DEVELOPMENT OF IOT BASE SMART ENERGY BASE CONSUMPTION

MONITORING SYSTEM FOR HOUSEHOLD PURPOSES

An undergraduate capstone project manuscript submitted to the faculty of the

Department of Computer Studies, Cavite State University, Bacoor Campus, Bacoor
City, Cavite in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Information Technology with Contribution No.______________. Prepared
under the supervision of Joven S. Rios, LPT.

In partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

JAKE CASUNDO
JEREMY FELICIANO
DANIEL SALVALOZA
November 2023
 INTRODUCTION

In recent times, the urgency surrounding energy conservation and effectiveness

has sparked considerable progress in cutting-edge technology designed to reduce

energy wastage and foster environmentally-friendly practices. One of the most

groundbreaking advancements, the Internet of Things (IoT), has emerged as a

game-changer, providing effortless connectivity and intelligent supervision for a wide

range of purposes, including energy management (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).

Figure 1. Philippines Electricity Consumption from 1981 to 2021

A fetched data showing Philippines Electricity Consumption from 1981 to 2021

clearly shows as years goes by electrical consumption continued to arise. Year 2021

being the leading year for electrical consumption and followed by year 2019 which

the leading cause varies depending on country's level of industrialization, population

density, climate, and economic activities were in that year.

 Figure 2. Total electricity consumption in the Philippines in 2022

In 2022, the residential sector or the household sector was the largest

electricity-consuming sector, with total consumption of around 35.32 million

megawatts. This was followed by the industrial sector, with about 28.8 million

megawatts of electricity consumed (Statista Research Department 2022).

Several factors contribute to the rank of residential electricity consumption. Firstly,

residential areas surround a vast number of households, each requiring electricity for

various purposes such as lighting, heating, cooling, cooking, entertainment, and

powering electronic devices. With the increasing use of energy-intensive appliances

and gadgets in modern households, the demand for electricity continues to rise.

With the substantial rise in electrical consumption in the Philippines, there's

an urgent need for a comprehensive monitoring system to effectively manage and

optimize energy usage. The country's increasing population, economic growth,

urbanization, and technological advancements are all contributing to higher electricity

demands across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.

Project Context

In Bacoor, Cavite, a rapidly developing area in the Philippines, the need for

smart monitoring systems for electricity consumption is obvious. As the population

grows and urbanization accelerates, there's an increasing pressure on the local

energy infrastructure. Residents are becoming more conscious of their energy usage,

both for cost-saving reasons and to minimize their environmental impact.

By implementing IoT-based smart monitoring systems in households in Bacoor,

Cavite, residents can gain real-time insights into their electricity consumption

patterns. This technology can provide data on which appliances are consuming the

most energy, when peak usage occurs, and what are the strategies to be effiecient at

using electricity.

In a region like Bacoor, Cavite, where electricity costs can be a significant portion of

household expenses, empowering residents with tools to monitor and optimize their

energy usage can have a positive impact on their quality of life. It can help them

manage their budgets more effectively.

Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of the system is to empower households residing in

Bacoor, Cavite, with a full understanding of their energy usage patterns. By deploying

a network of interconnected sensors and devices, the system aims to enable

real-time monitoring of energy consumption across different appliances and devices

within households in Bacoor, Cavite.

 The study seeks to develop a user-friendly interface accessible via mobile

applications, for easy tracking and management of energy consumption for users.

Furthermore, the research intends to enable basic control over appliances within the

system, enhancing efficiency in electricity savings. This can be accomplished by

integrating devices into appliances capable of regulating power input, while

simultaneously collecting relevant data to be transmitted to the system.

Table 1. System Functionality Requirements

FUNCTIONALITY DETAILED FUNCTIONALITY

Real-time Monitoring 1. The system should analyze

energy consumption data to

identify patterns and trends.

2. It should provide insights into

high-energy devices and usage

patterns.

User Interface 1. The system should have a

user-friendly interface accessible

2. It should provide personalized

recommendations

Data Analysis 1. The system should analyze

energy consumption data to

identify patterns and trends.

2. It should provide insights into

hgh-energy devices and usage

patterns
Appliance Control 1. The system must be capable of

controlling appliances across the

network to fully use the

capabilities of IoT technology

within the household.

2. Appliance control should be

done within the mobile

application.

Recommendation 1. Using collected data from user’s

electrical consumption they can

formulate strategies and steps to

save electrical consumption.

2. Allows users to understand what

are the appliances which uses

excess energy and contributes

to high electrical bill.

Scalibility 1. The system should be scalable

to accommodate a growing

number of users and devices.

2. It should handle large volumes

of data efficiently.

Reliability 1. The system should work

smoothly even without sudden

electrical interruptions.
 2. It should be designed to handle

problems and recover quickly if

errors occur.

Security 1. The system should keep user

data safe and private.

2. It should have authentication to

protect information from

unauthorized access.

Table 2. Hardware and Software Requirements

Hardware Software

Specify the hardware components Define the software components

required for deploying the system, such needed for system development,
as sensors, microcontrollers, gateways, including programming languages,
and communication modules. frameworks, databases, and
development tools.

Sensors - Energy monitoring sensors Mobile Development - Mobile

(e.g., current sensors, voltage sensors) application development for Android
to measure energy consumption at and iOS platforms to provide users with
different points in the household real-time energy consumption
electrical system. monitoring, alerts, and controls.

