Wcms 218475

Safe design and use
of chain saws
41267
ILO Codes of Practice
Safe design and use

of chain saws
International Labour Office Geneva

ISBN 92-2-101927-6
First published 1978
ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices
in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office,
CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. A catalogue or list of new publications will be
sent free of charge from the above address.
Printed by lcobulle Imprimeur SA, Bulle, Switzerland

Preface
At its 191st Session, late in 1973, the Governing Body of the

International Labour Office adopted various conclusions and reso-
lutions of the Second Tripartite Technical Meeting for the Timber
Industry (Forestry).
In particular, it approved the recommendation of its Industrial
Activities Committee that the Director-General should give effect to
the Meeting's wish that the ILO should, inter alia, gather and dis-
seminate "exhaustive information concerning new machines (es-
pecially power saws) and their effects on workers' health and
safety". The present code of practice forms part of the action taken
by the ILO to meet this request.
The code was prepared in close collaboration with an ad hoc
group of experts on noise and vibration in chain saws established by
the FAO/ECE/ILO Joint Committee on Forest Working Techniques
and Training of Forest Workers. Following several meetings of this
group in Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden,
the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States, a final draft
version of the code was produced. This draft was then circulated by
the ILO to a representative group of independent experts for com-
ment. These experts were selected from employer and worker circles
concerned with chain saws. The present version of the code is the
result of these consultations.
Although couched in the language of a set of rules, this code has
no binding force and is not intended to supersede national laws or
regulations or accepted standards; it is merely a body of practical
advice for the use of all persons, whether in the public or private sec-
tor, who have responsibility for safety and health as affected by the
design or use of chain saws, and who may be framing provisions on
the subject.
Its value lies in the fact that, like all ILO codes of practice, it
embodies the knowledge and experience of many countries.
v
Contents
Preface V
1. Scope of the code 1
2. Definitions 3
A. MANUFACTURING REQUIREMENTS
3. Technical requirements S
3.1 General provisions 5
3.2 Design and balance 5
3.3 Handles, general provisions 5
3.4 Handles, front 6
3.5 Handles, rear 6
3.6 Weight 6
3.7 Noise 7
3.8 Exhaust fumes 8
3.9 Handle vibration isolation 8
3.10 Heating of handles 9
3.11 Starting devices 9
3.12 Clutch devices 10
3.13 Throttle control system 10
3.14 Throttle control trigger 10
3.15 Throttle control lockout 10
3.16 Throttle control linkage 11
3.17 Carburettor 11
3.18 Throttle control latch 11
3.19 On-off control switch 12
3.20 Front handle guard 12
3.21 Chain brake 13
3.22 Rear handle guard 13
3.23 Chain catcher 13
3.24 Underside 14
3.25 Other guards 14
3.26 Chip discharge 14
3.27 Fuel and oil tanks 15
3.28 Choke control 15
3.29 Spiked bumper 15
3.30 Sprocket 15
3.31 Guide bar 16
3.32 Saw chain tensioning 16
3.33 Saw chains 16
VII
Safe design and use of chain saws
3.34 Safety warning markings 16

3.35 Marking/identification 17
3.36 Guide bar cover 18
3.37 Fire hazards 18
3.38 Muffler design and construction 18
3.39 Oiler control 18
3.40 Tools 19
3.41 Electrically powered chain saws 19
4. Instructions 20
4.2 Operator's manual 20
4.3 Technical specifications 22
4.4 Maintenance instructions 23
B. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
5. Operator's regular maintenance 25
5.2 Pre-operating measures 25
5.3 Daily measures 26
5.4 Weekly measures 26
6. Sprocket/driverimand guide bar . . 27
7. Saw chain 27
7.1 Running in 27
7.2 Discarding 28
7.3 Repair 29
C. GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

8. Employers' duties and responsibilities 31
8.1 Medical examination 31
8.2 Age limit 31
8.3 Training 31
8.4 Personal safety equipment 32
8.5 First-aid kit 32
8.6 Working tools 32
8.7 Safety regulations 33
8.8 Safety distance 33
8.9 Planning and supervision 33
VIII
Contents
8.10 Working alone 34

8.11 Lodged (hung-up) trees 34
8.12 Miscellaneous provisions 34
9. Operators' duties and responsibilities 35
9.2 Starting up 35
9.3 Refuelling 36
9.4 Cleaning of chain saws 36
9.5 Cutting 36
9.6 Kickbacks 36
9.7 Wedges 37
9.8 Transportation 37
9.9 Exhaust gases 37
Appendices
A. Handle strength 41
B. Minimum handle clearances and sizes 42
C. Balance 44
D. Noise 45
E. Vibration 58
F. Starting devices: cranking effort 67
G. Front handle guard dimensions and clearances 68
H. Chain brake 69
I. Kickback tendency 70
J. Fuel tank: excessive heating 71
IX
1. Scope of the code
1.1. This code describes safety requirements for the design of

chain saws, and includes recommendations pertaining to their safe
and easy operation. Its provisions apply to portable hand-held fuel
and electrically powered portable chain saws which are so designed
that the operator's left hand holds the front handle and his right hand
holds the rear handle.
1.2. Chain saws which comply with these requirements should
not be acceptable under this code if, when examined and tested, they
are found to have additional features which reduce the degree of
protection contemplated by the code.
1.3 Chain saws made from materials or using forms of con-
struction that differ from those contemplated by this code should be
subjected to special examination to determine whether they comply
with the intent of the code; if found to be substantially equivalent,
they may be given recognition.
2. Definitions
2.1. For the purposes of this code—

(a) "bucking" means the process of cross-cutting a felled tree or a
log into lengths;
(b) "choke control" means a control which is used to enrich the
fuel/air mixture in the carburettor;
(c) "clutch" means a mechanism for connecting and disconnecting
a driven member to and from a rotating source of power;
(d) "drive sprocket" means the toothed part that drives the saw
chain;
(e) "engine displacement" means the volume swept by the piston in
one-half of a revolution. It is measured in cubic centimetres, and
can be calculated as follows:
n
j- i (bore) 2 . . , , . , .
displacement = —— x (twice crankshaft throw).
(j) "front handle" means the support handle located at or towards

the front of the chain saw;
(g) "guide bar" means the part which supports and guides the saw
chain;
(h) "kickback" means the upward and/or backward motion of the
guide bar which may occur when the saw chain, near the nose or
the top area of the guide bar, comes into contact with an object
such as a log or branch, or when the wood closes in and pinches
the saw chain in the cut;
(i) "muffler" means a device to reduce engine exhaust noise and
direct the exhaust gases;
(j) "normal cutting position" means one of the positions adopted in
performing the felling and cross-cutting cuts;
(k) "oiler control" means a system for oiling the guide bar and saw
chain;
3
(I) "on/off control" means a control which allows the engine to be

started or stopped;
(m) "primer control" or "choke" means a control for supplying
extra fuel for starting the engine;
(n) "rear handle" means the support handle located at or towards
the rear of the chain saw;
(o) "saw chain" means a loop of chain having cutting teeth which is
driven by the engine and is supported by the guide bar;
(p) "spiked bumper (spike)" means the pointed tooth or teeth
located between the guide bar and engine for use when felling or
bucking, in order to pivot the saw and maintain position while
sawing;
(q) "starter" means the mechanism that rotates the engine to start
it;
(r) "throttle control latch" means a device which temporarily sets
the throttle control valve in a partially open position in order to
help the operator to start the engine;
(s) "throttle control linkage" means the mechanism which transmits
motion from the throttle control trigger to the throttle control
valve;
(t) "throttle control lockout" means a movable stop which, until
manually released, prevents the accidental opening of the
throttle control valve;
(u) "throttle control system" means the complete system, including
the throttle control trigger, the throttle control linkage and, in
some cases, a throttle control latch and/or a throttle control
lockout;
(v) "throttle control trigger" means the part of the saw (usually a
lever, activated by the operator's hand or finger) which controls
the throttle control valve; and
(w) "throttle control valve" means the control which regulates the
volume of the fuel/air mixture delivered to the combustion
chamber of an internal combustion engine.
4
A. Manufacturing requirements
3. Technical requirements
3.1. General provisions
3.1.1. (1) All chain saws should be designed, constructed and
tested in accordance with the relevant national requirements con-
cerning exhaust fumes, noise and vibration levels, marking, dura-
bility and other safety factors.
(2) Where there are no relevant national requirements in a par-
ticular area of interest, the provisions of this code of practice and the
information in its appendices should be observed.
3.2. Design and balance

3.2.1. Chain saws should be of compact design, with smooth
surfaces and no hampering details, and should be appropriately
balanced to make them safe and easy to handle in the various work-
ing positions, i.e. for felling, debranching and cross-cutting.
3.3. Handles, general provisions

