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Eng 1.1 - PARTS OF SPEECH

1. NOUN - the name of a person, place, thing, or idea/emotion.

Examples:

A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea/emotion. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter;
common nouns do not. Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract. Nouns show possession by
adding 's or ‘. Nouns can function in different roles within a sentence; for example, a noun can be a subject,
direct object (doer of action), indirect object (receiver of action), or object of a preposition.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

2. PRONOUN - used in place of a noun.

Examples:

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is
called its antecedent. Pronouns are further defined by type: personal pronouns refer to specific persons or
things; possessive pronouns indicate ownership; reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize another noun
or pronoun; relative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause; and demonstrative pronouns identify, point

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to, or refer to nouns.

Special focus:
Personal pronouns
Points of view: Personal Pronouns Singular example: Plural example:
used:
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First Person - the I, me, we, us ● I attended a ● We will learn
speaker of the sentence party last about verbs
is the active participant weekend. today.
or main character; the
pronoun refers to the ● My friends were ● The woman
speaker or the speaker happy to see helped us find
and others. me. our way.

Second Person - the You ● You need to see ● You guys need
listener of the sentence me after class. to attend the
is the active participant meeting on
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or the main character; ● Brandon visited Wednesday.

the pronoun refers to you last night
the listener or listeners. ● I will give you a
quiz after the
lecture.

Third person - the active He, she, it, they, him, ● He listened to a ● They protested
participant or main her, them song on Spotify. the increase of
character of the gas prices.
sentence is neither the ● The audience
speaker or listener; the applauded him ● Anya thanked
pronoun refers to after the show. them for their
another person or group hospitality
of persons.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
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3. VERB - expresses action or being.
Examples:

The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and sometimes one or more
helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is the main verb; can is the helping verb.) A verb must agree with its
subject in number (both are singular or both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to express tense
(when the action happens).

Special focus:
Be verbs - POV - Number
Subject POV Number Past be verb Present be verb Future be verb

I 1 S I was hungry. I am hungry. I will be hungry.

We 1 P We were hungry. We are hungry. We will be hungry.

You 2 S/P You were hungry. You are hungry. You will be hungry.

She/he/it 3 S She was hungry. She is hungry. She will be hungry.

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It 3 P It was hungry. It is hungry. It will be hungry.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
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4. ADJECTIVE - modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Examples:

An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It usually answers the question of
which one, what kind, or how many. (Articles [a, an, the] are usually classified as adjectives.)

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

5. ARTICLE - a special type of adjective that indicates if a noun is specific or non-specific.

Examples: a, an, the

An article is a kind of adjective that indicates if the noun is specific (Hand me the red pen on top of my
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desk. / Snow White bit the apple.) or if the noun is non-specific (Hand me a red pen. / An apple a day keeps
the doctor away.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

6. ADVERB - modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Example:

An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but never a noun. It usually
answers the questions when, where, how, why, or to what degree. Adverbs often end in -ly.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

7. PREPOSITION - a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the
sentence.
Examples: by... with.... until > (by the tree, with our friends, until tomorrow)

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the
sentence. Therefore a preposition is always part of a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase almost
always functions as an adjective or as an adverb.
Candace went out with our friends. The ribbon was found by the tree.
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Special focus:
At, on, in
A. Preposition of time - allows you to discuss a time period such as a date on the calendar, a day of the
day of the week, or the actual time something takes place.
1) At - used for a specific or precise time. 10am, May 30, Summer at, on, in

Ex:
I woke up at 6 am.
He came by at dinner time.
They go jogging at sunrise.
2) On - used for days of the week, specific dates and special occasions.
Ex:
The girls planned to meet at the park on Thursday.
Candace was born on January 11, 1979.
We will exchange gifts on Christmas day.
3) In - used for months, years, seasons, and longer periods.
Ex:
She leaves for Cebu in June.

