Muscular System connective tissue, constitutes

approximately 40% of body weight.

Types of Muscles
 Skeletal muscle is so named
1. Skeletal because many of the muscles are
o attached to bones attached to the skeletal system.
o striated  Some skeletal muscles attach to
o voluntarily controlled the skin or connective tissue
2. Cardiac sheets
o located in the heart  Skeletal muscle is also called
o striated striated muscle because
o involuntarily controlled transverse bands, or striations, can
3. Smooth be seen in the muscle under the
o Located in blood vessels, microscope.
hollow organs  Individual skeletal muscles, such
o Non-striated as the biceps brachii, are complete
o involuntarily controlled organs, as a result of being
comprised of several tissues:
Functions
muscle, nerve, and connective
1. Movement tissue
2. Maintain posture
Connective Tissue Coverings
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat  Each skeletal muscle is surrounded
5. Communication by a connective tissue sheath
6. Heart beat called the epimysium.
7. Contraction of organs and vessels  A skeletal muscle is subdivided
into groups of muscle cells, termed
Properties of Muscles
fascicles.
1. Contractility - the ability of muscle  Each fascicle is surrounded by a
to shorten forcefully, or contract connective tissue covering, termed
2. Excitability - the capacity of the perimysium.
muscle to respond to a stimulus  Each skeletal muscle cell (fiber) is
3. Extensibility - the ability to be surrounded by a connective tissue
stretched beyond its normal resting covering, termed the endomysium
length and still be able to contract
Muscle Fiber Structure
4. Elasticity - the ability of the muscle
to recoil to its original resting  A muscle fiber is a single
length after it has been stretched cylindrical cell, with several nuclei
located at its periphery.
Skeletal Muscle Structure
 Muscle fibers range in length 1 cm
 Skeletal muscle, or striated to 30 cm and are generally 0.15
muscle, with its associated mm in diameter.
  Skeletal muscle fibers contain
several nuclei that are located at
the periphery of the fiber.
 The sarcolemma (cell membrane)
has many tubelike inward folds,
called transverse tubules, or T
tubules.
 T tubules occur at regular intervals
along the muscle fiber and extend
into the center of the muscle fiber.
 The T tubules are associated with
enlarged portions of the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum called the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 The enlarged portions are called
terminal cisternae.
Sarcomere
 T tubules connect the sarcolemma
to the terminal cisternae to form a  The sarcomere is the basic
muscle triad structural and functional unit of a
 The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a skeletal muscle because it is the
relatively high concentration of smallest portion of a skeletal
Ca2+, which plays a major role in muscle capable of contracting.
muscle contraction.  Z disks form a network of protein
 The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is fibers that both serve as an anchor
called the sarcoplasm, which for actin myofilaments and
contains many bundles of protein separate one sarcomere from the
filaments. next.
 Bundles of protein filaments are  A sarcomere extends from one Z
called myofibrils. disk to the next Z disk.
 Myofibrils consist of the
Smooth Muscle
myofilaments, actin and myosin.
 Smooth muscle cells are non-
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
striated small, spindle-shaped
muscle cells, usually with one
nucleus per cell.
 The myofilaments are not
organized into sarcomeres.
 The cells comprise organs
controlled involuntarily, except the
heart.
  Neurotransmitter substances,
hormones, and other substances
can stimulate smooth muscle.

Cardiac Muscle

 Cardiac muscle cells are long,

striated, and branching, with
usually only one nucleus per cell.
 Cardiac muscle is striated as a
result of the sarcomere
arrangement.
 Cardiac muscle contraction is
autorhythmic.
 Cardiac muscle cells are
connected to one another by
specialized structures that include
desmosomes and gap junctions
called intercalated disks.
 Cardiac muscle cells function as a
single unit in that action potential
in one cardiac muscle cell can
stimulate action potentials in
adjacent cells.

Skeletal Muscles
 The insertion is the end of the muscle
attached to the bone undergoing the
greatest movement.

