Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate With Bottom Ash in Concrete

A PROJECT REPORT ON
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

WITH BOTTOM ASH IN CONCRETE
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Mr. Gandham Panasaiah
11471A0126
Mr. Shaik Khasim
11471A0116
Mr.Kumba Anjaneyulu
11471A0119
Mr. Chitirala Ashok kumar
11471A0124
Mr. Mitta Siva Ramakrishna
11471A0141
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Mr. S. Benjimen
Assistant professor
Department of civil engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada)
Narasaraopeta -522601
2014-2015
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NARASARAOPET ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH BOTTOM ASH IN CONCRETE is submitted by Mr.
G.PANASAIAH(11471A0126), Mr. Sk.KHASIM(11471A0116), Mr.K.ANJANEYULU
(11471A0119), Mr. Ch.ASHOK KUMAR(11471A0124), Mr.M.SIVA RAMAKRISHNA
(11471A0141). In partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of technology in Civil
Branch in NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NARASARAOPET is a
record of bonafied work carried out by them under my supervision.
The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
PROJECT GUIDE
Mr. S. Benjimen
Assistant professor
INTERNAL EXAMINER
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. G. Reddy Babu, PhD
Department of Civil Engineering
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our esteemed
institute Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada which has provided us
an opportunity to full fill our desire and reach our goal wish great solemnity and for
providing the necessary equipment during our project work.
This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of our guide
Mr. S. BENJIMEN, Assistant professor of the Civil Engineering Department and
unstinting encouragement enabled us to accomplish our project successfully in time.
With a great sense of pleasure and privilege, we extend our gratitude to
Dr. G. REDDY BABU, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to him for his
patience, guidance and thoughtful advice throughout the various stages of this work. His
advice has been precious on both an academic and personal level, for which we are
extremely grateful.
First of all, we would like to thank God for all of His guidance and care throughout our
life and for helping me overcome all the difficulties we encountered over the course of
this study.
We would also like to extend our thankfulness to all the faculty of the Department of
Civil Engineering for the collective knowledge imparted to us, making us capable
enough to see through the entire process. We are grateful to the technicians of the
Concrete Technology Laboratory for their relentless service and co-operation with us.
Last but not the least, I affectionately acknowledge the encouragement received from
our friends and those who involved in giving valuable suggestions and clarifying the
doubts which had really helped us in successfully completing our project.
ABSTRACT
As we know that concrete is worlds most widely used construction material. The
reason for increase in cost is high demand of concrete and scarcity of raw material. This
paper presents the possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with industrial byproducts such as bottom ash. The Bottom Ash is a waste material that is taken from
electric power plant. The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility and potential
use of bottom ash in concreting and concrete applications. Environmental advantages
which are of great importance in the present context of sustainability in the construction
sector. The study investigated the effect of bottom ash in equal quantities as partial
replacement of fine aggregates in various percentages (050%), on concrete properties
such as mechanical (compressive strength). Different concrete mixes with constant
water to cement ratio of 0.48 were prepared with Bottom Ash in different proportions as
well as one control mixed proportion. The mechanical properties of concrete with
different percentages of Bottom Ash replacement by weight of natural sand is found to
be an optimum usage in concrete in order to get a favorable strength and good strength
development pattern over the increment ages.
The inclusion of bottom ash as fine aggregate does not affect the strength properties
negatively as the strength remains within limits replacement.
The study was carried out using coal bottom ash as a partial replacement with fine
aggregates in the concrete mix by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by
weight. This paper presents the experimental investigations carried out to study the
effect of use of bottom ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. The result shows that the
compressive strength, strength decreased as the percentage of replacement of bottom
ash increased as compared to plain concrete. It was observed that up to 20%
replacement the results of compressive test, approximately same as that of the
controlled concrete.
Key Words: Coal bottom ash, Properties, Compressive test, Sand Replacement.
INDEX
CONTENTS
PAGE NO
Chapter-I
Introduction
1-3
Chapter-II
Literature Review
4-5
Chapter-III Materials and Tests

3.1 Cement
(7-12)
3.1.1 Fineness of cement
3.1.2 Standard Consistency
3.1.3 Initial and final setting times of cement
10
3.1.4 Soundness of the cement
11
3.1.5 Specific gravity of the cement
12
3.2 Fine aggregate
(14-18)
3.2.1 Sieve analysis
14
3.2.2 Determination of Zone of sand
16
3.2.3 Fineness modulus of sand
16
3.2.4 Bulking of sand
16
3.2.5 Specific gravity of the fine aggregate
17
3.2.6 Water absorption and moisture content
18
3.3 Coarse aggregate
(19-24)
19
3.3.2Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate
21
3.3.3 Moisture content and Water absorption
21
3.3.4 Specific gravity
22
3.3.5 Aggregate crushing value test
22
3.3.6 Impact value of aggregates
24
3.4 Bottom ash
Chapter-IV
(25-28)
3.4.1 Introduction
25
3.4.2 Characteristics of bottom ash
27
27
3.4.4 Comparison of properties of bottom ash
28
3.4.5 Chemical composition of bottom ash
28
Mix Design
(29-35)
4.1 General
29
4.2 Procedure for Mix Design
29
4.3Desion stipulations for proportioning
31
4.4 Mix proportions
34
4.5 Quantities of materials
35
Chapter-V
Tests fresh and hardened concrete
(36-40)
5.1 Tests on fresh concrete

