13.03.

2023 10:29 Code-check of anchors (AISC) | IDEA StatiCa

KNOWLEDGE BASE

Code-check of anchors (AISC)

The forces in anchors including prying forces are determined by finite element analysis, but the resistances are checked
using code provisions of ACI 318-14 - Chapter 17.

Only LFRD is available. Anchor rods are designed according to AISC 360-16 – J9 and ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17. The
following resistances of anchor bolts are evaluated:

Steel strength of anchor in tension ϕNsa,

Concrete breakout strength in tension ϕNcbg,
Concrete pullout strength ϕNp,
Concrete side-face blowout strength ϕNsb,
Steel strength of anchor in shear ϕVsa,
Concrete breakout strength in shear ϕVcbg,
Concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear ϕVcp.

The user must choose the concrete condition (cracked or non-cracked – with no cracks in service condition) and the
type of anchors (with or without washer plates).

Steel strength of anchor in tension

Steel strength of anchor in tension is determined according to ACI 318-14 – 17.4.1 as

ϕNsa = ϕ Ase,N futa

where:

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ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3, the factor is editable in
Code setup
Ase,N – tensile stress area
futa – specified tensile strength of anchor steel and shall not be greater than 1.9 fya and 125 ksi

Concrete breakout strength

Concrete breakout strength is designed according to the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) in ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17.
In the CCD method, the concrete cone is considered to be formed at an angle of approximately 34° (1 vertical to 1.5
horizontal slope). For simplification, the cone is considered to be square rather than round in plan. The concrete
breakout stress in the CCD method is considered to decrease with an increase in size of the breakout surface.
Consequently, the increase in strength of the breakout in the CCD method is proportional to the embedment depth to
the power of 1.5. Anchors whose concrete cones overlap create a group of anchors which create a common concrete
cone. Note that no equivalent ASD solution exists for concrete capacity design.

AN c
ϕNcbg = ϕ
​

​
ψec,N ψed,N ψc,N ψcp,N Nb
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

AN co ​

where:

ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3, the factor is editable in
Code setup
ANc – actual concrete breakout cone area for a group of anchors that create a common concrete cone
ANco = 9 hef2 – concrete breakout cone area for single anchor not influenced by edges
1
ψec,N = ​

2e′
​ – modification factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in tension; in the case where eccentric
1+ 3hN
​

ef ​

loading exists about two axes, the modification factor Ψec,N is calculated for each axis individually and the product
of these factors is used

ψed,N = min (0.7 + 0.3ca,min

, 1) – modification factor for edge distance
​

1.5hef
​ ​

ca,min – smallest distance from the anchor to the edge

Ψc,N – modification factor for concrete conditions; Ψc,N =1 for cracked concrete, Ψc,N =1.25 for non-cracked
concrete
Ψcp,N = min (ca,min / cac,1) – modification factor for splitting for post-installed anchors designed for uncracked
concrete without supplementary reinforcement to control splitting; Ψcp,N = 1 for all other cases
N b = k c λa
​ fc′ h1.5
​

ef – basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in tension in cracked concrete; for cast-
​ ​ ​

5/3
in anchors and 11 in. ≤ hef ≤ 25 in. Nb = 16λa fc′ hef ​ ​ ​ ​

kc = 24 for cast-in anchors

hef – depth of embedment; according to Chapter 17.4.2.3 in ACI 318-14, the effective embedment depth hef is
ca,max s
reduced to hef = max ( , 3 ) if anchors are located less than 1.5 hef from three or more edges
​

1.5
​ ​ ​

s – spacing between anchors

ca,max – maximum distance from an anchor to one of the three close edges
λa = 1 – modification factor for lightweight concrete

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f'c – concrete compressive strength [psi]

According to ACI 318-14 – 17.4.2.8, in case of headed anchors, the projected surface area ANc is determined from the
effective perimeter of the washer plate, which is the lesser value of da + 2 twp or dwp, where:

da – anchor diameter
dwp – washer plate diameter or edge size
twp – washer plate thickness

The group of anchors is checked against the sum of tensile forces in anchors loaded in tension and creating a common
concrete cone.

The concrete breakout cone area for group of anchors loaded by tension that create common concrete cone, Ac,N, is
shown by red dashed line.

According to ACI 318-14 – 17.4.2.9, where anchor reinforcement is developed in accordance with ACI 318-14 – 25 on
both sides of the breakout surface, the anchor reinforcement is presumed to transfer the tension forces, and concrete
breakout strength is not evaluated.

