LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Classify minerals by crystallographic systems 1 and recognize symmetry elements. Analyze physical properties to differentiate 2 minerals. Investigate formation processes, origins, and 3 occurrences of key rock-forming minerals in India. MINERALOGY NOT ALL ROCKS ARE MINERALS COMPARISON OF MINERALOGY IN CONSTRUCTION TO LEGO SYMMETRY ELEMENTS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
study of regularity of f form, and of the internal structure of the mineral to which it is related CRYSTAL SYSTEMS ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY TWINNING
one part of a crystal has grown or has been deformed
such that its atomic structure is rotated or reversed compared with the other part. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Minerals are essential components of rocks and the Earth's structure. They can be identified using a number of properties. COLOR Color is not constant in most of the minerals and commonly the color is due to stain or impurities in the minerals some minerals show peculiar phenomena connected with color. Purple quartz, known as amethyst, and clear quartz are Azurite is often the same mineral despite the distinguished by its different colors. bright blue color. LUSTER Luster is a description of how much a mineral reflects light. There are two main kinds of luster: metallic (shiny) and nonmetallic (dull). Luster is also related to atomic structure and bonding within the mineral itself: metallic lusters tend to correspond with ionic bonds and nonmetallic lusters with covalent The amethyst shown here is an excellent example of vitreous luster. bonds. HARDNESS Hardness is a mineral’s resistance to scratching, and shows the strength of a mineral’s atomic bonds. Diamond is the hardest mineral in the world due to its tight atomic packing and If you scratched your fingernail on one of these strong covalent bonds. gypsum crystals, the crystal would have a scratch on it because your fingernail is harder. HARDNESS
Hardness is determined on the basis of Moh's relative scale of hardness exhibited by some common minerals. CLEAVAGE Cleavage is the tendency for a mineral to break into smooth planes. This is governed again by the internal structure of the mineral, because breakages occur along weak planes between atoms. If you smashed this smithsonite, it would break into a bunch of rounded bubbles because of its cleavage. STREAK The streak, which is the color of the mineral powder, is more nearly constant than the color. Commonly examined by using a small ceramic tile called a streak plate and scratching the mineral across its surface.
Whether its luster is metallic or
earthy, hematite will always have a reddish tint to its streak because of its iron content. CRYSTAL FORM Crystal form refers to the external shape of a mineral’s crystals.
Some minerals have distinctive forms aiding in identification (e.g.,
quartz forms hexagonal prisms, halite forms cubic crystals). ROCK FORMING MINERALS QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR FAMILIES QUARTZ Also known as Silicon Dioxide Crystal that is named from German Word “Quarz”. Colorless through various colors (pink, orange, purple, dark brown) to black Used for watches and clocks OCCURRENCE OF QUARTZ When magma cools, quartz develops in igneous rocks. Silicon dioxide will crystallize when it cools, just like water does when it becomes ice. In general, huge crystals can develop when cooling slowly. OCCURENCE OF QUARTZ World’s Producers of Quartz are: Japan Russia China In the Philippines we have Nueva Vizcaya FORMATION PROCESS OF QUARTZ Biotite made of 2 most abundant chemical elements on Earth: Silicon and Oxygen FELDSPAR contains aluminum, silicon and oxygen with varying amount of lakali or potassium derives from the German Feldspat, a compound of the words Feld ("field") and Spat ("flake"). aluminosilicate minerals, usually seen in Sedimentary Rocks the most abundant group of minerals in the Earth's crust, making up about 50-60% of all rocks. OCCURRENCE OF FELDSPAR The main sources of feldspar are pegmatite deposits, granite, and gneiss. used for glasses. used in the production of fertilizers FORMATION PROCESS OF FELDSPAR Feldspar is made through various geological processes, including the cooling of magma in igneous rocks, transformation during metamorphism, weathering, and sedimentation DIFFERENCE OF QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR
Chemical Composition Quartz has tigonal crystal system while Feldspar has a more complex crystal structure Quartz is harder than Feldspar. With mohs hardness of 7, whilst Feldspar is soluble in water. AUGITE AND HORNBLENDE AUGITE is named after the Greek word augites, which means "brightness". Dark green, brown or black luster. Occurs chiefly as thick, tabular crystals. Has two prominent cleavages, meeting at angles near 90 degrees. OCCURRENCE OF AUGITE
typically found in mafic and
intermediate igneous rocks, and in ultramafic rocks. can also be found in some metamorphic rocks formed at high temperatures. Ultramafic rocks are igneous rocks with extremely low silica composition, being made of almost all olivine and pyroxene FORMATION PROCESS OF AUGITE
Augite is generated during the process of igneous crystallization but can also form as a result of metamorphism. HORNBLENDE Hornblende is a term used to describe a group of dark- colored amphibole minerals . Dark color (typically black) Has two excellent cleavage directions that cross at about 120 and 60 degrees. OCCURRENCE OF HORNBLENDE it is found in acidic and intermediate igneous rocks. It is also present in metamorphic rocks. It is the most prevalent mineral in amphibolite.
It can form on Earth's surface as lava cools Can also form beneath the Earth's surface as a result of increased pressure and heat. USES Has very few uses but is abundant in amphibolite which can be used as: highway and train ballast dimension stone building facing, floor tiles, countertops, and other architectural applications Amphibolite DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AUGITE AND HORNBLENDE
Hornblende forms approximately 120°/60° cleavages and augite forms approximately 90° cleavages. Hornblende generates highly black and lustrous cleavages, whereas augite forms duller black and less reflecting cleavages. BIOTITE AND MUSCOVITE MUSCOVITE
Belongs to the mica family
of minerals and also called Potash Mica or White Mica. Colorless, white or silver It has a perfect cleavage MUSCOVITE OCCURRENCE OF MUSCOVITE
Is found in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks ORIGIN OF MUSCOVITE Muscovites’ name originated from ‘Muscovy’. Muscovy glass FORMATION PROCESS OF MUSCOVITE Muscovite can form during the regional metamorphism of argillaceous rocks. Metamorphism is the transformation of existing rock with a different mineral composition or texture. The word “Metamorphism” comes from the Greek word meta=after, morph=form, so metamorphism means the after form. USES OF GROUND MUSCOVITE Mostly muscovite is used to make a variety of products such as: Joint Compound Paint Plastics Rubber Asphalt Roofing Cosmetics BIOTITE Another common group of sheet silicate minerals within the mica family also called Black Mica. Dark green, brown or black It also has a perfect cleavage OCCURRENCE OF BIOTITE
Found in a wide range of
metamorphic rocks Occurs in the lava of Mount Vesuvius, at Monzoni, and many other European locations. FORMATION PROCESS OF BIOTITE Biotite originated by reaction of chlorite, muscovite and ilmenite. CALCITE AND GARNET PROPERTIES CALCITE Calcite isn't a rock. Calcite is a mineral. Most rocks which contain calcite are sedimentary rocks, as calcite is fairly soft and easily transformed by pressure, temperature, or the presence of water. Calcite mineral forms rocks and has the chemical formula CaCO3. (Calcium carbonate). It belongs to the group of carbonate minerals. CALCITE Geologist called or consider it as "ubiquitous mineral" There is one type of calcite, which is Optical Spar or Iceland Spar a highly transparent calcite.
