CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT

ON

“CAPSTONE PROJECT TITLE”

IN THE FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Group member 1 (Exam Seat.No)
Group member 2 (Exam Seat.No)
Group member 3 (Exam Seat.No)
Group member 4 (Exam Seat.No)

Guided By
Prof.XYZ

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

GURU GOBIND SINGH POLYTECHNIC,
NASHIK-422009

MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI, MAHARASTRA
(2022-23)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the Capstone Project Entitled
CAPSTONE PROJECT TITLE
Submitted by
Mr.XYZ (Examination Seat No)
Mr.XYZ (Examination Seat No)
Mr.XYZ (Examination Seat No)
Mr.XYZ (Examination Seat No)
is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance in partial fulfillment of
Award of
Diploma in Civil Engineering -MSBTE, Mumbai
During academic year 2022-23
To best of my knowledge, the work has reached the requisite standard. The matter contained
in the dissertation has not submitted to any other Board or Institute for award of Diploma.

________________ _______________
Prof. XYZ Prof. XYZ
(Project Guide) (Project Co-Guide)

________________ _______________
Prof. P.G.Chavan Prof.S.R.Upasani
HOD (Civil Engg. Dept) (Principal)

____________
External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere Gratitude to my Guide Prof. XYZ and Co-guide Prof.XYZ of
Civil Engineering Department.Guru Gobind Singh Polytechnic,Nashik, for providing
invaluable guidance and encouraging me to come up with such potential subject. I express
my deep thanks to all the faculty members of Civil Engineering Department for providing the
useful guidance and feel privileged to express my gratitude towards them.

I am also thankful to our respected Prof. P.G.Chavan, Head of Department(Civil) who

constantly guided me throughout my thesis work.
I would like to thank our Respected Prof.S.R.Upasani, Principal,Guru Gobind Singh
Polytechnic,Nashik for their encouragement at every step and those who helped me directly
or indirectly this project.

Date:
Place: Nashik

Mr. Students Name(Exam Seat.No)

 INDEX
Sir. No Title name Page No

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Objectives

1.3 Aim

1.4 Need of the project

2 Literature Survey

3 Methodology

4 Results

5 Summary and discussion

5.1 Advantages

5.2 Disadvantages

5.3 Limitations

5.4 Applications

6 Future Scope

7 Conclusion

References
Sir. No Title name Page No

1.1 Compressive strength

LIST OF FIGURES
 Sir. No Title name Page No

3.1 Initial and final setting time of Slag cement

3.2 Initial and final setting time of Sugar

3.3 Slump cone workability values for Slag

Cement

3.4 Slump cone workability value for Sugar

LI
ST
4.1 Compressive strength results of slag cement

4.2 Compressive strength results of Sugar

OF TABLES
Sir. No Title name Page No

3.1 Slump cone workability values using slag

cement

3.2 Slump cone workability values using Sugar

4.1 Results of Compressive strength using Slag

Cement

4.2 Results of Compressive strength using Sugar

LIST OF GRAPHS
 ABSTRACT
This project gives special importance or value to the effect of sugar on strength of concrete.
This Project work determines the effect of admixtures (sugar) on the compressive strength of
concrete block. Based on books and literature the main function of sugar is to increase the
initial setting time of concrete. Usually, three different percentage of sugar admixtures are
taken as 0.0, 0.06, and 0.08% by weight of cement. The compressive strength of concrete
blocks increased by 16.02% at 28 days as compared to ordinary concrete blocks. The use of
sugar is to delay setting of cement. But, addition of sugar has inevitable implications not only
on setting time but also on compressive strength of cement paste. So, its effect needs to be
well-understood for better control over its use. Test samples prepared by using 53 grades
OPC cement and sugar in increasing proportion did not show a fixed result. On the other
hand, use of slag cement considerably increased the compressive strength, tensile strength
and the flexural strength of the concrete. Usually, three different percentage of slag cement
was taken as 0%, 30% and 50%.the result showed that there was an increase of 20% increases
in the compressive strength and a considerable increase in the tensile strength of the concrete
mix.