Concrete pullout strength

Concrete pullout strength of an anchor is defined in ACI 318-14 – 17.4.3 as

ϕNpn = ϕΨc,P Np

where:

ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3, editable in Code setup
Ψc,P – modification factor for concrete condition; Ψc,P = 1.0 for cracked concrete, Ψc,P = 1.4 for non-cracked
concrete
NP = 8 Abrg f'c for headed anchor
Abrg – bearing area of the head of stud or anchor bolt

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f'c – concrete compressive strength

Concrete pullout strength for other types of anchors than headed is not evaluated in the software and has to be
specified by the manufacturer.

Concrete side-face blowout strength

Concrete side-face blowout strength of headed anchor in tension is defined in ACI 318-14 – 17.4.4 as

ϕNsb = ϕ160ca1
​ ​ Abrg ​ ​ fc′ ​ ​

The concrete side-face blowout strength is multiplied by one of reduction factors:

c
1+ ca2
​

≤1
​

a1 ​

4
​

1+ 6cs
≤1
​

a1 ​

2
​

where:

ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3, editable in Code setup
ca1 – shorter distance from the centreline of an anchor to an edge
ca2 – longer distance, perpendicular to ca1, from the centreline of an anchor to an edge
Abrg – bearing area of the head of stud or anchor bolt
f'c – concrete compressive strength
hef – depth of embedment; according to Chapter 17.4.2.3 in ACI 318-14, the effective embedment depth hef is
ca,max s
reduced to hef = max ( , 3 ) if anchors are located less than 1.5 hef from three or more edges
​

1.5
​ ​ ​

s – spacing between two adjacent anchors near one edge

Steel strength in shear

The steel strength in shear is determined according to ACI 318-14 – 17.5.1 as

ϕVsa = ϕ 0.6 Ase,V futa

where:

ϕ = 0.65 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3, editable in Code
setup
Ase,V – tensile stress area
futa – specified tensile strength of anchor steel and shall not be greater than 1.9 fya and 125 ksi

If mortar joint is selected, steel strength in shear Vsa is multiplied by 0.8 (ACI 318-14 – 17.5.1.3).

The shear on lever arm, which is present in the case of base plate with oversized holes and washers or plates added to
the top of the base plate to transmit the shear force, is not considered.

Concrete breakout strength of anchor in shear

The concrete breakout strength of an anchor or anchor group in shear is designed according to ACI 318 14 – 17.5.2.

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AV
ϕVcbg = ϕ
​

​ ψec,V ψed,V ψc,V ψh,V ψα,V Vb

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

AV o ​

where:

ϕ = 0.65 – strength reduction factor for anchors in shear according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3, editable in Code setup
Av – projected concrete failure area of an anchor or group of anchors
Avo – projected concrete failure area of one anchor when not limited by corner influences, spacing, or member
thickness
1
ψec,V = ​

2e′ ​ – modification factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in shear

1+ 3c V
​

a1 ​

ca2
ψed,V = 0.7 + 0.3 1.5c
​

a1
≤ 1.0 – modification factor for edge effect ​

​
​

Ψc,V – modification factor for concrete condition; Ψc,V = 1.0 for cracked concrete, Ψc,V = 1.4 for non-cracked
concrete
1.5ca1
ψh,V = ​

ha ​
​

​ ≥ 1 – modification factor for anchors located in a concrete member where ha < 1.5 ca1
1
ψα,V = ​

(cos αV )2 +(0.5 sin αV )2 – modification factor for anchors loaded at an angle 90° − αV with the concrete
​ ​
​ ​

edge; in ACI 318-14 – 17.5.2.1 are only discrete values, equation is taken from FIB bulletin 58 – Design of
anchorages in concrete (2011)
ha – height of a failure surface on the concrete side
0.2
Vb = min (7 ( dlea )
​
​

​
​ λa d a ​ ​ fc′ c1.5
​

a1 , 9λa da
​ ​ ​

a1 )
fc′ c1.5
​ ​

le = hef ≤ 8 da – load-bearing length of the anchor in shear

da – anchor diameter
f'c – concrete compressive strength
ca1 – edge distance in the direction of load; according to Cl. 17.5.2.4, for a narrow member, c2,max < 1.5 c1 that is
also deemed to be thin, ha < 1.5 c1, c'1 is used in previous equations instead of c1; the reduced c'1 = max (c2,max /
1.5, ha / 1.5, sc,max / 3)
ca2 – edge distance in the direction perpendicular to load
c2,max – largest edge distance in the direction perpendicular to load
sc,max – maximum spacing perpendicular to direction of shear, between anchors within a group

If ca2 ≤ 1.5 ca1 and ha ≤ 1.5 ca1, ca1 , 1.5 , 3 ), where s is the maximum spacing perpendicular to direction
ca2 ha s
​ = max ( 1.5 ​

​
​

​ ​

of shear, between anchors within a group.