Communication Modules - Wi-Fi, Security - Authentication mechanisms

Bluetooth, or other wireless (e.g., username/password, OAuth) to
communication modules to transmit ensure secure access to the system
data from sensors to the cloud-based and protect user privacy.
server or gateway.

Enclosures and Mounting Hardware - Firmware for Microcontrollers -

Mounting hardware for secure Embedded firmware to interface with
installation of sensors and controllers in sensors, acquire data, perform data
household electrical panels or other processing, and communicate with the
relevant locations. cloud server.

Microcontrollers - Embedded firmware Analytics and Visualization Tools -

to interface with sensors, acquire data, Data analytics and visualization
perform data processing, and tools for processing and analyzing
communicate with the cloud server or
 gateway. energy consumption data, identifying
patterns, and generating insights.

Purpose of the study

In this era where society is heavily reliant on electricity, there exists a critical

importance in conserving energy wherever feasible. As part of their initiative, the

project is aimed at mitigating excessive energy usage.

Unlike traditional energy monitoring methods, IoT systems offer granular

insights into energy usage. These systems capture detailed data on individual

appliances, allowing for the identification of the most energy-consuming devices and

their peak activity periods. Such detailed information empowers users to identify

inefficiencies with precision.

By analysing the collected data, the system can offer personalised

recommendations. These suggestions could range from upgrading to energy-efficient

appliances, adjusting usage schedules, optimising heating and cooling systems, to

adopting smart lighting solutions. These tailored insights empower households to

make informed decisions to reduce energy waste.

Time and Place of the Study

The study titled “Development of IoT Base Smart Energy Base Consumption

Monitoring System for household purposes” targeting urban households Bacoor,

Cavite, will undergo a trial phase during the research timeframe. This period

encompasses the development, implementation, and evaluation stages, ensuring the

establishment of a reliable and robust system.

The study is being conducted in Bacoor, Cavite, where nearly all households

rely on electricity, providing enough opportunity for research, study, and system
implementation. Additionally, Bacoor's dynamic environment offers an ideal setting

for a household-focused study.

Scope and limitation of the Study

The research aims to develop and implement an innovative IoT-based smart

energy monitoring system specifically tailored for households in Bacoor, Cavite.

Through close examination of individual appliances, with particular focus on

high-energy devices and usage patterns, the system provides comprehensive

insights. Its ultimate goal is to empower households with personalized

recommendations, spanning from the adoption of energy-efficient appliances to the

optimization of usage schedules. This study seeks to foster an energy-conscious

mindset, assisting households in making informed decisions and accurately

identifying inefficiencies. While geographically confined to Bacoor, Cavite, the study

still holds significant potential for enhancing energy consumption practices. While the

findings may not be universally generalizable to regions with distinct energy

consumption patterns, they set a critical example for future research attempt in this

area.
Conceptual Framework

Appendix Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework aims to guide the development process of a Smart

IoT Base Monitoring System. This system integrates hardware components, software

applications, and networking technologies to enable real-time monitoring and control

of various parameters. The framework outlines the input, process, and output

components involved in the development lifecycle.

In framing the conceptual framework for the development of a Smart IoT Base

Monitoring System, it is essential to systematically describe the essential inputs

required for project initiation and progression.

Firstly, the framework acknowledges the critical role of "Knowledge Requirements."

these sorround the foundational understanding and skills necessary for researchers.
This includes familiarity with electronic hardware, proficiency in mobile application

development, quickness in database management, comprehension of networking

principles, and proficiency in system testing methodologies.

Afterwards, attention is directed towards identifying "Software Requirements." These

indicate the specific software tools and applications essential for system

development. The system needs important software tools to make the system work

smoothly. These include the Arduino IDE for programming the microcontroller,

RemoteXY for designing the interface, Firebase for managing data in real-time, and

Android Studio for creating the mobile app. These software tools are like the building

blocks that help us write code, design the system, and make everything function the

way we want it to.

Lastly, the framework describe "Hardware Requirements," make the physical

components, electronic devices, and peripherals essential for system construction.

This includes the ESP8266 microcontroller, capacitors, resistors, USB to TTL

adaptors, relay modules, current sensors, and OLED displays. Each hardware

element plays a distinct role within the system architecture, spanning from data

acquisition to signal processing and user interface interaction.

By systematically addressing these inputs, researchers are equipped with the

foundational knowledge, resources, and requirements necessary to undertake and

navigate through the developmental lifecycle of the Smart IoT Base Monitoring

System.
Definition of terms

Agile Methodology - is an approach to project management and software

development that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and iterative progress. It

focuses on breaking down tasks into small increments, called sprints or iterations,

and continuously delivering working software in short cycles, typically ranging from

one to four weeks.

Appliance Control - refers to the ability to manage and manipulate household or

industrial appliances remotely or automatically through electronic means.

Appliances - are electrical or mechanical devices designed to perform specific tasks

in households or commercial settings. They are typically used for tasks such as

cooking, cleaning, heating, cooling, or entertainment. Examples include refrigerators,

washing machines, ovens, televisions, and vacuum cleaners. Appliances make daily

tasks easier and more efficient for users.

Black-box - a device, system, or component whose internal workings are hidden or

opaque to the user or observer. It receives inputs and produces outputs, but the

internal processes or mechanisms are not visible or understood by the user.