The part of the muscle between the

origin and the insertion is the belly.

A group of muscles working together

are called agonists.

A muscle or group of muscles that

oppose muscle actions are termed
antagonists.

Muscle Attachment

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

A tendon connects skeletal muscle to Nomenclature

bone. Muscles are named according to:
Aponeuroses are broad, sheetlike 1. Location – a pectoralis muscle is
tendons. located in the chest.
A retinaculum is a band of connective 2. Size – the size could be large or
tissue that holds down the tendons at small, short or long.
each wrist and ankle. 3. Shape - the shape could be
triangular, quadrate, rectangular,
Skeletal muscle attachments have an or round.
origin and an insertion, with the origin 4. Orientation of fascicles – fascicles
being the attachment at the least could run straight (rectus) or at an
mobile location. angle (oblique).
 5. Origin and insertion. The
sternocleidomastoid has its origin
on the sternum and clavicle and
its insertion on the mastoid
process of the temporal bone.
6. Number of heads. A biceps muscle
has two heads (origins), and a
triceps muscle has three heads
(origins).
7. Function. Abductors and
adductors are the muscles that Deep Neck and Back Muscles
cause abduction and adduction
movements.

Muscles of Mastication

1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3. Pterygoids (two pairs)

Muscles of Facial Expression and

Mastication

Thoracic Muscles

1. External intercostals
o elevate ribs for inspiration
2. Internal intercostals
o depress ribs during forced
expiration
3. Diaphragm
o moves during quiet breathing

Muscles of the Thorax

Tongue and Swallowing Muscles

 o chest
o elevates ribs
3. Serratus anterior
o between ribs
o elevates ribs
4. Deltoid
o shoulder
o abductor or upper limbs

Upper Limb Muscles

1. Triceps brachii
o 3 heads
o extends elbow
2. Biceps brachii
Abdominal Wall Muscles o “flexing muscle”
o flexes elbow and shoulder
1. Rectus abdominis
3. Brachialis
o center of abdomen
o flexes elbow
o compresses abdomen
4. Latissimus dorsi
2. External abdominal oblique
o lower back
o sides of abdomen
o extends shoulder
o compresses abdomen
3. Internal abdominal oblique Arm Muscles
o compresses abdomen
4. Transverse abdominis
o compresses abdomen

Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall

Forearm Muscles

Upper Scapular and Limb Muscles 1. Flexor longus

2. Flexor carpi radialis
1. Trapezius 3. Flexor carpi ulnaris
o shoulders and upper back 4. Flexor digitorum profundus
o extends neck and head 5. Flexor digitorum superficialis
2. Pectoralis major 6. Pronator
 7. Brachioradialis o abducts and rotates thigh
8. Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Muscles of the Forearm

Muscles of the Upper Leg

 The quadriceps femoris is

comprised of 4 thigh muscles:
1. The rectus femoris
o front of thigh
o extends knee and flexes hip
2. The vastus lateralis
o extends knee
3. The vastus medialis
o extends knee
4. The vastus intermedius
o extends knee
 Gracilis
Pelvic Floor Muscles o adducts thigh and flexes knee
 Biceps femoris, semimembranosus,
1. Levator ani
 semitendinosus
2. Ischiocavernosus
o Hamstring
3. Bulbospongiosus
o back of thigh
4. Deep transverse perineal
o flexes knee, rotates leg,
5. Superficial transverse perineal
extends hip

Muscles of Hips and Thighs

1. Iliopsoas
o flexes hip
2. Gluteus maximus
o buttocks
o extends hip and abducts thigh
3. Gluteus medius
o Hip
Muscles of the Hip and Thigh

Muscles of Lower Leg

1. Tibialis anterior
o front of lower leg
o inverts foot
2. Gastrocnemius:
o calf
o flexes foot and leg
3. Soleus:
o attaches to ankle
o flexes foot

Lower Leg Muscles