Lecture IV Projection of Points & Lines

CAED Dr P V Ramana Dr. P V Ramana

1
 Drawings
(Some Types)

Botanical Drawings Portraits

Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) ( human faces,
( landscape, expressions etc.)
scenery etc.) Geographical Zoological Drawings
Drawings (creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.)
Engineering Drawings,
(projections.)

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

(F.V,T.V & SV.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Elevation, Plan, & Section - Civil Engg.terms) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)

CAED Dr P V Ramana 2
 Top Orthographic Projections

Side

Front
Top View
Side View
View

Front
• Pictorial views
Pictorial Views

Viewing lines converge at a point All viewing lines are parallel

(Perspectives) (Projections)
Principal Planes
 Horizontal Plane
Top Face

Right Side Face

Profile Plane

Front Face
Vertical Plane
• Viewing faces

Top Face

Right Side Face

Front Face
 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY V.P AND A VIEW ON IT (F.V) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) H.P IS ROTATED 900 DOWNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING V.P.

Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.

V.P PP
Y
F.V LSV
X Y
X T.V

H.P
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
H.P IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND CAED ANDDr P V Ramana DRAWN IN 8
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF V.P. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF V.P. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
• Viewing faces…

Bottom View

Rear View Left Side View Front View Right Side View

Top View
Angles of Projection
CAED Dr P V Ramana 12
CAED Dr P V Ramana 13
• Convention to indicate FIRST Angle Projection

Right Side View Front View

(drawn on left side)
Observer  Object  Plane
• Convention to indicate THIRD Angle Projection

Front View Right Side View

(drawn on right side)

Observer  Plane  Object

• Viewing faces

Top Face

Right Side Face

Front Face
• FIRST Angle Projection
– Object in front of plane Front View
Right Side View

Back
Left

Bottom

Top View
• THIRD Angle Projection
– Object behind plane Top View

Top

Front
Right
Front View Right Side View
FIRST Angle Projection THIRD Angle Projection

Top View
Right Side View Front View

Front View Right Side View

Top View
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
F.V S.V
Horizontal Plane (H.P),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( V.P )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP) T.V
And
Different Views are Front View (F.V), Side View (SV) and Top View (T.V)
F.V is a view projected on V.P.
T.V is a view projected on H.P.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
CAED Dr P V Ramana 20
 PLANES
1

PRINCIPAL PLANES
H.P AND V.P

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane ( P.P.)

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.)

θ
A.V.P.
 to H.P &  to V.P

CAED Dr P V Ramana 21
 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY V.P AND A VIEW ON IT (F.V) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) H.P IS ROTATED 900 DOWNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING V.P.

Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.

V.P PP
Y
F.V LSV
X Y
X T.V

H.P
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
H.P IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND CAED ANDDr P V Ramana DRAWN IN 22
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF V.P. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF V.P. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
 3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( F.V above X-y, T.V below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( T.V above X-y, F.V below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON H.P ( GROUND) T.V
F.V ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
H.P term is used in 1st Angle method
T.V & F.V

For the same G L

Ground
CAED
term is used
Dr P V Ramana 23
in 3rd Angle method of projections
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.

CAED Dr P V Ramana 24
 V.P
2nd Quad. 1st Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y H.P
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND
CAED ILLUSTRATION
Dr P V Ramana PROPERLLY. 25
H.P Above V.P In front
Below Behind

V.P
2nd Quad. 1st Quad.

Y Above H.P Above H.P

Behind V.P In front of V.P

X Y H.P
X
Below H.P Below H.P
Behind V.P In front of V.P

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

Above H.P. and In Front of V.P. which shows point is in First Quadrant
Above H.P. and Behind V.P. which shows point is in Second Quadrant
Below H.P. and Behind V.P. which shows point is in Third Quadrant
Below H.P. and In Front of V.P. which shows point is in Fourth Quadrant
CAED Dr P V Ramana 26
 Point A is POINT A IN V.P POINT A IN
Placed In ND
2 QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
V.P a’
different A A
a’
quadrants
and it’s F.V & T.V a
are brought in H.P OBSERVER
same plane for
Observer to see H.P OBSERVER
clearly.

