Yd Stum Kon Ular
Yd Stum Kon Ular
Yd Stum Kon Ular
Determiners
Quantifiers
Question Tags
Modals - 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 (son)
Conjunctions - 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 (son)
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
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PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
I Me
You You
He / She / It Him / Her / It
We Us
You You
They They
ÖZEL KULLANIMLAR:
IT
A: Who is that?
B: It is my new neighbour, Mr. Winrow.
* Weather: It is raining.
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YOU / THEY
* People in general:
Be + Object pronoun:
A: Who is it?
B: It is me.
HE / SHE
My old car isn’t very fast. She does 40 mph (mile per hour).
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:
Myself
Yourself
Himself / Herself / Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
The light in the stairway switches itself off after a couple of minutes.
* Bazen cümlenin anlamını güçlendirmek için öznenin hemen arkasından kullanabiliriz.
* Eğer bir cümlede her hangi bir nesne kullanılmamışsa, bazı fiillerden sonra dönüşümlü
zamir kullanılır:
BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:
She got angry with herself after doing badly in the exam.
!!! Yer bildiren bir edat kullanmışsak VEYA ‘with’ edatını ‘eşlik etmek / ile’ anlamında
kullanmışsak, ardından bir reflexive pronoun değil, OBJECTIVE PRONOUN kullanırız.
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Could you please tell him to bring his guitar with him?
EACH OTHER:
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:
* Bir belirsiz zamir cümlenin ÖZNESİ olarak kullanıldığında, birden fazla kişi veya nesneye
değinse bile FİİL HER ZAMAN TEKİL ÇEKİLİR.
* İkinci bir cümlede bir belirsiz zamirin yerine başka bir zamir kullanıldığında, bu zamir HER
ZAMAN 3. ÇOĞULDUR – THEY.
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!!! Teklif ve istek belirtirken ‘some’ ile başlayan belirsiz zamiri soru cümlelerinde
kullanabiliriz:
Would you like to have something to drink? – offer
Could I get something to read? I’m bored. – request
!!! Any ile başlayan belirsiz zamir olumlu cümlede kullanılabilir ve ‘herhangi biri/bir şey –
kim/ne olursa olsun fark etmez’ anlamını verir:
You can have anything you want for your birthday present.
This is a very easy question. Anyone can do it.
I can eat enything. I’m very hungry.
Indefinite Adverbs:
Else:
I’m very busy now. Could you please ask someone else?
I don’t like here. Let’s go somewhere else.
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POSSESIVES:
My Mine
Your Yours
His / Her / Its His / Hers / Its
Our Ours
Your Yours
Their Theirs
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:
This & These : hem fiziksel anlamda hem zaman anlamında bize yakın olanları anlatırken
kullanırız.
These are my happiest days.
That & Those: hem fiziksel anlamda hem zaman anlamında bize uzak olanları anlatırken
kullanırız.
That’s my car over there.
They are spending a lot of money on education and I think this will continue.
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One / Ones:
singular plural
DETERMINERS
THE – DEFINITE ARTICLE
There is a bedroom and a living-room. The bedroom is large, but the living-room is small.
2 – Müzik aletlerinin adlarından önce kullanılır ANCAK birinin bu aleti çalma becerisi söz
konusuysa !!!
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f) Sıra dağ, takım ada isimlerinden önce kullanılır - tek bir dağ / ada isimlerinden önce
KULLANILMAZ
The Alps
The Bahamas
Mount Everest
Bali Island
g) Okyanus, nehir, deniz, kanal, koy, körfez, çöl isimlerinin başında kullanılır,
Göl adlarında KULLANILMAZ
The Atlantic Ocean
The Black Sea
The River Nile
The Panama Canal
Lake Superior
4 – Bazı sıfatlardan önce kullanıldığında o gruba ait insanlar / o türe ait hayvanlar anlamını
verir
The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.
The lion is a strong animal.
The British drink too much tea. (aslında daha çok bira içiyorlar ama neyse)
The french are good at making wine.
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The sea
The sky
!!! They are re-building the church – somut olarak binadan bahsederken ‘the’ kullanılır.
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A / AN - INDEFINITE ARTICLE
She is an engineer.
a dozen roses
GENERAL DETERMINERS:
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QUANTIFIERS
offers/requests:
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NO: kullanıldığı cümle olumlu cümle olmalı - yine de verdiği anlam olumsuz
MOST:
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UNCOUNTABLE:
MUCH:
A LITTLE:
LESS:
MORE:
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COUNTABLE (PLURAL):
MANY:
We’ve got too/so many apples this year. We don’t know where to put them all.
A FEW:
FEWER:
MORE:
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OTHER QUANTIFIERS:
ANOTHER:
OTHER:
EACH:
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EVERY:
SEVERAL:
ENOUGH
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TENSES
---PAST---- --------------------------PRESENT----------------------------FUTURE-------------
simple past simple present simple future
past perfect present perfect be going to
past progressive present progressive future progressive
past progressive perfect present perfect progressive future perfect
future perfect progressive
SIMPLE PRESENT:
1 – Simple present tense, her zaman tekrarlanan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Bir kereye
mahsus olan bir eylemi anlatmak için kullanılmaz. Eylemlerin ne kadar sık yapıldığını
göstermek için şu sıklık zarfları kullanılır:
Always
Almost always
Usually / Genereally / Normally
Very often
Often / Frequently
Quite often
Sometimes / At times
Occasionally
Rarely / Seldom
Hardly
Never
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2 – Simple Present tense, hiçbir zaman değişmeyen doğa olaylarını ve bilimsel gerçekleri
açıklamak için kullanılır:
Birds fly.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3 - Simple Present tense, gelecekte yapılması planlanmış eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanılır.
Bu eylemler bir kişiye özgü veya şahsi planlar değildir. Bir zaman tablosu ya da çizelgesi olan
veya başlangıç ve bitiş tarihleri belirlenen olaylardır:
4 - Simple Present tense, geçmişte olup bitmiş tarihi olayları veya bir hikayeyi canlı bir
şekilde anlatmak için de kullanılır:
5 - Simple Present tense’i bie eylemin ne zaman yapıldığını gösteren yan cümleciklerde de
kullanırız:
*** Yan cümlecikte kullanılan Simple Present tense geleceği anlatıyor olabilir. Böyle
durumlarda yan cümlecikte hiçbir zaman ‘will’ kullanılmaz. Başka bir deyişle, zaman belirten
bağlaçtan sonra gelen cümlede ‘will’ kullanmayız.
When / Before / After / As / As soon as / Until / Till = ardlarından gelen cümlede WILL
kullanılmaz.
6 - Simple Present tense, herhangi bir konunun özetini yaparken, bir maçı, bir töreni anında
naklederken de kullanılır:
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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:
Believe
Want
Suppose
Like
Forget
Wish
Think of
Dislike
Imagine
Understand
See
Hate
Know
Realize
Smell
Love
Need
Belong to
Admire
Appear
Recognize
Hear
Have
Seem
Look like
Taste
Now
Right now
Just now
At present
At the moment
For the time being (şimdilik)
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Today
Tonight
Tomorrow
Tomorrow morning
This evening
This week
Next year
In two weeks
3 - Present Progressive, konuşma sırasında yapılmasa bile geçici olarak yapılan ya da belirli
bir süre için yapılan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır:
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SIMPLE PAST
1 – Simple Past, geçmişte olmuş ve bitmiş eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Simple Past’ın
günümüzle hiçbir ilgisi, bağlantısı yoktur. Bu tense’te öenmli olan, bir eylemin ne zaman
yapıldığını vurgulamaktır. Bu kullanımda şu zaman zarflarını kullanırız:
She got up, washed her face, dressed and left for work.
