JOURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

APPLICATION OF SYNCHRONIZED PHARSOR

MEASERMENT UNIT IN SMART GRID
1
MRS. CHANDARANI SUTAR , 2 DR. K. S. VERMA, 3
MR. AJAY SHEKHAR PANDEY
1
Associate Professor, RRSIMT , CSJ Nagar, U.P. , India
2
Director , KNIT , Sultanpur , U.P. , India
3
Associate Professor , KNIT , Sultanpur , U.P. , India

[email protected] , [email protected]
ABSTRACT- The term Smart Grid describes the idea of the future power system. The shortage of fossil primary
energy resources has led - under introduction of deregulation and liberalization of the electricity market - to this
new concept of the power system. More local generation, especially from renewable, are already present in the
power systems. This change in generation has influenced the structure of the power system from a centralized to
decentralized one and is the main challenge in its planning and operation. This paper includes the general
perspective of the Smart Grid. The definition of Smart Grid is discussed and the important elements of it are
presented. Furthermore, the distributed energy resources such as wind, PV, CHP are characterized and their
role in the future power system related to Advanced metering Infrastructure ,home area network ,wide area
measurement and control and synchronized phasor measurement units for controlling monitoring phasor
measurements.

Keywords: Smart Grid Control Center, Advanced Metering Microgrids, ,Distributed Generation ,Wide Area
Measurement And Control And PMU,PMU Implementation
.
1 INTRODUCTION: provide a more capable, secure and manageable energy
From the time that Thomas Edison commissioned the provisioning and delivery system.
world’s first power system in 1882 the electric power 2 DEFINING THE SMART GRID
industry has continually moved forward working to A smart grid is a modernized electricity network that
improve the functionality, efficiency and availability of delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using
electricity. Through evolutionary advancements in two-way digital technology to control appliances at
technology the electrical power industry has transformed consumers homes. The overall goal of Smart grids is to
the way we generate, deliver and consume power today. save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and
Smart grid is the term generally used to describe the transparency. Smart grids are being promoted by many
integration of the elements connected to the electrical governments as a way of addressing energy
grid with an information infrastructure to offer numerous independence, global warming and emergency resilience
benefits for both the providers and consumers of issues.
electricity. It is an intelligent future electricity system that Smart Grids make the traditional Electricity grid
connects all supply, grid, and demand elements through ‘intelligent’ by deploying sensors at various points in the
an intelligent communication system. The backbone of a electric supply chain. Smart Grids provide a feedback
successful smart grid operation is a reliable, resilient, mechanism to both customers and providers of energy.
secure, and manageable standards-based open Smart grid to one that functions more intelligently to
communication infrastructure that provides for facilitate advantages:
intelligent linkages between the elements of the grid i) Enables active participation by consumers by
while participating in the decision making that delivers providing choices and incentives to modify electricity
value to the utility and supply and demand entities purchasing patterns and behavior.
connected to it. The Smart Grid is an enhancement to ii) Autonomous control actions to enhance reliability by
our current system, designed to use two-way increasing resiliency against component failures and
communication between appliances and power grids to natural disasters actions.
use electricity more efficiently than ever before giving iii) Efficiency enhancement by maximizing asset
both consumers and producers a boost. This chapter utilization.
presents a definition of the Smart Grid and examines the iv) Resiliency against malicious attacks by virtue of
road ahead to its development, which is only possible better physical and IT security protocols.
when power system organizations work together to v) Integration of renewable resources including solar,
wind, and various types of energy storage.

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Comparison Current grid Smart Grid Fig1.control center in smart grid