5.1.1 Workability by slump test
36
5.1.2 Workability by compaction factor test
38
5.1.3 Relation b/w slump and compaction factor value
40
5.2 Tests on hardened concrete
Chapter-VI
5.2.1 Compressive strength
40
Results and Discussions
42
Chapter-VII Conclusions
48
References
50
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
PAGE NO
Fig 3.1.1
IS 90 micron sieve for fineness of cement
Fig 3.1.2
Vicats apparatus for standard consistency of cement
Fig 3.1.3
Cross - section of Vicats apparatus for setting times of cement 9
Fig 3.1.4
Le Chatelier apparatus for soundness of cement
11
Fig 3.1.5
Pycnometer for specific gravity of cement
13
Fig 3.2.1
IS sieves and sieve shaker for sieve analysis of fine aggregate
15
Fig 3.2.2
Pycnometer for specific gravity of fine aggregate
18
Fig 3.3.1
IS sieves for sieve analysis of coarse aggregate
20
Fig 3.3.2
Aggregate crushing value test apparatus
23
Fig 3.3.3
Aggregate impact value test apparatus
24
Fig 3.4.1
Production of bottom ash in thermal power station
25
Fig 3.4.2
Different sizes of bottom ash
26
Fig 3.4.3
Utilization of bottom ash in different fields
26
Fig 3.4.4
Particle size distribution curve of bottom ash
27
Fig 5.1.1
Slump cone apparatus and classification of slump
37
Fig 5.1.2
Compaction factor value apparatus
39
Fig 5.2.1
Compression testing machine
41
Fig 6.1
graph showing strength results of 3days at different

7
Percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Fig 6.2

percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash
Fig 6.3
46

Fig 6.4
46
47

47
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGE NO
Table 3.1.1
Fineness of cement
Table 3.1.2
Standard consistency of cement
Table 3.1.3
Initial setting time of cement
10
Table 3.1.4
Final setting time of cement
11
Table 3.1.5
Soundness of cement
12
Table 3.1.6
Specific gravity of cement
13
Table 3.1.7
Physical characteristics of cement
14
Table 3.2.1
Sieves analysis of fine aggregate
15
Table 3.2.2
Zone distribution of fine aggregate
16
Table 3.2.3
Fineness modulus of different zones of fine aggregate
16
Table 3.2.4
Bulking of fine aggregate
17
Table 3.2.5
Specific gravity of fine aggregate
18
Table 3.2.6
Moisture content and water absorption of fine aggregate
19
Table 3.3.1
Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates
20
Table 3.3.2
Moisture content and water absorption of coarse aggregate
21
Table 3.3.3
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
22
Table 3.4.1
Sieve analysis of bottom ash
27
Table 3.4.2
Comparison of bottom ash and fine aggregate properties
28
Table 3.4.3
Chemical composition of bottom ash
28
Table 4.1
Correction table in mix design
33
Table 4.2
Mix design proportions
34
Table 4.3
Quantities of materials
35
Table 5.1.1
Slump test
37
Table 5.1.2
Relation between slump value and compaction factor value
40
Table 5.2.1
Compressive strength on hardened concrete
41
Table 6.1.1
Compressive strength of concrete cubes of nominal mix
42
Table 6.1.2
Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 5%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash
Table 6.1.3

Table 6.1.4
44

Table 6.1.9
44

Table 6.1.8
43

Table 6.1.7
43

Table 6.1.6
43

Table 6.1.5
42
44

10
45

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

Mr. Shaik Khasim

Mr. Chitirala Ashok kumar

Mr. Mitta Siva Ramakrishna

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Department of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Chapter-III Materials and Tests

3.1.1 Fineness of cement

3.1.2 Standard Consistency

3.1.3 Initial and final setting times of cement

3.1.4 Soundness of the cement

3.1.5 Specific gravity of the cement

3.2 Fine aggregate

3.2.1 Sieve analysis

3.2.2 Determination of Zone of sand

3.2.3 Fineness modulus of sand

3.2.4 Bulking of sand

3.2.5 Specific gravity of the fine aggregate

3.2.6 Water absorption and moisture content

3.3 Coarse aggregate

3.3.1 Sieve analysis

3.3.2Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate

3.3.3 Moisture content and Water absorption

3.3.4 Specific gravity

3.3.5 Aggregate crushing value test

3.3.6 Impact value of aggregates

3.4 Bottom ash

3.4.2 Characteristics of bottom ash

3.4.3 Sieve analysis

3.4.4 Comparison of properties of bottom ash

3.4.5 Chemical composition of bottom ash

4.2 Procedure for Mix Design

4.3Desion stipulations for proportioning

4.4 Mix proportions

4.5 Quantities of materials

Tests fresh and hardened concrete

5.1 Tests on fresh concrete

5.1.2 Workability by compaction factor test

5.1.3 Relation b/w slump and compaction factor value

5.2 Tests on hardened concrete

5.2.1 Compressive strength

Results and Discussions

IS 90 micron sieve for fineness of cement

Vicats apparatus for standard consistency of cement

Cross - section of Vicats apparatus for setting times of cement 9

Le Chatelier apparatus for soundness of cement

Pycnometer for specific gravity of cement

IS sieves and sieve shaker for sieve analysis of fine aggregate

Pycnometer for specific gravity of fine aggregate

IS sieves for sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

Aggregate crushing value test apparatus

Aggregate impact value test apparatus

Production of bottom ash in thermal power station

Different sizes of bottom ash

Utilization of bottom ash in different fields