PRONOUNS

& QUANTIFIERS

Dang Thi Van Di 1

 Pronouns
● A pronoun is a word that may replace a noun or
noun phrase
● Pronouns are use
● on their own instead of a noun: Which one do you want
● with OF: They ate nearly all of it
● with OF + THE/THIS/THOSE + noun: all of these men

● Determiners are use

● before nouns: most candidates, one book

 Pronouns vs. Determiners

This book is mine.

That is yours.

 Types of Pronouns
● Personal pronoun
● Possessive pronoun
● Reflexive pronoun
● Reciprocal pronoun
● Indefinite pronoun
● Demonstrative pronouns

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 Personal Pronouns
● the set of pronouns which represent the
grammatical category of PERSON

● Subject and Object forms "me like this" (Afr. E)

Who's that? ~ It's me. --> grammatically incorrect Subject personal pronouns used w/ Subject, Subject Complement
--> It's I. --> careful, formal, and standard use Object personal pronouns used w/ object of transitive verbs, after prep.

First person Second person Third person

I you he/ she/ it

Singular
me you him/ her/ it

we you they
Plural
us you them
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Personal Pronouns – Special Uses
● He/ She used to replace animals (known sex,
sympathy/ interest)

He’s a lovely little dog. It’s a really vicious dog.

đất nước được nhân cách hoá --> literature, press (bptt)

● She used to refer to countries with human qualities

The country’s oil industry has given it/ her economic

independence.

● It is used to refer to a human baby of unknown sex.

Look at that baby. It’s been sick.

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 Personal Pronouns – IT
● to refer to something

The door’s opened. It was opened by the girl.

● to identify a person

It’s John.
● as empty subject to refer to weather, temperature, time, and distance

It’s very cold today. It’s 3.30 p.m. How is an empty subject different from a
preparatory subject?

● as preparatory subject
It’s very difficult to speak English that fluently.
● as preparatory object
She found it impossible to be there on time.

● to give emphasis

It was England who won the world cup in 1996.

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 Reference to unknown sex
● When the millionth visitor arrives, he will be given
a free ticket.

● When the millionth visitor arrives, he or she (he/

she) will be given a free ticket.

● When the millionth visitor arrives, they will be

Plural V
given a free ticket. --> most popular use

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 One and Ones
● One/ones instead of a noun to avoid repeating a noun when it
is clear from the context what we mean.

I think his best poems are his early ones.

Use one/ones or leave it out:

● After a demonstrative

● These pictures are nice. I like this (one).

● After EACH, ANY, ANOTHER, EITHER, NEITHER

● The building had six windows. Each (one) had been

broken.

● After WHICH

● There are lots of seats available. Which (ones) would you

like? I want to buy 2 tickets.
Compare: 1 ticket --> which one
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 One and Ones
● After a superlative

● These stamps are the nicest (ones).

● After an adjective
adj

● An orange juice. A large one, please.

N
● An orange juice. -- An apple one, please. ???

● After THE
~ProN

● This television is better than the one we had before.

● After EVERY

● The building has lots of windows. Every one had been

broken.
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 Possessive Pronouns
● Possessive determiners vs. possessive pronoun
● Has Rory got his ticket
● I’ve got my ticket. Has Rory got his

● Express a relation, often the fact that something

belongs to someone

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Possessive Determiners/Adjectives
● Before a noun: my diary, her birthday

● After ALL, BOTH, HALF, or after a quantifier + OF:

all my money, a lot of his time

all of is fine, but of is often removed "neither"?

special just like all: both (the), [...]

● With parts of the body: I’ve hurt my back.

● THE is used in this pattern where we have just

mentioned the person: Someone pushed me in the
"Jenny" --> O
back.

● Own: (exclusive relation) my own flat

● Idioms: my best, take our leave, etc.

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 Possessive Pronouns
● A pronoun is used when we want to leave out the
noun (if it is clear from the context what we mean)

● That isn’t Harriet’s coat. Hers is blue.

I say "hi" to someone walking in the corridor. => Double possessive: a friend of [my friend]

● That’s my friend. vs. That’s a friend of mine.

I only have one friend. MORE PREFERRED, ~one of my friend

That's my special friend / I have a special feeling for them.

● It’s just a silly idea of my brother’s.

Without the apostrophe: ungrammatical.
It's my brother's silly idea. --> he isn't normally this silly
The above sentence: he always comes up with a silly idea every time he speaks.

Đó là nhà của tôi: That's my house (1 house). That's a house of mine (>1 house)
--> That's my husband!

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 Reflexive Pronouns
a. Reflexive

● A reflexive pronoun is used as object or complement when it

refers to the subject.

● I fell over and hurt myself.

them --> diff. people

● The company’s directors have given themselves a big pay rise.