None or one-
Communicatio
way Two-way, real-
ns
typically not time
real-time
Customer Limited Extensive
Interaction
Electromechan Digital
Metering
ical
Manual Remote
Operation &
equipment monitoring
Maintenance
checks
Generation Centralized Centralized
and distributed
Comprehensiv
Power Flow
Limited e
Control
Self-healing
Restoration Manual
Radial
Topology
Network
Radial
Network
vi) Real-time communication between the consumer and
utility .
vii) Improved market efficiency.It enables new products,
services, and markets through a flexible market
providing cost benefit tradeoffs to consumers and market Fig.2 Concept of smart grid
participants.
viii) Higher quality of service – free of voltage sags and 4 . APPLICATION DOMAINS
spikes as well as other disturbances and interruptions – to a- Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and
power an increasingly digital economy. Smart Home :Smart meter is two-way
ix) Consumers have more control over the source of their communications. A smart meter would give detailed
power and the price they pay for it. information on usage, and also enable differential
3. COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL pricing-where the consumer would be willed less for
GRIDS AND SMART GRIDS: power consumed lean periods and more in peak
hours. Smart meter in smart grid should mean
detailed information through HAN, displays or web
based programs that give real –timeview of energy
management,which appliances consume the most and
how your home compares others such information
will give people ideas on how to cut energy bills.
At another level with home networking
and smart appliances, it is possible for the smart
meter to automatically which appliances on or off
depending on the load and corresponding instruction
from the utility. This helps the utility in peak load
management. Additionally the utility saves many
man-days spent in meter readings, line connection
and disconnection also losses due to energy theft,
wrong meter readings, technical errors can be
avoided.
After implementing Smart grid AT&C losses could be
reduced to a great extent with improvement in the
reliability and quality of power supply and reduction
of establishment charge and repair and maintenance
expenses. With these improvements there may be a
reduction in tariff structure.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Home Energy Management (HEM) open new 2. Slow extended oscillation monitoring
opportunities for strengthening customer relationship, 3. Voltage stability/transfer capability
managing power loads, defending against new enhancement
competitors and realizing new revenue from value- 4. Line thermal monitoring /dynamic rating
added services. 5. PMU augmented state estimation
b- Distributed Generation / Micro grids:
Transforming the Electricity System to Meet Future
Demand and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Most of the world’s electricity delivery system or
traditional grid was built when energy was relatively
inexpensive. While minor upgrades have been made
to meet increasing demand, the grid still operates the
way it did almost 100 years ago—energy flows over
the grid from central power plants to consumers, and
reliability is ensured by maintaining excess capacity.
Given this information, governments and regulators,
utility companies, and technology firms are
rethinking how the electricity grid should look.
Already, utility companies and governments around
the world are launching efforts to:
i) Increase distributed solar and wind power
generation to increase the electrical supply without
additional greenhouse gas emissions.
ii) Use plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to
generate and consume electric power intelligently
iii)Sequester (scrub and store) the carbon from coal
plant emissions
iv) Use demand management to improve energy
efficiency and reduce overall electricity consumption
v) Monitor and control the energy grid in near-real
time to improve reliability and utilization, reduce Fig. 3 The structure of communication system to
blackouts, and postpone costly new upgrades distribution grid in future
c- Wide-area monitoring and control
Wide-area monitoring and control has been gaining
worldwide interest.This involves gathering data from
and controlling a large region of the grid through the
use of time synchronized phasor measurement units.
Analyzing the ability of the Smart Grid to withstand
outages of a critical infrastructure element and
simulating the effects of various contingency events.
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping: Identifying inter-
area oscillations and modulating voltage to damp out
those oscillations to ensure maximum power transfer
and optimal power flow.
Wide Area Control System for Self Healing Grid
Application:
i)Monitoring Distribution Operations:
ii)Transmission and Distribution Grid Management
iii)Grid monitoring and control.
Evaluating power system behavior to prepare for
combinations of contingency events, prevent wide-
area blackouts and fast recovery from an emergency
state.
Voltage Security: Detecting low voltage conditions Fig.4 Control of distribution system
and initiating corrective action (e.g.,load Example: Fault Analysis of Distribution line [Ref
shed).Voltage, VAR and Watt Control: Adjusting fig.4]
loads with respect to voltage tolerances, eliminating i) Fault occurs on distribution line.
overload. ii) DGT control sends a wireless trip signal from the
The key application areas include substation to the DG site.
1. Phase angle monitoring

