GROUP 1 PRESSENTATION

MEMBERS:
JL MALILAY
JANETT UYANGUREN JUSTIN DELOS ANGELES LUCKY BOSITA
ANLYN BUENAVENTURA KENNETH DELOS ANGELES MHAE SILANGA
DENISS JOHN KLARENCE FACTURAN ROJEN SANAO
GREG MACALALAD MARK KEVIN MADURAL ZM PUGAL
JAYNARD ABANDO KRIZEL FAITH PATACSIL
JEREMIE GARBIDA
 MINERALOGY
What is MINERALOGY?
-Is the systematic study that extensively covers description,
crystallography, physical, chemical and environmental features of all
minerals.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

-Physical properties of minerals have distinguishing physical properties that in most cases can be used to
determine the identity of the mineral. Physical properties of minerals are important and useful diagnostic parameters.
They are used to identify minerals macroscopicallylsotropism.

Minerals are grouped according to their physical properties, which maybe direction dependent.

ANISOTROPIC
- In a single crystal, the physical and mechanical properties often with orientation. It can be seen from looking at
our models of crystalline structure the atoms should be able to slip over one another or distort in relation to one
another easier in some directions than others. When the properties of mineral vary with different crystallographic
orientations, the material is said to be anisotropic.
ISOTROPIC
- Alternate, when the properties of all minerals are the same in all directions, the materials is said to be isotropic.
For many polycrystalline materials the grain orientations are random before any working (deformation) of the material
is done. Therefore, even if the individual grains are anisotropic, the property differences tend to average out and,
overall, the is isotropic. When a material is formed, the grains are usually distorted and elongated in one or more
directions which makes the material anisotropic. Material forming will be discussed later but let’s continue discussing
crystalline structure at the atomic level.

POLYMORPHISM
- Physical properties of minerals are directly related to their atomic structure, bonding forces and chemical
composition. Bonding forces of electrical forces exist between the atoms and ions are related to the type of element,
and the distance between them in the crystalline structure. Thus, minerals having same chemical composition may
show different crystal structure ( as a function of changes in P & T or both). So being crystallized in different symmetry
systems they exhibit different physical properties, this is called polymorphism. These minerals are said to be
polymorphous. They may be Dimorphic, Trimorphic or Polymorphic according to the number of mineral species
present in their group.
CHARACTERS DEPENDING UPON….

 Cohesion and Elasticity

 Specific Gravity
 Light
 Magnetism
 Senses
 Crystal and Aggregates Habits

COHESION AND ELASTICITY

Cohesion: The force of attraction existing between molecules. It shows resistance to any external influence that
tends to separates them, eg., breaking or scratching the surface of solid mineral. Cohesion force is related to bonding
force.
Elasticity: The force that tends to restore the molecules of a body into their original position from which they been
disturbed.

The result of cohesion and elasticity in a mineral appears as Cleavage, Parting, Fracture, Hardiness tenacity Cleavage
Tendency of crystalline mineral to break in certain directions yielding more or less smooth planar surfaces. These
planes of lowest bond energy have minimum value of cohesion. An amorphous body of course has no cleavage.
Cleavage planes are usually // to the crystallographic planes. Exceptions: Cal, Flu.

1. Good, distinct, perfect

2. Fair, indistinct, imperfect
3. Poor, in traces, difficult

Being related to the atomic structure of mineral, cleavage may be in several directions and depending on the force of
cohesion some of them may be more developed than the others. So they are classified according to their distinction and
smoothness:

PARTING
Obtained when the mineral is subjected to external force. The mineral breaks along planes of structural weakness.
The weakness may result from pressure, twinning and glide planes are usually the direction of easy parting. Parting
resembles cleavage. However, unlike cleavage, parting may not be shown by all individuals of the mineral species.
Parting is not continuous on crystals.
FRACTURE
If the mineral contains no planes of weakness, it will break along random directions called fracture.