*** Geçmişte ard arda gerçekleşmiş bir eylemi, zaman bildiren yan cümleciklerle de ifade
edebiliriz. Böyle bir durumda hem yan cümlede hem de esas cümlede Simple Past tense
kullanılır:
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess called Snow White. She was very happy
with her family. But her mother died and her father who was the king got married again….
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PAST PROGRESSIVE
1 – Past progressive, geçmişte belli bir zaman aralığında devam eden eylemleri anlatmak için
kullanılır.
Believe
Want
Suppose
Like
Forget
Wish
Think of
Dislike
Imagine
Understand
See
Hate
Know
Realize
Smell
Love
Need
Belong to
Admire
Appear
Recognize
Hear
Have
Seem
Look like
Taste
YESTERDAY
PAST -----------19.30------------------------20.00-------------------------------21.15-----------------
I started watching I WAS WATCHING I finished watching
the match. the match. the match.
2 – Geçmişte aynı anda meydana gelen iki olaydan SÜREKLİLİK GÖSTERENİ anlatır.
Süreklilik gösteren olayı aniden kesen ikinci olay Simple Past tense kullanılarak anlatılır:
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3 – Geçmişte aynı anda süreklilik gösteren ve birbirini tamamlayan iki eylemi anlatmak için
de Past Progressive kullanılır:
While my father was washing the dishes, my mother was playing cards with her friends.
4 – Past Progressive geçmişte olan bir olayı, bir hikayeyi, gördüğümüz bir yeri ya da kimseyi
anlatırken de kullanılabilir:
I saw Jenny at the party last night. She was wearing a blue skirt.
Smoke was coming out of the chimney of the farm house. The farmer’s children were playing
with the dog…….
1 – I called Roger at 9 o’clock last night. But he wasn’t at home. He was studying in the
library.
2 – I didn’t hear the tunder during the storm last night because I was sleeping.
3 – My brother and sister were arguing about something when I entered the room.
4 – We got a parcel from the mail yesterday. When we opened it, we found a surprise.
5 – Stanley was climbing the stairs when he fell off. Luckily he didn’t hurt himself.
6 – While Mrs. Harrison was reading a story to her grandson, he fell asleep. So she closed the
book and tiptoed out of the room.
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FUTURE
SIMPLE FUTURE
WILL:
3 – Simple Future, (I) think / (I) don’t think / Do you think? / (I) hope / (I) expect / (I’m) sure
/ (I) wish / probably / perhaps gibi yapılardan sonra kullanılır:
You must meet him. I’m sure you will like him.
I think you won’t fail the exam. XXX doğrusu = I don’t think you will fail the exam.
BE GOING TO:
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2 – Gelecekle ilgili tahmin yaparken de kullanılır ANCAK olayın bir kısmının başlamış
olması ya da olayın şimdiden görünüyor olması gerekir:
Look at that man! It’s raining and he doesn’t have an umbrella. He is going to get wet.
*** Genellikle ‘GO’ ve ‘COME’ fiilleri ‘be going to’ yapısıyla kullanılmaz. Bunun yerine
Present Progressive kullanılır:
I’m going to the concert this evening.
*** ‘WAS / WERE GOING TO’: Geçmişte bir şey yapmaya niyet edilip yapılamadığında
kullanılır:
We were going to travel by train but changed our minds and travelled by bus.
Tim was going to get married to Sue but he met someone more attractive.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE:
Will + be + Verb-ing
1 – Gelecekte belli bir zaman süresi içindeki bir eylemin sürekliliğini göstermek için
kullanılır. Eğer bir yan cümlecik varsa, bu cümlecikte genellikle Simple Present kullanılır.
Believe
Want
Suppose
Like
Forget
Wish
Think of
Dislike
Imagine
Understand
See
Hate
Know
Realize
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Smell
Love
Need
Belong to
Admire
Appear
Recognize
Hear
Have
Seem
Look like
Taste
FUTURE
PRESENT ----------19.30--------------------------20.00----------------------21.15----------
X I’m going to start I’ll be watching I’m going to finish
watching the match. the match. watching the match.
While you are having that vital exam on May, I’ll be having my vital exams at university.
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Have / Has + V3
Zaman zarfları:
Just
A short time ago
Already
Yet
So far
Recently
Lately
Before
Up to now
Up until now
Until this week
By now
1 – Yakın geçmişte olan eylemlerin şu anda meydana getirdiği etki ve sonuçları belirtmek için
kullanılır.
*** Bu tense bir past tense DEĞİLDİR. Onun için Past Tense zaman zarfları (last / ago /
once / …) bu tnes’te kullanılmaz. Present Perfect Simple’da önemli olan bir şeyin yapılıp
yapılmadığıdır. Bir eylemin ne zaman yapıldığı önemli olduğunda ve bu vurgulanmak
isteniyorsa SIMPLE PAST kullanılır. Bileşik bir cümlenin bir tarafını Simple Past diğer
tarafını Present Perfect yapabilmek için de gerekli olan SINCE bağlacıdır. Present Perfect
Simple kullanabilmek için, bahsedilen eylemin MUTLAKA bulunduğumuz anla / şimdiyle bir
bağlantısı olması gerekir.
My father has opened the door of the cage. (It is open now)
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*** geçmişte olan eylemlerin ne zaman yapıldığını bilir ve bundan bahsetmek istersek
SIMPLE PAST kullanırız.
2 – Present Perfect Simple, geçmişte başlayan ve şu anda da devam eden durum ve eylemleri
belirtmek için NON – PROGRSSIVE fiilerle birlikte kullanılır (hatırlıyor muyuz o fiilleri? ☺
SINCE: Geçmişte başlayıp HALA DEVAM EDEN bir olayın başlangıç noktasını verirken
kullanılır.
Since breakfast
morning
yesterday
she went
I met her
He left mel ast year and I haven’t seen him ever since
since then
For 5 years
a long time
the last 4 days
2 hours
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*** ‘For a long time’ genellikle olumlu(affirmative) cümlelerde kullanılır. Soru cümleleri ve
olumsuz cümlelerde onun yerine ‘for long’ veya ‘long’ kullanılır.
Today
THIS week / year / month / century…..
4 – Geçmişte tekrar edilen ve şu anda da tekrar ediliyor olan eylemleri anlatmak için Present
Perfect Simple kullanılır. Böyle bir durumda da;
several times
many times
again and again
I have told my son again and again not to talk to his father like that.
5 – Present Perfect Simple, bir insanın başından geçmiş olan olayları, deneyimlerini, bu
kişinin konuşma anına dek yaptıklarını veya yapamadıklarını sormak veya söylemek için
kullanabiliriz. Bunu yaparken de;
ever
never
always
Have you ever eaten snake? (=at any time in your life)
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It’s very late. If you have finished you homework please go to bed.
He is very nervous. This is the first time ha has taken a university exam.
b) superlative adjective + Present Perfect Simple
It’s two years since I last saw him. = I haven’t seen him for two years.