According to ACI 318-14 – 17-5.2.9, where anchor reinforcement is developed in accordance with ACI 318-14 – 25 on
both sides of the breakout surface, the anchor reinforcement is presumed to transfer the shear forces and concrete
breakout strength is not evaluated.

Concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear

Concrete pryout strength is designed according to ACI 318-14 – 17.5.3.

ϕVcp = ϕkcp Ncp

where:

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ϕ = 0.65 – strength reduction factor for anchors in shear according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3, editable in Code setup
kcp = 1.0 for hef < 2.5 in., kcp = 2.0 for hef ≥ 2.5 in
Ncp = Ncb (concrete breakout strength – all anchors are assumed in tension) in case of cast-in anchors

According to ACI 318-14 – 17.4.2.9, where anchor reinforcement is developed in accordance with ACI 318-14 – 25 on
both sides of the breakout surface, the anchor reinforcement is presumed to transfer the tension forces, and concrete
breakout strength is not evaluated.

Interaction of tensile and shear forces

Interaction of tensile and shear forces is assessed according to ACI 318-14 – R17.6.

ζ ζ
( ) +( ) ≤ 1.0
Nua ​ Vua ​

​ ​

Nn​ Vn ​

where:

Nua and Vua – design forces acting on an anchor

Nn and Vn – the lowest design strengths determined from all appropriate failure modes
ς=5/3

Anchors with stand-off

The bar element is designed according to AISC 360-16. Interaction of shear force is neglected because the minimum
length of the anchor to fit the nut under the base plate ensures that the anchor fails in bending before the shear force
reaches half the shear resistance, and the shear interaction is negligible (up to 7 %). Interaction of bending moment and
compressive or tensile force is conservatively assumed as linear. Second order effects are not taken into account.

Shear resistance (AISC 360-16 – G):

0.6AV Fy
Vn = (ASD)
​ ​

ΩV
​ ​

Vn = ϕV 0.6AV Fy (LRFD)
​ ​ ​ ​

AV = 0.844 ∙ As – the shear area

As – bolt area reduced by threads
Fy – bolt yield strength
ΩV – safety factor, recommended value is 2
ϕV – resistance factor, recommended value is 0.75

Tensile resistance (AISC 360-16 – D2):

As F y
Pn = (ASD)
​ ​

Ωt
​ ​

Pn = ϕt As Fy (LRFD)
​ ​ ​ ​

Ωt – safety factor, recommended value is 2

ϕt – resistance factor, recommended value is 0.75

Compressive resistance (AISC 360-16 – E3)

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(ASD)
Fcr As
Pn =
​

Ωc
​

​
​

Pn = ϕc Fcr As (LRFD)
​ ​ ​ ​

Fy ​

Lc Lc
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy for
​
​
​

r
​

​ ≤ 4.74 Fy ,
E
​
​ ​ Fcr = 0.877Fe for
​ ​

r
​

​ > 4.74 Fy – critical stress

E
​
​ ​

π2 E
Fe = 2 – elastic buckling stress
( Lrc )
​ ​

Lc = 2 ∙ l – buckling length
l – length of the bolt element equal to half the base plate thickness + gap + half the bolt diameter

As – radius of gyration of the anchor bolt

I
r= ​
​ ​

πd4s
64 – moment of inertia of the bolt
I= ​

Ωc – safety factor, recommended value is 2

ϕc – resistance factor, recommended value is 0.75

Bending resistance (AISC 360-16 – F11):

ZFy 1.6Sx Fy
Mn = ≤ (ASD)
​ ​ ​

Ωb Ωb
​ ​ ​

​ ​

Mn = ϕb Z Fy ≤ 1.6ϕb Sx Fy (ASD)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

d3s
6 – plastic section modulus of the bolt
Z= ​

Sx = 2I
ds
​– elastic section modulus of the bolt ​
​

Ωc – safety factor, recommended value is 2

ϕc – resistance factor, recommended value is 0.75

Linear interaction:

N M
+ ​≤1 ​

Pn ​
Mn ​

N – the tensile (positive) or compressive (negative sign) factored force

Pn – the tensile (positive) or compressive (negative sign) design or allowable strength
M – the factored bending moment
Mn – the design or allowable bending resistance

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