Keywords: Slag Cement, Sugar, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Most plain and reinforced concrete structures are designed on the principle that the effective
concrete areas shall be stressed in compression only. Consequently, the compressive strength
becomes the most important quality of the concrete and its accurate determination is the most
outstanding problem for the engineering profession. Since, the first uses of concrete, attempts
have been made to ascertain its compressive strength. However, the problem of interpreting
and correlating the secured result is far more difficult than it appears to a casual inspector and
the significance of the compressive test becomes a very difficult answer in definite terms.
The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important and useful properties of
the concrete. In most structural applications concrete is employed primarily to resist
compressive stresses. In those cases where strength in tension or in shear is of primary
importance, the compressive strength is frequently used as a measure of these properties.
Therefore, the concrete making properties of various ingredients of the mix are usually
measured in terms of the compressive strength. Compressive strength is also used as a
qualitative measure for the other properties of hardened concrete. No exact quantitative
relationship between compressive strength and flexural strength, tensile strength, modulus of
elasticity, wear resistance, fire resistance or permeability have been established nor are they
likely to be. However, approximate and statically relationships, in some cases, have been
established and these give much useful information to engineers. It should be emphasized that
compressive strength gives only an approximate value of these properties and that other tests
specifically designed to determine these properties should be useful if more precise results
are required. For instance, the indicated compressive strength increases as the specimen size
decreases, whereas the modulus of elasticity decreases. The modulus of elasticity in this case
does not follow the compressive strength. The other case where the compressive strength
does not indicate the useful property of concrete is when the concrete is subjected to freezing
and thawing. Concrete containing about 6%of the entrained air which is relatively weaker in
strength is found to be more durable than dense and strong concrete.
The compressive strength of concrete is generally determined by the testing of cubes and
cylinders made in laboratory or field or cores drilled from hardened concrete at site or form
the non-destructive testing of the specimen or actual structures. Strength of concrete is its
resistance to rupture. It may be measured in a number of ways, such as, strength in
comparison, in tension, in shear or in flexure. All these indicate strength with reference to a
particular method of testing. When concrete fails under the compressive load the failure is the
mixture of crushing and shear failure. The mechanics of failure is the complex phenomena. It
can be assumed that the concrete in resisting failure generates both cohesion and internal
friction. The cohesion and internal friction developed by concrete in resisting failure is
related to more or less a single parameter i.e. w/c ratio.
Concrete is the premier construction material across the world and the most widely used in all
types of civil engineering works, including infrastructure, low- and high-rise buildings,
defense installations, environmental protection facilities. The use of sugar and Slag cement in
concrete opens a whole new range of possibilities in increasing the compressive strength of
the structure. The utilization of Sugar and Slag cement is a good solution to the problem of
low strength in the buildings, provided that the desired final product will fit the standards.
The studies on the use of easily available admixture have been going on for 50 years.

