BIMETALLIC STRIP Cu CALORIMETRY ICE-WATER SYSTEM

TEMPERATURE SCALE
Cu 1 calorie=4.2J
Problem solving methodology
C F-32 K-273 (celcius-fahrenheit- Fe
= = Heat Supplied (ΔQ)
5 9 5 kelvin conversion) Fe 1. m1 gram ice [-θ 0C] mixed with m2 gram water [θ2 0C]
any scale conversion formula > So when temperature increases
cu Fe 2. Convert -θ 0C ice 00C ice
Reading on any scale - lower fixed point Δl of Cu > Δl of Fe
1

= constant change in temperature of body change of state of body

Δ Q1=m1Sice θ 1
Upper fixed point - lower fixed point strip with higher value of will be on
convex side
1. ΔQ=ms Δ T 3. Convert 00C ice 00C water
s-specific heat capacity Melting Boiling
Δ Q2=m1Lf
EXPANSION OF CAVITY ΔQ =mLf ΔQ =mLv
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION Joule Lv-Latent heat
SI unit- J kg -1K-1 Lf-Latent heat 4. Convert θ20C water 00C water
Area of hole increases. Body expands on kg Kelvin of vaporization
of fusion
l heat
l
l =l+ Δl heating.Expansion of area of body is Δ Q3=m2Swater θ 2
independent of shape and size of hole 2. swater = 1 cal = J = J
g0C 4.2 g0C 4200 kg0C
1. Δ.l= l Δ θ |
Δθ
cal J J
2. ll = l (1+ Δ θ) Lf=Lice=80 g =80 4.2 g =80 4200 kg Δ Q3>=< or Δ Q1+ Δ Q2
check

+
+
3. = Δ l unit / c or / k, dimension-K
0 -1 SUPERFICIAL/AREAL EXPANSION cal J J
Lv=Lsteam=540 g =540 4.2 g =540 4200 kg
lΔ θ Sice= 1 cal =2.1 J0 = 2100 J0

+
+
1.Δ A=Aβ Δ θ β -coefficient of areal 2 g0C gC kg C
2.A =A(1+β
l
Δ θ) expansion Δ Q3> Δ Q1+ Δ Q2 Δ Q3< Δ Q1+ Δ Q2
Whatever be the change l1,
3.β = Δ A 1. Whole ice melts into water 1. Only m‛ g of ice melts
1
Δl unit / 0c or / k,dimension-[K-1]
in temperature,if the A ΔT
difference in length l2, 2
4.β =2 2. Additional heat [ ΔQ‛=ΔQ -(ΔQ +ΔQ ) ]
3 1 2. Mass of ice melted can be
2