● Some idiomatic uses of a verb + reflexive pronoun

● I hope you enjoy yourself. (= have a good time)

● Did the children behave themselves? (= behave well)
● Can we just help ourselves? (= take food)
*** Verbs do not usually take a reflexive pronoun: wash, bathe,
shave, (un)dress, change
● Tom dressed quickly and went down to breakfast.
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 Reflexive Pronouns
b. Emphatic

● To emphasize a noun phrase

● Father himself mowed the lawn this morning. (= father,

not someone else)

c. “Alone”: by oneself = on one’s own

● I don’t want to walk home by myself/on my own.

● Don’t you feel lonely living here all by yourself?

emphasis

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 Reflexive Pronouns
d. “Without help
● In this meaning, the pronoun usually comes in end
position
● We built the garage ourselves
e. “As for me
● Myself = as for me, as far as I am concerne
● I don’t agree with it, myself.

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 Reflexive Pronouns

The author of the letter describes themselves as a

(gender not sure)
senior government official.

Who wants to go through life by themselves, without

friends?

Adjunct

I remember closing the door behind me.

She bought the bracelet for herself. O của V "bought" --> k dùng đt nhân xưng,
dùng đt phản thân vì "herself" và "she" (S)
IO cùng chỉ một đối tượng

She bought herself the bracelet.

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 Reciprocal Pronouns
● Each other, one another

● Referring to an action going in one direction and

also back in the opposite direction

● The students help each other/one another with their

The distinction between these two (2 vs. >2) are no longer clear.
homework.
each other is more popularly/commonly used --> one another is formal

● They often wear each other’s/one another’s clothes.

● Each driver blamed the other.

● Each girl wears the other’s clothes.
each other vs. together?
- Different in word class: Pronoun vs. Adverb
- Different in function: used as O after (not S)/ after prep. vs. used as Adjunct
- Different in usage: They helped each other. [tác động qua lại lẫn nhau, 2 chiều] vs. They worked together. [cùng nhau]
They worked with each other. --> with each other = together (adjunct); for/of/look after each other...
--> They worked together to help each other.

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Compound pronouns formed by every/some/any/
no + one/body/thin
● Someone must do this.
● Somebody’s car is locking the road.
● But everyone else’s parents let them stay out late.

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Somebody/ someone/ something => positive
meanin
● There was someone in the phone box

● Anybody/ anyone/ anything => negatives &

question
● I can’t see anyone in the waiting room
● Have you got anything cheaper?

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Somebody/ someone/ something in questions ➔
a more positive tone, especially when making an
offer or a request -- “Yes” is expected to be the
answer
● Could you do something for me? (Please…
● Have you got something suitable to wear? (I expect…

● Anybody/ anyone/ anything ➔ “it doesn’t matter

which…
● The door isn’t locked. Anyone can just walk in
● What do you want for lunch? – Oh, anything. I don’t
mind.

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Everyone, something, etc. take a singular verb

● Everything was in a mess.

● After everyone/ everybody, they/ them/ their are

used.

● Everyone was asked what they thought.

● Someone has left their coat here.
Note:
some, a few, several
differs in quantity:
- a few: not much (3 - 5)
● Something was stolen. - some: a little bit more (4, 5, 6)
- several: even more (7, 8, 9, 10)
--> In writing: avoid "some" (ambiguous)
● Some things were stolen.
A few things

● Some day vs. some days

no specific day, ~someday

"See you (some time) (soon)" --> vague

● Some time vs. sometimes I have seen her some times already.
I'll see you some time soon.
một lúc nào đó, ~ sometime
no specific time
adv. of frequency, for a few times (a few times already)
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 Demonstrative Pronouns
● To point to something in the situatio
● This/ these => something near the speaker
● That/ those => something further away

● Demonstrative determiners/ adjectives vs.

demonstrative pronouns

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 Demonstrative Determiners
● Used before a noun (The noun can be left out if the
meaning is clear without the determiner.
What about this
● Used after ALL, BOTH, or HALF or a quantifier +
OF: Both those (cameras) are broken.

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 Demonstrative pronouns
● To identify someon
● Mother, this is my friend Duncan
● That was Carol at the door.

● On the phon
● This is Steve.
● Is that you, Shirley

● To refer to something mentioned befor

● I simply haven’t got the money. This is/That’s the
problem.

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 Demonstrative pronouns
● That/ those => to replace a noun phrase with the
and so avoid repeating the nou
● Compare Chopin’s waltzes with those of today
• This can happen only when there is a phrase or a
clause after that/ those. That is rather formal.

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 QUANTIFIERS

A lot of, many, much, few, little

● A LOT OF/ LOTS OF + P.C./ U.

● In positive sentences

● In negations and questions: informal

● There were a lot of people at the reception.

● MANY + P.C., MUCH + U.

● Normally used in negations and questions

● Are there many boxes?

● There isn’t much sugar left.