3.3.1. Chain saws should be designed and constructed with a
front handle and a rear handle that enable the operator to operate the
chain saw with two hands.
3.3.2. The position, shape and surface of both handles should
enable the operator to take a firm grip of them, even when gloves are
worn, in order that the chain saw may be safely controlled in all
working conditions and positions, including starting.
3.3.3. The strength of both handles should be adequate. Typi-
cal specifications are given in Appendix A.
3.3.4. The clearance and size of both handles should be ade-
quate. Typical specifications are given in Appendix B.
5
3.3.5. Both handles should either be covered with a non-slip

material or their design should be such as to provide a non-slip
surface.
3.4. Handles, front
3.4.1. The front handle should be so placed that the chain saw,
equipped with a standard guide bar of the length recommended by
the manufacturer, remains in a horizontal position when it is being
carried by this handle with one hand. Typical specifications are
given in Appendix C.
3.4.2. The shape of the front handle should allow the operator
easily to change grip and to move his hand along the full length of the
handle.
3.4.3. The front handle should be so constructed that no
bracket or obstruction will be in the working area of the handle as
defined by the arc HJ in Appendix B, figure 2(c). This should not
apply to saws with an engine displacement over 82 cm3.
3.5. Handles, rear
3.5.1. The rear handle should be so placed, in relation to the

guide bar, that the chain saw can be easily turned along its
longitudinal axis.
3.5.2. The rear handle should be so designed as to give ample
room behind the throttle control trigger for a hand, even when wear-
ing gloves. Typical specifications are given in Appendix B.
3.6. Weight
3.6.1. Chain saws should be so designed and constructed that
the total weight of the saw in relation to the engine displacement is
kept as low as possible.
6
Manufacturing requirements
3.7. Noise
3.7.1. (1) Whenever technically feasible, chain saws should be
so designed and constructed that the operator is not exposed to
harmful noise.1
(2) Chain saw noise levels should be measured in accordance
with appropriate national standards.
(3) Where such standards do not exist, the methods of measure-
ment given in Appendix D, Part II, may be used.
(4) Typical values for safe noise levels related to exposure time
based on equal energy criteria are contained in Appendix D.
3.7.2. (1) When operators are exposed to noise levels in excess
of established levels, or their eight-hour equivalent, either the dura-
tion of their exposure to the harmful noise should be reduced or they
should be provided with personal hearing protection.2
(2) This reduction in exposure time or the use of the hearing
protection should reduce the exposure of the operator to a level
equal to or lower than the equivalent eight-hour continuous sound
level of the established safe noise exposure level.
3.7.3. (1) Attenuation of noise as a result of ear protection
should be measured in accordance with appropriate national stan-
dards.
(2) Where such standards do not exist, the methods of measure-
ment given in Appendix D, Part HI, may be used.
3.7.4. (1) Chain saws should be marked in a visible place with a
clear and durable text along the following lines, or its equivalent in
the language(s) required by government regulations: "Use hearing
protectors at all times when operating this machine."
' See ILO: Protection of workers against noise and vibration in the working
environment (Geneva, 1977).
2
See Appendix paragraph D.I.3.3 and table 4.
7
(2) An approved warning sign1 may replace or accompany the

above text.
3.8. Exhaust fumes
3.8.1. (1) Chain saws should be so designed and constructed
(as regards fuel/oil mixture, direction of muffler outlet, carburettor,
fuel/air mixture, reduction of fumes, etc.) that the operator is not
exposed to harmful levels of exhaust fumes under normal working
conditions.
(2) The exhaust flow should be away from the chain saw, and
away from the operator when in the normal cutting position.
3.8.2. The maximum concentration of harmful gases at the
level of the operator's head should not exceed the established
threshold limit values for the relevant chemical substances under nor-
mal environmental conditions, including work with the chain saw in
deep snow or under a thick network of branches in calm, windless
weather.
3.9. Handle vibration isolation
that the operator is not exposed to harmful vibration under normal
working conditions.
(2) The vibration level in the handles of the saw should not
exceed the established national vibration threshold limit value for a
daily exposure of eight hours.
(3) Typical methods of measurement of vibration in chain saws
are given in Appendix E.
3.9.2. The vibration isolation system should be of durable con-
struction, and the vibration damping capacity should not deteriorate
during normal use of the chain saw or as a result of climatic condi-
tions.
1
See ILO: Protection of workers against noise and vibration in the working
environment, op. cit., Appendix 5,figure2.
8
3.9.3. Anti-vibration devices such as vibration isolators and

dampers should be so constructed that a failure of one or more of the
isolators does not result in a loss of ability by the operator to control
the chain saw.
3.9.4. (1) Vibration isolators and dampers should be replace-
able.
(2) The manufacturer should indicate in the maintenance instruc-
tions1 the recommended intervals for the inspection, maintenance
and replacement of vibration isolators and dampers.
3.9.5. The anti-vibration devices should be so constructed that
the relative motion between the body of the saw and the handles
resulting from the softness of the isolators does not make the chain
saw difficult to guide or adversely influence the throttle control
system.2
3.10. Heating of handles

3.10.1. (1) Where required, chain saws should be equipped with
heating facilities for both handles.
(2) The heating device should be so designed that it is easy to
turn on, adjust, turn off and service.
3.11. Starting devices

as to prevent the chain from moving during starting operations, or
should be equipped with a device to serve this purpose.
(2) A chain brake may fulfil this requirement.
3.11.2. The handle of an automatically rewinding starter rope
should be so designed that it cannot cause hand injuries, for example
when an engine backfires.
' See section 4.4.

2
See also paragraph 3.16.2.
9
3.11.3. Chain saws, if equipped with a rope or rewind starter,

should not require a cranking effort exceeding the established levels.
Typical values are given in Appendix F.
3.12. Clutch devices

3.12.1. Chain saws should be so designed and constructed (for
instance, with a clutch device) that the saw chain will automatically
become disengaged when the engine speed is reduced below a certain
level.
3.12.2. The relationship between the engine idling speed
(throttle control trigger not activated) and the engine speed for chain
engagement (i.e. when the saw chain becomes powered) should be at
least 1 : 1.25.
3.13. Throttle control system

3.13.1. Chain saws should be equipped with a constant pres-
sure throttle control system that will automatically shut off the
power to the saw chain when pressure on the throttle is released.
3.14. Throttle control trigger
3.14.1. The throttle control trigger should be located in such a
position that it can be actuated and released by the operator only
while his hand is gripping the rear handle.
3.14.2. There should be a guard completely surrounding the
trigger in the plane of the trigger motion.1
3.15. Throttle control lockout
3.15.1. (1) Chain saws should be equipped with a throttle con-
trol lockout for locking the throttle control trigger in the idling
position only, in order to prevent the accidental engagement of the
throttle.
' A continuous loop formed by the rear handle and the body of the chain saw
will satisfy this requirement.
10
(2) The throttle control lockout should be so constructed that it

must be activated before the throttle control valve can be opened.
3.15.2. The throttle control lockout should not prevent the
engine from returning to idling speed.
3.15.3. The throttle control lockout should be located on the
rear handle, and be so designed that the operator must maintain a
steady handhold in the various working positions.
3.16. Throttle control linkage

3.16.1. The throttle control linkage should be adequately
protected by enclosure.
3.16.2. The throttle control linkage should be so constructed
that a force of three times the empty weight of the chain saw (without
guide bar and saw chain), applied to the rear handle in any direction,
will not cause engagement of the saw chain.
3.17. Carburettor
3; 17.1. The throttle control valve on the carburettor should
return to the idling position if the throttle control linkage becomes
disconnected, regardless of the position of the chain saw.
3.18. Throttle control latch

3.18.1. If a throttle control latch is provided, it should be self-
releasing when the throttle control trigger is depressed.
3.18.2. The throttle control latch should be so constructed that
two or more independent motions are required to engage the latch. A
single-motion throttle control latch is acceptable provided that it does
not cause the chain to become powered when it is engaged.
3.18.3. Chain saws should have no devices for locking the trig-
ger other than the throttle control lockout and the throttle control
latch.
11
3.19. On-off control switch

3.19.1. (1) Chain saws should be equipped with a reliable
device for switching off the engine.
(2) The device should be placed in such a position that it is
accessible to the hand operating the throttle control, so that the
operator can stop the engine without releasing his grip on the saw.
(3) The device should be designed as a switch (not as a button)
with distinct "on" and "off' positions.
(4) The device should require deliberate activation before the
engine can be restarted.
(5) The device should be so designed that it may be placed in the
"off" position even when the operator is wearing gloves or mittens.
3.19.2. The "off position of the device should be visibly and
durably marked with the word STOP.
3.20. Front handle guard
3.20.1. (1) Chain saws should be equipped with a front handle
guard, placed forward of the handle.
(2) The front handle guard should be designed to stop the
operator's hand from contacting the moving chain if his hand slips
from the front handle.
(3) The front handle guard should be of durable construction,
firmly and permanently attached to the chain saw, and should be so
designed that it will not hamper the operator when he changes his
grip or moves his hand along the front handle.
(4) The front handle guard may also be a means of activating the
chain brake.1
3.20.2. The dimensions and clearances of the front handle
guard should be adequate. Typical specifications are given in Appen-
dix G.
1
See section 3.21.
12
3.20.3. The front handle guard should be designed to withstand

a blow from a 0.70 kg pendulum having a length of 0.70 m and a
drop height of 0.20 m.1
3.21. Chain brake

3.21.1. C hain saws should be equipped with a chain brake.
3.21.2. The front handle guard may be combined with the
chain brake mechanism and serve as a lever to actuate the chain
brake when any part of the operator's body comes into contact with
the front handle guard.
3.21.3. (1) The brake should stop the chain within 0.1 s after its
engagement, when tested in accordance with the procedure indicated
in Appendix H.
(2) A typical method of testing chain brakes which are combined
with front handle guards is given in Appendix H.
3.21.4. The force required to operate the brake should not
exceed 80 N.
3.21.5. (1) The chain brake should be designed to withstand a
blow from a 0.70 kg pendulum having a length of 0.70 m and a drop
height of 0.20 m.2
(2) These measurements should be made and the test conducted
at temperatures of (a) + 30°C; and (b) - 3 0 ° C .
3.22. Rear handle guard
3.22.1. The bottom part of the rear handle should be designed
as a guard so as to protect the operator's hand from injury if the
chain breaks.
3.23. Chain catcher

3.23.1. Chain saws should be equipped with a chain catcher,
placed under the saw chain as far to the front of the body of the
1
See also paragraph 3.21.5 (1).
2
See also paragraph 3.20.3.
13
chain saw as practically possible, and designed to restrict the whip

backwards of the saw chain if it breaks.
3.24. Underside
3.24.1. The underside of the body of the chain saw should be
smooth, in order to allow the chain saw to slide easily along the tree
trunk, particularly during debranching.
3.25. Other guards
3.25.1. Chain saws should be so designed and constructed that
no part of the clutch, starter or pulleys will be thrown towards the
operator in the event of failure of these parts.
3.25.2. (1) All power-driven shafts, gears, flywheels and starter
pulleys should be totally enclosed by guards or should be protected,
by other non-moving parts of the chain saw or saw housing, from
contact by any part of the operator's body.
(2) The top, sides and rear of the clutch and sprocket should be
guarded to prevent contact by a probe having a 13 mm hemispheri-
cal end.
(3) When the chain saw is equipped with a wrap-around front
handle, the sprocket guard should extend at least 13 mm below the
saw chain cutter teeth.
3.25.3. Where perforated material is used for guards, the holes
should be of such a size or design as not to admit a test probe having
a 13 mm hemispherical end.
3.25.4. The engine and the silencer should be so located or
guarded that the operator may not inadvertently contact any hot sur-
face when starting or operating the chain saw in the normal working
positions.
3.26. Chip discharge