Conchoidal: smooth fracture (Qua, glass) Fibrous and splintery: sharp pointed fibers ( Asbestos, Serpentines),
Uneven or irregular: rough and irregular surfaces, Even: more or less smooth surfaces, may resemble cleavage,
Hackly: jagged fractures with very sharp edges (Mat). Hardness
The resistance that smooth surface of a mineral offers to scratching (H) This ia an indirect measure of the
bond strength in mineral. Hardness is determined by scratching the minerals.
 STUDY THE FOLLOWING ROCKS FORMATION MINERALS

QUARTZ FAMILY
- Is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen, with a chemical composition of Si02. it is the most abundant
mineral in Earth’s crust and is resistant.
- Quartz belongs in the mineral group silicates. It is composed of silica and oxygen. The silicate mineral
group is divided into 6 subsections include quartz, feldspar, mica, amphilbole, pyroxene, and olivine.
FELDSPAR FAMILY
- Is a group of crystalline minerals that consists of aluminum silicates with either potassium, sodium, calcium, or
barium and that are essential constituent of nearly all crystalline rocks.
- the mineral name feldspar is derived from the German words “FELDS & PAR”. The feldspar are by far the most
abundant group of minerals and are found in igneous, metamorphic and many sedimentary rocks.

FELDSPAR GROUP OF MINERALS

Physical Properties

 Form: tabular- occurs as slabs of uniform thickness

 Color: generally white, pale gray or pale red, green, brown and other colors may also occur.
Orthoclase- white and red
Microcline- pink or bright green
Plagioclase- gray or white color
Any color, however, it is not diagnostic property.
 Streak: white or pale body
 Lustre: vitreous
 Fracture: even to uneven
 Cleavage: two sets one set is better developed, two sets are mutually perpendicular
 Hardness: 6
 Density: medium, Potash Feldspar- 2.57, Plagioclase feldspars – 2,606 (albite) – 2.765( anorthite)
 Degree of transparency: not opaque

OCCURANCE
Feldspar and their products of weathering are noticed in all three group of rocks.
 Igneous rocks: Alkali feldspars in acidic rocks (Granite, syenites and trachytes)
Plagioclase in basic rocks (Basalt, diorites and andesites)
 Sedimentary rocks: present as clay (product of weathering of feldspars) shales.
 Metamorphic rocks: gneisses rich in feldspar content.
AUGITE
- Augite is a rock forming mineral that commonly occurs in mafic and intermediate igneous rocks. Most widespread
member of the pyroxene group, and it frequently alters to many other minerals. Usually occurs in dull crystal that are ugly and
uninteresting.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AUGITE

 COMPOSITION – Silicate of calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum. Occasionally with zinc, manganese,
and impurities.
 COLOR – Green, grayish-green, greenish brown, dark brown, black

 STREAK – White to gray to very pale green.

 LUSTER – Vitreous on cleavage and crystal faces. Dull on other
surfaces.
 HARDNESS – 5-6
 DIAPHANEITY– Usually translucent to opaque. Rarely transparent.
 CLEAVAGE- Prismatic at cleavage angles of 87º and 93º
 TENACITY- Brittle
 FRACTURE- Uneven to splintery
 ROCK TYPE- Igneous, Metamorphic
USES
 Augite does not have any physical, optical, or chemical properties that make it especially useful.
 Augite is only of interest to mineral collectors.
HORNBLENDE
- Is a complex inosilicate series of minerals. It is not a recognized mineral in its own right, but the
name is used as a general or field term, to refer to a dark amphibole. Hornblende mineral are common in
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
BIOTITE
Biotite is a name used for a large group of black mica minerals that are commonly found in igneous
and metamorphic rocks. These include annite, phlogopite, fluorannite, eastonite, and many others.
A general chemical composition for the biotite group is: k(Mg,Fe)3(AISI3O10)(F,OH)2. Biotite from
Bancroft, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.

USES OF BIOTITE
Biotite has a small number of commercial uses. Ground mica is used as a filler and extender in paints,
as an additive to drilling muds, as an inert filler and mold-release agent in rubber products, and as anon-stick
surface coating on asphalt shingles and rolled roofing.
MUSCOVITE
Also called common mica, potash mica or isinglass, abundant silicate mineral that contains potassium and
aluminum. Muscovite is the most common member of the mica group. Because of its perfect cleavage, it can occur in
thin, transparent, but durable sheets.

