Biodiversity

Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework
(LOCF) for Post-graduate Programme
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME

M.Sc. BOTANY
(SPECIALISATION IN
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION)
(Syllabus effective from 2021 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
2021
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PREAMBLE
The role of higher education is vital in securing the gainful employment and providing further access
to higher education comparable to the best available in the world-class institutions elsewhere. The
improvement in the quality of higher education, therefore, deserves to be given tom-most priority to
enable the young generation of students to acquire skill, training and knowledge to enhance their
thinking, comprehension and application abilities and prepare them to compete, succeed and excel
globally. Sustained initiatives are required to reform the present higher education system for improving
and upgrading the academic resources and learning environments by raising the quality of teaching
and standards of achievements in learning outcomes across all undergraduate programs in science,
humanities, commerce and professional streams of higher education.
One of the significant reforms in the undergraduate education is to introduce the Learning Outcomes-
based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) which makes it student-centric, interactive and outcome-
oriented with well-defined aims, objectives and goals to achieve. The University Grants Commission
(UGC) took the initiative of implementing the LOCF in the Colleges and the Universities of the
country. Accordingly, the University of Kerala has decided to implement the LOCF in all its
departments under the auspices of Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC). A series of teacher training
workshops were organized by IQAC and the office of the Credit and Semester System (CSS), and the
departments have revised the syllabus accordingly, through workshops and in consultation with
academic experts in the field.
GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES (GAs)
The Graduate Attributes (GAs) reflect particular qualities and abilities of an individual learner
including knowledge, application of knowledge, professional and life skills, attitudes and human
values that are required to be acquired by the graduates of University of Kerala. The graduate attributes
include capabilities to strengthen one‟s professional abilities for widening current knowledge and
industry-ready skills, undertaking future studies for global and local application, performing creatively
and professionally, in a chosen career and ultimately playing a constructive role as a socially
responsible global citizen. The Graduate Attributes define the characteristics of learners and describe
a set of competencies that are beyond the study of a particular area and programme.
The GAs of University of Kerala
 Continue life-long learning as an autonomous learner
 Continuously strive for excellence in education
 Apply and nurture critical and creative thinking
 Promote sustainable development practices
 Promote co-operation over competition
 Balance rights with responsibilities
 Understand and respect diversity & difference
 Not be prejudiced by gender, age, caste, religion, or nationality.
 Use education as a tool for emancipation and empowerment of humanity
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ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Botany was established in the year 1959 at Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapurm, Kerala with
Late Prof (Dr.) A Abraham, visionary, an institution builder and a doyen in Cytogenetics and Plant
Breeding, as Professor and Head of the Department. He believed that, the goal of science is to seek the
simplest explanations of complex facts. His emphasis on “learning by doing” continues to be at the heart of
the Department‟s educational mission. The commitment of the Department to innovations has led it to a
host of scientific break-through, which includes the discovery of highest chromosome number of
1260 in Ophioglossum reticulatum, introduction of the most popular tapioca variety M-4 in Kerala, from
Malaysia to meet the food shortage, introduction of hybrids of Mussaenda from Philippines as an
ornamental plant and so on by Prof (Dr.) A Abraham and his research team. Fuelled by optimism,
ingenuity and the sense of responsibility from Professor Abraham, and a galaxy of eminent Professors like
Dr. C A Ninan, Dr. P M Mathew, Dr. A. N Namboodiri, Dr Susan Abraham, Dr. P I Kuraichan and Dr. B
Vijayavalli made continue to make envious strides in research at the Department in Cytology, Genetics and
Plant Breeding. Since 1980s, faculties in the Department have focused on morphogenesis, reproductive
biology and genetic diversity analysis especially on crop species. Plant tissue culture laboratories and
molecular biology labs were opened during this period. The modernization of facilities gained momentum
due to support of the UGC in the form of COSIST and SAP programs. Infrastructure facilities were greatly
augmented in the last decade under the headship of Dr. G.M Nair, Dr. Omanakumari and Dr. Ashalatha S
Nair. SAP phase II, SARD programme of KSCSTE and DST-FIST were implemented during the period
resulting in the addition of sophisticated equipments and facilities in the Department. The Department has
been delivering research-led student education with a strong suite of two post graduate programmes (i) M
Sc Genetics and Plant Breeding and (ii) M Sc Biodiversity Conservation. The Department also offers
Master of Philosophy in Advanced Botany, which is an amalgamation of classical and applied aspects in
Plant Science and empowers the researchers with domain-specific capabilities and methodological
competencies. A dynamic research environment for plant research in the areas of Biosystematics,
Biotechnology, Phytochemistry and Plant Reproductive Biology is being provided in the Department. The
Department has added to its credit more than 250 doctoral degree holders, working in reputed research
labs, across the country and abroad.
Vision
Our vision is to become a premier academic institution recognized internationally for its sustainable
contribution to the environment and society through the pursuit of cutting edge research and academic
expertise
Mission
 To produce highly competent and service oriented generations of students in Life Science that will
best serve the nation and world in the coming years
 To transform education through academic rigour, practical orientation and outcome- based teaching
 To undertake impactful research addressing local, national and global challenges in Plant Science
Research
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Courses Offered
M.Sc. Genetics and Plant Breeding: A unique course with superb amalgamation of classical and applied
aspects of plant science.
M.Sc. Botany (with specialization in Biodiversity Conservation): A unique course designed to get
mastery in Biodiversity and conservation strategies.
M.Phil. Advanced Botany: Two-semester programme covers Methods in Research, Advanced topics in
Botany, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology. A project work as partial fulfillment of the course, term papers
and seminars are the major attractions of the Course.
PhD Botany: Areas of Research
 Conservation of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Utilization