3.26.1. Chain saws should be so designed that the main stream
of wood chips and sawdust will not be directed above the operator's
waist when cutting in the normal cross-cutting position.
14
3.27. Fuel and oil tanks

3.27.1. (1) The filler openings of the fuel and oil tanks should be
so located that the operation of filling the tanks is not obstructed by
the chain saw components.
(2) The filler caps or openings should be clearly and durably
identified.
(3) If only the filler caps are identified, they should not be inter-
changeable.
(4) The filler caps should be attached to the chain saw with
chains or other adequate means.
3.27.2. The minimum diameter of the filler opening of the fuel
tank should be 20 mm.
3.27.3. The minimum diameter of the filler opening of the oil
tank should be 15 mm.
3.27.4. The chain saw should not require additional support to
maintain a stable position for filling the tanks.
3.27.5. The oil tank should be large enough not to run out of oil
before the fuel tank empties under normal usage.
3.28. Choke control

3.28.1. Where a manual choke control is provided, it should be
clearly and durably identified.
3.29. Spiked bumper
3.29.1. (1) On all chain saws provision should be made for
mounting a spiked bumper.
(2) A spiked bumper should be mounted when the work requires
it.
3.30. Sprocket
3.30.1. The size and dimensions of the sprocket should match
the guide bar and chain pitch being used, in accordance with the
chain saw manufacturer's recommendations.
15
3.31. Guide bar

3.31.1. The size and dimensions of the guide bar should match
the chain pitch being used, in accordance with the chain saw manu-
facturer's recommendations.
3.31.2. All guide bars should be permanently marked with the
gauge of the saw chain as well as the gauge of the sprocket of the
bar.
3.31.3. Except for the mounting slot, no opening (hole) with a
dimension greater than 10 mm should be in the cutting area of the
guide bar.
3.32. Saw chain tensioning
3.32.1. (1) On all chain saws provision should be made for

adjusting the guide bar to obtain the proper saw chain tension, as
recommended by the saw chain manufacturer.
(2) Tensioning should be carried out according to the chain saw
manufacturer's instructions.
3.33. Saw chains

3.33.1. The size, dimension, mechanical strength and dura-
bility of saw chains should comply with the chain saw manufac-
turer's recommendations.
3.33.2. The saw chain should be so designed that the kickback
tendency is reduced.
3.34. Safety warning markings
3.34.1. Chain saws should be clearly and permanently marked

in a readily visible and protected location with the following instruc-
tions or their equivalent in the language(s) required by government
regulations: "For safe operation follow all prescribed safety
precautions."
16
3.35. Marking/identification
3.35.1. (1) The marking of chain saws should form a durable
bond with the base material, and should show no appreciable loss of
adhesion due to exposure to weather.
(2) The marking should be weather resistant and, following
normal cleaning procedures, should show no appreciable fading,
discoloration, cracking, crazing, blistering or dimensional change.
(3) The marking should not be affected by spilled fuel or oil.
(4) The marking should be located on a permanent part of the
equipment or on a separate name-plate which should be permanently
attached to the chain saw.
(5) The marking should be anographed, die-stamped or indented,
cast, embossed or suitably lithographed, or should be a durable
label.
3.35.2. (1) Chain saws should be provided with markings
regarding—
(a) hearing protectors (see paragraph 3.7.4);
(b) on-off control switch (see paragraph 3.19.2);
(c) filler openings of the fuel and oil tanks (see paragraph 3.27.1);
(d) choke control (see paragraph 3.28.1);
(e) safety warnings (see paragraph 3.34.1);
(/) manufacturer's name and location, trade name, or other recog-
nised symbol of manufacture; and
(g) model number of the complete equipment.
(2) These basic markings should:
(a) be located in a readily visible place on the unit;
(b) be on a permanent part of the equipment that is not normally
removed for servicing; and
(c) when concerned with the operation of equipment, be located
where they are readily visible to the operator when performing
the operation.
17
3.36. Guide bar cover
3.36.1. Chain saws should be provided with a transportation

sheath to cover the guide bar and saw chain during transportation of
the chain saw. The cover should be durable, and should be easy to
attach and remove.
3.37. Fire hazards
3.37.1. The fuel tank should be so constructed that, when the

saw is tested in accordance with the procedure indicated in Appen-
dix J, no liquid fuel will boil over or spill from the filler opening.
3.38. Muffler design and construction
3.38.1. (1) When the muffler is equipped with a spark arrester

screen, this should be made of chromium alphatised mild steel, 410
stainless steel, inconel or an equivalent grade of steel.
(2) No opening in the spark arrester screen should be greater
than 6 mm in the largest dimension.
3.38.2. When the muffler is provided with a spark arrester
screen, this should be so designed that it may be readily inspected
and cleaned.
3.38.3. (1) The exhaust system for the chain saw should be so
designed that the exhaust gas temperature does not exceed 260°C
when measured at a distance of 150 mm from the point of the muffler
outlet nearest to the point where the gas would strike forest fuel.
(2) This test should be conducted when the ambient temperature
is between 26°C and 29°C.
3.39. Oiler control

3.39.1. If a chain saw is equipped with a manual saw chain
oiler control, this should be so located that it can be operated while
both the operator's hands maintain a grip on the handles.
18
3.40. Tools
3.40.1. Chain saws should be provided with a screwdriver, a

sparking-plug wrench and a tool to remove the saw chain and guide
bar and allow for the proper adjustment of the saw chain. Tools may
be of the combination type.
3.41. Electrically powered chain saws
3.41.1. Operators of electrically powered chain saws should be

protected against electric shocks by one of the following means:
(a) the use of an electric chain saw which is properly earthed;
(b) the use of a double-insulated electric chain saw; or
(c) the use of an earth fault circuit interrupter in the power circuit
supplying the electric chain saw.
3.41.2. The attachment cable for an electric chain saw should
be properly insulated, and should be provided with a strain relief
device at the point of entry into the body of the chain saw.
3.41.3. The attachment cable should be provided with a plug
consistent with the shock protection provided under paragraph
3.41.1.
3.41.4. The cable supplying power to the electric chain saw
should be—
(a) fitted with a properly installed outlet which is approved as
weather-proof and is consistent with the type of plug on the
chain saw attachment cable;
(b) approved for use in outdoor damp locations; and
(c) of a heavy duty type.
3.41.5. Only qualified persons should—
(a) rigidly connect power supply cables to power sources;
(b) repair damaged power supply or attachment cables; or
(c) repair the electrical parts of electric chain saws.
19
3.41.6. The power switch on electric chain saws should be—

(a) of a moisture-proof type properly installed and insulated from
the body of the chain saw;
(b) of such a type'that the power will be automatically shut off in all
cases whenever the operator releases it; and
(c) so located or protected as to minimise the possibility of its acci-
dental operation.
4. Instructions
4.1. Each chain saw should be provided with the following
items:
(a) operator's manual;
(b) technical specifications;
(c) maintenance instructions; and
(d) parts list.
4.2. Operator's manual

4.2.1. The operator's manual should provide instructions for
the correct installation and adjustment of the guide bar and saw
chain.
4.2.2. The operator's manual should provide basic instructions
for starting and stopping the chain saw safely.
4.2.3. The operator's manual should explain the correct techni-
ques for making felling, debranching and cross-cutting cuts with the
chain saw.
4.2.4. The operator's manual should list at least the following
safety considerations:
(a) Fatigue causes carelessness. Take sufficient rest periods and
breaks when operating a chain saw.
20
(b) Safety clothing as required by your safety organisation, govern-

ment regulations or employer should be worn. Otherwise snug-
fitting clothing, gloves, safety footwear and head and ear protec-
tion should be worn.
(c) Before fuelling, servicing or transporting your chain saw, switch
off the engine. To help to prevent fire, restart the chain saw at
least 3 m from the fuelling area. Never smoke when fuelling the
chain saw or handling fuel.
(d) Under conditions favouring the outbreak of forest fires, it is
recommended that a fire extinguisher be provided.
(e) Follow the instructions in your operator's manual for starting the
chain saw, and control it with a firm grip on both handles when it
is in operation. Keep handles dry, clean and free from oil. Carry
a chain saw with its engine running (idling) over short distances
only. Otherwise cut off the engine or activate the chain brake and
carry the chain saw with the guide bar pointing to the rear and
with the muffler preferably away from the body.
(f) Keep a sufficient distance (at least two tree lengths) between
yourself and your fellow workers when felling.
(g) Plan your work; ensure that you have an obstacle-free work area
and, in the case of felling, an escape path from the falling tree.
(h) When you are starting a chain saw or cutting with a chain saw,
other persons must keep a distance at least 2 m away from the
chain saw.
(i) Appropriate transportation covers for the guide bar and saw
chain should be provided.
(j) Never operate a chain saw that is damaged, improperly
adjusted, or not completely and securely assembled. Be sure that
the saw chain stops moving when the throttle control trigger is
released. Never adjust the guide bar or saw chain when the
engine is operating.
(k) Beware of carbon monoxide poisoning. Operate the chain saw in
well ventilated areas only.
21
(I) Do not attempt a pruning or debranching operation on a

standing tree unless you are specifically trained to do so.
(m) Guard against kickback, which can lead to a dangerous loss of
control of the chain saw.
To avoid kickback—
(i) take a firm grip of the chain saw, with thumbs and fingers
encircling the handles;
(ii) avoid reaching out too far with the chain saw;
(iii) avoid cutting above shoulder height; and
(iv) follow the manufacturer's instructions for sharpening and
maintaining the saw chain.
(n) In the case of electrically powered chain saws—
(i) do not make any adjustment to your electric chain saw
without disconnecting it from the power source;
(ii) make sure your power supply cable is in good condition;
and
(iii) do not use poorly insulated or defective cables.
4.3. Technical specifications
4.3.1. Full technical specifications should be provided with
each chain saw, concerning the following items:
(a) engine displacement;
(b) r.p.s. at maximum no-load engine speed;
(c) r.p.s. at idling speed;
(d) r.p.s. at saw chain engagement speed;
(e) weight, fully equipped for use and filled with fuel and oil;
(f) internal clearances of rear handle (see Appendix B);
(g) noise level (see Appendix D);
(h) exhaust fumes;
(i) vibration level (see Appendix E);
(j) chain brake efficiency (see Appendix H);
22
(k) heating of handles;