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Dana was born in 2012.
In the next century, many modern devices will be considered obsolete.
It is difficult to walk to school in the rainy season.
B. Preposition of place - used to refer to a place where something or someone is located.
1) At - used for (specific) addresses or places that have a specific address
Ex:
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She lives at 177 San Francisco Street.
Martin is at home.
Brian went shopping at the mall.
2) On - used for flat surfaces like a street, wall, floor etc
Ex:
There is a big, yellow house on Oak Street.
Nana keeps a picture of all her grandkids on her living room wall.
Rudy lives on the top floor of that condominium.
3) In - used for larger places like towns, cities, countries, continents, and enclosed spaces. .
Megan works in Davao City.
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Etude is based in South Korea.

The knife is in the drawer.
Max is asleep in his room.
Bart was reading in the library
.
The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

8. CONJUNCTION - joins words, phrases, or clauses; and indicates the relationship between the elements
joined.
Types of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating conjunctions
● connect like to like (word to word, phrase to phrase, clause to clause)
● the most commonly used coordinating conjunctions can be remembered thru the mnemonic
FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
> for - because (Tabitha always wore black, for she loved the color.)
> and - plus (Gelliane went to the park and she had a great time.)
> nor - not any of the options (I don’t like him nor do I want to be his friend.)
> but - however, can be interchanged with yet (Lex is present, but he is not listening.)
> or – one of the options (You can bring a friend, or you can go alone.)
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> yet - however, can be interchanged with but (Van can’t sing, yet she loves music.)
> so - therefore (Juliet is ill, so she will not attend the picnic.)
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
● conjunctions that join a dependent clause and an independent clause
● The most commonly used subordinating conjunctions can be remembered thru the
mnemonic SWABITS (since, when, although, because, if, that, so that)
> Since it was raining, we could not go out to play.
> Joan likes to sleep when it rains.
> Although we live near each other, we have never met.
> Bastian works late at night because he studies during the day.
> If you ask me, vaccination should be mandatory.
> Lana did not know that classes were cancelled..
> Ned climbed the tree so that he could pick some apples.
3. Correlative Conjunctions
● conjunctions that join two equal grammatical terms.
● used in pairs
● the most commonly used correlative conjunctions include:

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> both … and
Both Hillary and Chelsea are in the 6th grade.
> not only … but also
Not only was she a talented actress but also a renowned designer.
> either … or
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Either handwritten or typed will do.
> neither … nor
Neither Kevin nor Janice went to the concert.
> whether … or
Blaine asked her whether she wanted pizza or burgers.
> If … then
If you continue to behave that way, then you will push your friends away.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
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9. INTERJECTION - a word or group of words used to express emotion.

Examples:

An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often followed by an exclamation point.

The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
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Oral Exercises:
1. You have to believe in yourself if you ever expect to be successful at something.
a)
b)
2. We left for the mountain just before six in the morning.
a)
b)
c)
3. We first went to the store to buy a few things.
a)
b)
4. We had breakfast at a café near the bus station.
a)
b)
5. My friend wasn't strong enough to lift his heavy rucksack.
a)
b)

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c)
6. I helped Thomas and Dylan carry it.
a)
b)
7. The weather was very cold.
a)
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b)
8. My friend said, "Brrr! What a cold night!"
a)
b)
9. We didn't spend the night there.
a)
b)
10. We got back home late at night but we didn't go to sleep immediately. We were very
hungry.
a)
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b)
c)
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Eng 1.2 - SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Subjects and verbs must agree in number.
1. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too.
Example: She writes every day.

2. If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.

Example: They write every day.

3. When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by
and, use a plural verb.
Example: The student and the committee members write every day.
Example: Five heavy textbooks and my lucky pen are in my backpack.

4. When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the sentence must agree
with the subject.
Example: Interviews are one way to collect data and allow researchers to gain an in-depth
understanding of participants.
Example: The athlete swims across the channel, rides her bicycle for 40 kilometers, and then runs
10 kilometers.