 Cytogenetics and Biosystematics
 Biotechnology/ Tissue culture/ Cell Culture Technology
 Phytochemical and gene prospecting
 In vitro secondary metabolite production & Bioreactor studies
 Bioprospecting of Microbial Resources
 Plant Reproductive Biology and Seed Biology
Admission Procedure
 PhD Admission: is scheduled in January/ July. Qualification: M.Phil/ PhD Qualifying Test/ UGC-
CSIR NET/KSCSTE Fellowship.
 M. Phil. Advanced Botany: The Course begins in November Ist. Admission based on entrance
Examination (50%) with 50% for the Masters Degree.
 M.Sc. Genetics and Plant Breeding: Admission based on an Entrance Examination held in May
every year.
Faculty
1. Prof (Dr.) T .S Swapna (Head of the Department)
2. Prof (Dr.) P.M. Radhamany
3. Prof (Dr.) SuharaBeevy S
4. Prof (Dr.) A. Gangaprasad
5. Prof (Dr.) E.A. Siril
6. Prof (Dr.) S. Shiburaj
7. Prof (Dr.) Bindu R. Nair
8. Dr. R. Rajalakshmi (Associate Professor)
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Research Activities
• Conservation of Tropical Plant Diversity, Evaluation and Genetic characterization

• Biosystematics and Evolution
• Chemical / Gene prospecting
• Crop Genomics
• Plant Tissue culture and Molecular Biology of Medicinal and Crop Plant relatives
• Cytogenesis, Cytotoxicity and Cytotaxonomy
• Plant Reproductive Biology, Breeding and Palynology
Facilities available
1. Botanic Garden: A well-maintained, fully organized garden was established in the Department
which supports researchers and students. The garden is recognized by Botanic Garden
Conservation International (BGCI). The garden includes medicinal plant conservatory, nurseries,
green houses, water plant conservatories, horticulture and topiary garden.
2. Herbarium: Department herbarium has a collection of 7000 Angiosperm specimens from Western
Ghats, 21 Gymnosperms and 715 Pteridophytes.
3. Seed bank: Established through a joint project by University of Kerala and Kerala State
Biodiversity Board. Seed bank aimed to conserve wild relatives of crop plants, underutilized crops
plants and medicinal plants.
4. Library and Information Services: The Department Library has over 15,000 books and 15
subscribed National and International journals. The library provides INFLIBNET and
science@direct facility.
5. Molecular Biology Laboratory Facility: A centralized lab facility established through KSCSTE-
SARD, DST-FIST, and UGC Plan fund with modern sophisticated instruments. Some of the
important instruments are; PCR, RT-PCR, Gel documentation, Gel electrophoresis vertical and
horizontal, , Nanophotometer, Biophotometer, Biofermentor, UV-VIS spectrophotometers,
Nitrogen analyzer, Protein purification system, Cryostat, ELISA reader, Fluorescence microscope,
Phase contrast microscope, Image analyzers, Stereomicroscope, Gas chromatography unit, HPLC
unit, High speed centrifuges, Lyophilizer, Homogenizers etc.
6. Computer lab facility: Established through DST-FIST Programme. Computers with high speed
broadband internet connection and LAN facility. INFLIBNET facility is provided for deep
literature search.
7. Department Auditorium: Department has an auditorium (A/C) with modern Audio Visual Facility.
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The Kerala University Botany Alumni Association (KUBAA)
The Botany Department of the University of Kerala is located in the Kariavattom Campus, about 14kms
from the Thiruvananthapuram city. It was established in 1959 by the late Prof. (Dr.) A. Abraham. Since its
inception, the Department has been focusing its attention mainly on PhD programmes and other research
activities. The main activity of the Department is to undertake research projects and guide researchers for
PhD and M. Phil degrees. Alumni Association was established in the year 2003 with Prof. (Dr.) C.A.
Ninan & Prof. P.M. Mathew (Former Head of the Department) as Patrons. Dr. T S Swapna, Professor &
Head, Department of Botany is the present chairperson of the Association and Dr. Bindu R. Nair is the
Secretary. The Association has around 350 members who actively participate and generously contribute to
all its activities. The Alumni Association proposes to conduct annual seminars with a view to encourage
and enhance the interactions between its many members. It may thus serve as a platform for the exchange
of ideas, both academic and social, by its members, thus effectively reduce the generation gap between the
older acclaimed scientist and today‟s young researchers. The Alumni Association is proud to announce that
many of the members of the Association are working in reputed research labs, across the country and
abroad. Some of them frequently visit the Department, hold discussions with the students and even provide
numerous valuable insights. Furthermore, the Alumni Association encourages their members to exchange
their expertise and ideas among themselves and to the students of the Department, thereby providing scope
for the generation of new ideas which may act as an impetus to research as whole.
For membership and other details please Contact:-

Professor & Head
Department of Botany, University of Kerala
Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581
Kerala, India
Phone +91 – 471- 2308301
www.keralauniversity.ac.in
e-mail: [email protected]
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Syllabus for M.Sc. Programme in Botany