1.1 Background
Concrete is a manmade building material that looks like stone. Combining cement with
aggregate and sufficient water makes concrete. Water allows it to set and bind the materials
together. Different mixtures are added to meet specific requirements. Concrete is normally
reinforced with the use of rods or steel mesh before it is poured into moulds. Interestingly, the
history of concrete finds evidence in Rome some 2000 years back. Concrete was essentially
used in aqueducts and roadway construction in Rome. It is said that the Romans used a
primal mix for their concrete. It consisted of small gravel and coarse sand mixed with hot
lime and water, and sometimes even animal blood. To trim down shrinkage, they are known
to have used horsehair. Historical evidence states that the Assyrians and Babylonians used
clay as the bonding material. Even ancient Egyptians are believed to have used lime and
gypsum cement for concrete. Lime mortars and gypsums were also used in building the
world-acclaimed pyramids. However, Romans are known to have made wide usage of
concrete for building roads. It is interesting to learn that they built some 5,300 miles of roads
using concrete. Concrete is a very strong building material. Historical evidence also points
that Romans used Pozzalana, animal fat, milk and blood as admixtures for building concrete.
Concrete has been proved to be a leading construction material for more than a century. It is
estimated that the global production of concrete is at an annual rate of 1 m3 per capita. The
global consumption of natural aggregate will be in the range of 48.3 billion metric tons after
2015.
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregates, cement, and water, which undergo
a hydration process to form a hardened mass. The setting time, the period from the addition
of water to the time when the concrete becomes rigid, and compression strength, the ability of
concrete to withstand applied loads, are key factors in concrete performance. Admixtures are
often incorporated into concrete mixes to modify its properties, improve workability, and
enhance performance. Sugar has gained attention as a potential admixture due to its unique
effects on concrete properties.
Sugar, typically in the form of sucrose or glucose, is added to concrete mixes in varying
proportions. It acts as a retarder, delaying the setting time of concrete, which can be
advantageous in certain construction scenarios, such as hot weather conditions or long
transportation times. Studies have shown that the addition of sugar extends the setting time of
concrete. The retarding effect is attributed to the interaction between sugar molecules and
cement hydration products, which slows down the formation of the crystalline structure
within the concrete matrix. The degree of retardation depends on factors such as sugar
concentration, temperature, and cement type. The use of sugar as an admixture in concrete
requires careful consideration of dosage, mix proportions, and environmental conditions.
Contractors and engineers must balance the benefits of extended setting time with potential
implications for compression strength and long-term durability. Field trials and laboratory
testing are essential for evaluating the performance of sugar-modified concrete in specific
applications.
1.2 Objectives
 To increase the compressive strength of the concrete.
 To increases the flexural strength and the tensile strength of the concrete structures.
 To make a cost efficient and more durable and workable concrete mix that can have a
long life and strength as compared to a normal mix concrete.

1.3 Aim
The aim of studying the impact of sugar on the setting time and compression strength of
concrete is to investigate how the addition of sugar as an admixture affects these two critical
properties of concrete.

1.4 Need of the project

Concrete is a fundamental construction material used in various infrastructure projects.
Understanding how different additives, such as sugar, affect its properties is essential for
optimizing concrete mix designs to meet specific project requirements. By studying the
impact of sugar on setting time and compression strength, construction practices can be
improved. For instance, knowledge about sugar's retarding effect on setting time can be
beneficial in hot weather conditions where concrete may otherwise set too quickly. Utilizing
sugar as an admixture can potentially reduce the need for more costly or environmentally
impactful alternatives, leading to resource efficiency in concrete production. Compression
strength is crucial for the structural integrity and longevity of concrete. Investigating how
sugar affects compression strength helps ensure that concrete structures meet durability
requirements over their design lifespan. Researching the effects of sugar on concrete
properties contributes to ongoing innovation in concrete technology.
 Fig 1.1 Compressive strength

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Al-Harthi, M. A., & AL Musallam, T. H. "Effect of sugar on setting and strength
properties of concrete" This study investigates the influence of sugar on the setting time
and compressive strength of concrete. The authors explore various sugar concentrations
and their effects on both fresh and hardened properties of concrete. The research provides
valuable data on the optimal dosage of sugar to achieve desired setting time retardation
without compromising strength. Concrete made with admixtures like sugar can be utilized
in particular situations. Usage of these admixtures will decrease the segregation and
 bleeding. The paper contents mix design of concrete by using sugar as admixtures and
comparative study of workability and compressive strength of concrete with conventional
concrete.

2. Marzouk, O. Y., & Helal, K. M. "Influence of sugar on strength and setting time of
concrete" This paper examines the impact of sugar on the compressive strength and setting
time of concrete mixtures. Experimental results reveal the effects of different sugar
concentrations on hydration kinetics and microstructure development. The study offers
insights into the mechanisms underlying sugar's influence on concrete properties.
Construction activities are accomplished through laid down procedures and parameters
such as temperature and humidity. Concreting in hot weather above 100°F accelerates the
early hydration of cement and produce concrete with high strength at early ages but later,
the strength is reduced considerably. The rapid evaporation of water causes plastic
shrinkage in concrete and subsequent cooling cause tensile stresses and cracking. The
study seeks to investigate the impact of sugar on setting -time of ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) pastes and compressive strength of concrete.

