Chapter1- Designfor ACI 318-08

Reinforcement is not required in positive moment areas where ft, the extreme
fiber stress in tension in the precompressed tensile zone at service loads (after
all prestress losses occurs) does not exceed 2 f c' (ACI 18.9.3.1).

In positive moment areas where the computed tensile stress in the concrete at
service loads exceeds 2 f c' , the minimum area of bonded reinforcement is
computed as:

Nc
As ,min  , where fy  60 ksi (ACI 18.9.3.2)
0.5 f y

In negative moment areas at column supports, the minimum area of bonded

reinforcement in the top of slab in each direction is computed as:

As ,min  0.0075 Acf (ACI 18.3.9.3)

where Acf is the larger gross cross-sectional area of the slab-beam strip in the
two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting a column in a two-way slab
system.

When spacing of tendons exceed 54 inches, additional bonded shrinkage and

temperature reinforcement (as computed above, ACI 7.12.2.1) is required be-
tween the tendons at slab edges, extending from the slab edge for a distance
equal to the tendon spacing (ACI 7.12.3.3)

In addition, an upper limit on both the tension reinforcement and compression

reinforcement has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area.
Note that the requirements when fy > 60 ksi currently are not handled.

1.8.2 Check for Punching Shear

The algorithm for checking punching shear is detailed in the section entitled
“Slab Punching Shear Check” in the Key Features and Terminology manual.
Only the code specific items are described in the following sections.

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Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

1.8.2.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear

The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from the
face of the support (ACI 11.11.1.2). For rectangular columns and concentrated
loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides parallel to
the sides of the columns or the point loads (ACI 11.11.1.3). Figure 1-4 shows
the auto punching perimeters considered for the various column shapes. The
column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner) and the punching perimeter may be
overwritten using the Punching Check Overwrites.

d 2

d 2 d 2

Interior Column Edge Column Edge Column

d 2
d 2 d 2

Circular Column T-Shape Column L-Shape Column

Figure 1-4 Punching Shear Perimeters

1.8.2.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment

The fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure is taken to be  f Mu
and the fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of shear is
taken to be  vM u.

1
f  (ACI 13.5.3.2)
1  2 3 b1 b2

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 Chapter1- Designfor ACI 318-08

 v = 1 − f (ACI 13.5.3.1)

For flat plates, v is determined from the following equations taken from ACI
421.2R-07 [ACI 2007] Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement in
Flat Plates.

For interior columns,

1
 vx  1  (ACI 421.2 C-11)
1   2 3 l y lx

1
 vy  1  (ACI 421.2 C-12)
1   2 3 l x l y

For edge columns,

vx = same as for interior columns (ACI 421.2 C-13)

1
 vy  1  (ACI 421.2 C-14)
1  2 3 l x l y  0.2

vy = 0 when lx /ly ≤ 0.2

For corner columns,

vx = 0.4 (ACI 421.2 C-15)

vy = same as for edge columns (ACI 421.2 C-16)

where b1 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the
span and b2 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction per-
pendicular to the span. The values lx and ly are the projections of the shear-
critical section onto its principal axes, x and y, respectively.

1.8.2.3 Determine Concrete Capacity

The concrete punching shear stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section is
taken as:

SlabDesign 1 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design


vc    p 
f 'c  0.3 f pc  v p (ACI 11.11.2.2)

  d 
 p  min 3.5,  s  1.5  (ACI 11.11.2.2)
  bo 

where, p is the factor used to compute vc in prestressed slab; bo is the perimeter

of the critical section; fpc is the average value of fpc in the two directions; vp is
the vertical component of all effective prestress stresses crossing the critical
section; and s is a scale factor based on the location of the critical section.

40 for interior columns,


 s  30 for edge columns, and (ACI 11.11.2.1)
20
 for corner columns.

The concrete capacity vc computed from ACI 11.12.2.2 is permitted only when
the following conditions are satisfied:

 The column is farther than four times the slab thickness away from any dis-
continuous slab edges.

 The value of f ' c is taken no greater than 70 psi.