F.V is visible as a
it is a view on
V.P. But as T.V is
is a view on H.P,
it is rotated
downward 900,
a
In clockwise
direction.
The H.P
In front part of H.P OBSERVER
OBSERVER

H.P comes
below
xy line and the a
part behind V.P a’
comes above. A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
Observe and
RD
3 QUADRANT V.P 4TH QUADRANT
V.P
note the
process.
Convention: Horizontal
CAED
plane is always rotated clockwise
Dr P V Ramana 27
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THE 4 QUADRANTS
V. V.
P P V.P
H.P V.P P
P PF
PF
PT

H. H.
P P
PT
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT POINT IN 1st QUADRANT
PT: TOP VIEW
H.P
PF: FRONT VIEW

POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

PT
H.P
H. H.
P V.P P H.P V.P
PT
PF
P PF
CAED Dr P V Ramana
P 28
V. V.
 How you will draw on the sheet
PF PF
PT

x y x y

PT

POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT POINT IN 1st QUADRANT

PT
x y
x y PT: TOP VIEW
PF: FRONT VIEW PT

PF PF

POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

CAED Dr P V Ramana 29
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE H.P POINT A ABOVE H.P POINT A IN H.P
& INFRONT OF V.P & IN V.P & INFRONT OF V.P
For T.V
For T.V

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For T.V

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
A Y
Y
Y a’
a
a
X a X X A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

F.V above xy, F.V above xy, F.V on xy,

T.V below xy. T.V on xy. T.V below xy.
V.P V.P V.P

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

H.P H.P
CAED Dr P V Ramana H.P 30
Draw the projection of points, the position of as per data given below:
(i) A point ‘P’ 25 mm above H.P. and 20 mm behind V.P.
(ii) A point ‘Q’ 20 mm below H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P.
(iii) A point ‘R’ 25 mm below H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P.
(iv) A point ‘S’ 20 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P.
(v) A point ‘T’ on H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P.
(vi) A point ‘U’ on H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P.
(vii) A point ‘V’ on V.P. and 20 mm above H.P.
(viii) A point ‘W’ on V.P. and 20 mm below H.P.
(ix) A point ‘X’ on H.P. as well as V.P. both.

CAED Dr P V Ramana 31
Procedure:
Step-1 Draw a horizontal line, which is x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-2 Point P is 25 mm above H.P. and 20 mm behind V.P. So it is in

2nd quadrant and so on a single vertical line above & from x-y
line, mark a point p’ at the distance 25 mm and point p at the distance
20 mm on it. Point p’ is front view & the point p is top view of the
point P.

Step-3 Point Q is 20 mm below H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P, so it is in

3rd quadrant. So draw a vertical line on both sides of the x-y line. On
this vertical line, mark a point q’ 20 mm below x-y line and a point
q 25 mm above x-y line. Point q’ is front view & the point q is top view
of the point Q.

Step-4 Point R is 25 mm below H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. So it is in the