Optical Calcite (Iceland Spar)
FORMATION Carbonate minerals such dolomiite, Magnesite, aragonate form wherever the water is supersaturated with calcium and carbonate. Calcite usually form in sedimentary environment (found in bodies of water) Where microscopic living marine organisms extract and dissolved calcium and carbonate ion from seawater to build shell and skeleton. FORMATION It forms from the accumulation of calcite-rich shells, coral fragments, and other organic debris. When that organism die. their remain fall into the ocean floor until such time that they will be alot of them and accumulate. Over time, the pressure from overlying sediments compacts these materials, and the minerals cement together to form calcite. FACTS Name calcite is derived from the Greek word chalix, meaning "lime" It is one of the most common minerals on the face of the Earth, comprising about 4% by weight of the Earth's crust PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Pure calcite is transparent and colorless but also occurs in white, gray, yellow, orange, red, brown, black, or rarely, also blue. Defines the hardness 3 on Moh's scale with specific gravity 2.71 g/cm3 USES Calcite is the main component of limestone and marble. it can be used in construction in the form of limestone and marble. Calcite was used in some of the first paints. Used in modern construction to Calcite Powder make cement and concrete. GARNET Garnet is the name given to a group of chemically and physically similar silica minerals. Garnet is the name used for a huge group of rock-producing minerals Garnets are isostructural, meaning they all share the same crystal structure. This leads to similar crystal shapes and properties FORMATION Most of the time, garnet crystals form in metamorphic rocks. Garnets are formed due to intense temperatures and pressure. And then the isomorphous minerals that form a series with each other until they form and mixed into a single crystal Generally, garnets are found in rocks that form under these same conditions. Because this group of minerals forms under high temperatures and pressures, the surrounding rock is left with an imprint of this great stress. FACTS Its name, which has been used since these ancient times, was derived from the Latin word granatium, which means pomegranate or red. The original name was actually granat, but in time the name morphed into the name garnet. FACTS The most commonly found garnets are typically red to reddish-brown in color, but they can also occur in shades of orange, yellow, green, purple, and even colorless varieties. due to different elements present Garnets generally have a hardness ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making them suitable for jewelry use and industrial applications. Specific gravity between 3.4 and 4.3 USES One of the most well-known uses of garnet is as a gemstonefor jewellery and ornaments and as abrasives Garnet’s hardness and durability make it an excellent material for industrial abrasives. It is used in abrasive blasting, waterjet cutting, and sandpaper. Water jet cutting , Abrasive/blasting media , Water/solvent filtration, Abrasive powders, Other COAL AND PETROLEUM COAL AND PETROLEUM Coal and petroleum are formed as a result of degradation of ancient plant life which lived millions of years ago. These dead plant matter started to pile up, eventually forming a substance called peat. Over time, heat and pressure from geological processes transformed these materials into coal. Since these are formed from essentially fossils, they are also known as fossil fuels. HOW IS COAL FORMED Coal formation dates back millions of years to moist forests withered away, leading to the accumulation of dead plants in swamps. This resulted in a thick layer of decomposed matter, which was then cooled by heat and temperature, leaving carbon-rich layers, resulting in the formation of coal over time. TYPES OF COAL Coal formed can be of three types depending on the amount of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen they contain. They are: Lignite Bituminous Anthracite USES OF COAL It is mainly used as a fuel in industries situated near coal processing plants. Earlier, it was used as a source of light. In the year 1820, it was used in London as street lighting. Now, it is more commonly used to provide heat for domestic and industrial purposes. HOW IS PETROLEUM FORMED? Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of years with high temperature, high pressure and in absence of air transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas. PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM Gasoline Petroleum coke Diesel oil Lubricants Kerosene Special Naphthas Tar Paraffin wax Heavy fuel oil Aviation Gasoline USES OF PETROLEUM Petroleum is one of the most important and widely used fuels in today’s time. Some of its advantages are: These are transportation fuels, i.e, via air, water or land. Diesel is used to power turbines for the production of electricity in large scale industries. USES OF PETROLEUM Oil is used to produce electricity at homes and shops. Oils help lubricate different types of high-end machines used in different industries, hospitals, etc. Kerosene is used for domestic purposes at home. Used by chemical industries to produce plastic, dyes, paints, synthetic rubber, pesticides, perfumes, etc.