(I) throttle control system;
(m) throttle control lockout;
Description and
(n) on-off control switch; method of operation
(o) front handle guard;
(p) rear handle guard;
(q) chain catcher;
(r) appropriate fuel/oil mixture;
(s) saw chain—
(i) type;
(ii) pitch;
(iii) durability; and
(iv) kickback tendency (see Appendix I); and
(t) saw chain lubrication oil specifications for various climatic con-
ditions.
4.4. Maintenance instructions
4.4.1. The maintenance instructions should include basic
instructions for the proper inspection and maintenance of the chain
saw, particularly as regards the following items:
(a) guide bar;
(b) saw chain tensioning device;
(c) sprocket and sprocket guard;
(d) chain lubricating device;
(e) front handle guard;
(f) chain brake;
(g) throttle control lockout;
(h) rear handle guard and chain catcher;
(i) starting and stopping devices;
(j) clutch and engine idling speed (r.p.s.);
(k) silencer;
23
(I) cap of fuel tank;

(m) handle vibration isolation devices;
(n) saw chains: filing, exchange, discarding;
(o) running in of sprocket, guide bar and saw chains; and
(p) lubrication and greasing.
24
B. Preventive maintenance
5. Operator's regular maintenance
5.1.1. Maintenance of the chain saw should be carried out by

the operator as—
(a) pre-operating measures;
(b) daily measures; and
(c) weekly measures.
5.1.2. The maintenance should follow the manufacturer's
recommendations.
5.1.3. Broken or defective items should be replaced immedi-
ately.
5.2. Pre-operating measures
5.2.1. The following measures should be taken after each

refuelling of the chain saw:
(a) inspect the chain saw generally, and in particular the front and
rear handles, the throttle controls and the attachment of the
guide bar;
(b) check the condition of the saw chain cutters. Replace damaged
cutters, or change the entire saw chain (see section 7.2). The cut-
ters may also be sharpened at the same time;
(c) check the saw chain tension and adjust if necessary, according to
the manufacturer's instructions;
(d) lubricate the roller or sprocket nose of the guide bar according to
the manufacturer's instructions; and
(e) inspect and test the automatic saw chain lubrication system.
25
5.3. Daily measures

5.3.1. The following measures should be taken daily or after
every six to eight operating hours:
(a) inspect the chain brake and test its effectiveness. Start the
engine and at full throttle apply the chain brake. Adjust the
brake according to the manufacturer's instructions;
(b) inspect and test the front handle guard. Adjust as necessary to
ensure that it is in its correct position and that it is tight;
(c) inspect and test the saw chain disengagement system;
(d) clean the guide bar groove and saw chain oil lubricating hole;
(e) inspect the guide bar for alignment. Turn it before mounting, if
necessary;
(f) inspect the condition of the saw chain, replacing if necessary.
Sharpen the saw chain; and
(g) check that all nuts, bolts and screws are properly tightened.
5.4. Weekly measures

5.4.1. The following measures should be taken weekly or after
every 30 to 40 operating hours:
(a) inspect and clean the starting device, paying particular attention
to the condition of the starter rope and the tension on the rewind-
ing spring;
(b) inspect, and replace if necessary, the guide bar roller or sprocket
nose;
(c) remove any burrs on guide bar edges, using a flat file;
(d) inspect the sprocket or drive rim for wear. Replace the sprocket
or drive rim when the tops of the teeth have worn excessively or
more than 1.0 mm;
(e) inspect the saw chain, in particular the wear on the rivet heads or
drive links; and
(f) file and sharpen the saw chains thoroughly according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
26
Preventive maintenance
6. Sprocket/drive rim and guide bar

6.1.1. To reduce the possibility of damage to the guide bar and
saw chain, the following measures should be taken:1
(a) check regularly the teeth of the sprocket or drive rim for
damage and abnormal wear. Change the sprocket or drive rim
when the tops of the teeth have been worn excessively or more
than 1.0 mm;
(b) use only saw chains and sprockets of the same pitch;
(c) never use saw chains with damaged drive links;
(d) check regularly that the saw chain is properly tensioned; and
(e) use two saw chains alternately with the same guide bar and
sprocket in order to keep the total wear to a minimum.
7. Saw chain
7.1. Running in
7.1.1. The durability of the saw chain depends to a great extent
on the first hours of use. The careful running in of a new saw chain is
therefore essential.
7.1.2. The following steps are recommended when running in a
new saw chain:
(a) before mounting the saw chain, check that the guide bar and the
sprocket are undamaged, and that the saw chain and the
sprocket have the same pitch;
1
The sprocket or drive rim, guide bar and saw chain should be considered as
one unit and should therefore be inspected simultaneously. A worn sprocket or rim
will, in a short period of time, cause excessive damage to the saw chain and will
subsequently damage the guide bar. In the same way, a damaged saw chain or guide
bar may cause damage to the sprocket or rim.
27
(b) mount the saw chain and adjust the tension correctly. It should
be possible to move the saw chain along the guide bar easily with
the fingers, and to lift it up approximately 5 mm at the middle of
the guide bar;
(c) start the engine, and let the saw chain move at an engine speed
just above that for saw chain engagement. The saw chain should
be moving without load and be abundantly lubricated. Let it
move for approximatelyfiveminutes;
(d) stop the engine and check the saw chain tensioning. Tension the
saw chain if necessary;
(e) start the engine and repeat the above procedure two or more
times;
(f) make some light cuts with the saw chain, without imposing a
heavy load on the engine. Check that the saw chain is being
properly lubricated. Stop the engine and let the saw chain and
the guide bar cool. Adjust the saw chain tensioning if necessary;
and
(g) during the first hours of operation with the new saw chain,
observe in particular the saw chain tensioning and lubrication.
7.2. Discarding
7.2.1. Saw chains should be discarded in accordance with the

manufacturer's instructions or the following guidelines:
(a) when the toe, head of a cutter or tie strap is worn down to the
level of the rivet heads;
(b) when a cutter has been filed back to the top plate length of
4 mm; or
(c) when the saw chain becomes unusually stiff as a result of seizing
in the rivets.
28
Preventive maintenance
7.3. Repair
7.3.1. (1) Saw chains should be repaired only in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions.
(2) The correct tools should be used when replacing broken or
damaged links.
(3) Saw chains should be repaired when a cutter is broken or
when any part is broken off from any link or rivet head.
29
C. General safety precautions
8. Employers' duties and responsibilities

8.1. Medical examination
8.1.1. All personnel recruited for professional work with chain
saws should pass a medical health examination in accordance with
national requirements.
8.1.2. Attention should be given to the chain saw operator's
physical qualifications and fitness for the job and in particular to
possible hearing impairment or vibration diseases.
8.1.3. Medical examinations of chain saw operators should be
repeated at regular intervals in accordance with national require-
ments.
8.2. Age limit
8.2.1. No person under 18 years of age should be employed as

a chain saw operator.
8.3. Training
8.3.1. (1) All workers using chain saws should be adequately

trained for the work.
(2) The basic training should include instruction regarding the
hazards of the work and the precautions necessary to prevent acci-
dents and injuries to health.
(3) Chain saw operators should also be trained in chain saw
preventive maintenance, including cases when the chain saw needs to
be repaired for safety reasons, and when parts such as the saw chain,
guide bar or sprocket need to be replaced.
8.3.2. (1) Selected workers should be trained in first-aid
procedures.
31
(2) Workers' safety representatives should be given additional

training in the identification of hazards and the procedures for acci-
dent prevention.
8.4. Personal safety equipment

8.4.1. (1) The employer should provide each chain saw
operator with adequate personal safety equipment in accordance
with national requirements.
(2) Protective equipment should conform at least with any
national standards or (where national standards do not exist) with
international standards.
8.4.2. Such safety equipment may consist of—
(a) safety helmet;
(b) hearing protection devices (ear protectors);
(c) safety footwear;
(d) protective gloves;
(e) eye protectors;
(f) leg protectors;
(g) helmet neck-guard (against rain, snow, etc.);
(h) helmet hood; and
(i) adequate working clothes.
8.5. First-aid kit

8.5.1. The employer should provide each chain saw operator
with a suitable individual first-aid kit.
8.6. Working tools
8.6.1. The employer should ensure that each chain saw

operator is equipped with adequate tools and equipment for safe
work, such as felling levers, wedges, lifting devices (hooks, tongues),
and so on.
32
General safety precautions
8.7. Safety regulations

8.7.1. The employer should issue safety regulations for work
with chain saws in logging operations.
8.7.2. Particular attention should be paid to—
(a) the division and distribution of working areas between chain saw
operators;
(b) the safety distance between chain saw operators felling trees;
(c) felling techniques, particularly for controlling directional felling;
(d) the taking down of lodged (hung-up) trees; and
(e) the interruption of work in recognition of hazards, such as high
winds, crown snow-load or overhead cables.
8.8. Safety distance

8.8.1. The safety distance between individual fellers or felling
teams should be at least twice the length of the tallest tree being felled
at the worksite.
8.8.2. If for any reason the safety distance cannot be observed,
supervisory staff should give detailed instructions.
8.9. Planning and supervision