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
iii) The trip signal from the substation is received by frequency, megawatts and mega vars for monitored
a DGT control. elements and are to record the RMS value of
iv) The breaker at the DG site trips open and electrical quantities at a rate of at least 6 records per
disconnects the DG from the utility grid. second. DSRs are to be located at key substations for
v) The DGT control at the DG site transmits breaker the power system for
status info back to the utility substation. i) Location of DSRs
ii) Electrical quantities to record Bus
d- Phasor Measurement Units and Recording voltages:
The specific application of Phasor measurement units iii) Frequency:
for disturbance recording with a special emphasis on iv) Record length-
wide area cross-triggering of recording PMUs during v) There are many types of triggers
vents. Disturbance recording or long-term recording available in DSRs, including:
of phasor data provides valuable information when  Magnitude triggers, on voltage, current,
analyzing wide area disturbance and power swings in frequency, real power, reactive power and apparent
the utility system. The value of this equipment is only impedance
realized when discrete records are captured  Rate-of-change triggers on voltage, current,
simultaneously at all points on the power system to frequency, real power, reactive power and apparent
provide a complete snapshot of a specific event. impedance.
Traditional recorders on local triggers to capture the  Harmonic content triggers
data. An individual recorder may not trigger for a  Delta frequency triggers.
specific event or may trigger in a different time frame  Contact triggers
than other recorders on the system and not capture  Symmetrical components trigger.
valuable data. A practical challenge is adding the  Frequency rate-of-change and
disturbance recording function to existing substations
 voltage rate-of-change triggers Real
and relay systems.
power rate-of-change triggers
Installation of PMUs to provide real time
Impedance triggers
measurement of the state of the power system by
streaming highly accurate synchrophasors at a high
v) Sampling rate.-
sampling rate. The PMUs are generally installed at
The minimum sampling rate required is 6Hz.
the same strategic substations that require disturbance
However a higher sampling rate such as 30Hz or
recording. In addition today’s digital relays (such as a
60Hz provides a more accurate picture of the
line distance relay or current differential relay) are
measured electrical quantities during a power system
capable of synchronous phasor measurements. In
event providing frequency responses up to 15 and
addition to streaming data to a centralized database,
30Hz respectively. The term Dynamic Swing
PMUs may have the ability to record data at the PMU
Recorder is a generic term to describe any device
based on local trigger conditions. The record may
capable of capturing RMS or phasor values of
include synchrophasor data as well as additional
electrical quantities. While typically a DSR is simply
analog values and digital status. This recorded data
a function available in a digital fault recorder, other
meets the disturbance recording requirements the
devices may have the capability to capture this type
applicability of synchrophasor data to disturbance
of data. One such device is the Phasor Measurement
recording and the capabilities of PMUs to capture the
Unit (PMU), a device that measures synchrophasors,
appropriate data.
a highly accurate time-synchronized phasor
Disturbance recording is defined as recording of
measurement. The typical PMU is designed to
phasor or RMS values of data over a long period of
communicate these synchrophasors to system
time. Disturbance recording is intended to show the
operators for real-time control of the power system.
response of the power system and equipment due to
However, some PMUs have the ability to trigger on
power system faults such as an out-of-step condition
system abnormality and record synchrophasor data to
as opposed to power equipment faults such as a short
meet the requirements of disturbance recording.
circuit. The time interval for these long term events
PMUs as Disturbance Recorders
can range from 1 second (in the case of a fault and
PMUs as Disturbance recorders:
high-speed reclose) to many minutes (in the case of
An Ac waveform can be mathematically represent by
system oscillations). The fast sample rates (30 to 60
the equation :
phasors per second) of today’s synchrophasor based
x(t)=Xm cos(ωt+θ) (Eq .1)
disturbance recording devices can be used to analyze
Where Xm =magnitude of the sinusoidal waveform.
both power system faults and the more traditional
ω=2*π *f where f is the instantaneous frequency.
power equipment faults.
θ=Angular starting point for the waveform.Note that
The term Dynamic Swing Recorder is also often used
syncrophasor is referenced to the cosine function .In
to describe a device that captures disturbance data
a phasor notation this wave form is typically
over a long period of time. DSRs are to be situated at
represented as
key locations are to record voltage, current,

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X¯=Xm θ
Since in the syncrophasor definition, correlation with
the equivalent RMS quantity is desired. A scale factor
of 1/√2 must be applied to the magnitude which
result in the phasor representation as : X¯=Xm/√2
θ.