● In positive sentences after HOW, SO, TOO (FORMAL)

● He didn’t realize how much food he had eaten.

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 A lot of, many, much, few, little
● A FEW (some, a small number) + PC
● FEW (not many, almost none) + PC (rather formal)
● A LITTLE (some, a small amount) + U
● LITTLE (not much, almost none) + U (rather formal)
● She has a little flour left so she’ll make a few cakes.
● Few people are allowed to meet the Queen.
● She just had so little money that she could not buy
anything to eat

● Very few/little, only a few/ a little ➔ more usual

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● a number of + PC + plural verbs

● the number of + PC + singular verbs

● an amount of + U + singular verbs

● the amount of + U + singular verbs

● a great/good deal of + U, a BIG deal of????

● plenty of + PC/U

● many a + SC + singular verbs

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 Some, Any
● SOME + SC/ PC/
● Normally in positive sentence
● I want some strawberries. She asked for some help
● Would you like some coffee
● In questions to make offers, requests, or when we expect
a YES answe

● ANY + SC/ PC/

● Normally in negations and questions
● Are there any apples left? Is there any milk in the fridge?
● In positive sentences meaning “It doesn’t matter who/what/
where, etc
● Take any picture you like.
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 Existence/Appearance of trees: I'm not sure whether there is tree in that area
--> Is there any diff. b/w these?

● Is there any tree in that area?

● Are there any trees in that area?

Whether there are many trees in that area or not
--> Are there any questions...?

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 Other Quantifiers
● EVERY/ EACH + SC, singular verb
● Every/Each candidate has to complete a form.
● She cooks a lunch every day.
● NO/ NOT ANY + SC/ PC/
● There are no pens in the drawer.
● There’s no news from him.
● BOTH + PC: two people/ things, positive, plural verbs
(>< neither, not either
● Both James and Robbins are students.
● ALL + PC: more than two people/ things, positive,
plural verbs (>< none) (ALL + U
● All the children laughed.
● The sun was shining all day.
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 Other Quantifiers
● NONE: more than two people/ things, negative, NO noun
following (>< all)
● Are there any biscuits left? --- No, none.

● NONE OF + N/ O Personal Pron, singular/ plural verbs

● None of the four boys/ them know(s) the answer.
● EITHER + SC: any of the two, singular verbs
● Either way is fine with me.
● NEITHER + SC: not one and not the other, singular verbs
(>< both)
● Neither answer is correct.
● EITHER of / NEITHER of: singular/ plural verbs
● Neither of them is/ are married.
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● Two people/thing
● both + PC (V.p): 2
● either + SC (V.s): 1 in 2 (whatever
● either of the PC (V.s/V.p): 1 in 2 (whatever)
● neither + SC (V.s): nobody/nothing in 2
● neither of the PC (V.s/V.p): nobody/nothing in
● > 2 people/things
● all + the PC: >2
● each + SC (V.s
● each of the PC (V.s)
● none of the PC (V.s/V.p)
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 Other Quantifiers
● BOTH … AND ..
● EITHER ... OR ..
● NEITHER ... NOR ..
● NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO
● Not only my mom but also my siblings are at
home today.

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 “OTHER” Structures
● THE OTHER(S) = the rest part of one part

● Only those books are mine, the others are from the library.
one part and other parts

● OTHERS = several more apart from the ones already mentioned

● Some students always study hard, while others just sleep all day.

● THE OTHER ONE(S): not this/these but something else

● I quite like this dress, but I like the other one better.

● ANOTHER: one more apart from those already mentioned

● May I have another slice of cake, please?

● EACH OTHER

● EVERY OTHER = alternate

● I clean the house every other day.

● THE OTHER DAY = a few days ago

● I saw John in the park the other day.
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1. some student
an unspecified student
~ a/one student
DET/Quan.

2. some students

3. some of students
need "the" to specify to
use w/ "of"

4. some the students

"the" --> nào đó, ấy

ProN

5. some of the students

6. some of them

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1. most student

2. most students

3. most of students

4. most the students

5. most of the students

6. most of them
almost students --> before N, we need an adj/det, but
"almost" is an adv --> adv doesn't go with N alone
--> almost all students, almost every student

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1. all student

2. all students
(general)

3. all of students

"pre-determiner"

4. all the students

(defined)

5. all of the students

cụm Xđ thì mới dùng với "of",
"all" như đại từ

6. all of them

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1. I like both the films.
(Slide 12)

2. I like both of the films.

3. I don’t like either of the films.

I like neither film/neither of the films. --> no ~ not any

4. I don’t like either film.

more commonly used

5. We worked all the day.

all + U but the day is C

BUT all days (uncommon)
--> everyday (adj)/every
6. We worked all day.
day (adv)

7. I talked to all the people.

after "the", more specified

--> (7) is uncommon
--> I talked to all the people in this room. or (8)
8. I talked to everyone.

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