8.9.1. All felling operations should be planned by a competent
person.
8.9.2. The work in the felling area should be supervised by a
competent person.
8.9.3. In planning and supervision, care should be taken to
ensure that particular attention is paid to the following:
(a) all items listed in sections 8.6 and 8.7;
(b) accident preparedness (communications, transport, first-aid
equipment, stretchers, and so on, in case of accidents or sick-
ness);
(c) assignment of first-aid men (at least one man per felling area);
33
(d) assignment of workers' safety representatives (one safety repre-

sentative per worksite); and
(e) provision of suitable huts (for instance, workers' cabins) for rest-
ing and meal-breaks, with separate space for drying clothes and
for chain saw maintenance.
8.9.4. (1) Areas in which felling is in progress should be indi-
cated by notices or warning signs prominently displayed on recog-
nised approaches.
(2) Unauthorised persons should not enter the area thus indi-
cated.
8.10. Working alone
8.10.1. Chain saw operators should always work within hear-

ing distance of other workers.
8.11. Lodged (hung-up) trees

8.11.1. The employer should ensure that adequate aids for tak-
ing down lodged trees are available at the felling site.
8.12. Miscellaneous provisions
8.12.1. No felling operation should be carried on in high winds,

thunderstorms or bad visibility.
8.12.2. No tree should be felled that is liable to endanger road
or rail traffic as it falls, unless adequate precautions have been taken
to protect the traffic.
8.12.3. Felling and associated operations in the vicinity of high
voltage and other electrical lines should not be undertaken unless:
(a) arrangements have been made with the competent authority for
taking such precautions as may be necessary to prevent danger;
and
(b) the work is done under competent supervision.
34
9. Operators' duties and responsibilities
9.1.1. Operators should take good care of and make proper use
of all safeguards, protective equipment and safety devices provided
by themselves or the employer for their own protection or the protec-
tion of others.
9.1.2. Safety rules or regulations and safe working procedures
should be observed.
9.1.3. Any defect noticed in tools or protective equipment
should be reported to a responsible person and corrective action
taken.
9.1.4. Operators should not engage in any work for which they
do not have the proper training or experience.
9.1.5. Chain saws should be inspected before work is begun, to
ensure their safe and proper operation.
9.1.6. An adequate type and number of working tools (such as
felling levers and wedges) should be used in all operations.
9.1.7. Operators should never work alone and should always
have an individual-type first-aid kit.
9.2. Starting up
9.2.1. (1) Chain saws should be started up only when the fol-
lowing requirements have been met:
(a) they have been placed on firm ground where they cannot easily
slip;
(b) the saw chain cannot accidentally catch in any obstruction; and
(c) no person other than the operator is within 2 m of the chain saw.
(2) Chain saws should be started up on the ground and not in the
cuts.
35
9.3. Refuelling
9.3.1. When refuelling, chain saw operators should—
(a) notfillthe tank while the engine is running;
(b) place the saw on bare ground;
(c) if the saw is hot, wait until it has cooled down sufficiently;
(d) remove any fuel oil, lubricating oil or dirt from the surface;
(e) move the saw to another place before restarting; and
(f) not smoke, strike matches or have any open flame near the saw.
9.4. Cleaning of chain saws
9.4.1. Chain saws should not be cleaned, oiled or adjusted with

the engine running.
9.4.2. Operators should—
(a) keep the chain saw as free of sawdust and oil as possible;
(b) keep the exhaust ports free of carbon; and
(c) keep flammable material away from the cut.
9.5. Cutting
9.5.1. When sawing, operators should—
(a) secure a good footing;
(b) remove all obstructions from the path of the saw; and
(c) communicate by signal and take such additional precautions as
are made necessary by the noise.
9.6. Kickbacks
9.6.1. (1) To prevent kickbacks when cutting with the forward-

running part of the saw chain, especially when starting the cut, the
engine should be run at full speed before cutting.
(2) To prevent kickbacks when cutting with the backward-run-
ning part of the saw chain, care should be taken that the forward-
running part does not jam.
36
9.7. Wedges
9.7.1. When cutting with chain saws, wooden, plastic or soft
metal wedges should be used.
9.8. Transportation
9.8.1. (1) When petrol-driven chain saws are being transported,
the motor should be stopped, except for short distances from cut to
cut (for example during debranching or cross-cutting operations).
(2) During storage and transport over longer distances, the saw
chain should be protected by a sheath.
9.9. Exhaust gases

9.9.1. Chain saws should not be run inside buildings unless
these are adequately ventilated, because of the danger represented by
the exhaust gases.
9.9.2. When working outdoors in deep snow, thick under-
brush or in other areas where exhaust fumes are not quickly dis-
persed, the operator should pay particular attention to the dangers of
carbon monoxide poisoning.
37
A. Handle strength
Chain saw handles should not break when tested in accordance with the
procedure indicated in this appendix.
Chain saw handles should be subjected to the static test loads separ-
ately applied, at the handle grip, midpoint, in each of six directions as
specified in table 1, and illustrated in figure 1. The chain saw should be sup-
ported at the guide bar mounting pad when the test loads are applied.
Tablet Chain saw handle test loads
Engine Minimum loads

displacement (N)
(cmJ)
Front and rear Up and down Right and left
X.andX, Y,andYj Z, andZj
Up to 49 900 900 450

50-81 1300 1300 700
82 and above 1800 1800 900
Figure 1.
Chain saw handle
41
B. Minimum handle clearances and sizes
Table 2. Minimum handle clearances and sizes
Handle Description Dimension Minimum size

in figure (mm)
Va) and (b)
Front Finger clearance in the handle A 35

grip area
Projected thickness B 11
Handle perimeter 60
Clearance between finger on C 180
throttle trigger and centre line
on front handle (measured parallel
to centre line of guide bar)
Rear Finger clearance at the released D 35
throttle control trigger
Finger clearance behind the E 32
throttle control trigger
Hand width clearance F 76
Projected thickness G 19
Handle perimeter 89
42
Appendix B
Figure 2. Finger and hand clearances
(C) H
43
C. Balance
With the oil and fuel tanks of the chain saw at least half full, and with
the length of the guide bar as specified in table 3, the following criteria
should apply:
(a) the centre line of the guide bar should not be at an angle greater than
15° above or below the horizontal when the chain saw is held by the
front handle gripping area with the crankshaft in the horizontal plane;
and
(b) for chain saws with an engine displacement of up to 100 cm3, the guide
bar should not touch the horizontal plane at the base of the chain saw
when the chain saw is resting on a flat plane.
Table 3. Length of guide bar
Engine displacement Length of guide bar1

(cm ! ) (cm)
Up to 49 33
50-64 40
65-79 50
80-99 60
00 and above 80
1
Tolerance ± 3 cm.
44
D. Noise
D.I. Safe sound tolerance levels related to exposure time
D.I. 1. Introduction
D.I. 1.1. This appendix is based on the equal energy concept for hear-
ing conservation which accumulates each exposure to noise into a daily
dosage; it also indicates a possible allowance for the intermittent nature of
the exposure of chain saw operators to noise. It indicates how much daily
exposure to noise can be tolerated with a minimum risk of permanent hear-
ing loss, and recommends the use of ear protectors where this exposure will
be exceeded.
D.I.2. Methods of determining exposure time of chain saw

operators to noise
D.I.2.1. Time studies, production results and fuel consumption tests
indicate that regular chain saw operators are exposed to sound levels in
excess of 85 dB(A) for between two and five hours per eight-hour day. The
shorter duration occurs when, for example, large trees are being felled or the
operation includes the measuring of timber and the stacking of pulpwood by
hand. The longer duration is exceptional and is unlikely to occur day after
day; examples include continuous cross-cutting, or felling and debranching
medium-sized trees with deep crowns.
D.I.3. Tolerance of the human ear to noise

D.I.3.1. Once a person has been trained to use a chain saw, it is likely
that he will continue to be a machine operator for the rest of his working
life. There is consequently a risk of noise-induced hearing loss. Some
operators have already suffered some permanent hearing loss from medical
causes or from exposure to noise in other work; such operators are par-
ticularly susceptible to further noise-induced hearing loss and should not be
exposed to damaging noise at work.
D.I.3.2. National standards for safe equivalent continuous noise
levels vary. Some standards are based on the equal energy concept, which
assumes that the exposure time is halved for each doubling of the energy or
for each 3 dB(A) increase. Other national standards hold that intermittent
noise is less damaging and that in this case exposure times can be
45
Table 4. Exposure times
Equal energy in 3 dB(A) steps Intermittent energy in 5 dB(A) steps

dB(A) 85 dB(A) 90dB(A) 85 dB(A) 90dB(A)
Hours Minutes Hours Minutes Hours Minutes Hours Minutes
85 8 8
86 6 30 7
87 5 6 10
88 4 5 20
89 3 4 40
90 2 30 8 4 8
91 2 6 30 3 30 7
92 1 30 5 3 6 10
93 1 15 4 2 40 5 20
94 1 3 2 20 4 40
95 2 30 2 4
96 2 45 3 30
97 1 30 30 3
98 1 15 20 2 40
99 1 10 2 20
100 2
101 45
102 30
103 20
104 10
105
increased. The safe equivalent continuous noise level in most countries is

either 85 dB(A) or 90 dB(A).
D.I.3.3. Table 4 gives the time exposure and sound level in dB(A)
which are equivalent to a continuous sound level for eight hours of 85
dB(A) and 90 dB(A), using equal energy criteria and the intermittent noise
variation on equal energy.
46
Appendix D
D.I.4. The need for hearing protection

D.I.4.1. The average noise level for chain saw operators is the noise
measured in dB(A) at the operator's ear when cross-cutting timber at the
manufacturer's recommended speed of maximum engine power. Details of
the method of measurement are given in Appendix D, Part II.
D.I.4.2. Since the noise level of most, if not all, chain saws used by
regular operators exceeds 100 dB(A), it is strongly recommended that all
regular chain saw operators wear ear protectors at all times when the chain
saw is in use. For example, using equal energy criteria, the use of ear protec-
tors should lead to a reduction in the noise level of the chain saw at the
operator's ear to below 87 dB(A) (85 dB(A) equivalent for five hours per
day). For types of ear protectors recommended and a testing procedure, see
Appendix D, Part III.
D.I I. Measurement of noise