What type of rocks is muscovite?

Muscovite is the most common mica, found in granites, pegmatites, gneisses, and schists, and as a contact
metamorphic rock or as a secondary mineral resulting from the alteration of topaz, feldspar, kyanite, etc. it is
characteristic of peraluminous rock, in which the content of aluminum is relatively high.

How do you identify muscovite?

In general, keys to identifying muscovite are its low relief, lock of color, mica habit and cleavage, and second order
interference colorless.
Color- usually colorless, less commonly pale green and slightly pleochroic.
Habit and cleavage- often appears as tabs or long skinny flakes which may be bent.

The crystal structure of muscovite (figure 7.1) consist of 2:1 layers or tetrahedral- octahedral- tetrahedral (TOT) layers
bonded together by large interlayer cation. Within the tetrahedral sheet, individual tetrahedra are linked with neighboring
tetrahedra through the sharing of basal oxygens (bridging oxygen/ Obr).
Muscovite can form during the regional metamorphism of argillaceous rocks. The heat and pressure of
metamorphism transforms clay minerals onto tiny grains of mica which enlarge as metamorphism progresses.
What is Calcite? Calcite is a rock-forming mineral with a chemical formula of CaCO3. Some
geologists consider it to be a "ubiquitous mineral" - one that is found
everywhere. Calcite is the principal constituent of limestone and marble.
These rocks are extremely common and make up a significant portion of
Earth's crust. They serve as one of the largest carbon repositories on our
planet. The properties of calcite make it one of the
most widely used minerals. It is used as a construction material, abrasive,
agricultural soil treatment, construction aggregate, pigment, pharmaceutical
and more. It has more uses than almost any other mineral.
Properties Of Calcite

Usually white but also colorless, gray, red, green,

blue, yellow, brown, orange

COLOR
STREAK WHITE

LUSTER VITREOUS

DIAPHANEITY TRANSPARENT TO
TRANSLUCENT
Cleavage Rhombohedral, three directions
 

Mohs Hardness 3

Properties

Diagnostic Specific Gravity Rhombohedral cleavage, powdered form effervesces

weakly in dilute HCl, curved crystal faces and
frequent twinning
Chemical Composition
 Trigonal

Crystal System

Acid neutralization, a low-hardness abrasive, soil

conditioner, heated for the production of lime,
Modern construction uses calcite in the form of
limestone and marble

Uses
Garnets
- are opaque, transparent to translucent minerals that can be found as individual crystals, pebbles, or clumps of
inter-grown crystals. Garnets are most commonly found with reddish shades, but can be, orange, yellow, green,
purple, brown, blue, black, pink, and colorless. Most garnet forms at convergent plate boundaries where shale is
being acted upon by metamorphism.
 
Garnet is a type of silicate minerals which all species of garnets possess physical and crystal form, but differ
in chemical composition. It can be found all over the world and each type will be in different locations. Geologist
used garnet to gauge pressure and temperature of the surrounding rocks endured.
 
Fun Facts About Garnet:
 
January's Birthstone
Garnet is January's birthstone and the gemstone for the 2nd wedding anniversary.
 
The name “garnet” comes from the Latin word granatus, which means pomegranate.
 
The term “garnet” actually refers to a variety of gemstones.
Formation of Minerals
 
-In order for a mineral crystal to grow, the elements needed to make it must be present in the
appropriate proportions, the physical and chemical conditions must be favorable, and there must be sufficient
time for the atoms to become arranged.
 
Physical and chemical conditions include factors such as temperature, pressure, presence of water, pH,
and amount of oxygen available. Time is one of the most important factors because it takes time for atoms to
become ordered. If time is limited, the mineral grains will remain very small. The presence of water enhances
the mobility of ions and can lead to the formation of larger crystals over shorter time periods.
 