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5. When a phrase comes between the subject and the verb, remember that the verb still agrees with
the subject, not the noun or pronoun in the phrase following the subject of the sentence.
Example: The student, as well as the committee members, is excited.
Example: The boy with blue jeans looks familiar.
Example: The purpose of the flyers was to invite students to join the class.
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6. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by "or" or "nor," use a singular verb.
Example: The chairperson or the CEO approves the proposal before proceeding.

7. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by "or" or
"nor," the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is closest to the verb. This is also called
the rule of proximity.
Example: The student or the committee members write every day.
Example: The committee members or the student writes every day.

8. The words and phrases "each," "each one," "either," "neither," "everyone," "everybody," "anyone,"
"anybody," "nobody," "somebody," "someone," and "no one" are singular and require a singular verb.
Example: Each of the students studies at least 2 hours a week.
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Example: Neither candidate was accepted by the voters.

Example: I will offer a reward to anyone who gives information that will help recover my lost puppy.
Example: No one was around to help Candace mop the floors.

9. Non-count nouns take a singular verb.

Example: Education is the key to success.
Example: Diabetes affects many people around the world.
Example: The information obtained from the business owners was relevant to include in the study.
Example: The sugar is in the pantry.

10. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person/animals/objects but are considered
singular and take a singular verb. Some examples are "group," "team," “flock," "family," and "class."
Example: The group meets every week.
Example: A school of fish swims past the divers.
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Oral Exercises:
1) John and his brother (is/are) playing football.
2) Aryan (do not/does not) like to play basketball.
3) Either of you (have/has) stolen the book.
4) Your pants (is/are) on the top shelf.
5) My family (belongs/belong) to a close-knit community.
6) Mr. Swamy as well as his family (is/are) quite humble.
7) Mary (sing/sings) very well.
8) The novel, including all the essays (take/takes) about two hours to read.
9) They (eat/eats) lunch together everyday.
10) The players as well as the coach (want/wants) to win.
11) My parents (lives/live) in Australia.
12) Does anyone (knows/know) where the grocery store is?
13) The little boy (do not/does not) like apples.
14) Yvette and her sister (is/are) here to see you.
15) You (has/have) brought all that I had asked for.
16) The football team (train/trains) hard for the meet.

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17) Neither Alice nor her classmates (was/were) late for school.
18) The vlogger, along with her fans, (travel/travels) to different places, (dine/dines) at various
restaurants and (promote/promotes) all sorts of products.
19) The class (was/were) eerily quiet when the principal dropped by.
20) The flour (is/are) ordered by the baker every Wednesday.
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Eng 2.1 - ANALOGY
- word relationships
Examples:
Sun : Day :: Moon : Night
Big : Large :: Tiny : Small
Acacia : Tree :: Carp : Fish
note> a single colon (:) is read as IS TO, while a double colon (::) is read as AS
Navy : Blue :: Fuschia : Pink
Navy IS TO Blue AS Fuschia IS TO Pink

Types of Analogy:
1) Antonym - opposites
Examples:
big : small
black : ___
start : ___ :: night : ___

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2) Synonym - same meaning
Examples:
begin : start
finish : ___
untidy : ___ :: quiet : ___
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3) Part and whole
Examples:
toe : foot
finger : ___
tire : ___ :: keyboard : ___

4) Location - tells where something or someone can be found

Examples:
General Santos City : South Cotabato
stove : ___
Seoul : ___ :: Paris : ___
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5) Action and Object - action and receiver of action (answers the question what or whom)
Examples:
throw : ball
read : ___
sing : ___ :: dig : ___

6) Performer and Action - doer and the action

Examples:
chef : cook
student : ___
author : ___ :: professor : ___

7) Performer and Object - doer and receiver of the action

Examples:
teacher : chalk
carpenter : ___
chef : ___ :: tailor : ___
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8) Function - how something is used/ purpose
Examples:
erase: eraser
write : ___
scissors : ___ :: shovel : ___

9) Characteristic - description, quality or trait of something

Examples:
diamond : hard
cotton : ___
rabbit : ___ :: tiger : ___

10) Classification - category or group

Examples:
Dog : mammal
Eagle : ___
lechon : filipino :: sushi : ___

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Classwork: For each type of analogy, write/type a 2-pair example. Submit thru fb messenger.
Example: 1) Antonym - start : finish :: tall : short
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Eng 2.2 Figures of Speech
- a word phrase used in a non-literal sense for vivid effect.