D.I/. 1. Introduction
D.II. 1.1. This part describes a method of measuring the noise emitted
by chain saws powered by internal combustion engines and including the
saw chain. The method of measurement corresponds as far as possible to
normal working conditions in the forest.
D./I.2. Definitions
D.II.2.1. Sound pressure level (Lp)—
Z,p=201og10^;
pn = sound pressure in Pa;
p0 = 20 n Pa (reference sound pressure);
Lp is expressed in dB relative to 20nPa.
D.II.2.2. Sound level (Lp(A))—

weighted value of sound pressure level expressed in
dB(A) measured in accordance with the provisions of
IEC Publication 179' by means of a sound level meter
with " A " filter.
1
International Electrotechnical Commission: Precision sound level meters,
IEC Publication 179 (Geneva, 2nd ed., 1973).
47
D.II.2.3. Octave level (LN)—

sound pressure level in dB (20nPa = reference sound
pressure) for a frequency band embracing one octave
having the mean geometric frequency N of the limit
frequencies.
D.II.3. Measuring equipment
D.II.3.1. Acoustic equipment

D.II.3.1.1. Sound levels should be determined with aid of a precision
sound level meter observing the provisions of IEC Publication 179. Octave
band filters should observe the provisions of IEC Publication 225.'
D.II.3.1.2. In accordance with the provisions of International Stan-
dard ISO 266-1975, octave bands with mean frequencies of 63, 125, 250,
500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 and 8,000 Hz should be used for frequency ana-
lysis.2
D.II.3.1.3. If other equipment (such as a tape recorder) is used, it
should have characteristics such that it observes the provisions of IEC
Publication 179.
D.II.3.1.4. The microphone of the sound level meter should be con-
nected to the measuring instrument by a cable in order to ensure that there
is a sufficient distance between the microphone and the observer. The
microphone should not have a direction-sensitive characteristic. If a wind
screen is used for the microphone, it must not affect the measuring results.
D.II.3.1.5. The measuring equipment should be calibrated before and
after each measurement. The calibrator must be accurate to within ±0.5
dB(A). In extreme temperature conditions, time should be allowed for the
equipment to reach the ambient temperature before calibrating.
D.II.3.1.6. The instructions of the instrument manufacturer should be
strictly followed.
1
International Electrotechnical Commission: Octave, half-octave and third
octave band filters intended for the analysis of sounds and vibrations, IEC Publ
cation 225 (Geneva, 1966).
2
International Organization for Standardization: Acoustics—Preferred fre-
quencies for measurements, International Standard ISO 266-1975 (Geneva, 1975).
48
Appendix D
D.ll.3.2. Revolution indicator

D.II.3.2.1. An easy-to-read revolution indicator is needed to check the
speed of the engine. It should be accurate to within + 3 per cent. The revo-
lution indicator must not affect the sawing work during the test.
D.II.4. Acoustic environment
D.II.4.1. Open space

D.II.4.1.1. The test site should be an open space having a radius of at
least 10 m. It must be completely free from obstructions (including trees)
which might influence the measurements obtained. Neither the observer nor
any other person may come nearer than 2 m to the chain saw operator.
There should be no reflecting surface, such as a fence or wall, within a
radius of 20 m. The ground at the centre part of the site should have good
sound absorbent properties and may be forest ground, grass or the like. The
ground may be snow covered but should not be uneven. Ambient air
temperature should be between — 10°C and + 30°C.
D.II.4.1.2. The level of background noise, including wind noise,
should be at least 10 dB(A) lower than the sound levels and 10 dB lower
than the sound pressure levels in the respective octave levels measured in
the test. Wind velocity should be less than 5 m.p.s.
D.II.4.2. Enclosed space

D.II.4.2.1. Measuring may also be carried out in a large building,
provided that readings can be proved to correspond with those taken as in
subsection D.II.4.1 for third octave bands of noise in the frequency range
50 Hz to 10 kHz to within ± 0.5 dB.
D.II.5. Measuring object

D.II.5.1. Measurements should be carried out on three different chain
saws of the same standard model with the saw chain provided by the manu-
facturer. The engine should have been run in and warmed up before the test
is commenced, the carburettor and ignition should have been timed accord-
ing to the manufacturer's instructions and the chain should have been
sharpened.
49
Table 5. Recommended log or cross-section diameters

Engine displacement Effective length of Recommended diameter of log
(cm-1) guide bar or cross-section of timber
(cm) (cm)
Up to 44 25-35 15-20
45-69 30-40 20-25
70-89 40-50 25-40
90 and above 50-70 40-60
D.II.5.2. A log or rectangular baulk of timber should be placed on a
saw horse so that its centre is some 60 cm above the ground and so that
slices can be cut from it.
D.II.5.3. The ratio between the diameter of the log, the engine power
and the length of the guide bar of the chain saw to be tested should be as
shown in table 5.
D.II.5.4. For guide bars longer than 70 cm, the log diameter cross-
section should be about 10 cm less than the guide bar length.
D.II.6. Test procedure
D. II. 6.1. Preparation

D.II.6.1.1. Each chain saw should be measured on four different
occasions, which must not be in immediate succession. A complete testing
cycle as described below should be performed on each occasion.
D.II.6.1.2. Measuring equipment should be calibrated in accordance
with the requirements of IEC Publications 179 and 225.
D.II.6.1.3. The sound level meter should be set to "slow".
D.II.6.1.4. The microphone should be fixed at a distance of 5 cm
perpendicular to the right-hand temple of the operator and at the same
levels as his eyebrows and should be aimed at the saw. The operator should
wear a cap or a helmet. If he is wearing a helmet, the microphone should be
placed at least 3 cm outside the lower edge of the helmet.
D.II.6.1.5. The revolution indicator should be connected to the chain
saw in such a manner that the operator can conveniently check the engine
speed without interfering with the work of sawing.
50
Appendix D
D.II.6.1.6. The following procedure should be followed both for sound

level measurement and for octave band measurement.
D.II.6.1.7. The chain saw should be held in the natural manner for
normal cross-cutting. The shortest distance from an imaginary line drawn
through the upper horizontal part of the front handle to the microphone
should be as close to 70 cm as possible.
D.II.6.1.8. Only one measurement should be recorded for each cross-
cut, at a moment when the guide bar is horizontal and in the middle third of
the log.
D.II.6.1.9. If the noise is to be recorded on tape, the sawing should be
performed as many times on each measuring occasion as are necessary to
ensure that sufficient records are available for the evaluation of the results.
D.II.6.2. Idling
D.II.6.2.1. Measurements should be made in dB(A) at the engine
idling speed stated by the manufacturer; the saw chain must not move.
D.II.6.2.2. This test is necessary as a complement to those in Appen-
dix subsections D.II.6.3 and D.II.6.4 in order to calculate the equivalent
continuous sound level, for example during a typical working day.
D.II.6.3. Full load
D.II.6.3.1. Slices should be cut from the log or baulk of timber, from
the side that gives the highest sound level. Measurements in dB(A) should be
made during cross-cutting with the throttle fully open. The guide bar of the
chain saw should be fed into the log so that the engine speed for maximum
engine power (± 3.5 r.p.s.) is kept constant.
D.II.6.4. Racing
D.II.6.4.1. Measurements should be made in dB(A) at the manufac-
turer's rated speed for maximum engine power plus 33 per cent. If the
engine has a revolution limit which is below that speed, the measurements
should be made at the stipulated maximum revolution speed.
D. 11.6.5. Frequency analysis
D.II.6.5.1. An octave band frequency analysis for the eight bands 63
to 8,000 Hz should follow the above tests. Before and after each analysis,
the sound level in dB(A) should be measured.
51
Figure 3. Specimen test report for the three chain saws tested
Operating r.p.s. Sound level in dB(A)

condition
Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3
Number of machine Number of machine Number of machine
or series... or series... or series...
Test Test Test
I II III IV Arith. I II III IV Arith. 1 II III IV Arith.

mean mean mean
Idling
Full load
Racing
D.II.7. Test report

D.II.7.1. The test report should include the following information:
name, address and country of the institution carrying out the measuring;
date of measurement; place of measurement; observer and operator;
originator of request for report; description of chain saw (manufacturer,
model (type), serial number, type and length of guide bar, sprocket (number
of teeth), chain (type and pitch)); measuring equipment; microphone loca-
tion (cap or helmet); diameter or cross-section of sawn log and type of
wood; environment (air temperature (°C), air humidity (percentage)); type
of ground; background noise; and measurement values and mean values for
each saw in accordance with figure 3.
D.II.7.2. The difference between the highest and the lowest value
noted for each chain saw must not be more than 3 dB(A) on the four dif-
ferent occasions. If it is, the test must be repeated.
D.II.7.3. Highest and lowest octave band levels in the eight octave
bands 63 to 8,000 Hz for the three chain saws are as shown in the example
in figure 4.
D.lll. Testing of ear protectors for chain saw operators
D.III.1. Introduction
This part describes a method of checking that the attenuation qualities
of each ear protector will reduce the dB(A) weighted equivalent continuous
52
Appendix D
Figure 4. Specimen test report graph

dB ref. 20 u Pa octave level
105 ,,
100
- ^^fH
95
• f ^^ \
90
\
85
\
80
\
75
1
70
I I i i i i i i
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
sound level for eight hours for each model of chain saw at the operator's ear
to below 85 dB(A) (87 dB(A) for five hours per day). The sound levels of
the chain saw will be those recorded by octave band frequency analysis
when cross-cutting under full load in accordance with the test procedure.1
1
See Appendix paragraph D.II.6.3.1.
53
D.I 11.2. Type of ear protector