Examples:
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1 – Geçmişte bir noktada başlamış, henüz bitmiş, oldukça uzun sürmüş ve etkileri de hala
görülmekte olan bir olayı anlatırken kullanılır.
A: Your clothes are very dirty. What have you been doing?
B: I’ve been mending the car.
2 – Bir olayın ne kadar süreden beri devam etmekte olduğunu sorarken ya da söylerken
Present Perfect Progressive kullanılır.
!!! GEÇMİŞTE BAŞLAYIP da hala devam etmekte olan bir olayı belirtirken YANİ OLAY
HALA DEVAM EDİYORKEN Present Progressive KULLANILMAZ - Present Perfect
Progressive KULLANILIR
How long?
Since
For
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KARŞILAŞTIRMASI:
wait
work
learn
teach
play .….
start
die
look
stop
break …..
2– Like
Love
Hate …..
gibi NON – PROGRESSIVE fiiller (artık biliyoruz onları ☺ ) Present perfect Progressive
tense’le de KULLANILMAZLAR. Present Perfect Tense ile KULLANILIRLAR.
We have been knowing each other for nearly 12 years. XXX doğrusu:
We have known each other for nearly 12 years.
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3 – Yapılan bir işin ne kadar süreden beri devam ettiğini anlatmak için Present Perfect
Progressive,
Yapılan işin miktarını veya bir işin kaç kere yapıldığını belirtmek için ise Present Perfect
Simple kullanılır.
cevap verir.
She has been saving money since the beginning of the year.
How long?
Try not to be absent from the classes again for the rest of the term. You have already missed
too many lessons.
The phone has rang four times for the last two hours.
I have been painting for 5 years but I haven’t sold a single one.
A: your eyes are red and puffy. Have you been crying?
B: No. I have just finished peeling some onions.
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HAD + V-3
I had never eaten snails until I went to that French restaurant. (past perfect)
That was the longest book I had ever read. (past perfect)
1 – Geçmişteki belli bir andan, tarihten ya da olaydan daha önce olup biten eylemleri
anlatmak için kullanılır. Kullanılan zaman zarfları:
Before
After
When
By
Until
Maria had taken some private lessons before she went to England.
Before she got into the classes, the exam had already started.
After they had discussed the plan in details, they reached an agreement.
When Jim arrived at the school, the class had already taken the English exam.
The fire had spread through the building when the firemen arrived.
BY:
It took them a long time to find a parking place, so by the time they arrived at the cinema the
film had begun.
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*** Past Perfect Simple’ı kullanmak için mutlaka iki ümle olması gerekmez. Bazen zaman
bildiren bir sözcükten sonra da, until that day / up to yesterday / up to last year / by 1975 gibi
zaman zarfları kullanılarak Past Perfect Simple kullanılabilir.
*** Tek bir basit cümle ya da olayları kronolojik sırayla anlatırken Past Perfect Simple
KULLANILMAZ, bunun yerine Simple Past kullanılır.
The thief walked in, opened the safe and stole all the things in it.
2 – Geçmişte yapılan bir eylemin nedenini belirten bir yan cümlecikte de Past Perfect Simple
kullanılabilir.
The thief walked in easily because somebody had forgotten to lock the door.
Examples:
It was raining hard, but when the class was over the rain had stopped.
He gave me back the book, thanked to me and said that he had enjoyed it very much. But I
knew that he hadn’t read it because most of the papers were still uncut.
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1 – Bir eylemin geçmişte belirli bir andan daha önce başladığını ve geçmişteki o anda da
devam etmekte olduğunu anlatmak için kullanılır. Past Perfect Progressive ile cümle kurarken
bir eylemin ne zamandan beri devam etmekte olduğunu belirtmemiz gerekir. Bu zamanla
birlikte kullanılan yan cümleciklerde mutlaka Simple Past kullanılır.
----1994---------------------------------------------------1996-----------------------------present
The police started 2 YEARS The police arrested
Looking for the thieves. the thieves.
The police had been looking for the thieves for 2 years when they arrested them.
When I woke my sister up, she had been sleeping for a long time.
*** Past Perfect Progressive ile, olayın ne kadar sürdüğü gösterilir. Olay bir başka eylemle
kesildiğinde biter.
The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for nearly four hours before the doctor
finally arrived.
2 – Geçmişte olan ve süreklilik gösteren bir eylemin sebeplerini belirten yan cümlecikte Past
Perfect Progressive kullanılır.
Examples:
Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn’t answer
because he had been daydreaming for the last 10 minutes.
Wake up! You have been sleeping / have slept long enough. It is time to get up.
We had been cooking all day for the party that evening and by 8 o’clock we hadn’t been ready
yet.
Ann was very angry when I arrived because I was late and she had been waiting for more than
an hour.
We had been walking for about an hour when a car stopped and the driver offered us a lift.
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WILL + HAVE + V3
Geçmişte belirli bir andan ya da olaydan önce bitmiş olacak eylemleri anlatmak için
kullanılır. Gelecekte belli bir anda yapılacak olan eylem Present Tense ile (genellikle Simple
Present), bundan önce bitmiş olacak eylem ise Future Perfect ile ifade edilir.
x---------------------x-------------------x-------------------------------x----------------------------x
past present The meeting will We arrive at future
finish the office
BY:
By the time I graduate next summer, you will have come back to this city.
*** Future Perfect Simple’ı kullanmak için mutlaka iki ayrı cümle olmak zorunda değildir.
Zaman bildiren;
By the end of this month, he will have spent all his money.
By the beginning of May, we will have finished studying for the university exam.
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Önceden başlamış ya da gelecekte başlayacak bir eylemin gelecekte belli bir zaman süresi
içerisinde devam etmekte olacağını anlatmak için kullanılır. Future Perfect Progressive’i
kullanarak cümle kurulduğunda, eylemin ne kadar zamandan beri devam etmekte olacağını
bildirmek gerekir. Eğer bir yan cümlecik kullanılıyorsa, bu cümlecikte genellikle Simple
Present kullanılır.
When my parents come back from holiday, I will have been sleeping for 3 hours.
OR
When my parents come back from holiday, I will have been sleeping since 10 pm.
By 2009, our teacher will have been working for this course for 15 years.
!!! By the end of this month he will have been painting nearly 50 pictures. XXX YANLIŞ
BY:
He will have finished university by the time I am back from the UK.
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QUESTION TAGS:
*** Cümlenin öznesi bir belgisiz zamirse, question tag’deki zamir şahıslar için ‘they’,
nesneler için ‘it’ olur.
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Examples:
I am late, aren’t I?
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MODALS
USED TO - WOULD
verb modal
Used to; geçmişte sürekli tekrarlanan elemleri veya bir durumu belirtmek için kullanılır.
Would ise; sadece tekrarlanan eylemleri belirtmek için kullanılır, bir durumu anlatmak için
KULLANILMAZ.
When I was a child, my father used to read me some stories before I went to bed.
DIDN’T USE TO
!!! Would kipi ayrıca tipik bir davranış biçimini belirtmek için de kullanılır. Ancak bu sadece
PRESENT bir anlam içerir.
He is used to driving on the left because he has lived in England for a long time.
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I haven’t been able to get used to the sun coming through the window, yet.
CAN
2 – Gelecekte elde edilecek bir yetenek ya da beceriden bahsederken ‘will be able to’ yapısı
kullanılır.
