Circuit-2 and repeat the experiment with same values given above. Observe the input
and output waveform and capture them using a camera.
ckt connection must not be
torn apart

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Task-02: Non-Inverting Amplifier

Procedure
1. Construct the circuit with vI = 2 V (p-p), 1 kHz sine wave. Use R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 2.7 kΩ. Use the supply
voltages, VS+ = +8V and VS− = −8V and use these supply voltages for the next tasks.

2. Connect the CH1 and CH2 of the Oscilloscope to vI and vO respectively. Use the Scale knob to make
sure that the scales of CH1 and CH2 are the same. Observe the input and output waveform and capture
them using a camera.
3. Use the Measure button to get necessary data for the ‘Data Sheet’ attached at the end of the lab sheet.
Capture the measurements of CH1 and CH2 using a camera.

Task-03: Inverting Amplifier

R2

R1
vI −
vO
+

Procedure
1. Construct the circuit with vI = 2 V (p-p), 1 kHz sine wave. Use R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 2.7 kΩ.
2. Connect the CH1 and CH2 of the Oscilloscope to vI and vO respectively. Use the Scale knob to make
sure that the scales of CH1 and CH2 are the same. Observe the input and output waveform and capture
them using a camera.
3. Use the Measure button to get necessary data for the ‘Data Sheet’. Capture the measurements of CH1
and CH2 using a camera.

Task-04: Inverting Summing Amplifier

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Procedure
1. Construct the circuit using the CH1 and CH2 of the DC Power Supply for vI1 = 1 V and vI2 = 2 V
respectively.
2. Use R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ and RF = 10 kΩ.
3. Use the digital multimeter to measure the output voltage vO to get necessary data for the ‘Data Sheet’.

Task-05: Report

1. Cover page [include course code, course title, name, student ID, group, semester, date of performance,
date of submission]
2. Attach the signed Data Sheet.
3. Attach the captured photos of all the waveforms you have observed in the oscilloscope.
4. Answer the questions of the Test Your Understanding section.
5. Add a brief Discussion regarding the experiment. For the Discussion part of the lab report, you should
include the answers of the following questions in your own words:
• What did you learn from this experiment?
• What challenges did you face and how did you overcome the challenges? (if any)
• What mistakes did you make and how did you correct the mistakes? (if any)
• How will this experiment help you in future experiments of this course?

Data Sheet

For Task-02:
Value of R1 using multimeter =
Value of R2 using multimeter =
Input Amplitude from Oscilloscope (use the Measure button), vI = P k−P
2
k
=
P k−P k
Output Amplitude from Oscilloscope (use the Measure button), vO = 2 =
R2
Output Amplitude from equation, vO = (1 + R1 ) × vI =

For Task-03:
Value of R1 using multimeter =
Value of R2 using multimeter =
Input Amplitude from Oscilloscope (use the Measure button), vI = P k−P
2
k
=
P k−P k
Output Amplitude from Oscilloscope (use the Measure button), vO = 2 =
R2
Output Amplitude from equation, vO = −( R1 ) × vI =

For Task-04:
Value of R1 using multimeter =
Value of R2 using multimeter =
Value of RF using multimeter =
from multimeter, vI1 =
from multimeter, vI2 =
Output Amplitude from multimeter, vO =
Output Amplitude from equation, vO = −( R
R1 × vI1 +
F RF
R2 × vI2 ) =

Signature of the lab faculty

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Test Your Understanding

Answer the following questions:

1. You are given an Op-Amp comparator with v1 = 4 V (p-p) sine wave and v2 = VREF = -1 V. Draw the
waveform of v1 , v2 and vO in the same graph with proper labels.
Answer:

2. You are given an Op-Amp comparator with vi = 2 sin(t), where the two ends of the input voltage, vi
(sinusoidal source) is connected to v1 and v2 of Op-Amp. Draw the waveform of vAC and vO in the same
graph with proper labels.
Answer:

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3. You are given an inverting amplifier with vI = 4 V (p-p) sine wave, R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ. Draw the
waveform of vI and vO in the same graph with proper labels.
Answer:

4. You are given a non-inverting amplifier with vI = 4 V (p-p) sine wave, R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ. Draw
the waveform of vI and vO in the same graph with proper labels.
Answer:

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5. Deduce the value of Vout from the circuit below.

[Hints: Consider the current towards the inverting and non-inverting terminals of Op-Amp is zero, and
the voltage of the inverting terminal equals the voltage of the non-inverting terminal]
1kΩ

VS+ = +8V
1kΩ
Vin1 −
Vout
4.7kΩ
Vin2 +
2.2kΩ VS− = −8V

Answer: