EAH 221-July 23rd2009

EAH 221
July 23rd
FLUID MECHANICS
for
CIVIL Engineers
Dr H Md Azamathulla
Lecturer,REDAC, USM
http://redac.eng.usm.my/EAH221/
Fluid Deformation
Shear stress on the plate is proportional δα
τ∝
to deformation rate of the fluid δt
δL δL δα δV δV
δα = δt = = τ∝
δy δV δt δ y δy
y
δL
Moving plate
u=V+δV
t δα
t+δt
δy
δx Fluid
x
Fixed plate
u=V
Fluid Statics
• Many fluid problems do not involve motion.
• They concern the pressure distribution in a static

fluid and its effect on solid surfaces and on
floating and submerged bodies.
• When the fluid velocity is zero, denoted as the

hydrostatic condition.
• When Pressure is uniform over all the area of

interest, the force is simply F=pA
• The pressure variation is due to the weight
of fluid.
• When the pressure varies over the surface
of interest, other methods must be used to
account for this variation before we can
compute the magnitude of resultant force.
The location of resultant force, called

centre of pressure. The entire force were
concentrated at a single point. This is
important for analysis of the effects of that
Force.
Pressure distribution on vertical
retaining wall
• As we know equation
Δp = γh
• The pressure varies linearly (in straight –line
manner) with the depth in fluid.
• The lengths of dashed arrows represent the
magnitude of fluid pressure at various points on
the wall.
• Because of this linear variation in pressure, the
total resultant force can be calculated from the
this equation
FR =pavg xA
4.4 Rectangular Walls
4.4 Rectangular Walls
• Fig 4.6 shows the vertical rectangular wall.
• pavg is the average pressure and A is total area of
wall.
• But average pressure is that at the middle of the
wall
• Can be calculated pavg = γ (h / 2)
• Where ‘h’ is total depth of fluid

• Therefore, FR= γ (h / 2) A
Pascal law
• Pressure at a point in a static fluid is same in
all the directions.
• For fluids that are incompressible (i.e for which
density is constant.)
• So specific weight also constant.
p h
Pressure
Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth
Δp= ρg Δ h increase in
pressure
increase depth (m)
The pressure at a given depth in a continuous, static body of

liquid is constant.
p1 p3 p1 = p2 = p3
p2
Pressure Head
• In fluid dynamics, head is the difference in elevation
between two points in a column of fluid, and the resulting
pressure of the fluid at the lower point.
• It is possible to express head in either units of height (e.g.

meters) or in units of pressure such as pascals (the SI
unit).
• Head refers to the constant right hand side in the

incompressible steady version of Bernoulli's equation.
Total pressure
(absolute pressure) At sea level Standard
atmo Pr= 101.3 kPa
• Even though it is convention to use gauge pressure in the

calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total
pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure)
• So, pabs =pgage+patm
• Normally reference pressure is that of atmospheric pressure.
• Resulting measured pressure is called gage pressure
• A gage pressure above atmospheric pressure is positive
• A gage pressure below atmospheric pressure is negative, some

times called vacuum pressure
• Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not

available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded
(contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic
gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)
Pressure in a Fluid
• The pressure is just the weight of all the
fluid above you
• Atmospheric pressure is just the weight of
all the air above on area on the surface of
the earth
• In a swimming pool the pressure on your
body surface is just the weight of the water
above you (plus the air pressure above the
water)
Pressure in a Fluid
• So, the only thing that counts in fluid
pressure is the gravitational force acting
on the mass ABOVE you
• The deeper you go, the more weight
above you and the more pressure
• Go to a mountaintop and the air pressure
is lower
Pressure in a Fluid
Pressure acts
perpendicular
to the surface
and increases
at greater
depth.
Atmospheric Pressure
• Just the weight of the air above you
• Unlike water, the density of the air
decreases with altitude since air is
compressible and liquids are only very
slightly compressible
• Air pressure at sea level is about 105
newtons/meter2
Barometer
A barometer is used to measure the
pressure of the atmosphere. The
simplest type of barometer consists of a
column of fluid.
Measuring Pressure
Barometers
vacuum p1 =
0
h
p2 - p1 = ρ g h
p2 = pa
pa = ρ g h
examples
water: h = pa/ρg =105/(103*9.8) ~10m
mercury: h = pa/ρg
=105/(13.4*103*9.8) ~800mm

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EAH 221

• They concern the pressure distribution in a static

• When the fluid velocity is zero, denoted as the

• When Pressure is uniform over all the area of

The location of resultant force, called

• Where ‘h’ is total depth of fluid

Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth

The pressure at a given depth in a continuous, static body of

• It is possible to express head in either units of height (e.g.

• Head refers to the constant right hand side in the

• Even though it is convention to use gauge pressure in the

• Resulting measured pressure is called gage pressure

• A gage pressure above atmospheric pressure is positive

• A gage pressure below atmospheric pressure is negative, some

• Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not

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