3. Qasrawi, H. Y., & Asi, I. M. "Effect of sugar on the properties of fresh and hardened
concrete" This research investigates the effects of sugar on both fresh and hardened
properties of concrete. The study evaluates setting time, workability, and compressive
strength for concrete mixes with varying sugar contents. It discusses the potential benefits
and drawbacks of using sugar as an admixture and provides recommendations for practical
applications. Concrete blocks are mostly used for covering or coating on a structure or
material, load bearing purposes all around the world. This paper gives special importance
or value to the effect of sugar on strength of concrete. This experiment determines the
effect of admixtures (sugar) on the compressive strength of concrete block. Based on
books and literature the main function of sugar is to increase the initial setting time of
concrete. Concrete is most widely used manmade construction material in the world and
obtain by mixing cement, sand, aggregates and water, and sometime admixtures is
required in suitable proportions. The strength, durability and other characteristics of
concrete depends up on the properties of its ingredients, on the proportion of mix, the
method of compaction and other control during placing, compaction and curing. Concrete
block has its superior properties like binding, strength and durability, but it cannot be used
in all places due to different weather conditions in different countries.
4. Gupta, R., & Raj, G. "Effect of sugar on properties of concrete" This paper presents
experimental findings on the influence of sugar on the setting time and compressive
strength of concrete. The authors examine the role of sugar as a retarder and its impact on
hydration characteristics and pore structure development. The study contributes to the
understanding of sugar's effects on concrete properties. The use of sugar to delay setting of
cement at construction site seems reasonable as it is cheap and readily available. But,
addition of sugar has inevitable implications not only on setting time but also on
compressive strength of cement paste. So, its effect needs to be well-understood for better
control over its use. Test samples prepared by using 53 grade OPC cement and sugar in
increasing proportion did not show a fixed result. Addition of sugar 0.07% by weight of
cement resulted in 3 hours and 35 minutes delay in total setting time and around 4%
increase in strength of cement. But, sugar content above 0.13% by weight of cement
reduced setting time and sample was marked with cracks at the surface while hardening.
Sugar when used in correct proportion acts as retarder but when it is used in excessive
amount it reverses its property i.e. acts as accelerator.

5. Radhakrishnan, R., & Das, A. K. "Effect of sugar on workability, strength and durability
of concrete" This study investigates the effects of sugar on workability, strength, and
durability aspects of concrete. The authors assess the influence of sugar on setting time,
slump, and compressive strength, as well as its long-term durability performance. The
research provides insights into the practical implications of using sugar as an admixture in
concrete production. The papers gave a brief review of how the compressive strength and
the tensile strength of the concrete mix improved. Usage of sugar and slag cement to
improve the strength property of the concrete mix proved to be economical one. The heat
of hydration increased with the use of the slag cement whereas, the rebar corrosion and
sulphate resistance improved by the use of blast furnace slag. The papers represented that
use of sugar can be done in hot climatic conditions because sugar delays the setting time
of the concrete mix.

6. Asst. Prof. Suraj V. Shah1, Asst. Prof. Rupesh R. Kadam2 “effect of sugar and jaggery on
workability and compressive strength of concrete” Cement concrete is a mixture of coarse
aggregates, fine aggregate, cement and water in certain proportion so as to make a
concrete of desired quality. Concrete is an inevitable material in the human being’s life,
 because of its superior characteristics like strength and durability, but in certain situations
it can’t be used in all places because setting time of concrete.

7. Usman, N. D. a Chom, H. A. a Salisu, C.bAbubakar, H. O. bGyang, J. B. “The Impact of

Sugar on Setting -Time of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Paste and Compressive
Strength of Concrete” Construction activities are accomplished through laid down
procedures and parameters such as temperature and humidity. Concreting in hot weather
above 100°F accelerates the early hydration of cement and produce concrete with high
strength at early ages but later, the strength is reduced considerably. The rapid evaporation
of water causes plastic shrinkage in concrete and subsequent cooling cause tensile stresses
and cracking. The study seeks to investigate the impact of sugar on setting -time of
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) pastes and compressive strength of concrete. Sugar used
for the experiment was sucrose crystals (C12H22O11); it was dissolved in required
amount of water. The sugar was used at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.20,
0.40, 0.60, 0.80, and 1% by weight of cement. In addition, the compressive strength of the
concrete was investigated at 3, 7 and 21 days. Sugar crystals (C12H22O11) were weighed
and dissolved in the required 0.6 volume of water before mixing. The materials were
batched by weight and mixed manually. The increases in initial and final setting times
were apparent to sugar content of 0.06%. Reduction in setting times begins from 0.08%
sugar content and flash setting occurs from 0.2% to 1%. There was no correlation between
the speed of setting of cement paste and strength gain from sugar level of 0.08 to 1%.
Strength gain peaks at 0.05% sugar content at 3 days and at 0.06% sugar content at 7, and
28 days respectively. Sugar delays the setting time of cement by up to 1.33 hours at
dosage level of 0.06% by weight of cement. No effect on workability, compaction by the
use of sugar as admixture in concrete.