D.III.2.1. Ear plugs or valves of the reusable plastic type or of dispo-
sable mineral down (or acoustic wool) are not generally recommended for
chain saw operators because it is difficult to ensure that the plugs will
remain clean in a forest work environment. When anything is inserted into
the ear canal it is essential to avoid the risk of ear infection, which can do
more damage to hearing than noise alone. Ear muffs with soft plastic foam
pads are recommended in preference to liquid seal pads, which are liable to
puncture during forest work. The ear muffs can be held by a head-band (if
this will fit under a hard hat), by a neck-band or by attachment to the
hard hat.
D.III.2.2. Where climatic conditions make ear muffs intolerable, ear
plugs may be the only practical alternative. In this case the following points
are suggested:
(1) A medical inspection of the operator's ears is recommended before he
starts to use ear plugs.
(2) The operator should have enough sets of ear plugs to ensure that a clean
pair can be inserted on each occasion; the plugs and the container
should be cleaned in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
(3) The operator should report for a medical examination if any irritation of
the ear is experienced.
D.I 11.3. Method of testing the performance of ear protectors'
D.III.3.1. The attenuation of each type of ear protector is obtained
from the manufacturer, who will have a testing station report showing the
mean attenuation for each octave band and the standard deviation at each
frequency.2 The mean attenuation less the standard deviation for each
octave band gives the assumed protection provided by the ear protector.
1
See table 6 for a worked example.
2
There is no international standard test procedure for ear protectors. How-
ever, several countries use the following method: a person is seated in a quiet room
and his threshold sound level for each octave band is recorded; he then puts on the
ear protectors, and the increase in sound level needed before he again hears the
sound is taken as the measure of attentuation provided by the protector. This pro-
cedure is repeated several times for each octave band and again for several people.
The mean value and the standard deviation are reported. (It is assumed that SO per
cent of the tests will be worse than the mean value, 16 per cent will be worse than
the mean value minus the standard deviation and 3 per cent will be worse than the
mean value minus twice the standard deviation.)
54
Appendix D
D.III.3.2. This assumed protection for each octave band is deducted

from the measured octave band sound pressure level for the model of chain
saw to be used by the operator; this gives the assumed band sound pressure
level at the operator's ear in dB for each frequency.
D.III.3.3. The dB(A) weighted sound level correction is then applied
to each assumed band sound pressure level by adding or subtracting arith-
metically.
D.III.3.4. The final value for each octave band is converted into arbi-
trary intensity units (table 7). These units are added together arithmetically
to give the intensity unit value for the dB(A) (0.1737, in the worked exam-
ple in table 6).
D.III.3.5. The resultant dB(A), as read off in table 7, is the assumed
A-weighted sound level at the operator's ear. The ear protector tested in
table 6 is thus suitable for regular use with the chain saw in question.
D.III.4. Maximum sound level in dB(A) at the operator's ear

D.III.4.1. Chain saw operators are likely to have a working life of
many years of exposure to noise from chain saws or other machines. To
give them a reasonable chance of avoiding injury to their hearing, it is desir-
able to reduce the sound level at their ears to the equivalent continuous
sound level specified by national standards.
D.III.4.2. If the sound level at the operator's ear exceeds 90 dB(A)
with the best ear protectors, it is recommended that the chain saw should
not be used for regular operations.
D.III.4.3. The above procedure will determine which ear protectors
have adequate attenuation qualities. However, for most operators it is
important that they should be able to hear as much background noise as
possible, for other safety reasons. Operators should be encouraged to try
out the various suitable ear protectors during normal work so that they can
select the one which gives them the most background information.
55
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57
E. Vibration
E.I. Vibration diseases and exposure time
E.I.1. Introduction
E.I. 1.1. This appendix outlines the present stage of knowledge of
factors which appear to cause vibration diseases, and the vibration ex-
posure criteria to be observed if such diseases are to be prevented. It indi-
cates the need for more medical knowledge about the problem,
E./.2. Vibration diseases

E.I.2.1. Many chain saw operators using chain saws not fitted with
anti-vibration mountings1 have been affected by diseases caused by vibra-
tion.
E.I.2.2. It is understood that energy with vibration frequencies above
100 Hz is mainly absorbed by the tissues of the hand and the wrist and is
therefore likely to be the principal cause of vibration diseases.
E.I.2.3. The medical evidence to date indicates that the effect of the
vibration is to disturb the blood supply to the tissues of the hand and wrist
and to cause a deterioration in skin sensitivity, which might result in
attacks of blanching of the fingers in response to cold stimuli.
E.I.3. Medical examinations
E.I.3.1. Competent medical authorities should establish examination

methods with respect to vibration diseases, due regard being had to local
and national conditions and possibilities.
E.I.3.2. Workers who regularly use chain saws in their work, and
especially those whose protection against vibration diseases is ensured
through the use of AV-saws and/or by a reduction in exposure time, should
be subject to appropriate health supervision.
1
Chain saws which are fitted with anti-vibration mountings are referred to as
AV-saws.
58
Appendix E
E.I.3.3. Principles for the organisation and aims of medical examina-

tions and health supervision are given in the relevant ILO code of practice.1
E.I.4. Vibration exposure criteria to prevent vibration diseases
E.I.4.1. The fundamental principle for the prevention of vibration
diseases is that of the elimination of vibration at source. To achieve this,
appropriate measures must be taken when chain saws are being designed.
E.I.4.2. As a first step, manufacturers should be required to provide,
with each chain saw, a data sheet giving all the necessary information about
the level of vibration emitted. For this purpose, an operator-held measure-
ment method has been designed, pending the development of an interna-
tionally acceptable vibration testing machine for chain saws.2
E.I.4.3. Subsequently, maximum vibration levels should be estab-
lished in accordance with local and national regulations and standards.
E.I.4.4. Only when the above principle cannot be applied should regu-
lations concerning the reduction of exposure time be adopted.
E.I.4.5. When such regulations are applied, the actual exposure time
per eight-hour day should be monitored. By using any of the following three
methods for the measurement of time exposure, it is possible to obtain a
specific or broad classification of exposure time for typical work processes
and typical tree sizes or species with each model or size class of chain saw.
(1) Fuel consumption method. The chain saw is used to cross-cut discs of
timber continuously. The time taken to use one or more full tanks of
fuel is recorded. The ratio between the diameter of the log, the engine
power and the length of the guide bar should be determined from
Appendix paragraph D.II.5.3. The average daily fuel consumption for
the particular model of chain saw appropriate for the job, multiplied by
the time taken to use one tank of fuel divided by the tank capacity, will
give the average time exposure per day.
(2) Work study method. The normal cycle of work is repeated whilst a
number of full tanks of fuel are used and the time taken is recorded.
This time is compared with the length of a normal working day. Using
the first part of method (1) above, the exposure time for one full tank of
' ILO: Protection of workers against noise and vibration in the working envi-
ronment, op. cit.
2
See Part E.II below.
59
fuel can be converted into full tanks per day and therefore into expo-
sure time per day for the particular model of chain saw.
(3) Noise recording method. Record the length of time the chain saw is
generating noise, including idling noise, when processing one or more
trees of a particular size class. The cumulative time for noise for an
average tree can then be multiplied by the typical output per day for this
size class to obtain the exposure time for the particular chain saw and
work processes.
E.I.5. Personal precautions for the prevention of vibration diseases

E.I.5.1. It is thought that good blood circulation to the hands will help
to protect them from vibration diseases. The first essential is therefore to
maintain the central body temperature at the right level. The correct cloth-
ing for the climatic conditions at the worksite, and dry gloves in colder
weather, are clearly important. In a cold climate it is also wise to achieve a
good level of body warmth before starting to use the saw.
E.I.5.2. Smoking reduces the circulation of blood to the extremities. It
is therefore recommended that smoking before and during working hours be
kept to a minimum.
E.I I. Operator-held measurement method
E.I 1.1. Introduction

E.II.1.1. This method covers the measurement of the vibration of
chain saws of the type indicated in figure 5, when the vibration is transmit-
ted to the operator's hands. The method simulates the measurement of
chain saw vibration in normal operating conditions in the forest.
E.II.1.2. The method follows as closely as possible the procedures for
noise measurement, which are defined in detail in Appendix D.
EM.2. Parameters
E.II.2.1. Measurements should be made of RMS acceleration in ms"2
or RMS velocity in ms"1 in the six octave bands with centre frequencies of
31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 Hz. Results of measurement of accelera-
tion should be presented.
E.II.2.2. (1) Measurements should be made on the front handle in the
following three directions:
60
Appendix E
(a) sideways (S) (perpendicular to the plane of the guide bar);

(b) vertical (V) (parallel to the plane of the guide bar but perpendicular to
the saw chain); and
(c) fore and aft (F) (parallel to the plane of the guide bar and parallel to the
saw chain).
(2) On the rear handle the directions of measurement will be governed
by the orientation of the handle. They should, however, be as close as possi-
ble to those specified for the front handle.
E.II.2.3. The transducer mound should be firmly attached (for
example, cemented or screwed) to the handle of the chain saw. The surface
to which it is attached must be flat. If the handle is covered with resilient
material, this must be removed for the purpose of mounting.
E.II.2.4. The transducer must be mounted on the top of the front han-
dle 25 mm from the plane of the guide bar, as shown in figure 5(b). On the
rear handle the preferred position should be 120 mm (with a tolerance of
± 10 mm if necessary) from the most forward position of the hand (com-
patible with the correct operation of the controls) measured along the
underpart of the handle as shown in figure 5(a). If this is not possible
because of the design of the handles, the transducer should be mounted in a
position as close as possible to that described above. Any deviation should
be noted in the test report.
E.II.2.5. Engine speed in r.p.s. must be noted.
E.II.2.6. Gripping force in N should be noted for both hands.
E.II.3. Equipment
E.II.3.1. A transducer measuring acceleration (such as a piezo electric
device) should be used in conjunction with a suitable preamplifier. The use
of IEC Publication 184' is recommended for specifying the transducer and
IEC Publication 2222 for specifying the auxiliary equipment, including the
amplifier.
1
International Electrotechnical Commission: Methods for specifying the cha-
racteristics of electromechanical transducers for shock and vibration measure-
ments, IEC Publication 184 (Geneva, 1965).
2
idem: Methods for specifying the characteristics of auxiliary equipment for
shock and vibration measurement, IEC Publication 222 (Geneva, 1966).
61
Figure 5. Vibration measuring points
E.II.3.2. Octave band analyses should be performed by means of

octave band filters as specified by IEC Publication 225.' Octave band
analyses may also be calculated from one-third octave band measurements.
E.II.3.3. The measuring system should either have a time constant
equivalent to that of the slow mode of a sound level meter or offer energy
integration to obtain the RMS value over the cutting period.
1
op. cit.
62
Appendix E
E.II.3.4. A multichannel tape recorder may be used, as simultaneous

measurements of vibration in the three directions on one or both handles are
preferable.
E.II.3.5. The whole system as described above should be accurate in
the frequency range of 20 to 2,000 Hz.
E.II.3.6. An easy-to-read revolution counter with a range up to 270
r.p.s. and accurate to within ± 3 per cent should be used. The time constant
of the device should be about 0.4 s. The counter should not affect the work-
ing of the chain saw during the test.
E.II.3.7. The total mass of the transducer and its mounting system
should be as small as possible and in any case should not exceed 100 g.
E.II.3.8. Measuring and analysing instruments should be tested at
suitable intervals. A qualified person should draw up a certificate of cali-
bration to be kept with the instrument.
E.II.4. Measuring object