Cloud - a network of remote servers hosted on the internet that store, manage, and

process data and applications.

CPU - A CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the primary component of a computer

responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.

Current - often represented by the symbol "I," is a measure of the flow of electric

charge through a conductor in an electrical circuit.

Dashboard - a graphical user interface that provides users with a visual

representation of key information, metrics, or data points relevant to a specific task,

process, or area of interest.

Data - Data is information. It can be numbers, words, pictures, or anything else that

can be stored and used by computers to help people or make decisions.

Data Analysis - is the process of examining, cleaning, transforming, and interpreting

data to discover meaningful patterns, trends, and insights.

Eco - is a shorthand term that refers to ecological or environmental concerns,

typically related to sustainability and minimizing harm to the natural world.

Eco-mode - refers to a setting or feature in electronic devices, appliances, or

systems designed to reduce energy consumption and promote environmental

sustainability.

ESP8266 - The ESP8266 is a low-cost, Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller chip developed

by Espressif Systems. It integrates a full TCP/IP stack and a microcontroller unit,

making it capable of connecting to Wi-Fi networks and interacting with other devices

or services over the internet.

GSM - It is a standard for digital cellular networks used for mobile communication

services, including voice calls and data transmission. GSM technology enables

mobile devices to connect to cellular networks and communicate with each other via

radio waves.

Hardware - Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer or electronic

device, including the CPU, memory, storage, and peripherals.

IoT - IoT stands for the Internet of Things. It refers to the network of physical objects

or "things" embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that enable

them to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the

internet.

Module - a "module" refers to a distinct unit or component within a larger system or

program that performs a specific function or task.

Monitoring System - is a setup that keeps track of something, like a process,

environment, or activity, to gather information and provide feedback. It typically

involves sensors, instruments, or software that continuously observe and report on

specific parameters or conditions, helping to ensure efficiency, safety, or compliance

with desired standards or goals.

Sensors - Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical properties or

environmental conditions, converting them into signals that can be interpreted by

electronic systems.

Smart - capability of devices or systems to be intelligent, adaptive, and interactive

through the use of advanced technology.

Smart Energy - refers to the use of advanced technology, data analytics, and

communication systems to optimize the generation, distribution, and consumption of

energy in a more efficient, reliable, and sustainable manner.

Software - refers to the programs and instructions that enable computers and other

devices to perform specific tasks or functions.

SCT013 - is a type of non-invasive current sensor commonly used for measuring

alternating current (AC).

System - a group of interconnected parts or components that work together to

achieve a common goal or purpose.

Users - are individuals who interact with and utilize computer systems, software, or

electronic devices to perform tasks, access information, or communicate.

Voltage - often represented by the symbol "V," is a measure of electrical potential

difference between two points in an electrical circuit.

WiFI - short for Wireless Fidelity, is a technology that enables devices to connect to

the internet or communicate with each other wirelessly using radio waves.
Wireless - refers to the transmission of data, signals, or communication without the

need for physical wires or cables. It involves the use of electromagnetic waves, such

as radio waves, infrared, or microwaves, to transmit information between devices

over short or long distances.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the different related literature and studies for the

Development of IoT Base Smart Energy Base Consumption Monitoring System for

household purposes. This literature and study review aided the researchers in

gaining familiarity with and understanding of the topic.

Related Literature

The Philippines Deploys Smart Technology to Address Energy Challenges.

According to Siacor, J. (2022), In his literature Siacor searches into the

deployment of smart technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) in the Philippines as

a response to energy consumption challenges. Siacor's work underscores the

significance of real-time data provided by smart technology for effective energy

monitoring. While Siacor provides a broad overview of smart technology deployment

at a national level, the study focuses specifically on developing a tailored IoT-based

energy consumption monitoring system for household use, demonstrating a more

targeted approach towards consumer-level energy efficiency.

Addressing High Energy Usage Through Smart Technology Adoption in the

Philippines.

Patel's V.’s (2022) literature emphasizes the adoption of smart technology to

mitigate high energy usage in the Philippines. Both the study and Patel's work stress

the importance of real-time data monitoring facilitated by smart technology for

efficient energy management. While Patel discusses the general adoption of smart

technology in energy management, the study searches deeper into developing a

comprehensive IoT-based energy consumption monitoring system tailored for

household purposes, showcasing a more consumer-oriented approach towards

addressing energy consumption challenges.

Integrating IoT into the Philippines' Emerging Technological Landscape.

A research team from Polytechnic University of the Philippines investigated

the Internet of Things (IoT), emphasizing its potential advantages in addressing

societal issues, notably in energy management (Kyato et al., 2022). Their study

provides an extensive review of emerging technologies, with a specific emphasis on

designing an IoT-driven system for monitoring household energy consumption. This

targeted approach aims to improve energy efficiency at the consumer level.

Establishment of an Energy Management System by the Philippine Department

of Energy.

According to Mercurio (2023) he explores the implementation of an energy

management system by the Department of Energy (DOE) in the Philippines. Both the

study and Mercurio's literature stress the significance of systematic methodologies to

enhance energy performance and efficiency. While Mercurio's work concentrates on

the establishment of a governmental energy management system, the study

prioritizes the creation of a consumer-centric IoT-based energy consumption

monitoring system for households, indicating a distinction in focus between

governmental and consumer-driven initiatives.