*** Geçmişte başlayıp hala süre bir beceri için de şöyle bir yapı kullanılabilinir:
Ancak ‘be able to’ yapısı geçmişte bir kereye mahsus özel bir durumda bir şeyi
yapabilmekten bahsederken kullanılır.
Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody but once he had a difficult match
against Sam. Sam played very well but in the end jack was able to beat him.
When the ship sank, everybody was able to (OR was managed to) swim and survive.
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*** Geçmişte ister bir kereye mahsus olsun ister sürekli olsun olumsuz cümlelerde wasn’t –
weren’t able to DEĞİL ‘could’ kullanılır.
We did our best but couldn’t persuade him to come with us.
A: Tomorrow is my brother’s birthday. I can’t decide what I am going to buy for him.
B: You can buy a sweater for him. (advise)
Why did you stay at a hotel in London? You could have stayed with us.
Examples:
Why didn’t you apply for the job? You could have got the job.
He couldn’t have taken him to the station because he didn’t have a car.
I could have stayed with you but I didn’t want to disturb you.
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MUST
Gözlemlere dayanan kuvvetli tahminlerde bulunurken veya bir durumdan sonuç çıkarırken
kullanılır.
This man doesn’t work but spends a lot. He must get his wife’s money.
*** Çıkarım veya tahminlerde bulunurken kullanılan ‘must’ın olumsuz hali ‘mustn’t’
DEĞİLDİR = olumsuz hali için bu cümlelerde CAN’T KULLANILIR.
Mustn’t = yasaklama anlamındadır ve bu tür cümlelerde olumsuz anlam verirken
KULLANILMAZ.
MUST + BE + V-ing
CAN’T + BE + V-ing
MUST + HAVE + V3
CAN’T + HAVE + V3
When I came home last night, I made too much noise. You must have heard me.
When I woke up this morning the lights were on. I must have forgotten to turn them off.
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What a lovely suntan. You must have been sunbathing all the time this summer.
Examples:
He didn’t eat anything at the party. He must have eaten something before he came.
A:There is nothing in the fridge. Your brother must have eaten everything.
B: My brother can’t have eaten them because I haven’t got a brother. My father must have
eaten them.
You have a lot of money. You must have been saving money for a long time.
MAY – MIGHT
1 – Olasılık – posiibility
2 – İzin – permission
MAY + BE + V-ing
MIGHT + BE + V-ing
A: What’s jack doing in the garden?
B: I don’t know. He might be playing football with his friends.
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MAY + HAVE + V3
MIGHT + HAVE + V3
If Napoleon hadn’t gone to Moscow, hem ay have been the leader of the world.
MUST – HAVE TO
Her iki sözcük de zorunluluk anlatır. Aralarında anlam olarak çok büyük bir fark olmamakla
birlikte;
I haven’t written to Ann for a long time. I must write to her soon.
You have to show your membership card to get into the club.
You don’t have to drink whiskey. There is some brandy in the closet.
I don’t have to come her tomorrow. Because I am not working on the weekdays at the
moment.
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She didn’t have to got to work because it was a public holiday. (She did not go.)
SHOULD – OUGHT TO
Tavsiye anlatmak için, fikir belirtmek için ya da bir beklentiyi anlatmak için kullanılır.
Janet is not a clever woman. She ought not to get the job.
OR
Janet is not a clever woman. She shouldn’t get the job.
SHOULD + HAVE + V3
OUGHT TO + HAVE + V3
You should have saved money when you were younger. (But you did not.)
I have a terrible stomach ache. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate last night.
HAD BETTER
You’d beter take care of that cut in your hand or it will get infected.
You had beter not come here. I don’t want to see your face again.
You had beter visited her when she was in the hospital.
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WOULD RATHER + V1
Tercih anlatır.
I’d rather have stayed with you on my holiday but I booked a room in a hotel.
Tercih bildirir.
İstek bildirir.
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NEEDN’T + HAVE + V3
You needn’t have washed the dishes. The maid is coming tomorrow. (You washed them in
vain.)
You needn’t have bought any eggs since there are lots of them in the fridge.
DIDN’T NEED TO
‘Yapmama gerek yoktu, ben de yapmadım zaten.’ anlamında. (didn’t have to anlamında)
I didn’t need to buy the tickets because my cousin had already bought them.
BE SUPPOSED TO
Gereklilik belirtir.
BE TO
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Simple Present:
am / is /are + V3
All sorts of things are left in buses (by passengers) and they are collected and sent to the lost
property office (by conductors).
Simple Past:
was / were + V3
A lot of trees were cut down to build a bridge over the river.
Present Progressive:
am / is / are + being + V3
The house where the dead man was found is being guarded.
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Past Progressive:
Present Perfect:
The ‘FOR SALE’ notice has been taken down, so I supposed the house has been sold.
Past Perfect:
had + been + V3
I didn’t know anything. Because I hadn’t been informed about the plan.
Their old car had been sold before a new one was bought.
Future:
will / be going to + be + V3
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Future Perfect:
Simple Modals:
may / might / can / could / should / must / have to / used to / would rather / etc. + be + V3
Perfect Modals:
The weather was awful. The match should have been cancelled.
KEY POINTS:
1 – Perfect Tense’lerin progressive yapıları ve Future Progressive Tense hemen hemen hiç
passive yapıyla kullanılmaz.
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*** by + agent
6 – Bazı fiillerin iki nesnesi vardır. Böyle durumlarda iki değişik passive yapı kullanılabilinir.
Aralarında anlam farkı yoktur.
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7 – say – think – believe – consider – understand – know – report – expect – claim – suppose
– allege (iddia etmek)
gibi fiiller çok sık olarak passive yapıyla kullanılırlar ve diğer insanların ne düşündüğünü,
neye inandığını anlatırlar.
It was believed that the thief had gone into the kitchen through the window.
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Passive infinitive:
to be + V3
I expect them to invite met o the party. = I expect to be invited to the party.
The woman is believed to have been killed by her husband. (perfect infinitive)
Passive gerund:
being + V3
I remember having been given a bike form y 10th birthday. (perfect gerund)
Examples:
She doesn’t go out on her own in the dark. She is afraid of being attacked.
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CAUSITIVE VERBS:
They are going to have the plumber repair the bathroom tap.
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CONJUNCTIONS
• Paired Conjunctions
• Adverbial clauses:
• Time
• Manner
• Cause
• Purpose
• Opposition & Contrast
• Conditionals
• Cause & Effect
• Coordinating Clauses
Paired Conjunctions:
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Bu bağlaçlar bir cümlede aynı görevi gören iki öğeyi birbirine bağlar. Cümlede özne ya da
nesne olarak kullanılabilirler.
Adverbial clauses:
• Time
• Manner
• Cause
• Purpose
• Opposition & Contrast
• Conditionals
• Cause & Effect
AFTER
BEFORE
WHEN
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WHILE
AS
*** As ve While, aynı anda olan iki eylemi birbirine bağlar. Birbirini takip eden iki eylemi bu
sözcüklerle birbirine BAĞLAYAMAYIZ. Böyle durumlarda WHEN bağlacını kullanırız.
*** While – whereas (oysa - halbuki) ve although (-e rağmen) anlamlarında da kullanılır.
BY THE TIME
By the time you arrive in İstanbul, I will have left for Ankara.