Types of Figures of Speech:

1) Simile - A direct comparison (with "like" or "as") between two dissimilar things that have certain qualities
in common.
Example: Roberto was white as a sheet after he watched a horror movie.

2) Metaphor - An implied or indirect comparison between two dissimilar things that have something in
common.
Example: "All the world's a stage."

3) Personification – an inanimate object is endowed with human qualities or abilities.

Example: That kitchen knife will take a bite out of your hand if you don't handle it safely.

4) Apostrophe - Directly addressing a nonexistent person or an inanimate object as though it were

physically present or alive.

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Example: "Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I need you to," Caleb sighed.

5) Anaphora - The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or
verses.
Example: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at the wrong time with the wrong person.
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6) Alliteration - The repetition of an initial consonant sound.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.

7) Onomatopoeia - The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they
refer to.
Example: The clap of thunder went bang and scared my poor dog.

8) Irony - The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a statement or situation
where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
Example: "Oh, I love spending big bucks," said my dad, a notorious penny pincher.
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9) Hyperbole - An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or
heightened effect.
Example: I have a ton of things to do when I get home.

10) Euphemism - The substitution of an inoffensive or less harsh term for one considered offensively
explicit.
Example: "We're teaching our toddler how to go potty," Bob said.

Classwork: For each type of Figure of Speech, write/type an example. Submit thru fb messenger.
Example: 1) Simile - Yuina and Daren fought like cats and dogs.
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Eng 2.3 Idioms
- expressions that are well-known in a particular language with meanings that may not be obvious by
simply looking at the individual words contained therein (not literal).
1) Under the weather - to feel ill
Clarissa stayed home because she was feeling under the weather.

2) Spill the beans - to give away a secret

We did not tell Nancy a thing about the surprise party as she is known to spill the beans.

3) Break a leg - to wish someone luck, originates from when successful theater performers would bow so
many times after a show that they would break a leg.
Danny's family told him to break a leg right before his performance.

4) Pull someone’s leg - to play a joke, prank or trick

You dropped your phone in the pool? No way! You’ve got to be pulling my leg.

5) Through thick and thin - to be loyal no matter what

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Dana is a wonderful friend. She is with me through thick and thin.

6) Once in a blue moon - rarely

My grandfather is so cool headed and only gets really mad once in a blue moon.
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7) Take it with a pinch of salt - not to take something too seriously
Miranda tells some great stories, but we take what she says with a grain of salt because she has quite
a vivid imagination and tends to exaggerate.

8) Rain or shine - no matter what

The team decided to practice for the match, rain or shine.

9) Go down in flames - to fail spectacularly

So it's gonna be forever or it's gonna go down in flames.

10) You can say that again - that’s true or I agree

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Anna: We have a lot of homework to do this week.

Beth: You can say that again!

11) See eye to eye - to agree completely

Devon and I don’t get along. We have never seen eye to eye.

12) Jump on the bandwagon - to follow a trend or do what everyone else is doing
Melissa is known to be a stylish woman but she won’t always jump on the bandwagon when it comes
to fashion.

13) Piece of cake - easy

That quiz was a piece of cake!

14) Beat around the bush - to avoid saying something or be indirect

I know you think that I will be upset, but it would be better if you just told me what happened and not
beat around the bush.