(Specialization in Biodiversity Conservation)
Programme Code 850
Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO) for

M Sc Botany (Specialization in Biodiversity
conservation)
PSO 1 Mastery in biodiversity and its conservation strategies.
PSO 2 Experience and identify the diversity of plant and animal kingdom, from
lower to higher level
PSO 3 Recognize the need to conserve the wealth of Biodiversity
PSO 4 Address environmental issues related to biodiversity
PSO 5 Create social awareness in biodiversity conservation and sustainable

utilization of bioresources
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Programme Structure of M.Sc Botany (Specialization in Biodiversity
Conservation)
Programme Code 850
Semester Course Code Name of the course Credits
Core Courses (CC)
BBC-CC- 511 Biodiversity and Conservation 4

Biology
BBC-CC- 512 Diversity in Algae, Fungi and 4
Microbes
I
BBC-CC- 513 Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution 4
Discipline-Specific Elective (DE)
BBC-DE- 514 Research Methodology and 2

Instrumentation
Core Courses (CC)
BBC-CC-521 Environmental Biology 4

BBC -CC-522 Animal Diversity 4
BBC-CC-523 Diversity in Bryophytes, Pteridophytes 4
and Gymnosperms
II
BBC-CC-524 Biochemistry, Physiology and 4
Immunology
BBC-DE-525 Bioinformatics 2
Core Courses (CC)
BBC-CC-531 Angiosperm Taxonomy, Economic 4

Botany and Ethnobotany
BBC-CC-532 Forest Botany and Phytogeography 4
III
BBC-CC- 533 Conservation of Natural Resources 4
and Policies
BBC-CC-534 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 4
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BBC-DE-535 Remote Sensing Applications and GIS 2
BBC-DE-536 Climate Change and Crop Adaptations 2

Core Courses (CC)
IV
BBC-CC-541 Environmental Impact Assessment 4
(EIA) and Auditing
BBC-CC-542 Agrobiodiversity & Wetland 4
Management
BBC-CC-543 Costal and Marine Diversity and 4
Conservation
DISSERTATION Dissertation 4
BBC-D-444
Generic Courses (GC)
Any semester
(I-IV)
BBC-GC-501 Germplasm Conservation 2
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SEMESTER I Course Code: BBC- CC- 511 Credits: 4
NAME OF THE COURSE: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Course Outcomes (CO)
CO1: Get a deep knowledge on biodiversity richness in global scale and biogeography of India.
CO2: Assess the value of biodiversity wealth of our Nation.
CO3: Analyze various threats to our biodiversity and able to suggest measures for conservation
Strategies.
CO4: Trained effectively and scientifically to convey the message of sustainable use of resources
and conservation of biodiversity to the public and young generation.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction- Definition, Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity:

Structural and functional aspects. Bio-geographic classification of India. Basic concepts of
conservation biology, history of conservation biology, the value of biodiversity and conservation,
current practice in conservation, conservation of genetic diversity, conservation of species diversity,
conservation of ecosystem diversity, relevance of ecosystem diversity as well as services in
conservation
MODULE II: Value of Biodiversity- Intrinsic, consumptive, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic
and option values. Utilitarian values of biodiversity- goods, services and information. Biodiversity and
ecosystem functioning. Biodiversity and stability of ecosystem functioning. Biodiversity at global,
national and local levels India as a Mega Diversity Nation. Hotspots of Biodiversity: Criteria for
determining hot spots. Indo-Burma (Eastern Himalaya), Western Ghats and Sri Lanka.
MODULE III: Threats to Biodiversity- Habitat loss, pollution, species introduction, global climate
change, overexploitation, poaching of wildlife. Rare species, genetic diversity of rare species, habitat
loss and fragmentation. Extinction: mass extinction, extinction process, ecosystem degradation, over
exploitation, invasive species. Human factors: social factors, economics, politics and action. Man-
wildlife conflicts. Endangered and endemic species of India, common plant species, common animal
species.
MODULE IV: Conservation of Biodiversity- Strategies for conservation: In situ and ex situ
conservation- environmental assessment, protected areas-biosphere reserves, national parks,
sanctuaries, tiger reserves-project tiger. Ex situ conservation-Managed ecosystems, biological
resources and gene banks, botanical gardens, bio-parks, simulated ex situ conservation strategies,
valuing biological resources, ecotourism, .Strategies for Conservation: Top-down and bottom- up
protocols for conservation. In situ conservation.- Protected areas, Wildlife sanctuaries, National parks,
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Biosphere reserves. Strategies for ex situ conservation – Botanical Gardens, Seed banks, Field gene
banks, Test tube gene banks, pollen banks, DNA bank, in vitro conservation.
MODULE V: Ecosystem Restoration and Management Practices- Global biodiversity and its importance,
Different approaches of biodiversity conservation and management, registering biodiversity. Valuing
biodiversity resources and their contribution to agriculture, community health and environment.
Causes of biodiversity loss. Techniques of species reintroduction and restoration of the degraded
habitat. Biodiversity policy and legislation. Wildlife conservation and management: Status of
biodiversity conservation in India
MODULE VI: Conservation Practices in India and World- Organizations involved in resource
conservation IUCN, WWF, UNEP, UNESCO, Biodiversity International, IPGRI, FAO, BSI, ZSI.
Phytogeography – Hotspots of India and world. General account on activities of DBT, BSI, NBPGR,
ZSI, FSI, NBFGR and NBAGR NFPTCR, Sacred groves, Biodiversity register.
PRACTICALS
1. Field Survey in Kariyavattom campus for studying plant species diversity
2. Ex- situ conservation of plant species using in vitro technique
3. Microproagation of an endangered plant species
4. Green pod (embryo culture) culture of orchid
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 An, S., & Verhoeven, J. T. (Eds.). (2019). Wetlands: Ecosystem Services, Restoration
and Wise Use (Vol. 238). Springer
 Carina Hoorn, Allison Perrigo, Alexandre Antonelli (2018). Mountains, Climate and
Biodiversity John Wiley and Sons Ltd ,Oxford,UK.
 Copsey, J. A., Black, S. A., Groombridge, J. J., & Jones, C. G. (Eds.). (2018). Species
Conservation: Lessons from Islands. Cambridge University Press.
 Dudgeon, D. (2020). Freshwater Biodiversity. Cambridge University Press.
 Fiedler P.L and Kareiva, P.M. (1997) Conservation biology Chapman and Hall
International Thompson Publishing.USA
 Gabriel M. (2000) Biodiversity and conservation Oxford and IBH publishing company
Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
 Heywood, V.H. & Watson, R.T. (1995) Global Biodiversity Assessment.
 Huston, M.A. (1994). Biological Diversity: The coexistence of species on changing
landscapes. Cambridge University Press, UK.
 Iriondo, J. M., Maxited, N. and Dulloo, M.E (2008) Conserving plant genetic diversity
in protected areas – population management of crop wild relatives. Biddles Ltd. Kings‟
Lynn.
 Juniper, T. (2019). Rainforest: Dispatches from Earth's Most Vital Frontlines. Island
Press.
 Krishnamoorthy, K.V (2004) An Advanced text book on Biodiversity- principles and
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Practice: Oxford and IBH publishing company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2003). Text book on Biodiversity, Science Publishers, New