UNTIL
*** By the time police arrived, they had killed the woman.
AS SOON AS
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HARDLY ….. WHEN / SCARCELY ….. WHEN ….. (as soon as)
The film had hardly started started when the lights went off.
OR
Hardly the film started when the lights went off.
OR
Scarcely the film started when the lights went off.
You can go anywhere you like as long as you come back before 7.
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AS IF / AS THOUGH
Bu yapılar birinin ya da bir şeyin nasıl göründüğünü, ya da bir kişinin ne hissettiğini belitmek
için kullanılır.
Look
Seem
Taste
Feel + as if / as though
Sound
Smell
*** as if / as though + Past Tense yapısı günümüzü anlatır. Gerçek olmayan hayali bir
duruma değinir, benzetme yapar.
He speaks as if he were American. (was da diyebilirdik ama were kullanılması daha uygun)
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More examples:
She looked as if she was going to throw the plate in her hand to her husband’s head.
AS + NOUN
BECAUSE / SO
CAUSE + SO + RESULT
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I decided tos tay at home because of the fact that there was an awful storm.
SINCE (because)
AS (because)
As she had read the book before, she could answer the questions easily.
FOR (because)
DUE TO
+ NOUN
OWING TO
or
DUE TO
+ GERUND
OWING TO
Due to the fact that he was driving carelessly, he had a bad accident.
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ON ACCOUNT OF
+ NOUN
IN VIEW OF
or
ON ACCOUNT OF
+ Ving
IN VIEW OF
On the account of the fact that there were big problems, we decided to break up.
NOW THAT
Now that you are an adult, you should give up these childish behaviours.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
INASMUCH AS (because)
Inasmuch as the two government leaders can’t reach an agreement, possibilities for peace are
stil remote.
SEEING THAT
Seeing that you are all here, I can give you a quiz.
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IN ORDER TO + V1
In order to cure agresiveness of a child, the parents are advised to show tenderness to them.
SO AS TO + V1
FOR + NOUN
Some students don’t get general exams lest they should get low marks.
Jack is a football refree. He wears two watches during matches in case one them stops.
*** Genelde IN CASE bağlacından sonra bir modal KULLANILMAZ. Kullanılırsa da,
SHOULD veya CAN kullanılır.
Simple Present
Present Perfect
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We have put a burglar alarm to the door in case someone tries to get in.
I rang the bell again and again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time.
Present Tense + SO THAT + can / will / shall / may * may = will probably anlamında
The criminals usually call from public phones so that tje police won’t trace the call.
I am turning the heater on so that the house will be warm when they come.
Past Tense + SO THAT + could / would / should / might * might = would probably
anlamında
He wore glasses and false moustache so that noone could recognize him.
They wrote the notices in different languages so that tourists could understand them easily.
The police often risk their lives in order that we (may) live safely.
In order that the car behind overtook me, I reduced the spit.
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He wrote his diary in codes in case his wife might read it.
OR
He wrote his diary in codes in case his wife wouldn’t read it.
CLAUSE
Studies show that cigarette smoking can cause lung cancer, however millions of people stil
continue to smoke.
He is an honest politician. Nevertheless I won’t vote for him since I don’t agree with his
foreign policy.
CLAUSE
Although studies show that smoking can cause lung cancer, millions of people stil continue to
smoke.
Though he is an honest politician, I won’t vote for him since I don’t agree with his foreign
policy.
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IN SPITE OF + DESPITE
Despite the heavy rain, the footballers were able to play well.
*** Though bağlacını cümle sonunda da kullanabiliriz. Böyle durumlarda anlamı BUT olur.
*** In spite of ve Despite bağlaçlarından sonra THE FACT THAT yapısı gelirse, ardından
CÜMLE gelir.
In spite of the fact that the traafic was terrible, we managed to arrive on time.
Despite the fact that he had injured his leg, he insisted on playing.
More examples:
In spite of the things you said last night, I stil love you.
Despite the fact that his English is very good, he has difficulty in understanding.
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You can’t escape from your responsibilities no matter where you go.
I am poor whereas you are rich. As a result we can not get married.
ON THE CONTRARY:
He didn't stay home; on the contrary, he went out with his friends.
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On the understanding that you work on Saturday, I will give you a day off.
Supposing that you couldn’t speak English, what would you do?
The weather was so lovely that we spent all day at the seaside.
Sometimes she says such foolish things that I don’t listen to her.
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Coordinating Clauses
I want you to give my boks back. Moreover, I don’t want you to borrow them again.
THANKS TO (sayesinde)
We saw many interesting places on our tour. In addition we met some nice people.
We have to find new sources of good, otherwise the country will starve.
Leave my house at once or I will call the police. *** at once = immediately (bir an önce)
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Learning English is not easy, in other words one should study regularly to be successful.
He explained wholse documnet to me, in other words he went over it word by word.
You may buy the book if you like. Alternatively you can borrow it for a week.
I can’t speak French, that’s why I didn’t like the trip to Tolouse.
I can speak German, for this reason I could understand what he said.
It started to rain and I didn’t have my umbrella. Hence I go wet till I arrived home.
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Finish
Delay
Enjoy
Mind
Fancy
Imagine
Admit
Deny
Avoid
Consider
Involve
Postpone
Suggest***
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Examples:
Agree
Refuse
Promise
Threaten (tehdit oluşturmak)
Offer
Attempt
Manage
Fail
Decide
Plan
Arrange
Hope
Seem
Pretend
Effort
Learn
Lend
Tend
Next time, we will not fail to take place in the finals of the European Cup.
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*** ask – decide – know – show – want to learn – tell + question word + to – infinitive
1 – Verb + to – infinitive
1 – Verb + gerund
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*** start – begin – continue fiillerinden sonra ister gerund ister infinitive kullanılabilinir.
Fiillerin anlamında herhangi bir değişiklik olmaz.
*** stop – regret – forget – remember ( – recall – recollect – ) try – need – help fiillerinden
sonra ister gerund ister infinitive kullanılabilinir. ANCAK fiillerin anlamında değişiklik
OLUR.
STOP + TO – INFINITIVE = bir şeyi yapmak için başka bir şeye son vermek
REGRET + TO – INFINITIVE = kötü bir şeyi haber vermekten dolayı üzüntü duymak
I regret to tell you that I have seen your darling with someone else hand in hand.
I regret lending him the money. He doesn’t seem to pay it back now.
FORGET + GERUND = yapılmış bir şeyi, olan bir olayı unutmak (genelde OLUMSUZ
yapılarla kullanılır)
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TRY + TO – INFINITIVE = bir şeyi yapmak için güç, çaba sarf etmek
Melinda tried to keep her eyes open but she couldn’t because she got bored.
We tried to put the fire out but we couldn’t and called the firebrigade. *** firebrigade – Br. E
HELP + TO – INFINITIVE
She looks very funny. I can’t help laughing whenever I see her.
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More Examples:
I will never forget carrying my wife over the treshhold when we moved into our first home.
I regret to inform you that your loan application hasn’t been approved.
I tried everything but the baby didn’t stop crying. I tried holding him, I tried feeding him, I
tried burbing him but nothing worked.
It’s no use
It’s no good + GERUND (bir faydası yok, işe yaramaz)
There’s no point
It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.