remains constant, then is used to increase the found by

Δθ
temperature of system from 0 0C [m=mass of ice
HEAT CAPACITY m Lf=Q melted]
l1 1=l2 2
l1‛, 1
CUBICAL EXPANSION/VOLUME EXPANSION Heat supplied at constant rate
3. Final temperature can
Δl
Graph & equation Heat capacity=mass+ specific heat capacity 3. Final temperature is 00C
1. ΔV=V Δ θ = coefficient
expansion
of volumetric
be found out by
Unit= cal , SI unit is J
l2‛,
2. V =V(1+ Δθ)
2
0
C K Δ Q‛ = MtotalSwaterT
3. = Δ V unit / 0c or /K
APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EXPANSION VΔθ
k, dimension-[K-1] WATER EQUIVALENT
: β : = 1:2:3
Pendulum clock 4. =3
Fact When temperature increases, time period CONVERSION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY TO HEAT ENERGY
The mass of water that will absorb
increases, clock runs slow Q msT1 mLf ms(T2-T1) mLv or lose the same quantity of heat as
Variation of density with temperature = = -t = = 1. Potential energy to heat energy
When temperature decreases, time period t t1 t2 1 t3-t2 t4-t3 a given substance will do for same
decreases, clock runs fast 1 ΔU=mgh converts to heat Δ Q=m‛ Lf [m‛ = mass of substance
Density change in temperature
Volume melted/vaporized]
1) Loss of time in any given time interval t, w=water
mWsW=mbsb When equating, multiply Δ Q with 4200 J if Lf is in cal/g
Δt= 1 α Δθ t V = V(1+ Δθ) if specific heat is variable T2 b=body
2 ΔQ = ∫ msdT i.e., mgh = m‛ L + 4200
then = (1- Δθ) S=f(T) T1 T2 T1
f
2) Time lost by clock in a day 2. Kinetic energy to Heat energy
Δt= 1 α Δθ t = 1 α Δ θ 86400=43200 α Δ θ K.E= 1 mv2 converts to heat Δ Q=m‛ Lf [m‛ = mass of substance
2 2 ANOMALOUS EXPANSION OF WATER PRINCIPLE OF CALORIMETRY 2 melted/vaporized]
If Lf is in calorie
g
1. Water has maximum density at 4 C (minimum volume)
O
Cu glass Liquid Hot iron
Thermal Stress in a rigidly fixed rod 2. On heating, Fe sphere then
0 OC 4OC, water contracts Vessel
1 mv2 = m‛ L + 4200
No stress in rod Thermal stress in rod 4CO
above, water expands m1 m2 m3 2 f
Δθ
Cu glass
l l
Vessel s1 s2 s3
Y-Young‛s Modulus HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal Stress=Y α Δ θ
Anomalous
behaviour
volume

α-coefficent
of linear water T1 T2 T3 1. Conduction:
Thermal Force=YA α Δ θ initial
expansion Heat flows from hot end to cold end.
Δ θ -temperature change Heat lost by the hotter bodies = Heat gained by colder bodies Medium is necessary. dQ
Q3=Q1+Q2 Slow process. = Rate of flow of heat
A -Area of rod dt
Final equilibrium temperature, dQ dθ A = Area of cross section
=K A
REAL AND APPARENT EXPANSION OF LIQUID dt dx dθ
ERROR IN SCALE READING DUE TO m1s1T1+m2s2T2+m3s3T3 ∑ msT = Temperature gradient
EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION Teq= = ∑ Unit of ‘K‛= watt0 or watt dx
1. Apparent expansion of liquid (Real expansion of liquid - m1s1+m2s2+m3s3 ms metre C metre K
K = coefficient of thermal
expansion of solid in which ‘K‛ depends on the nature of material
Result: At θ‘>θ True value> Scale reading 2. Apparent change in volume conductivity
liquid is contained) Facts :
At θ‘<θ True value< Scale reading Δ Vapparent=V0 Δθ Calorimeter -
apparent
A device for
True value= Scale reading (1+ Δ θ) ⇒ Δ Vapparent=V0 ) - ) Δθ -Real expansion of liquid measurement of

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

l s l

amount of heat
⇒ Δ Vapparent=V0 ) -3 s ) Δθ s -coefficent of linear expansion
l involved in a
of solid
⇒ apparent
= l -3 s process.
 OHM‛S LAW OF CONDUCTION CONVECTION
For ordinary body E= e σ T4 NEWTON‛S LAW OF COOLING
Requires a medium. Actual movement of fluid. Occus naturally ΔQ = eA σ T4 EQUATION FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Electrical Conduction e=emissivity
Thermal Conduction or forced. Δt if θ1−θ2 is small, then

[( [
-[ θ2- θ1 [
1) current, I=
dq
dt 1) Heat current, H=
dQ
dt
Natural convection takes place due to the effect of gravity
Applications: In the presence of a surrounding. Δt
=K
θ2 + θ1
2
-θ( 0

2) I= ΔV ( ΔV= Vhigh-Vlow) 2) H= θ1- θ2 = Δθ (θ Sea Breeze Land Breeze (T0=Surrounding temperature) θ0 θ0