Exploring the Fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) and its Practical

Application.

Monton's literature, penned in 2022, provides a foundational understanding of

IoT, essential for comprehending the technological aspect of the study. Both the

study and Monton's work emphasize the interconnectedness of devices and the

potential for autonomous interactions. Monton's work offers basic information about

IoT, whereas the study focuses on the practical application of IoT in developing a

specific energy consumption monitoring system for households, highlighting a shift

from theoretical concepts to practical implementation.

IoT Based Energy Meter Reading System.

According to Vispute, P., Khan, M. (2022). Vispute and Khan's paper delves

into the advancements in electronic metering technology, particularly focusing on

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems. They review various energy meter reading

systems developed in the past year, employing strategies such as GSM and

microcontrollers. In contrast, the study under consideration focuses specifically on

developing an IoT-based energy consumption monitoring system for households,

indicating a distinct emphasis on consumer-level energy efficiency.

Renewable Energy Monitoring System Based on IoT: A Review.

According to Abdulsada, R.S., Al-Zuhairy, M.S., and Hamed, H.A. (2023)

provide a review of the role of IoT in monitoring renewable energy systems, with a

particular focus on solar photovoltaic plants. Their study emphasizes the significance

of IoT-based technology in optimizing performance, monitoring, and maintenance of

solar arrays. In comparison, the study under consideration specifically concentrates

on developing an IoT-based energy consumption monitoring system for households,

illustrating a focused approach towards addressing energy efficiency challenges at

the consumer level.

IoT in Smart Grid: Energy Management Opportunities and Security Challenges.

In 2020, Pourbehzadi, M., Niknam, T., Kavousi-Fard, A., & Yilmaz, Y.

presented a study that centers on an online machine learning algorithm leveraging

IoT data for smart grid operation. They propose a framework for predicting and

optimizing power generation in a smart grid, alongside anomaly detection using

online discrepancy testing. In contrast, the study under consideration specifically

focuses on developing a consumer-oriented IoT-based energy consumption

monitoring system for households, showcasing a distinct emphasis on addressing

energy efficiency challenges at the consumer level.

IoT in Smart Buildings: Benefits, Use Cases, and Tips.

According to Mathé, C. (2023) he explores the benefits and applications of

IoT in smart building management, highlighting operational efficiency and energy

conservation. The article discusses how IoT technologies enhance building

management across various types of properties. In comparison, the study under

consideration specifically focuses on developing an IoT-based energy consumption

monitoring system for households, demonstrating a unique emphasis on

consumer-level energy efficiency within the context of residential properties.

Implementing Smart Building Solutions with IoT Technology.

From Moldstud (2024), Moldstud's work highlights the implementation of IoT

technology in smart building solutions, emphasizing operational efficiency and energy

conservation. It discusses the role of sensors, devices, and cloud-based platforms in

real-time monitoring and control of building systems. In comparison, the study under

consideration specifically concentrates on developing a consumer-oriented IoT-based

energy consumption monitoring system for households, indicating a unique emphasis

on addressing energy efficiency challenges at the consumer level.

Related Studies

Smart:A wireless Power Switch of Home Appliances for Risk Reduction .

In our study, we looked at creating a Smart Monitoring System to monitor

home appliances and be efficient by turning them into smart devices. We wanted to

see how well this system could monitor energy and help households to formulate

solutions for saving energy by monitoring their electrical usage. Our research found

that other studies have also explored using smart technology to make homes efficient

and save energy. For example, some studies showed how sensors and wireless

communication can help with security and energy use.

We also found that making smart home technology work well can be tricky. Some

researchers talked about problems like making different devices work together and

keeping people's information safe. But, there are also smart solutions being

developed to solve these problems, like using special security methods. We looked

at different ways researchers have tested and built smart home systems, like trying

them out in real homes or making prototypes.

Comparing our study with others, like the one by Contreras et al. (2019), we saw that

we all want to make homes safer and more efficient, but we focus on different things.

Their study looked at reducing the risk of fires, while ours is about managing energy

use in real-time. Bringing together all these studies helps us understand how smart

technology can make homes better and safer for everyone.

Internet of Things (IOT) Based Home Automated Weather Monitoring System.

In the study by Odesola et al. (2019), the authors introduce an Internet of

Things (IoT) based home automated weather monitoring system to tackle the impact

of temperature changes on modern lifestyle. Much like Al-Fuqaha et al. (2015), the

study underscores the importance of adapting weather monitoring systems to rapidly

changing environmental conditions, including extreme weather events such as

hurricanes, droughts, and floods.

This weather monitoring system relies on IoT technology and environmental sensors

to capture distributed meteorological measurements in real-time, enabling remote

monitoring of temperature and weather conditions. Data collected by the sensors is

transmitted to an online web server via Wi-Fi connection, where it is stored and

analyzed to provide live reporting of weather information. Users have the option to

set alerts for specific weather conditions, receiving notifications if these parameters

exceed predefined values.

 Additionally, the study introduces temperature regulation functionality, where a

DC fan installed in the house activates to maintain the desired temperature set by the

user. This feature enhances user comfort and energy efficiency, enabling remote

control of temperature regulation from any internet-connected device worldwide.