It’s worth
+ GERUND
It’s not worth
My house is not far away from here. It’s not wroth taking a taxi.
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By + GERUND
(bir şeyin nasıl yapıldığını belirtmek için kullanırız)
Without + GERUND
Mixed Examples:
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Some students complain about other students’ talking during the classes.
See
Feel
Smell
Taste
Hear
Notice
Watch
Look at
Listen to
Bu fiillerden sonra bir fiilin yalın hali ya da gerung hali kullanılır. Eğer fiilin yalın hali
kullanılırsa olay baştan sona algılanmış demektir. Eğer gerund hali kullanılırsa olayın sadece
bir bölümü algılanmış demektir.
I went to the concert last night and listened to the opera star singing beautiful pieces.
Passive infinitive = TO BE + V3
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Jane was very lucky to have been given a scholarship by the government.
Mixed Examples:
Living / To live in a foreign country has become a good experience form e. I’m glad that my
company sent met o another country to have studied. I am very pleased to have been given
this opportunity.
You must tell me the truth. I insist on being told the truth.
Tim was in the army during the war. He was caught by the enemy but he managed to escape.
He was lucky to have been able to escape.
I thought she was ill, but she seems to have recovered now.
Mr. Walter complained about not having been told about the meeting. In the future, he
expects to be informed of all meetings.
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PARTICIPLES:
Gerund halinde fiil isimleşir. Ancak Present Participle formunda fiil sadece –ing takısını alır
ve fiil özelliğini korumaya devam eder.
Kullanıldığı Yerler:
1 – Aynı özne tarafından, aynı anda yapılan 2 eylemden 1 tanesini anlatır ya da kısaltır.
She was sitting by the fire and she was drinking wine.
They walked along the river and they whistled as they were walking.
2 – Aynı özne tarafından birbiri ardına yapılan 2 eylemden, DAHA ÖNCE yapılanı anlatır ya
da kısaltır:
She took the film out of the camera and developed it.
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*** Birbiri ardına 2 tane participle kullanabiliriz. Ama arkalarından başka bir cümle
getirmeliyiz.
As she didn’t know the language and didn’t have any friends there, he didn’t want to stay in
the town.
= Not knowing the language and not having any friends there, he didn’t want to stay in the
town.
Passengers who travel on this bus buy their tickets in books. *** in books = koçan halinde
= Passengers travelling on this bus buy their tickets in books.
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Past Participle: V3
As he was convinced that they were going to prison him, he refused to eat anything.
= Convinced that they were going to prison him, he refused to eat anything.
1 – Aynı özne tarafından birbiri ardına yapılmış 2 eylemden önce olanını anlatır ve eylemin
bitmişliğini vurgular.
After she had photocopied the documents, she put them in the fire.
= (After) Having photocopied the documents, she put them in the fire.
Since I had watched the film, I didn’t want to g oto the cinema with them.
= Having watched the film, I didn’t want to g oto the cinema with them.
As he had been warned about the bandits, he got his gun with him. *** bandit = haydut
= Having been warned about the bandits, he got his gun with him.
Since the postman has been bitten by our dog twice, he doesn’t want to mail our letters.
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= Having been bitten by our dog twice, he doesn’t want to mail our letters.
(would) prefer (to do something) rather than (do something else) = genel tercih
Direct Indirect
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Reporting Verbs:
Tell Suggest
Say Explain
Ask Show
Claim Understand
Order Insist
Want to know Refuse
Warn Offer
Advise Deny
Recommend Admit
Jack: ‘I haven’t stole the money.’
= Jack denied having stolen the money.
OR
= Jack said he hadn’t stolen the money
say that
say to someone that
say someone something = XXX yanlış kullanım
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Tom says to Sue: ‘If you come to the party, I’ll introduce you to my mother.’
Tom said to Sue that if she came to the party, he would introduce her to his mother.
Janet tells me: ‘I know the place well because I used to live there.’
Jane told met hat she knew the place well because she used to live there.
More Examples:
Tim Tom’a, eşinin onu arka bahçede elinde sopayla beklediğini söyledi.
= Tim said to Tom that his wife was waiting for him with a stick in her hand in the garden.
The old lady asked me; ‘Would you mind sitting on the other chair?’
= The old lady asked me if I would mind sitting on the other chair.
The farmer asked the man; ‘Can this tractor do as much work as 10 horses?’
= The farmer asked the mani f that tractor could do as much work as 10 horses.
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She asked him; ‘How much did you pay for that t-shirt?’
= She asked him how much he had paid for that t-shirt.
Told
Ordered (formal)
Warned
‘How dreadful!’
= He said how dreadful it was.
‘Thank you.’
= He thanked me.
‘Good luck.’
= He wished me good luck.
‘Congratulations!’
= He congratulated me.
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‘Liar!’
= He called me a liar.
NOUN CLAUSE:
Where does she live? Noun Clause = where she lives = zamiri her zaman ‘it’ olur
I don’t know where she lives.
OBJECT
Why has he left the country? Noun Clause = why he has left the country.
I can’t understand (the reason) why he has left the country.
Does anybody know how many questions there will be in the exam?
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Does he need any help? Noun Clause = If / Whether he needs some / any help
Nobody knows if he needs any help or not.
More Examples:
He doesn’t work very hard. Noun Clause = THAT he doesn’t work very hard.
That he doesn’t work very hard doesn’t bother me.
SUBJECT = it
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*** THAT ile başlayan bir isim cümleciği bir cümlede nesne ise, THAT cümleden atılabilir.
Nesne ise ATILAMAZ.
***clear / obvious / true / certain / strange / interesting / surprising / a shame / a pitty / too bad
/ disturbing / dreadful / a fact
More Examples:
Verbs: suggest / demand / insist / request / ask (rica anlamında) / recommend / advise
Expressions: it’s important / it’s necessary / it’s essential / it’s imperative (şart, zorunlu) / it’s
vital
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My doctor suggested that I (should) have a long holiday since I’m teaching this class.
IF – WISH CLAUSES
*** Bir koşul cümlesini soru yapmak için, sadece sonuç cümleciği kullanılr:
Types of If Clauses:
Zero Type
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Mixed Type
Zero Type: Her zaman gerçek olan bir durum ve buna bağlı bir koşulu anlatır. Hem koşul
cümleciğinde hem de sonuç cümleciğinde Present Tense kullanılır.
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Type 1: Bu tür koşul cümleleri gelecekle ilgilidir ve genelde geleceği anlatan bir zaman
ifadesiyle birlikte kullanılır.
If she has finished, tell her that she may leave early.
More Examples:
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If I knew his phone number, I could call him. (I don’t know his phone number.)
*** Bu tür koşul cümlelerinde ‘be’ fiilinin ikinci hali bütün şahıslarla birlikte ‘were’ olarak
kullanılır.
If there were a little more salt in it, the soup would taste better.
More Examples:
*** Koşul cümleciğinde ‘would’ kullanılmaz. Bazen hem koşul hem de sonuç cümleciğinde
Simple Past tense kullanlılabilinir. Böyle durumlarda if, ‘whenever’ anlamı taşır.
While I was a student, if / whenever someone disturbed me when studying, I immediately lost
my concentration.
Type 3: Bu tür koşul cümleleri geçmişle ilgilidir. Geçmişte gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmamış
durumlar ve bunlara bağlı bir koşulu anlatmak için kullanılırlar. Bu tür cümlelerde Past Tense
zaman zarfları kullanılabilinir.