4th quadrant. Draw a vertical line below & from x-y line. On this line mark a point r’
at the distance 25 mm and a point rCAED
is at the
Dr P Vdistance
Ramana 20 mm from x-y line. Point32r’ is
Step-5 Point S is 20 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. So it is in 1st quadrant. Draw a
vertical line on both sides of the x-y line. On this vertical line, mark a point s’ at the distance
20 mm above the x-y line & a point s at the distance 25 mm below the x-y line. Point s’ is front
view & the point s is top view of the point S.
Step-6 Point T is on H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. So it is in 1st quadrant but on H.P. Draw a
vertical line below & from x-y line. Mark a point t’ on the point of intersection of the x-y line
and the previously drawn vertical line & mark a point t on the vertical line at the distance 25
mm below x-y line. Point t’ is front view & point t is top view of the point T.
Step-7 Point U is on H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P. So it is 2nd quadrant but on H.P. Draw a
vertical line above & from x-y line. Mark a point u’ on the point of intersection of the x-y line
and the previously drawn vertical line & mark a point u on the vertical line at the distance 25
mm above x-y line. Point u’ is front view & point u is top view of the point U.
Step-8 Point V is on V.P. and 20 mm above H.P. So it is in 1st quadrant but on V.P. Draw a
vertical line above & from x-y line. Mark a point v on the point of intersection of the x-y line
and the previously drawn vertical line & mark a point v’ on the vertical line at the distance 20
mm above x-y line. Point v’ is front view & point v is top view of the point V.
Step-9 Point W is on V.P. and 20 mm below H.P. So it is in 4th quadrant but on V.P. Draw a
vertical line below & from x-y line. Mark a point w on the point of intersection of the x-y line
and the previously drawn vertical line & mark a point w’ on the vertical line at the distance 20
mm below x-y line. Point w’ is front view & point w is top view of the point W.
Step-10 Point X is on H.P. as well as V.P. both. So it is on the x-y line. Mark a point on the x-y
line and give the names x’ & x on this same point. Point x’ is front view & point x is top view of
the point X.
Step-11 Give the dimensions by any oneCAED method
Dr P of dimensions to all the points as shown33into
V Ramana
A Point “M” is 40 mm above H.P. and 40 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projections

CAED Dr P V Ramana 34
Q1.

Q2. Front view of a point is A 30 mm below XY line and its top view is 25 mm above XY line.
Front view of another point B is 40 mm above XY line and its top view is 25 mm above XY line.
State the quadrants in which the points A and B lie. Also find the true length between the two
points, if the distance between their end projectors is 60 mm.

Q3. Points P and Q are in V.P. Point P is 25 mm above H.P while point Q is below the H.P. The
distance between end projectors of P and Q is 60 mm. The line joining the front view of the
two points makes an angle of 35o with the XY line. Draw the projections of points P and Q and
find the distance of the point Q below the H.P.

Q4. Distance between two points, measured parallel to principal planes, is 100 mm. Point A is
15 mm above H.P and 25 mm in front of V.P while point B is 40 mm in front of V.P and 30 mm
above H.P. Draw projection of points and draw lines joining their front and top views. Also
complete dimensioning of the views.

Q5. Two Points A and B are in opposite quadrants. Distance of both the points is 40 mm from
H.P and 55 mm from V.P. Draw projections of the points, if distance between end projectors of
the points is 75 mm. Draw lines joining their front and top views. Also complete dimensioning
of the views.
CAED Dr P V Ramana 35
Q2. Front view of a point is A 30 mm below XY line and its top view is 25 mm above XY line.
Front view of another point B is 40 mm above XY line and its top view is 25 mm above XY line.
State the quadrants in which the points A and B lie. Also find the true length between the two
points, if the distance between their end projectors is 60 mm.
Data Given :
Step 1. Draw reference line XY.
Step 2. Point is a’ 30 mm below XY & a is 25 mm above XY.
Step 3. Distance between the projectors of A & B 60mm.
Step 4. Point b’ is 40 mm above XY & b is 25 mm above XY.
Step 5. Find the distance of Q below HP.

b’

15
a b
25 25

X 60 Y
30
points A & B: III & II
a’
True Length = 92.2 mm
CAED Dr P V Ramana 36
Q3. Points P and Q are in V.P. Point P is 25 mm above H.P while point Q is below the H.P. The
distance between end projectors of P and Q is 60 mm. The line joining the front view of the two
points makes an angle of 35o with the XY line. Draw the projections of points P and Q and find
the distance of the point Q below the H.P.
Data Given :
Step 1. Points P & Q in VP.
Step 2. Point P 25mm above HP.
Step 3. Distance between the projectors of P & Q 60mm.
Step 4. Line joining the FV of points makes an angle 35° with XY line.
Step 5. Find the distance of Q below HP.
p’ 60
25
35°
X Y
D=?