A Cloud-based Online Access on Smart Energy Metering in the Philippines.

In contrast to our study focused on the development of IoT base Smart

Energy Monitoring System for household purposes, the research conducted by

Bautista et al. (2019) explores the utilization of cloud-based smart energy metering in

the Philippines. While both studies share a common interest in leveraging technology

to enhance energy efficiency, they diverge in their approaches and focal points.

Our study primarily concentrates on the design, implementation, and evaluation of a

Smart Adaptor system tailored for household energy consumption monitoring and

control. In contrast, Bautista et al. (2019) delve into the perspectives and practices

surrounding smart energy metering and cloud-computing across various sectors,

including power generation, transmission, distribution utilities, and commercial and

industrial utilities in the Philippines.

Additionally, the methodologies employed in the two studies differ

significantly. Our study utilizes a qualitative approach, including interviews, online

surveys, and focus groups, to gather insights and feedback from participants directly

involved in smart energy metering and cloud-computing. Conversely, Bautista et al.

(2019) employ a qualitative research design, focusing on interviews conducted with

individuals working in power-related sectors to uncover beliefs, thoughts, and

motivations regarding smart energy metering and cloud-computing.

Furthermore, while both studies address the potential benefits of leveraging

technology for energy management, they also highlight distinct challenges and

considerations. Our study emphasizes issues such as interoperability, data security,

and user experience within the context of household energy monitoring. In contrast,

Bautista et al. (2019) identify challenges such as data security policies, compatibility

issues, and redundant data management in the adoption of cloud-based smart

energy metering systems across various sectors in the Philippines.

In summary, while both studies contribute to the broader discourse on leveraging

technology for energy efficiency, they approach the topic from different angles and

offer unique insights into the opportunities and challenges associated with smart

energy management systems.

IntelliPlugs: IoT-based Smart Plug for Energy Monitoring and Control Through

WiFi and GSM.

The study on IntelliPlugs, as presented by the IEEE Conference Publication,

introduces an innovative IoT-based smart plug designed for energy monitoring and

control through both WiFi and GSM connectivity. The abstract underscores the

importance of adopting ICT-based technologies, such as smart plugs, to facilitate the

seamless flow of information within the smart grid. While previous smart plug designs

have focused on basic functionalities like monitoring electrical parameters,

IntelliPlugs sets itself apart by offering an attractive and user-friendly graphical user

interface (GUI) and utilizing both WiFi and GSM for monitoring and control.

Methodologically, the study provides insights into the conceptual framework,

electrical design, control system, and physical prototype of IntelliPlugs. By integrating

various components such as relay modules, Arduino Uno, GSM and WiFi modules,

current sensors, and microcontrollers, the researchers constructed a fully functioning

prototype unit. The mobile application test, current test, and fire safety test

demonstrate IntelliPlugs' effectiveness in monitoring appliance status, accurately

measuring current consumption, and detecting hazards like fire, temperature, and

humidity.
In conclusion, IntelliPlugs emerges as a user-friendly and safe smart plug solution

with a mobile application interface for real-time monitoring and control. The inclusion

of sensors for additional safety measures enhances its utility, bridging the gap

between current smart plug trends and the demands of demand-side management

and IoT. The study envisions IntelliPlugs as a significant contribution to the transition

of power systems into a smart grid and suggests potential avenues for further

research and development in this area.

Green switch: An IoT based energy monitoring system for mabini building in

De La Salle Lipa.

Magtibay et al. (2021) introduced the "Green Switch," an energy monitoring

system installed in a building at De La Salle Lipa. It helps control energy use, like

lights and outlets, to reduce waste. They used special sensors and devices

connected to the school's network to gather data.

Comparing it to our study, "Development of IoT-Based Smart Energy System for

Homes," both projects want to use IoT to manage energy better. However, they focus

on different places and things. Their system is for a school building, mainly tracking

lights and outlets, while ours targets various home appliances.

Both projects follow a similar research method, focusing on technical research,

making a model, and testing it. But, they use different tools and methods tailored to

their building's needs.

The conclusion of the related study shows their system works well in controlling

energy in the school building, making it more efficient. Our study aims to help

households understand and control energy use, promoting eco-friendly habits.

Although both studies share the goal of saving energy, they deal with different places

and needs.
A Smart Home Architecture for Smart Energy Consumption in a Residence

With Multiple Users.

The study presents the development of Smart Energy Control Systems

(SECS) in smart homes, focusing on reducing energy wastage and promoting

efficient consumption. It highlights the role of embedded systems, Internet of Things

(IoT), Smart Outlets (SO), and User Indoor Identification (UII) devices in gathering

data on electrical devices' usage and individualized consumption patterns.

Unlike previous approaches that relied heavily on extensive sensor deployments and

faced challenges in interpreting resident data and identifying multiple users, the

proposed SmartCom architecture offers a novel solution. It introduces accurate

identification of electrical equipment using Near Field Communication (NFC)-based

Smart Outlets and multiple user identification via Wi-Fi handover using smartphones.

The SmartCom architecture aims to minimize disruptions to user comfort and building

structure while achieving a significant rebalancing of residential energy consumption.

The study reports an 87.3% success rate in achieving this objective.

