DEPARTMENT

OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CIRCUITS & SYSTEM LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON

Design an Inverting , Non-Inverting and Summing Amplifier using

OPAMP(IC741)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ROURKELA
 Design an Inverting , Non-Inverting and Summing Amplifier using
OPAMP(IC741)
Objective:-
1. Design the circuit diagram
2. Determine the theoretical gain with calculation of the amplifier.
3. Measure the practical gain and phase shift.
4. Take the reading and draw the input & output waveform

Equipment required: -

1. Digital Multimeter
2. CRO
3. Bread Board
4. Op Amp (IC741) – 1 No.
5. Resistors Rin, Rf, , R2
6. Function generator for input source
7. Power Supply ±12V or ±15V

Theory:-

An Operational Amplifier is a composite direct couple multistage linear amplifier circuit offering
very high open loop gain, very high input impedance and very low output impedance with the
capability to amplify signal of all frequencies dc or ac.

The amplifier circuit was originally designed and developed to obtain some mathematical
operation such as addition, subtraction, differentiation and similar other operation for analog
computation and simulation circuits.

Integrated circuit (IC) form of Operational amplifier is superior to one fabricated with discrete
components in respect to compactness, performance quality and reliability and easy to replace.

Pin diagram
An ideal Op-Amp would exhibit the following electrical characteristics: -

a. Infinite Voltage gain A.

b. Infinite input resistance (Ri), so that almost any signal source can drive it and there is no
loading of the preceding stage.

c. Zero output Resistance (Ro), So that output can drive an infinite number of other devices.

d. Zero Output voltage when input voltage is Zero.

e. Infinite bandwidth so that a frequency signal from 1 to ∞ Hz can be amplified without

attenuation.

f. Infinite CMRR and infinite slew rate.

Symbol of op-amp (741)

The two most widely used constant gain amplifier are the inverting and non-inverting amplifier.

Inverting amplifier:-

An inverting amplifier is one for which the output signal suffers 180-degree phase shift from the
input signal. This results in the inverting input terminal having a different signal on it than the
actual input voltage plus the negative feedback voltage giving it the label or term of a Summing
Point. We must therefore separate the real input signal from the inverting input by using an Input
Resistor, Rin. As we are not using the positive non-inverting input this is connected to a common
ground or zero voltage terminal as shown below. But the effect of this closed loop feedback
circuit results in the voltage at the inverting input equal to that at the non-inverting input
producing a Virtual Earth summing point because it will be at the same potential as the
grounded reference input
 Inverting Amplifier Circuit

In inverting amplifier circuit the operational amplifier is connected with feedback to

produce a closed loop operation. There are two very important rules to remember about inverting
amplifiers: "no current flows into the input terminal" and that "V 1 equals V2". This is because the
junction of the input and feedback signal (X) is at the same potential as the positive (+) input
which is at zero volts or ground then, the junction is a "Virtual Earth". Because of this virtual
earth node the input resistance of the amplifier is equal to the value of the input resistor, R in.
Then by using these two rules one can find the equation for calculating the gain of an inverting
amplifier, using first principles.

Gain analysis of Inverting Amplifier

Vin = Input Voltage signal. (from function generator).

Vo = Output Voltage signal
Iin = input signal current
If = feedback current
Then considering the amplifier input point be at Virtual Earth point, so we can write

Vin = Iin.×Rin,

Vo = If × Rf

And If = - Iin Vo If × Rf
Taking ratio we get closed loop amplifier gain (ACL) = ---------- = --------------
Vin Iin.×Rin

The negative sign in the equation indicates an inversion of the output signal with respect to the
input as it is 180o out of phase. This is due to the feedback being negative in value.