Hampshare.
 Kumar, U. and Sharma, A.K (2008) Plant Biotechnology and Biodiversity
conservation. Agrobios India.
 Leveque, C. & J. Mounolou (2003) Biodiversity. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-470-
84957-6
 Margulis, L., Dolan, Delisle, K., Lyons, C. Diversity of Life: The Illustrated Guide to
the Five Kingdoms. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-7637-0862-3
 Negi, S.S. (1993) Biodiversity and its Conservation in India.
 Novacek, M. J. (ed.) (2001) The Biodiversity Crisis: Losing What Counts. New York:
American Museum of Natural History Books.
 Ovaskainen, O., & Abrego, N. (2020). Joint Species Distribution Modelling: With
Applications in R. Cambridge University Press.
 Pal, D. K. (2019). Ecosystem Services and Tropical Soils of India. Springer.
 Prach, K., & Walker, L. R. (2020). Comparative Plant Succession Among Terrestrial
Biomes of the World. Cambridge University Press.
 Primack, R.B. (1993) Essentials of Conservation Biology. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht
 Shahid N., Daniel E. Bunker, A.H., Michel L. and Charles Perrings (2009). Biodiversity,
Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing An Ecological and Economic
Perspective, Oxford University Press, New York.
 Sharma P.D. (2003). Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Rastogi Publications,
Meerut, India
 Swaminathan, M.N. & Jain, R.S. (1982) Biodiversity: Implications for global security,
Macmillan.
 Trivedi, P. C. (2007) Global Biodiversity status and conservation. Pointer publishers
Jaipur India.
 Wilson E.D (1999). Diversity of Life. W.W. Norton, USA.
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Model Question Paper
M.Sc. (CSS1) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation) Examination
BBC-CC-511. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
Time: Three hours Maximum marks: 40
I. Answer all questions in one word or sentence
1. Why do we need to protect biodiversity?

2. Give the year in which Project Tiger launched
3. What is the wildlife symbol of WWF?
4. Which sanctuary in Kerala was described as the richest bird habitat on peninsular India by Dr.
Salim Ali?
5. Expand CITES.
6. Name a recently extinct species.
7. Name the national park famous for one-horned rhinoceros
8. Which day is celebrated as „World environment day‟?
9. Name two endangered animal species of India
10. Expand UNEP (10X1= 10 marks)
II. Answer any five questions. Each answers not exceeding 50 words.
11. Differentiate rare and exotic species?

12. What is co-extinction? Give suitable examples.
13. Explain how the invasion by an alien species reduces the species diversity of an area.
14. What is endemism? List any three endemic plant and animal species of India.
15. Give an account of the international organizations involved in the conservation of wildlife
16. Define biosphere reserve. Name the three zones of a biosphere reserve and the activities permitted
in each.
17. Differentiate alpha, beta and gamma diversity (5X2= 10 marks)
III. Answer any four of the following. Each answer not exceeding 150 words
18. Describe the consumptive value of biodiversity as food, drugs & medicines, and fuel & fiber with
suitable examples.
19. How does species diversity differ from ecological diversity?
20. Write an explanatory note on the efforts for conservation of biodiversity in India
21. What do you mean by hot spots of biodiversity? What are the criteria for identifying hot spots and
name the biodiversity hotspots located in India
22. Enlsit major threats to biodiversity and suggest suitable preventive measures
23. Describe the different IUCN red list categories of species according to the basis of degree of
threat.
(4X3= 12 marks)
IV. Answer any one of the following, not exceeding 350 words
24. „In situ and ex situ conservation strategies can be effectively utilized for conservation of RET
enlisted plants‟ Substantiate with examples
25. Explain briefly about the bio geographical zones of India giving emphasis to the corresponding
flora and fauna of each of them
(1X8= 8 marks)
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NAME OF THE COURSE: DIVERSITY IN ALGAE, FUNGI AND MICROBES
CO1: Get knowledge to identify and classify algae and fungi