Fig.5 Synchrophasor definition

The value of disturbance recording to analyze the

response of the power system to power system faults
is well established. Recording require utilities to
capture RMS or phasor values of voltage, current,
frequency, and power to analyze power system faults.
Phasor measurements with recording capabilities are
ideal devices to provide disturbance recording. The
explicitly time-synchronized synchrophasors data
meets the accuracy requirements and time IEEE14 Bus PMU Placement using PSAT
requirements. The real strength of using PMUs for
disturbance recording is the ability to easily support 6.CASE STUDY :
wide area recording using existing communications Another approach for PMU placement using
networks. Capturing data at various points on the spanning trees of power systems graphs has been
system provides better analysis of system proposed by Nuqui and Phadke. Here,In this paper a
performance during power system faults. The simulated mehods has been used to add constraints
challenges of synchronizing data are eliminated, as on the PMU placement algorithm. Performance of
each piece of data is explicitly time synchronized. IEEE 14 Bus model for optimal placement using
Cross-triggering signals are sent via non proprietary PSAT is used as a simulation tool for analyzing PMU
communications. implementing methods .Results are carried out for
5. e-. APPLICATIONS OF PMU DATA FOR placement of one PMU,three PMU randomly on any
ANALYSIS buses and optimal pmu placement. The Static report
Synchrophasor technology has the potential to greatly provides power flow through different methods and
improve operators ability to conduct real time grid state variables,total P,Q and plots of
operations and detect and respond to potential thita,frequency,voltage magnitude are calculated for
disturbances. Phasor systems and data will help IEEE 14 bus.
operators and planners improve: GLOBAL SUMMARY REPORT
 Wide-area visibility and situational TOTAL GENERATION
awareness REAL POWER [p.u.] 3.679
 Static and dynamic models at the system REACTIVE POWER [p.u.] 1.698
level and for individual grid assets (e.g., power TOTAL LOAD
plants) REAL POWER [p.u.] 3.4216
 Design of SPS/RAS schemes and other REACTIVE POWER [p.u.] 0.9772
system controls using local and wide-area control TOTAL LOSSES
REAL POWER [p.u.] 0.25738
 signals
REACTIVE POWER [p.u.] 0.72078
 Dynamic security assessment
 Decision support systems to reposition the
grid to improve operational security and resiliency.
 Distance Relay Performance during Small
Disturbances.

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7.COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT METHOD IEEE conference on transmission and distribution
FOR THREE SET OPTIMAL PLACEMENT new ORLEANS April2010
PMU [2] Management and control of domestic smart
grid technology Albert molderink, IEEE transaction
Method Elapse Numb Placement smart grid Vol-1 Sept 2010
d er of [3] Internet based phasor measurement system
time PMUs for phase control of synchronous islands David M
Laverty IEEE
Depth First 0.031s 6 1,4,6,8,10,14 [4] Wide – area frequency monitoring network
Architecture and Applications IEEE Transactions on
Graph 0.046 s 5 1,4,6,10,14 SMART GRID, Vol. 1.NO.2. Sept 2010.
theory [5] Next generation monitoring, analysis and
control for the future smart control centre IEEE
Simulated 0.531 s 4 1,4,6,9 Transactions on SMART GRID, Vol. 1.NO.2. Sept
Annealing 2010.
[6] A hybrid smart AAAAC to DC power
Re- 0.719 s 3 1,6,9 system IEEE Transactions on SMART GRID ,Vol.
spanning 1.NO.2. Sept 2010.
tree [7] Management and control of domestic smart
Direct 0.109 s 4 2,7,11,13 grid technology IEEE Transactions on SMART
spanning GRID, Vol. 1.NO.2. Sept 2010.
tree [8] R. F. Nuqui, A. G, Phadke, “Phasor
Mini(N- 0.187 s 8 2,5,6,7,9,10,13, Measurement Unit Placement Techniques for
1)spanning 14 Complete and Incomplete Observability,” IEEE
Tree Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2381
– 2388, October 2005.
Direct 0.0465 9 2,3,4,5,6,7,10,1 [9] Synchronized Phasor Measurement sand
(N1)spannin 3,14 Their Applications, A.G. Phadke • J.S. Thorp
g tree [10] Practical Considerations for Implementing
Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control , Elmo
In this research paper,cost of PMU placement is taken Price, ABB Inc., 2006 IEEE 59th Annual Conference
as objective function.Objective function is minimized for Protective Relay Engineers
as per constraints observability of system. [11] Qiao Li, Student Member, IEEE, Rohit
8. CONCLUSION: Negi, Member, IEEE, and Marija,” Phasor
i) Rising fuel costs, under investment in an aging Measurement Units Placement for Power System
infrastructure, and climate change are all converging State Estimation: A GreedyApproach”, IEEE
to create a turbulent period for the electrical power-
generation industry. As utility companies prepare to
meet growing demand, greenhouse gas emissions
from electricity generation with committed
generation capacity may soon surpass those from all
distributed energy sources with micro grids.
ii)Smart grid benefits for Advanced smart metering,
high power quality, accommodates generation
options, load adjustment, wide area measurement and
control with PMUs and SCADA system, consumer
participation, Demand response support,cyber
security and many more for fulfilling consumers
demand.
iiiThe technology and necessary standards for the
measurement and communication of synchronized
phasor measurements units are becoming available
across a range of operating platforms. The need and
potential applications of synchrophasor technology is
evolving in parallel will be needed in order to
maintain stable operation of the electric power grid of
the future smart grid.
9. REFERENCES
[1] Towards intelligent smart grid devices with
IEC 61850 Interoperability open control architecture,

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