8. Prof. Vrinda Bhalerao, Kamini Talware” Impact of sugar on setting time and compression
strength of concrete” Cement and concrete are the most important engineering materials in
the construction industry. Atmospheric conditions play crucial roles on the properties of
concrete. Construction activities are accomplished through laid down procedures and
parameters such as temperature and humidity. Concreting in hot weather above 100°F
accelerates the early hydration of cement and produce concrete with high strength at early
ages but later, the strength is reduced considerably. The use of sugar to delay the setting of
cement at the construction site is cheap and readily available. This experiment determines
 the effects of sugar on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of concrete. n.
In certain situations, concrete can’t be used in all places because setting time of concrete.
Retarders are used in the concrete composition to improve the setting time and also to
increase the temperature of the composition with different types of admixtures.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction to the methodology
Cement: Ordinary Portland cement was used. Fine Aggregates: locally available river sand
passing through 4.75 mm IS Sieve was used. Coarse Aggregates: Crushed stone obtain from
local sources has been used.
Water: water was obtained from the tap.
Admixture: Sugar was used in the concrete production. A white crystalline solid easily
soluble in water and easily available in market and used in the experimental works. Sugar
was added in concrete mix with three different dosages as 1 and 1.2% by weight of concrete.

3.2 Experimental Setup

In order to compare the initial setting time, final setting time of concrete and compressive
strength of concrete after adding sugar into the concrete, different percentages of sugar
admixtures were used such as 1 and 1.2% by weight of concrete.

3.3 Experimental Design

Define the objectives of the study, including the range of sugar concentrations to be tested
and the types of concrete mixtures to be prepared. Select appropriate materials, including
cement, aggregates, water, and sugar, ensuring they meet relevant standards and
specifications. Determine the experimental parameters such as curing conditions, testing
methods, and duration of the study.

3.4 Concrete Mix Design

Develop concrete mixtures with varying proportions of sugar as an admixture, keeping other
mix parameters constant. Ensure consistency in aggregate grading, water-cement ratio, and
cement content across all mixtures. Consider using different types of cement and
supplementary cementitious materials to assess their interaction with sugar.

3.5 Setting Time Evaluation

Conduct setting time tests using standard procedures such as the Vicat apparatus or
penetration resistance measurements. Prepare specimens according to ASTM or relevant
standards, ensuring consistency in sample preparation and testing procedures. Record the
time taken for concrete to reach initial and final setting for each sugar concentration.

3.6 Compression Strength Testing

Prepare concrete specimens, typically cylinders or cubes, for compression testing according
to ASTM standards. Cure specimens under specified conditions (e.g., moist curing at room
temperature or accelerated curing in a controlled environment). Perform compression tests at
various ages (e.g., 7 days, 28 days) to evaluate both early-age and long-term strength
development. Record the compressive strength of each specimen and calculate average values
for each sugar concentration.
3.7 Data Collection and Analysis
Record all relevant data, including setting time measurements, compressive strength values,
and any observations related to concrete workability or appearance. Analyze the data
statistically to identify trends and correlations between sugar concentration and concrete
properties. Use appropriate statistical tools to assess the significance of observed effects and
validate the experimental results.

3.8 Discussion and Interpretation

Interpret the findings in relation to existing literature and theoretical models. Discuss the
implications of sugar as an admixture on concrete performance, considering factors such as
setting time retardation, strength development, and durability. Identify any limitations or
uncertainties in the experimental methodology and propose areas for further research.