CO2: Analyze process of evolution, life cycle pattern, reproduction and economic
importance of algae and fungal groups and its associations.
CO3: Develop skill in investigation procedure in microbiology and also familiarized with
classification and economic uses of microbes
CO4: Know how microbes or principle can be used for the wellbeing of human
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Algae- Principles and modern trends in taxonomy of algae; Contributions of Indian
Algologists Classification of Algae (Fritsch F. E. 1935; Lee R. E. 2018). Characteristic features of
major Divisions, Thallus organization and its morphological variations; Evolutionary trends.
Ecological role of algae. Fossil algae - Brief account only. Cell structure - Prokaryotic, mesokaryotic
and eukaryotic organizations.
MODULE II: Structure, reproduction and life cycle of the following types : Hydrodictyon, Ulva,
Pithophora, Draparnaldiopsis, Cephaleuros, Halimeda, Acetabularia, Nitella, Padina, Turbinaria,
Amphiroa, Gracilaria, Ceramium, Spirulina, Scytonema Economic Importance of Algae – Algae as
biofuel. Algae as biofertilisers, as food, their uses in industry, water blooms and their ecological role.
MODULE III: Fungi- Principles and modern trends of classification of Fungi- (Alexopoulos etal.
1996; Kirk et al. 2001, 2008); Contributions of Indian Mycologists. Structure, reproduction and
phylogeny of: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Thallus structure,
reproduction and life cycle of the following types: Phytophthora, Pilobolus, Aspergillus, Uromyces,
Polyporus, Lycoperdon, Geaster, Ganoderma, Nidularia, Schizophyllum Colletotrichum, Fusarium
and Helminthosporium. Economic importance of fungi with special reference to secondary metabolites;
Fungi as biocontrol agent.
MODULE IV: Lichens -Classification, thallus structure, reproduction, ecological significance and
economic importance of Lichens. Thallus structure, reproduction and life cycle of the following types:
Parmelia, Graphis.
MODULE V: Microbes- Brief history of Microbiology. Experiments of Pasteur and Tyndall, Koch‟s
postulates. Methods of sterilization. Major groups of microorganisms and their characteristics -prions,
viroids, viruses, bacteria, archaebacteria, mollicutes, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, viable but
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nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria.Bacteria - Classification based on Bergey‟s Manual. Significance of
16 S RNA in Bacterial identification. Morphology, and ultrastructure of typical bacterium. Growth
and nutrition of microorganisms. Growth characteristics. Continuous culture devices - Chemostat.
Extremophiles – Acidophilic, Alkalophilic, Thermophilic and halophilic bacteria. Stress response in
bacteria. Microbial diseases. Human diseases: Bacteria (Rickettsia), Virus (AIDS). Animal diseases:
Anthrax (Bacteria).
MODULE VI: Applications -Microbes in Agriculture: Rhizosphere, Nitrogen fixation, Mycorrhiza,
Cyanobacteria. Industrial Microbiology: Microbial fermentation-Major industrial products from
microbes. Beverages, Antibiotics, Secondary metabolites, Recombinant products. Applied
Environmental Microbiology: Water Purification and Sanitary Analysis, Waste water treatment
(primary secondary and tertiary), Bioremediation and Metal bioleaching.
PRACTICALS
1. A record of algal types mentioned above – A study of their morphology and structure.
2. Field trips to be conducted for students to get familiarized with the local flora.
3. Study of the morphology and reproductive structures of the types of Fungi mentioned in the
syllabus.
4. Staining of fungal filaments by Cotton Blue, Methylene Blue
5. Practical involving preparation of media, principles of isolation, pure culturing aspects
and maintenance of culture.
6. Differential staining -Gram staining of pure cultures of
Bacillus/ Lactobacillus/ Rhizobium/ Escherichia coli.
7. Demonstration of bacterial motility by hanging drop method.
8. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodule of legumes.
9. Test for coliforms in contaminated water.
10. Isolation of pure bacterial culture by streak plate method
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Agrawal, D. C., & Dhanasekaran, M. (Eds.). (2019). Medicinal Mushrooms: Recent Progress
in Research and Development. Springer.
 Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow, K.E. and Sussman, A.S. (1973). The Fungi. Academic Press, New
York.
 Alexopoulose, C. J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (2007). Introductory Mycology. 4th Edn.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
 Atlas, M. and Bartha, R. (2000). Microbial Ecology, Longmann, New York.
 Barsanti, L. and Gualtieri, P. (2014). Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, 2nd
Edition. CRC Press.
 Bauman, R. W. (2015). Microbiology: with diseases by body system 4th Edn. Pearson
Education, Inc.