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We lost the match that’s why we couldn’t get through the finals.
= If we hadn’t lost the match, we could have got through the finals.
More Examples:
Mary çok konuşmaya devam etmeseydi, öğretmen onu sınıftan dışarı çıkarmazdı.
= If Mary hadn’t carried on talking a lot, the teacher wouldn’t have taken her out of the class.
Mixed Type: Bazen, koşul cümleciği ve sonuç cümleciğindeki zamanlar farklı olabilir. Bir
cümlecik günümüzü anlatırken, diğeri geçmişe değinebilir. Böyle durumlarda mixed type
dediğimiz yapı kullanılır. İki değişik biçimde kullanılır bu yapı:
1 - If + Past Perfect + Past Time expression , would / could / might + V1 + Present Time
expression
If you hadn’t gone to the party yesterday, you wouldn’t feel tired now.
If I hadn’t eaten so much chocolate last night, I wouldn’t have a stomach-ache now.
If you were clever, you wouldn’t have done that stupid mistake.
If she weren’t shy, she would have been able to talk to John.
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INVERSION:
If they had saved enough money, they would have bought the house.
= Had they saved enough money, they would have bought the house.
***
Hadn’t they = XXX yanlış kullanım! doğrusu = Had they not
Weren’t I = XXX yanlış kullanım! doğrusu = Were I not to
Shoudln’t you = XXX yanlış kullanım! doğrusu = Should you not
Provided (that)
Providing (that)
On condition (that)
Supposing
On the understanding that
In the event that
As long as
Unless: If not
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Wish Clauses:
*** Dilek anlatan cümleciklerde ‘would’ modal’ı bir şikayet ifade etmek için de kullanılır.
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RELATIVE CLAUSES:
Bu cümleler, isimleri niteler ve niteledikleri isimlerden hemen sonra gelirler. Bir relative
clause’u oluşturmak için ‘relative pronouns’ dediğimiz zamirler kullanılır.
Relative Pronouns:
Who
Whom
Whose
Which
When
Where
Why
That
WHO:
The book was about a man who (that) killed his wife.
Yaşlı kadına caddeyi geçmesi için yardım eden adamı buldun mu?
= Did you find the man who helped the old woman to cross the road?
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Kardeşim dün akşam partide tanıştığı kızla yarın evelenecek. (Las Vegas’talar da ☺ )
= My brother will get marry the girl who he met at the party last night.
WHICH:
*** Burada kullandığımız relative pronoun, ardından bir isim (noun) geldiği için atılabilir:
The book Sally gave to me was interesting.
WHOM:
Him, them, us, ….. gibi nesne durumundaki şahıs zamirlerinin yerine kullanılır.
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My sister whom (who) (that) you’ve met once, will come to visit me tomorrow.
The woman whom (who) (that) I told you about is over there.
*** Yukarıdaki 3 örnek cümlede de relative pronoun’lar, ardlarından isim geldiği için
atılabilir.
WHOSE:
Romeo and Juliet were two lovers. Their parents hated each other.
= Romeo and Juliet, whose parents hated each other, were two lovers.
OR
= Romeo and Juliet were two lovers whose parents hated each other.
WHERE:
Place, room, street, ….. gibi yer bildiren adları nitelemek için bu adlardan sonra kullanılır.
‘There’ anlamındadır.
* Then = o zaman
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WHEN:
Time, year, day, ….. gibi zaman bildiren adları nitelemek için bu adlardan sonra kullanılır.
‘Then’ anlamındadır.
Have you ever had one of those days when nothing seems to go right?
Unfortunately, I wasn’t at home the night when you came to see me. (when atılabilir)
WHY:
I can’t understand the reason why students get angry wtih me when they get low marks.
(why atılabilir)
The reason why I don’t like you is that you’re talking too much. (why atılabilir)
*** Bu tür sıfat cümleciklerinde ‘Who, Which’ gibi relative pronoun’ların yerine ‘That’
kullanılır.
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Bu yan cümlecikler her zaman niteledikleri isimlerden virgülle ayrılır. Bunlar cümlenin
anlamını tamamlaması bakımından gerekli değildirler. Cümleden çıkarıldıkları zaman bir
anlam bozulması ya da değişikliği olmaz. Kullanılmalarının nedeni, niteledikleri isimler
hakkında fazladan bilgi vermeleridir.
Paula was the only one whom / who / that I knew at the party.
The ones who want to take the exam should give me their names.
4 – Those
Those who talk too much have to leave the classroom at once.
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ANCAK;
The shop keper from whom I bought this rifle told met o oil it.
*** When zamiri yerine, ‘on which’, ‘in which’ gibi yapılar da kullanılabilinir:
I was born in the year when / in which J.F. Kennedy was killed.
The day when / on which I met you …..
*** Where bağlacının yerine ‘at which’, ‘in which’ gibi sözcükler de kullanılabilinir:
*** Where sözcüğü genellikle insanları nitelemek için kullanılır. Ancak nesneleri de
niteleyebilir. Bazen nesneleri nitelerken ‘Whose’ yerine ‘of which’ kullanılabilinir:
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The school whose classes of which are small waiting new students.
= The school the classes of which are small waiting new students.
Some
Most
None
All WHOM
Several
Both
Half WHOSE
Two
Each
Two men came to my office yesterday, neither of whom I had never seen.
I met the waiters, several / some of them are students at the university.
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*** Which yerine ‘that’ KULLANILMAZ. + which diğer cümleden virgül ile ayrılır.
KISALTMALAR:
1 – Relative pronoun’dan sonra ‘be’ fiili geliyorsa, bu fiil ve relative pronoun cümleden
atılabilir:
People (who are) protesting against nuclear guns have started to march to London.
2 - Relative pronoun’dan sonra ‘be’ fiili yoksa, sadece relative pronoun cümleden atılır, fiile
ise –ing takısı eklenir:
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ADJECTIVES
Sıfatlar; isimleri niteleyen sözcüklerdir. İsimlerden önce gelirler. Link Verb’lerden sonra
gelirler.
Link Verbs:
Be
Become
Feel
Seem
Taste
Look
.
.
.
2 – Bazı sıfatlar tek başlarına kullanılamazlar, ardlarından MUTLAKA bir isim ya da bir edat
(for – in – at - on) gelir.
Countless
Maximum / Minimum
Lonely
Occasional
Existing
Aware of / Unaware of
Fond of / Keen on
Be used to
Bound to
Likely to / Unlikely to
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It was silly of you to try to rob the bank in the middle of the city during the day light.
content (happy)
pleased / displeased
bored
impressed
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easy / difficult
important
necessary
possible / impossible
usual / unusual
greatful
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More examples:
If the two thing sare almost the same, one is similar to the other.
Of the two things are exactly the same, one is equal to the other.
Who is responsible for this mess? Who left all these bottles around?
If someone makes you very angry, you are furious / annoyed with them.
If you feel that you don’t trust someone, you are suspicious of him.
If someone has something and you wish you had it, you are jealous / envious of them.
Sonu –ing ile biten sıfatlar, nesneleri ya da insanları tanımlamak ya da tarif etmek için
kullanılırlar.