15) Hit the sack - go to bed

I’ve had a long day so I’m going to hit the sack.
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Eng 3 Context Clues and Vocabulary

Context clues
- Hints that surround an unfamiliar word and help define its meaning
- Bits of information from the text that when combined with prior knowledge, allows you to decide the
meaning of unknown words.
- Goes hand in hand with building a stronger vocabulary (the words known and used by a particular
person)

Types of Context Clues

1) Inference
- The meaning of an unfamiliar word can be inferred (guessed) from the description of a
situation.
Examples:
a. The sound of the guitar was amplified when it was hooked up to the speakers.
b. Marga is quite versatile; she is an excellent student, a top athlete and a gifted painter.
2) Definition

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- The meaning of an unknown word is directly, openly, or immediately in the text.
Examples:
a. Sedentary individuals, people who are not very active, often have poor health.
b. A submersible is a vessel that can travel below the surface of the ocean.
3) Example
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- An instance or an explanation is given to illustrate the meaning of the unfamiliar word.
Examples
a. Brandon is severely allergic to crustaceans like crabs, lobsters and shrimp.
b. The student would sometimes suffer from anxiety. For instance when there is a test coming up
his hands would tremble and he would sweat profusely.
4) Antonym
- Words or phrases with the opposite meaning are given in the text that can help the reader
figure out the meaning of an unknown word.
Examples:
a. Bianca is gregarious, unlike her sister who is quite shy and reserved.
b. The picture of the landscape is picturesque, while the one with the old house is just plain ugly.
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5) Synonym
- Words and phrases with the same or similar meaning are given in the text that can help the
reader figure out the meaning of the unknown word.
Example:
a. After seeing a picture of the injured puppy, her heart was filled with compassion or pity for its
suffering.
b. A miniscule, in other words tiny, grain of salt fell into the dish.
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Classwork: For each sentence/sentences, select the letter that best defines the underlined word.
Example: Bats, owls and racoons are nocturnal creatures that is why you can usually see them after dark.
a. active during the day
b. active during the night
c. active in dark places
d. active once a day

1). This vase is fragile and can break easily.

a. fancy
b. a type of decor
c. can easily be damaged
d. used to hold flowers

2) The accident caused long lines of vehicles like cars, trucks and motorcycles.
a. things with engines
b. forms of transportation

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c. things that line up
d. forms of accidents

3) The murky water of the aquarium made it difficult for the children to see the fish.
a. salt water
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b. full of fish
c. clear
d. cloudy

4) No matter where you go, the internet is following you. Almost every portable device is being made with an
internet connection. Most new TVs and many other appliances come with internet connections as well. The
internet is truly ubiquitous.
a. it follows you
b. it is everywhere
c. it costs too much money
d. it is made for small devices
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5) Speaking rudely to the judges was rash behavior. You really hurt your chances of winning!
a. an itchy skin condition
b. funny
c. trying to hide or disguise
d. with little thought or consideration

6) Wherever he goes, the esteemed Dr. Sanchez is applauded for his life saving research.
a. held over boiling water
b. very old
c. under a lot of pressure
d. greatly admired
7) I believe that if you lower taxes so that people can keep more of the money they earn, it will be an
incentive for them to work harder.
a. a reason to do something
b. a small amount of money
c. a tax
d. a good job
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8) Christmas is a time when Dad reverts to his childhood. I really think he looks forward to Santa’s visit more
than any other member of the family. Mom says that he’ll always be a child during this season.
a. stands up straight
b. peeks at presents
c. drinks too much
d. goes back to being how he was

9) Fortunately, the explosion diverted the asteroid from a course that would have sent it hurdling into our
planet.
a. change the direction of
b. look for really high waves
c. jump into a dry river
d. look through a telescope

10) Your cousin claimed to be late because the doors of his house were frozen shut. Even though I have my
doubts, his explanation is plausible. It got really cold last night. I'll just have to take his word for it.
a. you must always believe it

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b. you should never believe it
c. it's hard to understand because it makes no sense
d. it's believable enough to possibly be true
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