Non-inverting Amplifier

The second basic configuration of an operational amplifier circuit is that of a Non-

Inverting Amplifier. In this configuration, the input voltage signal, (Vin ) is applied
directly to the Non-inverting (+) input terminal which means that the output gain of the amplifier
becomes "Positive" in value in contrast to the "Inverting Amplifier" circuit whose output gain is
negative in value. Feedback control of the non- inverting amplifier is achieved by applying a
small part of the output voltage signal back to the inverting (-) input terminal via a R f – R2
voltage divider network, again producing negative feedback. This produces a Non-Inverting
Amplifier circuit with very good stability, a very high input impedance, R in approaching infinity
(as no current flows into the positive input terminal) and a low output impedance.
 Non-inverting Amplifier Circuit

Gain analysis of Non-Inverting Amplifier

Since no current flows into the input of the amplifier, V1 = Vin . In other words the
junction is a "Virtual Earth" summing point. Because of this virtual earth node, the resistors R f
and R2 form a simple voltage divider network across the amplifier and the voltage gain of the
circuit is determined by the ratios of R2 and Rf as shown below.

Vo
Closed loop amplifier gain (ACL) = ----------
Vin
The output voltage (Vo) = A(Vin – V1) ( A= open loop amplifier
gain)

Vo. R2
V1 = Vf = ------------------
R2 +Rf
Therefore Vo.R2
Vo = A(Vin – V1) = A(Vin - ------------
(R2 +Rf)
Or Vo (R2+Rf) = A.Vin.(R2+Rf) - A.Vo.R2
Or Vo(R2+Rf) + A.Vo.R2 = A.Vin.(R2+Rf)
 A(R2+Rf) . Vin
Or Vo = -------------------------------
R2+Rf+ A.R2
Vo A(R2+Rf)
Or ----------= ------------------
Vin R2 +Rf +A.R2
Vo A(R2+Rf)
Gain (ACL) = ---------- = ------------------ [ A.R2 >> (R2 +Rf)]
Vin R2 +Rf +A.R2
A(R2+Rf)
= ------------------
A.R2
Rf
= 1+ -------------
R2
Summing Amplifier
The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit based upon the
standard Inverting Operational Amplifier configuration. We saw previously that the inverting
amplifier has a single input signal applied to the inverting input terminal. If we add another input
resistor equal in value to the original input resistor, R in we end up with another operational
amplifier circuit called a Summing Amplifier, "Summing Inverter" or even a "Voltage Adder"
circuit as shown below

Summing Amplifier Circuit

The output voltage, (Vout) now becomes proportional to the sum of the input voltages, V 1, V2, V3
etc. Then we can modify the original equation for the inverting amplifier to take account of these
new inputs thus:
V1 V2 V3
I F = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = + R +
R
Rin in in
 then, V out = − RF (V + V2 + V )
1 3
R
in

The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit indeed, enabling us to effectively "Add" or
"Sum" together several individual input signals. If the input resistors are all equal a unity gain
inverting adder can be made. However, if the input resistors are of different values a "scaling
summing amplifier" is produced which gives a weighted sum of the input signals

Inverting amplifier

Result Table:-
A. Inverting amplifier Gain 10, calculate Rin = ------------- and Rf = ----------
B. Non-Inverting amplifier Gain 11, calculate R2 = -------- and Rf = -----------
C. Summing amplifier Gain 1, calculate Rf = --------and Rin = ---------

Type of Input AC voltage Output Calculate the Measure Measure

Amplifier Voltage theoretical Gain Practical phase
(1Vp-p) gain different

Inverting

Non-
Inverting

Summing V1= ----------

amplifier
V2 = ----------

V3 = ----------

PROCEDURE:-
1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.

3. Switch on the power supply and set +15 and – 15V DC.
4. Give 1 Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave as input from Function generator.
5. Observe input and output on the two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the input and output waveforms are out of phase.
8. Verify the obtained gain is same as designed value of gain.
9. DC Power supply should be connected with IC pin7 = +15V and Pin 4 = - 15V and the
gain of the amplifier was measured by noting down the output voltage with a CRO.
10. The gain was determined by the feedback resistor(R f) keeping the input resistance
constant (Rin).