q’

The distance of Q below HP D = 17.01 mm

CAED Dr P V Ramana 37
Q4. Distance between two points, measured parallel to principal planes, is 100 mm. Point A is
15 mm above H.P and 25 mm in front of V.P while point B is 40 mm in front of V.P and 30 mm
above H.P. Draw projection of points and draw lines joining their front and top views. Also
complete dimensioning of the views.
Data Given :
Step 1. Distance between A & B measured parallel to principal planes 100mm.
Step 2. Point A 15mm above HP and 25mm in front of VP.
Step 3. Point B 40mm in front of VP and 30mm above HP.
Step 4. Draw projections of points, lines & complete dimensioning of views.
b’

a’ 30
100
15
X Y
25
40
a

b
a’b’ = 101.12 mm = ab
CAED Dr P V Ramana 38
Q5. Two Points A and B are in opposite quadrants. Distance of both the points are 40 mm from
H.P and 55 mm from V.P. Draw projections of the points, if distance between end projectors of
the points is 75 mm. Draw lines joining their front and top views. Also complete dimensioning
of the views.
Data Given : 1. Points A & B in opposite quadrants. Assume the quadrants are in I & III
Step 2. Distance of both the points is 40mm from HP & 55mm from VP.
Step 3. Distance between the end projectors of points is 75mm.
Step 4. Draw lines joining their FV & TV. Complete dimensioning of views.

a b’

55 75
40

X Y
40

a’ 55
b

ab = a’b’ = 121. 04 mm
CAED Dr P V Ramana 39
Q5 : Two Points A and B are in opposite quadrants. Distance of both the points is 40 mm from
H.P and 55 mm from V.P. Draw projections of the points, if distance between end projectors of
the points is 75 mm. Draw lines joining their front and top views. Also complete dimensioning of
the views.
Assume the quadrants are in II & IV

a
15 75
a’

40

X Y
40
b
15
b’

a’b’ = ab = 121. 04 mm
CAED Dr P V Ramana 40
Projection of lines

CAED Dr P V Ramana 41
 Projection of lines, planes, solids
•Line – consists of 2 points
•Plane – consists of 3 or more points
•Solid – consists of 4 or > 3 points

CAED Dr P V Ramana 42
 PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINES
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH H.P & V.P
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH H.P & V.P WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS F.V & T.V.

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO H.P & // TO V.P)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH H.P & V.P.

3. LINE INCLINED TO H.P & PARALLEL TO V.P.

4. LINE INCLINED TO V.P & PARALLEL TO H.P.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH H.P & V.P.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE SHOWING

CLEARLY THE NATURE OF F.V & T.V OF LINES LISTED ABOVE
AND NOTE RESULTS.
CAED Dr P V Ramana 43
 For T.V Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
b’
Note: b’
F.V is a vertical line
B Showing True Length F.V
1.
F.V &
T.V is a point. a’
A Line a’
perpendicular Y
X Y
to H.P A

& T.V b ,(a)

T.V b, (a)
// to V.P X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For T.V Note: V.P.
F.V & T.V both are
2. // to xy a’ F.V b’
b’ &
A Line B both show T. L.
// to H.P a’
& A Y X Y
// to V.P
b a b
T.V
X
a
H.P.
CAED Dr P V Ramana 44
(Pictorial presentation) F.V inclined to xy V.P.
3. b’
T.V parallel to xy. b’

A Line inclined to H.P B

a’ 
and  Y
parallel to V.P a’ X Y

A
a b
b T.V.
X
a

H.P.
Orthographic Projections
(Pictorial presentation)
T.V inclined to xy V.P.
4. F.V parallel to xy.
a’ F.V b’
b’
A Line inclined to V.P
a’
and Ø
parallel to H.P A B X Y
a Ø

Ø T.V
a b
b
CAED Dr P V Ramana
H.P. 45
CAED Dr P V Ramana 46