 Berman, J. J. (2019). Taxonomic guide to infectious diseases: understanding the biologic
classes of pathogenic organisms. Academic Press.
 Bessy, E. A. (1979). Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi. Vikas Publishing House, New
15
Delhi.
 Bilgarmi, K. S and Saha, L. C. (2010). A Textbook of Algae. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 Black, J. G. (1999). Microbiology – Principles and Explorations, Prentice Hall, London.
 Bold, H. C. & Wynne, M. J. (1995). Introduction to Algae. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
 Burnett, J. H. (1968). Fundamentals of Mycology. Edward Arnold Ltd. London.
 Casida, L. E. (1997). Industrial microbiology. New Age Publishers, New Delhi.
 Chojnacka, K., Wieczorek, P. P., Schroeder, G., & Michalak, I. (Eds.). (2018). Algae
biomass: Characteristics and applications: Towards algae-based products (Vol. 8). Springer.
 Chopra, G.L. (1998). A text book of Fungi. S. Nagin & Co. Meerut.
 Cowan, M.K. and Smith H. (2018). Microbiology: A Systems Approach. 5th Edition. Mc Graw
Hill Edn.
 Dube, H. C. (2013). An Introduction to Fungi. 4th Edition. Scientific Publishers, India.
 Dubey, R. C. and Maheswari, D.K. (2010). A Text book of Microbiology, S. Chand &
Company, New Delhi.
 Fritsch F. E. (1935). Structure and reproduction of algae. Cambridge University Press.
 Gangulee, H. C. and Kar, A. K. (1973). College Botany, Vol. I. New Central Book Agency
Pvt. Ltd.
 Hale, M. E. (1983). Biology of Lichens. Edward Arnold, London.
 Hudson, H. J. (1986). Fungal Biology. Edward Arnold, London.
 Iwasa, J. and Marshall, W. (2017). KARP‟S Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
 Kashyap, A. K. and Kumar, H. D. (1994). Recent advances in Phycology. Rastogy &
Company.
 Kirk, P., Cannon P.F., Minter D.W. and Stalpers J. A. (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby‟s Dictionary
of Fungi. 10th Edition. CAB International, Oxon UK.
 Kumar, H. D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. East West Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Landeeker E.M. (1996).Fundamentals of Fungi. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
 Lee, R. E. (2018). Phycology 5th Edition. Cambridge University Press, New Delhi.
 Lostroh, P. (2019). Molecular and Cellular Biology of Viruses. Garland Science.
 Madigan M. T., Bender K.S., Buckley D.H., Sattley W.M., and Stahl D.A. (2017) Brock
Biology of Microorganisms. Pearson Education, Inc.
 Mehrothra, R.S. and Aneja, K. R. (1990). An Introduction to Mycology. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
New Delhi.
 Moore, D., Casselton L.A. Wood D.A. and FranklandJ. C. (1986). Developmental Biology of
higher fungi. Cambridge University Press.
 Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S. and Kreig, N. R. (1993). Microbiology-concepts and applications.
McGraw Hill, Inc. New York.
 Pommerville, J. C. (2017). Alcamo‟s Fundamentals of Microbiology, 11th Edition. Jones &
Bartlett Learning.
 Prescott, G. W. (1984). The Algae: A review. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd.
 Rangaswami G and Bagyaraj D.J. (2004). Agricultural Microbiology. Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd.
 Round, F. E. (1984).The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University, Press, London.
 Sharma, O. P. (2007). Text book of Fungi. Tata McGraw Hill, Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
16
 Sharma, O. P. (2011). Text book of Algae. Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Comp. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Sharma, O. P. (2017). Fungi and Allied Microbes. McGraw Hill Education
 Sharma, P. D. (2004).The Fungi for University students. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
 Sharma, P. D. (2010). Microbiology. Narosa publishers, New Delhi.
 Singh, K., & Srivastava, N. (Eds.). (2019). Recent Trends in Human and Animal Mycology.
Springer Singapore.
 Smith, G. M. (1976). Cryptogamic Botany Vol.1.Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. Comp. Ltd. New
Delhi.
 Srivastava, J. P. (1998). Introduction to Fungi. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
 Stainer, R.Y. Stanier R.Y., Ingraham J.L., Wheelis M.L. and Painter P.R. (1990). The
microbial world. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
 Sumbali, G. (2005).The Fungi. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Talaro, K. P. and Chess, B. (2018). Foundations in microbiology. 10th Edition. Pearson
Education, Inc.
 Tortora, G. J., Case, C. L., & Funke, B. R. (2016). Microbiologia-12ª Edição. Artmed Editora.
 Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. (2019). Microbiology an Introduction. 13th Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.
 Vashishta, B. R. (1999). Algae. S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.
17
M.Sc. (CSS 1) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation)
BBC-CC- 512. Diversity in Algae, Fungi and Microbes