Sonu –ed ile biten sıfatlar ise insanların duygularını anlatır. Bu sıfatlar, bir kişinin herhangi
bir durum ya da olay karşısında ne hissettiklerini anlatmak için kullanılırlar.
amazed – amazing
amused – amusing
annoyed – annoying
astonished – astonishing
bored – boring
confused – confusing
convinced – convincing
charmed – charming
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depressed – depressing
disappointed – disappointing
embarrased – embarrassing
excited – exciting
frightened – frightining
surprised – surprising
satisfied – satisfying
terrifed – terrifying
welcomed – welcoming
worried – worrying
*** Bir süreden beri devam etmekte olan bir olayı tanımlamak için aşağıdaki sonu –ing ile
biten sıfatları kullanırız:
More examples:
Adjective: young
Comperative: younger
Superlative: (the) youngest
Adjective: interesting
Comperative: more interesting
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When she puts the make up, she looks more beautiful.
Her eyes are more beautiful than her mother’s.
2 – Bir kişi ya da nesnenin bir grup içinde o grubun diğer öğelerine göre en üstün olduğunu
belirtirken, sıfatların en üstünlük anlatan yapılarını kullanırız. Ve bu yapıyla birlikte sıfattan
önce THE article’ını da kullanırız.
3 – Sıfatların üstünlük derecelerinden önce ‘a bit, much, a little, far, …..’ gibi sözcükler
getirerek niteleme yapabiliriz (üstünlük derecesini niteleriz).
The more you revise, the beter results you will get.
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The woman was so beautiful that I couldn’t keep my eyes off her.
She was such a beautiful woman that I couldn’t keep my eyes off her.
ADVERBS
Adverbs of Manner: (durum, hal zarfları) Bir şeyin nasıl olduğunu ya da nasıl yapıldığını
anlatan zarflardır.
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Cümlede sırasıyla önce DURUM, sonra YER en sonda da ZAMAN zarfları kullanılır.
*** Bir cümleye vurgu yapmak istersek, zarfların cümle içindeki yerini değiştirebiliriz.
Adverbs of Manner:
bad – badly
soft – softly
happy – happily
2 – Bazı sıfatlar –ly ile bittiği için, bu tür sıfatlara bir daha –ly eklenmez. Bu tür durumlarda;
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3 – Bazı sıfatlara –ly eklenerek onları durum / hal zarfı yapamayız. Eğer bu sıfatlara –ly
eklersek daha farklı anlamlar taşırlar. Bu yüzden, bu sözcüklerin sıfat ve durum zarfı biçimi
aynıdır.
Adjective Adverb
Fast Fast
Hard Hard
Late Late
4 – Link Verb’lerden (be – become – get – seem – feel – sound – taste – find it) sonra hiçbir
zaman tek başına bir zarf gelmez. Bu fiillerden sonra mutlaka bir sıfat gelir.
5 – Durum / hal zarfları, sıfatları nitelediği için bir Link Verb’den sonra kullanılan sıfatı
nitelemek için bir zarf kullanılabilinir.
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*** Eğer bir kişinin sağlığından bahsediyorsak, WELL sıfat olarak kullanılır. Bir anlamda ill
sıfatının zıt anlamlısı olur.
Adverbs of Time:
1 – yesterday – tomorrow – today – tonight – last week – this month – next year gibi zaman
zarflarının başına, ‘at – on - in’ gibi edatlar GELMEZ.
2 – AT
3 – IN
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4 – ON
5 – During & Over: Bir şeyin belli bir zaman süresi içinde olduğunu belirtmek için kullanılır.
6 – From ….. to, Untill / Till, Between ….. and: Bu yapılar, bir şeyin başlangıçtan sonuna
kadar olduğu süreyi anlatır.
7 – By & Until: Bir eylemin belli bir zamandan daha önce olma olasılığı varsa BY, eylemin
sürekliliği söz konusu ise UNTIL kullanılır.
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Already
Yet
Stil
Any more / Any longer
No more / No longer
Already: (zaten, bile, şimdiden, çoktan) Olması gerekenden daha önce olan bir olayı anlatmak
için kullanılır.
*** Already sözcüğünü genellikle olumsuz cümlelerde kullanamayız. Vurgu yapmak için
cümlenin sonunda kullanılabilinir. Ancak, normalde yeri fiilin önüdür.
Yet: Bu zarf, soru cümleleri ya da olumsuz cümlelerde, bir eylemin henüz tamamlanmadığını,
daha sonra olmasının beklendiğini anlatmak için kullanılır. Genelde yeri, cümlenin sonudur.
I am still here.
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Herhangi bir konudan ne kadar emin olduğumuzu ya da bir şeyin olma olasılığının ne
olduğunu belirtmek için bu zarfları kullanırız.
Certainly
Definitely
Maybe
Probably
Obviously
Perhaps
Possibly
Really
Clearly
Apparently
???Premusably (tahminen)
DERECE ZARFLARI:
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2 – Bazı derece zarfları özellikle anlamca güçlü sıfatları nitelemek için kullanılır.
How often? Sorusuna yanıt veren zarflardır. Bir olayın ne kadar sıklıkta bir olduğuna
değinirler.
a lot – often – always – never – ever – hardly ever – occasionally – sometimes – usually –
seldom - …..
He never studies before the exams, but he usually gets high marks.
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of Time:
AT:
at the moment
at present
at the same time
at bed time
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at first sight
at the age of …..
at the beginning of
at the end of
IN:
in two days
in two days’ time
in a day’s time
in a few weeks
in the middle of
in time
in the middle age (age – çağ anlamında)
in 1990’s
*** IN edatını ayrıca bir işin ne kadar süre içinde gerçekleşeceğini anlatmak için kullanırız.
Bu tür cümlelerde AFTER ile aynı anlamdadır.
ON:
FOR:
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UYARILAR:
1–
2–
3–
4–
this
next
last
today
tomorrow
yesterday
tonight
every
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5–
by = bir hareketi
Prepositions of Place:
IN: içinde
in a building
in a room
in a village / town / city / country
in a park / garden
in the water / the sea / lake / river
in a row / queue / line
in the east / west
in the corner
in the sky
in bed
in prison
ON: üstünde
*** in an arm-chair
in the paper (newspaper)
in the photo / Picture
in the mirror
in the middle of …..
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at the door
at the window
at the bus stop / station / airport
at the seaside
at the cinema / theatre / party / match / concert
at the top
at the bottom
Examples:
I was sitting in the front (of the car) when the accident happened.
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on the back
on the front of a letter / t-shirt
at the hotel / the cinema / school = bir faaliyetin gerçekleştiği yer (kavram)
in the hotel / the cinema / school = bina olarak bahsettiğimiz yer
Behind: arkasında
Next to = bitişik
All the teachers were sitting around the table when I got into the room
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Opposite: karşısında
Along: boyunca
Preposition of Movement:
To: bir yere doğru (go – come – return – fly gibi hareket bildiren fiillerle kullanılır)
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Up: yukarıya
Down: aşağıya
You should walk down the street for 10 minutes to get the station.
by train
by car
by bus
by taxi
by plane
by air
by the sea
by rail
Eğer ulaşım aracının adının önünde bir belirleyici varsa (a, the, my, his, …. gibi); toplu taşıma
araçlarının başına ON, taksi ve özel arabadan bahsediliyorsa IN edatı getirilir. Ve belirleyici
olduğunda BY kullanılmaz.
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