Comparing this study with our own project, "Development of IoT-Based Smart Energy

Consumption Monitoring System for Household Purposes," both initiatives share the

common goal of optimizing energy consumption in residential settings. However,

while our study focuses on monitoring and controlling energy usage across various

appliances, the SmartCom architecture emphasizes accurate identification of devices

and multiple user recognition to achieve energy rebalancing.

Both projects utilize IoT technology to gather data and promote energy efficiency, but

they differ in their approach and focus areas. While our study aims to empower
households with real-time monitoring and control capabilities, the SmartCom

architecture prioritizes precise device identification and user recognition to optimize

energy consumption. Both studies contribute to the broader goal of promoting

sustainable energy practices in residential environments.

Development of Internet of Things (IoT) Based Energy Consumption Monitoring

and Device Control System.

The study introduces an IoT-based energy consumption monitoring and

controlling device using Atmega328 Microcontroller. Recognizing the growing need

for sustainable and efficient energy solutions in urbanized areas, the paper

addresses the limitations of conventional energy monitoring systems in IoT-enabled

homes. The proposed system can monitor, bill, and control energy consumption of

individual appliances, providing consumers with automated billing and real-time

consumption data.

The conclusion drawn from the study emphasizes the significance of automated

home energy management systems in today's smart home environment. The

proposed architecture offers a user-friendly solution for monitoring and managing

energy consumption, leveraging IoT technology to improve efficiency and reduce

manual intervention. The experimental results demonstrate the system's

effectiveness in overcoming challenges associated with conventional energy

monitoring techniques, with a high level of performance accuracy.

Comparing this study with our own project, "Development of IoT-Based Smart Energy

Consumption Monitoring System for Household Purposes," both initiatives share the

common objective of utilizing IoT technology to enhance energy management in

residential settings. However, while our study focuses on developing a

comprehensive monitoring system with real-time insights and control capabilities, the

cited study introduces a specific device for monitoring and controlling energy

consumption using Atmega328 Microcontroller.

Both projects contribute to the advancement of smart home energy management

systems, offering solutions to address the challenges of energy monitoring and

consumption in IoT-enabled environments. While our project aims to provide

households with a user-friendly interface and comprehensive energy insights, the

cited study focuses on developing a specific device for automated energy monitoring

and billing, offering potential applications in other smart home systems. Together,

these studies contribute to the development of sustainable and efficient energy

solutions for modern residences.

A Study Towards Current Trends, Issues and Challenges in Internet of Things

(IoT) based System for Intelligent Energy Management.

This study delves into the Internet of Things (IoT) and its integration in Home

Energy Management Systems (HEMS). It illustrates how IoT connects physical

devices and sensors to computer systems, leading to improved efficiency, accuracy,

and profitability for users. The paper evaluates various HEMS architectures with IoT

integration to provide insights for future research.

The conclusion underscores the effectiveness of HEMS in managing energy

consumption, particularly in automating functions based on electricity pricing and

increasing overall efficiency. It also discusses the potential for enhancing HEMS

through diverse communication and networking technologies to improve

interoperability and efficiency.

Comparing this study with our project, "Development of IoT-Based Smart Energy

Consumption Monitoring System for Household Purposes," both initiatives share the

common objective of leveraging IoT technology for intelligent energy management.

However, while our project concentrates on creating a comprehensive monitoring

system for households, the cited study offers a broader overview of HEMS

architectures with IoT integration, emphasizing their effectiveness and potential for

improvement.

Both studies contribute to understanding the role of IoT in enhancing energy

management systems. While our project focuses on practical implementation for

residential use, the cited study provides insights into various architectural aspects

and communication technologies for HEMS. Together, these studies offer valuable

insights for researchers and practitioners working in the field of intelligent energy

management.

Towards Smart Home Automation Using IoT-Enabled Edge-Computing

Paradigm.

The study investigates the increasing popularity of smart home applications

driven by Internet of Things (IoT) technology. It underscores the necessity for

advanced smart home systems encompassing automation, security, safety, and

energy efficiency while minimizing bandwidth, computation, and cost. The research

introduces a smart home automation system deployed on a resource-constrained

Raspberry Pi (RPI) device, functioning as a central controlling unit for connecting

various devices and sensors in a home.

The proposed system leverages IoT and Edge Computing paradigms to provide

remote and automatic control over home appliances while ensuring security and
privacy. By storing sensitive data locally on the edge device (RPI), the solution

preserves customer privacy. Additionally, visual and scalar sensor-generated data

are processed and stored on the edge device to reduce bandwidth, computation, and

storage costs.

Results indicate that the proposed system outperforms existing solutions in terms of

motion detection speed, relay switching time, and energy efficiency. The study

highlights the use of Python programming language for ease of scalability, code

implementation, and integration of different sensors. The system's flexibility allows for

easy implementation in various environments by attaching additional sensors and

making simple modifications to the code.

The proposed smart home automation system offers comprehensive functionality

with minimal cost and energy consumption. It enhances automation, security, and

energy efficiency without compromising system performance and accuracy. The

integration of IoT and Edge Computing technologies enables efficient data

processing and management, contributing to the advancement of smart home

automation solutions.

Internet of Things-Based Smart Electricity Monitoring and Control System

Using Usage Data.

This study addresses the necessity of effective electricity management in

households and proposes a solution to enhance home electricity control. Traditional

systems have limitations such as high error ratios and lack of remote monitoring

capabilities. To overcome these challenges, the study introduces a Smart Monitoring

and Control System (SMACS) for household appliances, utilizing hardware

components and Internet of Things (IoT) methodologies.