1. What is glomerule?
2. What is swimmers itch?
3 Which organism causes red tide?
4 What is palmella stage?
5. Name causative organism of leaf spot disease in mango?
6. Which are the secondary metabolites produced in fungi?
7. What are the salient features of plant quarantine law?
8. Differentiate cyphellae from soredia?
9. What is rhizomorph?
10. What is gelatinous lichen? Give example. (10X1= 10 marks)
11. Comment on cytoplasmic inclusions of cyanobacteria.
12. Give an account on pycnidiospores.
13. Point out diverse features of fungal nutrition
14. What is the function of heterocyst?
15. Write down the economic importance of Spirulina
16. List out the ecological significance of Usnea
17. What do you mean by haplo-diplontic lifecycle? (5X2= 10 marks)
18. Describe the reproduction in Rhodophyceae.
19. Discuss the economic importance of diatoms.
20. Explain the structure and reproduction in Acetabularia.
21. Give an account on various methods to control plant diseases
22. Explain the asexual reproduction in fungi
23. Describe the evolution of Chlorophyceae with suitable examples (4X3= 12 marks)
24. Explain the symptoms, disease cycle and control measures of any two bacterial disease
25. Compare the structure, reproduction and life cycle of Padina with Turbinaria
(1X8= 8 marks)
18
NAME OF THE COURSE: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
CO1: Students get a deep knowledge base on cell biology, genetics and evolution.
CO2: Analyze the role of different cell organelles in various physiological process.
CO3: Outline the events in cell cycle process and identify various stages of cell division.
CO4: Gain knowledge on population and developmental genetics.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction to cell biology – Cellular organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Ultrastructure, chemistry, functions, interrelationships and origin of the cell, organelles and membrane
systems-Cell-wall, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi-bodies,
plastids, mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, spherosomes. Cytoskeletal structures -
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments. Nucleus - nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm,
nucleolus, chromatin reticulum. Chemistry of chromosomes – DNA, histone and non-histone proteins,
RNA and organization of these in the three dimensional configuration of the chromosome. A study on
the structure and function of the kinetochore, Nucleolar organizer region (NOR) and other secondary
constrictions, satellites, heterochromatic segments and telomeres.
MODULE II: Cell division cycle mechanism and regulation- Stages of cell cycle (Mitosis and
Meiosis). Cytoskeleton- microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments, Spindle formation
and disintegration, mechanism of chromosome movement and separation during anaphase, actin-
myosin cytoskeleton, role of cohesins and condensins, role of motor proteins. Cell cycle control
mechanisms (Check points), Role of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases, cdk activating kinase
(CAK), cdk inhibitory proteins (CKIs). Synaptonemal complex, structure and function, molecular
mechanism of crossing over. Structural (deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations) and
numerical (euploid and aneuploid) variations in chromosomes. Meiotic behavior of structural and
numerical variants. Genetic and evolutionary significance of chromosomal variations.
MODULE III: Mendelian, Microbial and Biochemical Genetics–Brief account of Mendel‟s
experiments, linkage, recombination and linkage maps – Bateson‟s concept of coupling and repulsion.
Morgan‟s concept of linkage, linear arrangement of genes, linkage groups, complete and partial
linkage, recombination linkage maps, three point test crosses, interference, coefficient of coincidence
and negative interference. Mechanisms of sex determination- genetic, hormonal, environmental and
chromosomal mechanisms. Dosage compensation, Barr body, Lyon‟s hypothesis. Microbial Genetics
– Genetic recombination in viruses, bacteria, fungi, Biochemical Genetics –Inborn errors of
metabolism- Major types of metabolic errors in man, Gene concept – Allele, Multiple alleles,
pseudoallele, polygenes. Gene-Enzyme relationship, One gene - One enzyme hypothesis. Benzer‟s
concepts of cistron, muton and recon, types of genes- smart genes (luxury genes), housekeeping genes,
19
Barbara Mc Clintock‟s transposons, overlapping genes, split genes, homeotic genes, pseudogenes,
orphan genes, selfish genes, gene cluster, gene families.
MODULE IV: Molecular and Environmental Genetics- DNA as the genetic material, DNA
constancy, C-value paradox, structure of B-DNA and Z-DNA. DNA replication –Mode and
mechanism, unidirectional and bidirectional replication. Genetic code–features, exceptions. Gene
Regulation - Central dogma, Transcription, organization of transcriptional units. Gene Regulation in
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Transcriptional regulation – signal transduction - upstream and
downstream regulators. Post transcriptional regulation – RNA processing – split genes, hn RNA,
introns and exons, capping, polyadenylation, splicing, snRNAs and spliceosomes. Post transcriptional
silencing, MicroRNAs, RNA inhibition. Translational regulation and Post Translational regulation -
Cleavage and processing of proteins. Genetic imprinting. Environmental regulation of gene
expression. Epigenetics. Gene synthesis – Khorana‟s artificial synthesis of the gene for alanine transfer
RNA and tyrosine transfer RNA of yeast. DNA damage and repair- Genetic diseases caused by defects
of DNA repair system, Types of mutations and methods of detection Molecular mechanism of
spontaneous and induced mutations, site directed mutagenesis. Environmental mutagenesis and
toxicity testing, high radiation belts of Kerala. Mutagenic effects of food additives and drugs. Ames
test.
MODULE V: Population Genetics and Developmental Genetics- Systems of mating and their genetic
effects. Hardy Weinberg law and its applications. Factors affecting gene frequencies – mutation,
migration, selection, genetic drift, genetic polymorphism and selection, founder effect, genetic load.
Consanguinity and its genetic effect. Human genetics: Pedigree analysis, Karyotypes, genetic
disorders. Developmental genetics- Genetic control of development in plants and animals with stress
to developmental genes in Arabidopsis and Drosophila. Role of cytoplasm in development.
MODULE VI: Evolution- Origin and evolution of life. Concepts and theories of evolution. Classical
and synthetic theories of evolution, Forces and mechanism of evolution, Speciation. Isolation
mechanism, Evolution above species level, Molecular evolution.
PRACTICALS
1. Meiosis - Rhoeo, Chlorophytum, Crotalaria, Datura (at least one should be recorded).
2. Mitosis – Metaphase and Anaphase
3. Calculation of Mitotic index.
4. Work out problems in linkage, chromosome mapping, microbial genetics, molecular genetics and
population genetics.
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K. and Johnson, A. D. (2009). Essential Cell Biology. 3rd
Edition, Garland Science, NY, USA.
 Alberts, B., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A. D., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P.
(2018). Essential Cell Biology: Fifth International Student Edition. WW Norton &
Company.
 Barraclough, T. G. (2019). The evolutionary biology of species. Oxford University Press.
20
 Barton N.H., Briggs E.G., Eisen J. A. Goldstein D. B. and Patel N.H. (2007). Evolution
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1st edition
 Becker, W.M Hardin, J. and Bertoni G. (2018). Becker‟s World of the Cell. Pearson
Education Ltd. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.
 Benjamin A. Pierce. (2012). Genetics. A Conceptual Approach 4th Edition. W. H.
Freeman and Company.
 Briggs, D. and Walters, S. M. (1984). Plant Variation and Evolution, Cambridge
University Press, London
 Brown, T.A. (2006). Genomes. 3 Garland Science.
 Calow P. (1983). Evolutionary principles, Blackie & Son Limitted.
 Charlesworth B. and Charlesworth D. (2017). Evolution: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd
Edition Oxford University Press.
 Jorde, L. B., Carey, J. C., & Bamshad, M. J. (2015). Medical genetics e-Book. Elsevier
Health Sciences.
 Karp,G. (2004). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (4th edition).
John Wiley and Sons Inc. U.S.A.
 Klug, S.W. and Cummings, M.R. (2003). Concepts of Genetics. Pearson Education Pvt.
Ltd., Singapore.
 Kowles, R. (2000). Solving Problems in Genetics.Springer –Verlag, New York, Berlin,
London.
 Krebbs JE, Kilpatrick ST, Goldstein ES (2017). Lewin's GENES XII. Pearson Education,
Prentice – Hall, New York
 Lewin, B. (2004). Genes VIII. Pearson Education, Prentice – Hall, New York
 Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser C.A, Krieger, M., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H., Amon A., and.
Scott,
M. P. (2012). Molecular Cell Biology 7th Edn. W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd New York.
 Russell, P.J. (2005). Genetics- A Molecular Approach (2nd edition). Pearson/Benjamin
Cummings, San Francisco.
 Sætre, G. P., & Ravinet, M. (2019). Evolutionary genetics: Concepts, analysis, and
practice. Oxford University Press, USA.
 Sen, S. and Kar, D.K. (2005).Cytology and Genetics B. M. Johri (Ed.) Narosa Publishing
House. New Delhi.
 Singh, B.D. (2003). Genetics.Kalyani Publ., Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Stansfield F. (1991). Genetics. (3rd edition), Schaum's outline series, McGraw Hill, New
York.
 Vega, L. (2019). Fundamentals of Genetics. Scientific e-Resources
21
BBC-CC- 513. CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