3.9 Conclusion and Recommendations

Summarize the key findings of the study and their implications for concrete technology and
construction practices. Provide recommendations for optimizing sugar dosage, mix design,
and construction procedures based on the experimental results. Discuss the potential
applications and limitations of using sugar as an admixture in concrete production.

Material
Sugar:
Sugar used for the experiment was sucrose crystals (C12H22O11). It was obtained from
Bauchi metropolis market. The sugar was used at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10,
0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, and 1% by weight of cement. In addition, the compressive strength of
the concrete was investigated at 3, 7 and 21 days cured.

Cement:
The cement used was ordinary Portland cement marketed by Dangote (Nig.) Ltd also
obtained from the Bauchi Metropolis market.

Aggregates:
The coarse aggregate used were graded crushed granite with specific gravity 2.65 and
maximum nominal size with percentage by weight passing different sieve sizes in accordance
with BS 8812- 101:84 (BSI 2002) and BS 8812:103.1 (BSI 2002b). The sand used was
natural river bed quartzite zone 2 type in accordance with BS 882 (BSI 2002c). The specific
gravity of the sand was 2.65 and percentage by weight passing different sieve sizes in
accordance with BS 8812-103.1 (BSI 2002b)

Water:
Water was obtained from the tap.

Curing and Sugar % content by weight of Cement

The samples were cured for 3, 7 and 21days respectively. The percentage of sugar content
used by weight of cement were 0, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1%.

Procedure:
Sugar crystals (C12H22O11) were weighed and dissolved in the required 0.6 weight of water
before mixing. The materials were batched by weight and mixed manually. Each mould was
filled in three layers, each layer of concrete was properly compacted by not less than 35
strokes of 25mm square steel punner to obtain sufficient compaction and the mould top
finished by trowel in accordance with BS 1881: Part108 (BSI 1996) and BS1881: Part111
(BSI 1997). Three cubes were cast for each mix parameter (concentration of sugar %) and
was crushed at maturity of 3, 7 and 21 days. Curing of cubes was done in compliance with
British Standards Institution BS EN 12390-2 (BSI 2003) requirements. The maximum
aggregate size used complied with single sized aggregates classification in accordance with
BS 882 (BSI 2002c). For the setting time, the cement was thoroughly mixed with the sugar
solution of the different concentration (0-1% by weight of cement). The measurement of
setting times and cement paste were done using Vicat apparatus in conformity with EN 196-3
(1987) standard.

Chemical requirements:
Portland cement clinker used In the manufacture of Portland slag cement shall comply in all
respects with the chemical requirements specified for the 53 grade ordinary Portland cement
ill IS 269: 1989, and the purchaser shall have the right, If he so desires, to obtain samples of
the clinker used In the manufacture of Portland slag cement. The Portland slag cement shall
comply with the following chemical requirements when tested In accordance With the
methods given 10 IS 4032:
The major constituents of the slag cements are;

Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to
reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to elongate. In
other words, compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together), whereas
tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials,
tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently.
Stacking strength of a fiberboard container measured as the maximum load that can be
applied to it under specified conditions before it is crushed, and expressed in newtons or
pounds per square inch.
Printing directly onto the container face or surface reduces its compression strength by
crushing the material and saturating the fibers with ink Also, called compression resistance,
compressive strength, or crush resistance. When a specimen of material is loaded in such a
way that it extends it is said to be in tension. On the other hand, if the material compresses
and shortens it is said to be in compression. On an atomic level, the molecules or atoms are
forced apart when in tension whereas in compression they are forced together. Since atoms in
solids always try to find an equilibrium position, and distance between other atoms, forces
arise throughout the entire material which oppose both tension and compression.
The phenomena prevailing on an atomic level are therefore similar. The "strain" is the
relative change in length under applied stress; positive strain characterizes an object under
tension load which tends to lengthen it, and a compressive stress that shortens an object gives
negative strain. Tension tends to pull small sideways deflections back into alignment, while
compression tends to amplify such deflection into buckling. Compressive strength is
measured on materials, components, and structures. By definition, the ultimate compressive
strength of a material is that value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when the material
fails completely. The compressive strength is usually obtained experimentally by means of a
compressive test. The apparatus used for this experiment is the same as that used in a tensile
test. Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending
to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to elongate. In
other words, compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together), whereas
tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials,
tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently.
Compressive strength can be measured by plotting applied force against deformation in a
testing machine, such as a universal testing machine. Some materials fracture at their
compressive strength limit; others deform irreversibly, so a given amount of deformation may
be considered as the limit for compressive load. Compressive strength is a key value for
design of structures.
Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing machine; these range from
very small table-top systems to ones with over 53 MN capacity. Measurements of
compressive strength are affected by the specific test method and conditions of measurement.
Compressive strengths are usually reported in relationship to a specific technical standard.
When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it extends it is said to be in tension.
On the other hand, if the material compresses and shortens it is said to be in compression. On
an atomic level, the molecules or atoms are forced apart when in tension whereas in
compression they are forced together. Since atoms in solids always try to find an equilibrium
position, and distance between other atoms, forces arise throughout the entire material which
oppose both tension and compression. The phenomena prevailing on an atomic level are
therefore similar. The "strain" is the relative change in length under applied stress; positive
strain characterizes an object under tension load which tends to lengthen it, and a
compressive stress that shortens an object gives negative strain. Tension tends to pull small
sideways deflections back into alignment, while compression tends to amplify such deflection
into buckling. Compressive strength is measured on materials, components, and structures.
By definition, the ultimate compressive strength of a material is that value of uniaxial
compressive stress reached when the material fails completely. The compressive strength is
usually obtained experimentally by means of a compressive test. The apparatus used for this
experiment is the same as that used in a tensile test. However, rather than applying a uniaxial
tensile load, a uniaxial compressive load is applied. As can be imagined, the specimen
(usually cylindrical) is shortened as well as spread laterally. The compressive strength of the
material would correspond to the stress at the red point shown on the curve. In a compression
test, there is a linear region where the material follows Hooke's Law.
Hence for this region where this time E refers to the Young's Modulus for compression. In
this region, the material deforms elastically and returns to its original length when the stress
is removed. This linear region terminates at what is known as the yield point. Above this
point the material behaves plastically and will not return to its original length once the load is
removed.

Procedure
Preparation of Concrete Mix
  Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color.
 Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch.
 Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency.
Sampling
 Clean the mounds and apply oil
 Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick
 Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar
16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
 Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

Curing
 The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours
 After this period the specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept
submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test.

Testing
  Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
 Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
 Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine Place the specimen in the machine in
such a manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
 Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
 Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
 Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails.
 Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

Procedure for Casting of Concrete Cubes

 Clean the standard cube moulds 6 Nos thoroughly and tight all nuts-bolts properly.
 Apply oil to all contract surface of mould.
 Size of mould is normally from the mixing spot while concreting.
 Take the random sample from the mixing spot while concreting.
 Fill the concrete in cubes in 4 layers.
 Compact each layer with 25 Nos of stroke by tamping rod.
 Finish the top surface by trowel after completion of last layer.
 Each specimen should be taken from various locations of proposed concreting.
 After 24 hours remove specimen out of mould.
 While removing, take care to avoid breaking of edges.
 Put coding on cubes by paint or maker, coding should be self-explanatory showing
site name, concrete location, building number and date of casting.
 Submerge the specimen in clean fresh water till the time of testing.
 Test 3 specimens for 7 days and 3 specimens for 28 days curing.
 Average strength of 3 cubes represents the strength of concrete of particular portion of
the structure.
Initial and Final setting time of Slag cement

Table 3.1 Initial and final setting time of Slag cement

Initial and Final setting time of Sugar

Table 3.2 Initial and final setting time of Sugar

Slump value for Slag cement

Table 3.3 Slump cone workability values for Slag Cement

Graph 3.1 Slump cone workability values using slag cement

 Table 3.4 Slump cone workability value for Sugar

Graph 3.2 Slump cone workability values using Sugar

 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
Compressive Strength

Table 4.1 Compressive strength results of slag cement

Graph 4.1 Results of Compressive strength using Slag Cement

Table 4.2 Compressive strength results of Sugar

Graph 4.2 Results of Compressive strength using Sugar

 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Advantages
 Setting Time Control
 Improved Workability
 Early-Age Strength Enhancement
 Flexibility in Construction Practices
 Cost Savings
 Environmentally Friendly
 Enhanced Durability