The proposed system prototype incorporates Arduino UNO, a liquid crystal display

(LCD), ACS712 current sensor module, relays, and AC sources. Simulation results

align with the prototype design. While the WiFi module ESP8266 is not included due

to system constraints, data recording is facilitated through cloud storage using

ThingSpeak. A mobile application (Virtuino) is developed to visualize the data

graphically and numerically, providing users with an accessible method to monitor

and control household appliance power consumption.

Results indicate that the proposed system exhibits significantly lower current errors

compared to existing Power Monitoring and Switching (PMAS) systems. The study

concludes by highlighting the effectiveness of the IoT-based smart monitoring and

control system in measuring and monitoring current, voltage, and power

consumption. The integration of ESP8266 WiFi module, ACS712 current sensors,

and relays contributes to improved system performance. Real-time and historical

data monitoring, facilitated through cloud storage, enhances accessibility for users to

track consumption rates.

The control system of SMACS ensures safety, enables individual or collective

monitoring of household appliances, and promotes awareness of electricity

consumption. Future work aims to expand monitoring capabilities to include voltage

and current on a broader scale within smart home environments.

Systems Technical Background

The development of an IoT-based smart energy consumption monitoring

system for household purposes involves integrating various hardware and software

components to enable real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of energy usage

within residential settings. This system leverages the capabilities of Internet of Things
(IoT) technology to collect data from energy-consuming devices, transmit it over

networks, and provide insights to users for efficient energy management.

In terms of hardware components, the system utilizes sensor nodes deployed across

household appliances to collect data on energy consumption. These nodes may

include current sensors, voltage sensors, and other relevant sensors to measure

energy usage accurately. Microcontrollers such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi serve as

the central processing units for collecting, processing, and transmitting data from

sensor nodes to the central system. Additionally, networking devices such as WiFi or

other communication modules are used to establish connectivity between sensor

nodes, microcontrollers, and the central system, enabling seamless data transfer.

On the software side, the system utilizes embedded software to program

microcontrollers, enabling them to interface with sensors, collect data, and transmit it

to the central system. Cloud-based infrastructure in blynk , is employed for storing,

processing, and analyzing large volumes of data generated by the system. These

platforms offer scalability, reliability, and security for managing IoT data. Data

analytics tools and algorithms are also utilized to analyze energy consumption

patterns, identify anomalies, and generate insights for users to optimize energy

usage.

The system architecture comprises three main layers: the sensing layer, the

networking layer, and the application layer. The sensing layer includes sensor nodes

deployed across household appliances to capture real-time data on energy

consumption. Data collected by sensor nodes are transmitted to the central system

through wireless or wired networks in the networking layer, facilitating seamless

communication between devices. At the application layer, data is processed,

analyzed, and visualized for users through web or mobile applications, enabling them
to access insights into their energy usage, receive alerts, and control appliances

remotely.

Key features of the system include real-time monitoring of energy consumption,

remote control of household appliances, intuitive data visualization, and an alerting

mechanism for abnormal energy consumption patterns or device malfunctions.

Synthesis

The development of an IoT-based smart energy consumption monitoring

system for households involves combining different parts to make a system that

helps people manage their energy use better. This system uses modern technology

to track how much energy different appliances in a home are using in real-time. It

includes things like sensors to measure energy use, small computers to process the

data, and connections to send the information to a central system.

In simpler terms, the system has three main parts: the sensors, the computers, and

the connections. The sensors are like little detectors that can tell how much energy is

being used by things like lights, TVs, or refrigerators. The computers are like the

brains of the system, they collect the data from the sensors, process it, and send it to

the central system. The connections are what allow all these parts to talk to each

other, so the data can be shared and analyzed.

Once all the information is gathered, it can be used in helpful ways. For example,

users can see which appliances are using the most energy and find ways to use

them more efficiently. They can also control some appliances remotely, like turning off

lights or adjusting the thermostat from their phone. This helps people save money on

their energy bills and reduces their impact on the environment.

Overall, this system is designed to make it easier for households to keep track of

their energy use and make smarter choices about how they use electricity. It's like

having a helpful assistant that keeps an eye on energy use and helps everyone in the

household use it more wisely.

 METHODOLOGY

Guided by Agile principles, our IoT-based smart energy monitoring system for

Bacoor, Cavite, undergoes iterative development cycles. Each sprint focuses on

incremental enhancements, integrating sensor data with data analysis and user

feedback. Continuous deployment practices ensure a consistently shippable product.

Privacy measures evolve based on best practices, and regular retrospectives guide

strategy adjustments. Community engagement is prioritized through training

sessions, with ongoing evaluation informing system refinements. This streamlined

methodology aims to efficiently create a user-friendly energy monitoring system for

Bacoor, Cavite households.

Figure 3. Agile Methodology

Design of Software, Systems, Product and/or Processes

The "Development of IoT-Based Smart Energy Consumption Monitoring

System for Household Purposes" project encompasses several key capabilities

aimed at revolutionizing household energy management. See Table 1 for detailed

overview.