E.II.4.1. Measurements should be carried out using a chain saw with
standard equipment and with a saw chain provided by the manufacturer.
The engine should have been run in and warmed up before the test is com-
menced and the carburettor and ignition should be timed according to the
manufacturer's instructions. The saw chain should also have been
sharpened according to the manufacturer's instructions. The oil and fuel
tanks should be between one-half and three-quarters full.
E.II.4.2. The log should be taken from freshly felled timber of the two
most important species of wood in the investigator's country. If possible,
one species of wood should be soft and the other hard. Wood specifications
must be given.1 Any cut with knots must not be used for the measurement
of vibration.
E.II.4.3. The log must be shaped as in figure 6 and must be horizon-
tally and rigidly mounted on a stiff support, so that its axis is about 60 cm
above the ground.
E.II.4.4. The cut should be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
the log and the bark grip must not be in contact with the log. Measurements
must be taken only when cutting the section marked by hatching in figure 6.
' See below, Appendix paragraph E.II.6.1.
63
Figure 6. Test log shape and dimensions
The most stable results are obtained when the guide bar is buried in the
wood to a depth equal to one-half of the width of the guide bar. The dis-
tance A should be 75 ± 5 per cent of the effective length of the guide bar.
The relationship between engine power, effective length of guide bar and the
distance A should be as shown in table 8.
Table 8. Minimum test log dimensions
Engine displacement Effective length of guide bar (L) Distance A = (0.75 ± 0.05) L
(cm 1 ) (cm) (cm)
Up to 44 25-35 17.5-28
45-69 30-40 21-32
70-89 40-50 28-40
90 and above 50-70 35-56
E.II.5. Measurement
E.II.5.1. The measuring equipment should preferably be calibrated in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions before the measurement.
Afterwards, the calibration should be checked.
E.II.5.2. To avoid electrical interference from the ignition system, the
preamplifier system should be placed as far from the saw as possible.
64
Appendix E
E.II.5.3. Pending results of further research on vibration, vibration

should be measured in the three cases described below. In each case the saw
should be held in a natural manner for normal cross-cutting. The engine
speed must be kept as constant as possible, within a range no greater than
± 5 per cent. These conditions must be maintained for a continuous period
of at least 3 s. The measured engine speed must be noted in each case.
(1) Idling. Measurements should be made at the engine idling speed as
recommended by the manufacturer, and the saw chain must not move.
(2) Cutting. Slices should be cut from the log with the throttle fully open,
and the guide bar of the chain saw should be fed into the log so that the
engine speed for maximum power, as recommended by the manufac-
turer, is achieved. It is recommended that the final RMS value in each
octave band be obtained by averaging the results from a statistically
sufficient number of saw cuts.
(3) Racing. Measurements should be made at the manufacturer's rated
speed for maximum engine power plus 33 per cent, when the chain saw
is not cutting. If the engine has a maximum revolution limit below this
speed, the measurements should be made at the maximum obtainable
speed. It is not necessary to apply this test to a chain saw which is used
only for felling. Chain saws with an engine displacement greater than
80 cm3 would fall into this category.
E.I1.6. Test report

E.II.6.1. The test report should include the following information:
name, address and country of the institution carrying out the measuring;
date of measurement; place of measurement; observer and operator;
originator of request for report; description of chain saw (manufacturer,
model (type), serial number, type and length of guide bar, sprocket (number
of teeth), chain (type and pitch)); measuring equipment (type and manu-
facturer of transducers, amplifier, octave filter, tape recorder, revolution
indicator); environment (air temperature (°C), air humidity (percentage));
length of cut (A)1 (cm); specifications of log (wood species (Latin name),
water content (percentage), density (g/cm3)); and details of how the gripping
force was measured and monitored during the tests.
E.II.6.2. The recommended presentation of the measurements is indi-
cated in figure 7.
1
Seefigure6 and table 8.
65
Cut.
efT.
p.s.
w
r
u.
O
1000
8
w-i
O
(N
w v-> i
•o
ght) ha
effect i
?
S •3
QC X J
II
llll II 1
Cute
3 si
p.s.
rcein N;
k-
%
O
1000
8
w->
1
O
ft
and aft;
*N
indlt
V"l
~* £«
8
<o
« a.
ron
,,
N
u. X
vertical
m
tion
ure-
II
>
g as
sideways
OoEE CO > u. t/5

> tL C/i
> u.
.o
>
00 II
Cuttin
Racin
Idling
Engine
1
0)
speed
F. Starting devices: cranking effort
The chain saw should require no more cranking effort than that
specified in the table below. When the chain saw has a compression release
valve, this test should be conducted with the compression release in the open
(or starting) position.
The test mass specified in the table should be attached to the starter
rope as shown in figure 8 and allowed to drop. The drop distance should be
no more than 61 cm.
The chain saw tested should be new as shipped, should previously have
been run for less than one hour, and should be tested for cranking effort
with the room and engine temperatures between 16°C and 27°C.
The minimum cranking r.p.m. must be reached each time on three con-
secutive tries.
Table 9. Minimum required test mass
Engine displacement Test mass Minimum cranking

(cm3) (kg) (r.p.m.)
Up to 49 14 600
50-81 32 600
82 and above 55 600
Figure 8.
Testing for cranking effort
Z?777777777777>
G. Front handle guard dimensions
and clearances
Table 10. Front handle guard dimensions and clearances
Dimension Description Dimension

in figure 9 (mm)
A Minimum guard height 20

(measured perpendicular to centre line
of guide bar)
B Minimum guard length 150
C Handle clearance 35-70
Figure 9. Front handle guard dimensions and clearances

(a) - c -
J
68
H. Chain brake
H.1. Measuring of braking time

H.l.l. The braking time should be measured according to the follow-
ing procedure. The brake should be released with a pendulum, with the
throttle kept in the adjusted position during the braking. The time from the
release until the saw chain has stopped should be recorded. No samples
should be excepted.
(1) Maintain the saw chain speed at the manufacturer's rated speed for
maximum engine power plus 33 per cent.
(2) Operate the brake 25 times at intervals of 10-20 s before taking any
readings.
(3) Actuate the brake and record the instant the brake arm starts to move
and the instant the saw chain ceases to move.
(4) Average three operations and calculate the stopping time.
(5) Operate each chain saw for five minutes at the manufacturer's rated
speed for maximum engine power.
(6) Average three operations after performing item (5) and calculate the
stopping time.
(7) The braking time for all operations described in items (1) and (5) should
not exceed an average of 0.10 s and a maximum of 0.15 s.
(8) No brake adjustment of any kind is allowed during the above test.
(9) Only new brakes should be tested.
69
I. Kickback tendency
Methods for the measurement of kickback tendency in saw chains are

under development. Reference is made to the methods used by the
National Swedish Testing Institute for Agricultural Machinery (90005
Umea 5, Sweden) and by Omark Industries (Portland, Oregon 97222,
United States).
70
J. Fuel tank: excessive heating
J.1. Test conditions

J. 1.1. The following test conditions should apply.
(1) The ambient temperature for the test should be 26-29°C.
(2) The fuel should be summer grade (Reid vapour pressure at 11 p.s.i.).
(3) The carburettor should be adjusted to the manufacturer's recommen-
ded setting.
(4) The fuel/oil mixture recommended by the manufacturer should be used.
J.2. Procedure
J.2.1. The test procedure should be as follows.
(1) Run the chain saw under steady cutting conditions using one full tank
of fuel.
(2) Record the time taken to use one complete tank of fuel.
(3) Immediately refill the tank and continue cutting under steady cutting
conditions for half the time taken in item (2).
(4) Stop the chain saw and immediately remove the fuel cap. No liquid fuel
should spill from the tank.
71

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Safe design and use

Safe design and use

International Labour Office Geneva

First published 1978

Printed by lcobulle Imprimeur SA, Bulle, Switzerland

At its 191st Session, late in 1973, the Governing Body of the

3.34 Safety warning markings 16

C. GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

8.10 Working alone 34

1.1. This code describes safety requirements for the design of

2.1. For the purposes of this code—

(j) "front handle" means the support handle located at or towards

(I) "on/off control" means a control which allows the engine to be

3.2. Design and balance

3.3. Handles, general provisions

3.3.5. Both handles should either be covered with a non-slip

3.4. Handles, front

3.5. Handles, rear

3.5.1. The rear handle should be so placed, in relation to the

(2) An approved warning sign1 may replace or accompany the

3.9.3. Anti-vibration devices such as vibration isolators and

3.10. Heating of handles

3.11. Starting devices

' See section 4.4.

3.11.3. Chain saws, if equipped with a rope or rewind starter,

3.12. Clutch devices

3.13. Throttle control system

(2) The throttle control lockout should be so constructed that it

3.16. Throttle control linkage

3.18. Throttle control latch

3.19. On-off control switch

3.20.3. The front handle guard should be designed to withstand

3.21. Chain brake

3.23. Chain catcher

chain saw as practically possible, and designed to restrict the whip

3.26. Chip discharge

3.27. Fuel and oil tanks

3.28. Choke control

3.31. Guide bar

3.32. Saw chain tensioning

3.32.1. (1) On all chain saws provision should be made for

3.33. Saw chains

3.34. Safety warning markings

3.34.1. Chain saws should be clearly and permanently marked

3.36. Guide bar cover

3.36.1. Chain saws should be provided with a transportation

3.37. Fire hazards

3.37.1. The fuel tank should be so constructed that, when the

3.38. Muffler design and construction

3.38.1. (1) When the muffler is equipped with a spark arrester

3.39. Oiler control

3.40.1. Chain saws should be provided with a screwdriver, a

3.41. Electrically powered chain saws

3.41.1. Operators of electrically powered chain saws should be

3.41.6. The power switch on electric chain saws should be—

4.2. Operator's manual

(b) Safety clothing as required by your safety organisation, govern-