R R R >θ2) For black body, θ1 θ2
1
Wind blows from sea to land
Wind blows from land to sea Δt
3) Thermal resistance, R = l during day time
3) electrical resistance, R= Pl KA during night
E =σ A (T4-T04)
A
θ1> θ2
V1-V2 (V -V ) =σ A (V1-V2) 4) H= θ1- θ2 = θ1- θ2 = KA (θ1- θ2(
4) I= = 1 2A R (l/KA) l RADIATION In the presence of a surrounding. Δt=time
R lP l
(T0 =Surrounding temperature) θ surrounding temperature
5) Combination of conductors Absorptive, reflective and Transmittive power 0
5) Combination of resistors For general body,
i) Series Combination Q Energy absorbed
i) Series Combination Absorptive power(a)= a = E=σe A (T4-T04)
Q Energy incident
Qr Energy reflected
Reflective power(r)= = WIEN‛S LAW
Q Energy incident
Wien‛s displacement law
Qt Energy transmitted Eλ λm 1
Here ‘I‛ is same in all resistors Transmittive power(t)= = T
a+r+t=1 Q Energy incident

THERMAL PROPERTIES
l1 l2
λ mT =b
R1 = R2 =
ii) Parallel Combination K1A K2A
b=Wien‛s constant
Find Req=R1+R2+........ EMISSIVE POWER/INTENSITY OF THERMAL RADIATION
Here, heat current,
From that find ‘Keq‛ . H is same in a conductors Energy radiated Watt
[ [
Emissive power(E)= area+ time unit A1 T 4
ii) Parallel Combination m2 Hence = 1
Energy radiated Watt λ A2 T2
Rn Spectral emissive power(Eλ)= area+ time+ wavelength unit λm
m3
λ m T1=λ m T2 b = 2.89 10-3 mK
∞ ∞
>E = ∫
1 2
Relation between E & E λ= ∫E d λ=E= σ T4 [Dimensions]=[b]=[LK]

OF MATTER
Eλ d λ Area under the graph, A=
λ
0 0

EMISSIVITY (e)
“As the temperature of the body increases, the
Here (V1-V2) is same for all resistors Energy radiated by a general body
e= wavelength at which the spectral intensity (Eλ) is
replace with resistors Energy radiated by a black body maximum shift towards left.”
>0<e<1
value of e =
If e=0 , the body radiates no energy
If e=1 , the body is a perfect black body
n T1<T2
KIRCHHOFF‛S LAW λm1>λm2
Find 1 = 1 + 1 +....
T2

Ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is same λm2 T1

Req R1 R2 for all surfaces at the same temperature and is λm1

from that find Keq equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black
Here,Temp Difference is same for all conductors body at that temperature.
E1 E2
a1 = a2 =.........= Eb NEWTON‛S LAW OF COOLING
TEMPERATURE OF INTERMEDIATE JUNCTION Rate of cooling ∝ excess temperature of the body
STEFAN‛S LAW over the surrounding.
θ2
I 1+ I 2 + I 3 = 0

θ1
k2,A
l2
θ1-θj θ2-θj θ3-θj
+ + =0
Emissive power
of a black body ∝ fourth power of
absolute temperature
and surface area
-dT
dt ∝ (T-T ) 0

θj R1 R2 R3 T=Temperature of body
of the body T0=Temperature of surrounding
E= σAT4 OR ΔQ = σ AT4
l1 Δt Ti = initial temperature of the body
θ1 θ θ
+ 2+ 3 Stefan‛s constant ΔQ
Radiant power
R 1 R2 R3 σ
Δt T-T0
k1,A l3 θ j=
Ti

1 + 1+1 = e-kt
value of σ 5.67x10-8 W m -2 K-4 Ti-T0
k3,A
θ3 R1 R2 R3 Dimension [σ[ =MT-3K-4 To