Appendix Figure 2. Block Diagram of Monitoring System

The system features a black-box component containing a CPU for processing

as shown above, voltage and current sensors for monitoring electrical

parameters, an electricity cutter for regulation, and a display for user

feedback. This setup enables efficient monitoring and control of the system's

operation.
Appendix Figure 3. HIPO Diagram
 Figure 4. Mobile App Home UI

Figure 5. Dashboard UI

Figure 6. Add Appliance Dashboard

 Figure 7. Configuration Dashboard

Requirement Analysis

Prior to project proposal, researchers conducted a survey among residents

living in the proximity of Bacoor, Cavite asking what is the most necessary element

every household should have at their home. Majority went to an idea of a monitoring

system which collects and manage data that can be personalized for their own

purposes. In depth, a monitoring system that translate electrical data into readable

text with the sole purpose of understanding household's electrical consumption. To

accomodate, careful planning and implementation of the system must be consider

from user's expectation to systems deployment phase to households in Bacoor,

Cavite. Specially the required technical skills and knowledge of each researchers

must have to fully implement the system.

Requirement Documentation

The system architecture, presented in Appendix Figure 1, is divided into three

main parts; The User, The Mobile Application and the Blackbox Device. Each part

has corresponding function in order to complete the whole IoT-based Energy

Monitoring System. As shown in the diagram below, the Appliances(Electric fan for

example) is plug into the device which is the Blackbox device acting as its power

supply, which is then plug into the wall socket which is the main power supply. Now,

the transmission of data between the Blackbox device, the Mobile Application and

the User occurs via the internet. Furthermore, this Mobile Application can be

breakdown into modules; Registration, Configuration, Dashboard and the Modes.

Registration Module. The module would typically handle functions such as

creating and managing user accounts. Ensuring a secure and streamlined process

for individuals to become registered users and monitor their electrical consumption

through the mobile application at the comfort of their phones.

Configuration Module. The module handle functions such as configuring or

setting unique ID to the appliances that is connected to the blackbox device. With

that, it is easy for the blackbox device to identify which appliances is plugged in to it

at that certain time.

Dashboard Module. Within the module, place at the core of the entire

system, users can access analytics or processed data derived from the monitoring

system. The module allows users to observe their electrical consumption based on

the time, date, and month they specify. Additionally, consumption-based suggestions

are available here, tailored to the actual electrical consumption at specific times.

Modes Module. The module is crafted to aid users in reducing their electrical

consumption by restricting the usage duration of their appliances based on

user-defined time settings. Users are presented with two modes, providing them with

the option to select between Eco mode and normal mode.

 Appendix Figure 4. System Architecture

The system’s architecture features a central black-box unit connecting various

household appliances. This black box includes components such as a CPU, sensors

for monitoring voltage and current, an electricity cutter, and a user interface display.

Users can conveniently monitor power usage and control appliances through the

display interface, facilitating efficient energy management and user interaction via a

mobile application.

System Development

The computer unit to be used in developing the system will have the following

hardware and software specifications: Microsoft Windows 11 Pro 64-bit operating

system, 16 GB DDR4 Dual Ram, AMD Ryzen 5 5600G with Radeon Graphics

CPU@ 3.90 GHz. For backend development, google firebase will be the system's
backend infrastructure and programming the microcontroller(ESP8266) the study will

use Arduino IDE as it being the most popular Microcontroller Development

Environment out there and maximize the benefits of using built in libraries within the

IDE. Firebase offers features such as real-time database, authentication, cloud

storage, hosting, machine learning, and analytics and will be integrated to mobile

application as its backend. Meanwhile for frontend development since for user to

interact the system interaction will be done within the mobile application. For that, the

study will use Android Studio which provides tools for writing code, designing how the

app looks, testing it out, and fixing any problems that might come up during run-time.

Canva will serve as the tool for designing diagrams and TinkerCad for mapping

informational schematic diagrams. This setup ensures efficient development of the

IoT system.

In the development of the software, the researchers will use the Agile

Methodology (See Figure 2.) software development life cycle as their guide in

developing the software which is composed of five (7) phases: Planning, Design,

Develop, Test, Deploy, Review and Launch.

System Testing

Incorporating ESP8266 and utilizing the mobile app, researchers will conduct

testing for the "Development of IoT-based Smart Energy Consumption Monitoring

System for Household Purposes." This entails verifying that the ESP8266 effectively

integrates with the system, allowing seamless communication with the mobile app.

Testing will focus on ensuring that the ESP8266 accurately gathers data on energy

consumption from household devices and appliances. The team will assess the

reliability of data transmission to the mobile app, confirming real-time monitoring

capabilities.
Additionally, performance testing will be conducted to evaluate the system's

responsiveness and stability when utilizing the ESP8266 with the mobile app.

Security measures will also be rigorously tested to safeguard user data and ensure

secure communication between the ESP8266 and the mobile app.

Compatibility testing will verify that the ESP8266 functions smoothly with the mobile

app across various devices and platforms. Any updates or modifications will undergo

reversal testing to ensure they do not compromise the system's functionality or

compatibility.

Moreover, the device will be plugged into our designated "black-box," housing the

necessary components. This black-box serves as a central hub for the system,

facilitating data processing and storage.

Overall, testing will ensure that the integration of ESP8266 with the mobile app,

along with the utilization of the black-box, enhances the functionality and usability of

the smart energy consumption monitoring system, providing users with a reliable and

secure solution for managing household energy usage.