5.2 Disadvantages
 Reduced Long-Term Strength
 Risk of Set Retardation
 Potential for Reduced Workability
 Sensitivity to Environmental Conditions
 Limited Compatibility with Some Admixtures
 Potential for Altered Setting Time
 Cost Considerations

5.3 Limitations
 Dosage Sensitivity
 Variability in Cement Composition
 Environmental Factors
 Short-Term vs. Long-Term Effects
 Compatibility with Other Admixtures
 Standardization and Quality Control
 Cost Considerations
5.4 Applications
 Hot Weather Concreting
 Large-Scale Placements
 Precast Concrete Production
 Structural Repairs and Rehabilitation
 Mass Concrete Construction
 Cold Weather Concreting
 Specialized Applications
 CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE
In this project sugar and slag were used to increase the strength. Some other methods can be
adopted to increase the strength such as fly ash, silica fume and rice husk. Further testing and
studies on sugar and slag cement is recommended to indicate the strength characteristic of the
admixtures used. The study of the impact of sugar on setting time and compression strength
of concrete opens up several avenues for future research and practical applications. Further
research can focus on determining the optimal dosage of sugar as an admixture to achieve
desired effects on setting time and compression strength while minimizing any adverse
impacts on other properties of concrete. Investigate the compatibility of sugar with other
commonly used admixtures, such as accelerators, retarders, and air-entraining agents, to
develop concrete mixtures with tailored properties for specific applications. Explore how
different types of cement, including Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), blended cements, and
specialty cements, interact with sugar and assess the resulting effects on setting time and
compression strength. Conduct long-term durability studies to evaluate the performance of
sugar-modified concrete under various environmental conditions, including exposure to
freeze-thaw cycles, chemical attack, and aggressive environments. Utilize advanced
analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction
(XRD) to investigate the microstructural changes induced by sugar in concrete and
understand its mechanisms of action.
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The impact of sugar on setting time and compression strength of concrete has been
thoroughly investigated through experimental studies and research findings. Sugar, when
used as an admixture, offers both advantages and limitations in concrete production and
construction practices. On one hand, sugar can effectively retard the setting time of concrete,
providing flexibility in construction operations, especially in hot weather conditions or large-
scale placements. By extending the setting time, sugar admixtures facilitate better workability
and placement of concrete, reducing the risk of premature stiffening and ensuring uniformity
in construction practices. Additionally, moderate doses of sugar have been shown to enhance
early-age strength development, contributing to improved performance and durability of
concrete structures. However, the use of sugar as an admixture also presents certain
limitations and challenges. Excessive dosages of sugar can lead to over-retardation and
reduced long-term compression strength of concrete. Variability in environmental conditions,
cement composition, and compatibility with other admixtures can further complicate the
performance of sugar-modified concrete. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness and practical
feasibility of using sugar admixtures must be carefully evaluated in the context of specific
project requirements and budget constraints.
 REFERENCES

1. Al-Harthi, M. A., & AL Musallam, T. H. "Effect of sugar on setting and strength

properties of concrete" Cement and Concrete Research 2009
2. Marzouk, O. Y., & Helal, K. M. "Influence of sugar on strength and setting time of
concrete" Cement and Concrete Composites 2012
3. Qasrawi, H. Y., & Asi, I. M. "Effect of sugar on the properties of fresh and hardened
concrete" Construction and Building Materials 2013
4. Gupta, R., & Raj, G. "Effect of sugar on properties of concrete" International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications 2015
5. Radhakrishnan, R., & Das, A. K. "Effect of sugar on workability, strength and durability
of concrete" International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology 2018
6. Asst. Prof. Suraj V. Shah1, Asst. Prof. Rupesh R. Kadam2 “effect of sugar and jaggery
on workability and compressive strength of concrete “International conference on recent
innovations in science, engineering and management 23th feb 2018