Most of the minerals that make up the rocks around us formed through the cooling of molten rock,
known as magma. At the high temperatures that exist deep within Earth, some geological materials are
liquid. As magma rises up through the crust, either by volcanic eruption or by more gradual processes, it
cools and minerals crystallize. If the cooling process is rapid (minutes, hours, days, or years), the
components of the minerals will not have time to become ordered and only.
 Small crystals can form before the rock becomes solid. The resulting rock will be fine-grained (i.e., crystals
less than 1 mm). If the cooling is slow (from decades to millions of years), the degree of ordering will be higher
and relatively large crystals will form. In some cases, the cooling will be so fast (seconds) that the texture will
be glassy, which means that no crystals at all form. Volcanic glass is not composed of minerals because the
magma has cooled too rapidly for crystals to grow, although over time (millions of years) the volcanic glass
may crystallize into various silicate minerals.
 
Minerals can also form in several other ways:
 
Precipitation from aqueous solution (i.e., from hot water flowing underground, from evaporation of a lake
or inland sea, or in some cases, directly from seawater)Precipitation from gaseous emanations (e.g., in
volcanic regions as shown in Figure 2.1)
Metamorphism
- formation of new minerals directly from the elements within existing minerals under conditions of
elevated temperature and pressure.
Weathering
- during which minerals unstable at Earth’s surface may be altered to other minerals Organic
formation.
- formation of minerals within shells (primarily calcite) and teeth and bones (primarily apatite) by
organisms (these organically formed minerals are still called minerals because they can also form
inorganically)
 
Opal is a mineraloid, because although it has all of the other properties of a mineral, it does not have a
specific structure. Pearl is not a mineral because it can only be produced by organic processes.
COAL AND PETROLEUM 

Coal
-is a readily combustible rock containing more than 50% by weight of carbon. Coal formed can be of three
types depending on the amount of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen they contain. They are: Lignite, Bituminous,
Anthracite.
How Is Coal Formed?
 
-Formation of coal dates back to millions of years ago, when the earth was covered only with vast moist
forests, having huge trees, shrubs, ferns, etc. These plants underwent their life cycle and withered away,
eventually falling back to the ground, most of which were swamps. New plants replaced them, they underwent a
life cycle and the whole process continued repeatedly over the years, as a result of which the earth bed started
accumulating all these dead plants.
-This gave rise to a very thick layer of dead decomposed matter packing down plant matter washing away
all the decayed matter. Physical and chemical changes took place as a result of heat and temperature extracting
out all oxygen leaving the plant layers with carbon-rich content, thus resulting in the formation of coal over a
period of time.
PETROLIUM
is one of the most important and widely used fuels in today’s time. Some of its advantages are: 
These are transportation fuels, i.e, via air, water or land.
Diesel is used to power turbines for the production of electricity in large scale industries. Oil is used to produce
electricity at homes and shops. Oils help lubricate different types of high-end machines used in different
industries, hospitals, etc. Kerosene is used for domestic purposes at home. Used by chemical industries to
produce plastic, dyes, paints, synthetic rubber, pesticides, perfumes, etc.
 
Petroleum products are obtained as a result of refining crude oil in oil refineries. There are numerous
products that are created from petroleum and its by-products. A study reveals that by-products of petroleum
alone provides scope to obtain 6000+ new products, to name a few, fertilizers, perfumes, flooring, insecticides,
soaps, vitamins, petroleum jelly, etc.
 
A few of the products obtained from petroleum are:
 
Gasoline, Diesel oil, Kerosene,TarHeavy fuel oil, Petroleum, coke, Lubricants, Special, Naphthas Paraffin wax
Aviation Gasoline
 
Other information about Coal and Petroleum
Coal and petroleum are categorized as fuel minerals. Fuel minerals are mainly three types namely
coal, petroleum and natural gas. These are carbonaceous fuels. These are extracted from earth and are
formed by fossil decomposition and are hence called fossil fuels. Fuel minerals are minerals that can be
used for fuel. They are carbonaceous fuels stripped from the earth. There are three main types of fuel
minerals and they are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These are also known as fossil fuels.
THANK YOU