 In each direction, the value of fpc is within the range:

125  fpc ≤ 500 psi

In thin slabs, the slope of the tendon profile is hard to control and special care
should be exercised in computing vp. In case of uncertainty between the design
and as-built profile, a reduced or zero value for vp should be used.

If the preceding three conditions are not satisfied, the concrete punching shear
stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section is taken as the minimum of the
following three limits:

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 Chapter1- Designfor ACI 318-08

  4 
  2   f 'c
  c 

   d
 c  min   2  s  f 'c (ACI 11.11.2.1)
  bc 

 4 f '
 c



where, c is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the criti-
cal section, b0 is the perimeter of the critical section, and s is a scale factor
based on the location of the critical section (ACI 11.12.2.1).

A limit is imposed on the value of f ' c as:

f ' c  100 (ACI 11.1.2)

1.8.2.4 Determine Capacity Ratio

Given the punching shear force and the fractions of moments transferred by ec-
centricity of shear about the two axes, the shear stress is computed assuming
linear variation along the perimeter of the critical section. The ratio of the
maximum shear stress and the concrete punching shear stress capacity is re-
ported as the punching shear capacity ratio .

1.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement

The use of shear studs as shear reinforcement in slabs is permitted, provided
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 6 inches, and not
less than 16 times the shear reinforcement bar diameter (ACI 11.11.3). If the
slab thickness does not meet these requirements, the punching shear reinforce-
ment is not designed and the slab thickness should be increased by the user.

The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the ear-

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Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

lier sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is

carried out as described in the subsections that follow.

1.8.3.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

The concrete punching shear stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section
with punching shear reinforcement is as previously determined, but limited to:

vc   2 f 'c for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.1)

vc   3 f 'c for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)

1.8.3.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement

The shear force is limited to a maximum of:

V max = 6 f 'c bod for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.2)

V max = 8 f 'c bod for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)

Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax , the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows,
where, , the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).

Av Vu  Vc 
 (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
s  f ys d
'
Av f
 2 c bo for shear studs
s fy

 If Vu > Vmax, a failure condition is declared. (ACI 11.11.3.2)

 If Vu exceeds the maximum permitted value of Vmax, the concrete section

should be increased in size.

1.8.3.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement

Punching shear reinforcement in the vicinity of rectangular columns should be
arranged on peripheral lines, i.e., lines running parallel to and at constant dis-

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 Chapter1- Designfor ACI 318-08

tances from the sides of the column. Figure 1-5 shows a typical arrangement of
shear reinforcement in the vicinity of a rectangular interior, edge, and corner
column.

The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d/2 (ACI R11.3.3, 11.11.5.2). The spacing between adjacent
shear reinforcement in the first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d
measured in a direction parallel to the column face (ACI 11.11.3.3).

Punching shear reinforcement is most effective near column corners where

there are concentrations of shear stress. Therefore, the minimum number of
lines of shear reinforcement is 4, 6, and 8, for corner, edge, and interior col-
umns respectively.

Typical Studrail Outermost Outermost

(only first and last peripheral line peripheral line
studs shown) of studs of studs Free
edge
d 2 d 2 Iy
gy
gx
s0 s0 s0
Iy x x gx
I
Critical d 2
section
centroid Free
edge y x
y Free edge Ix Critical section
centroid
Ix
Ix
Interior Column Edge Column Corner Column

Figure 1-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside
shear-reinforced zone

1.8.3.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing

The punching shear reinforcement is most effective when the anchorage is
close to the top and bottom surfaces of the slab. The cover of anchors should
not be less than the minimum cover specified in ACI 7.7 plus half of the di-
ameter of the flexural reinforcement.

Punching shear reinforcement in the form of shear studs is generally available

in 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8-, and 3/4-inch diameters.

SlabDesign 1 - 39
 When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.35d. The limits
of so and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are specified as:

so  0.5d (ACI 11.11.5.2)

 0.75d  u  6 ff' c

s (ACI 11.11.5.2)
0.50d   6 fo'
u c
r

g  2d
(ACI 11.11.5.3) f
o
r
 The limitso of s and the spacing, s, between the links are specified as:

so  0.5d (ACI 11.11.3)

s  0.50d (ACI 11.11.3)

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