1. What are cohesins?
2. What is nucleoplasm?
3. What is consanguinity?
4. What is kinetochore?
5. What is a test cross?
6. Give an example for sex limited trait in humans
7. What is non-recurrent mutation?
8. What is gene pool?
9. Define „photoreactivation‟
10. What is RAD? (10X1=10 marks)
11. Distinguish between euchromatin and heterochromatin.
12. Give the functions of golgibodies.
13. Describe the major events in different phases of interphase stage of cell division.
14. Differentiate between coupling phase and repulsion phase and predict the outcome of
progenies.
15. Who proposed the chromosome theory of heredity?
16. Define site directed mutagenesis. Write steps involved in oligonuleotide directed
mutagenesis
17. What is gene frequency? How is the gene frequency calculated for codominant and
dominant recessive autosomal loci? (5x2=10 marks)
18. Distinguish between euchromatin and heterochromatin
19. Describe the structure and functions of golgibodies
20. Describe the different modes of speciation.
21. Morgan crossed red eyed female drosophila with white male flies. What was theresult
obtained in F1 and F2 generation? What is the result of reciprocal cross? Give a genetic
explanation for the results.
22. What is the difference between dominance and epistasis? Explain two types of epistasis
with examples of the respective altered dihybrid ratio.
23. Explain the different mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria.
(4X3=12 marks)
24. What is the genetic code? Enlist the important features of the genetic code. Explain the
steps involved in gene translation in prokaryotes.
25. State the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and its applications. (1X8= 8 marks)
22
SEMESTER I Course Code: BBC- DE- 514 Credits: 2
NAME OF THE COURSE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & INSTRUMENTATION

Course Outcomes:
CO1: Prepare scientific reports, proposals and research papers

CO2: Analyze scientific data using statistical tools
CO3: Aware of principle and applications of instruments used in biological research
CO4: Know the principles, types and application of microscopy, chromatography,
electrophoresis and spectroscopy
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Research methodology- Introduction, Need for research, stages of research; Generation
of a research problem, execution of work, and interpretation of results. Review of literature Books,
Journals: Indexing journals, abstracting journals, research journals, review journals, e-journals. Impact
factor of journals, NCBI-Pub Med. Other sources of references - Internet, open access initiative,
INFLIBNET, INSDOC. Bibliography management system-Mendeley, End Note. Preparation of
project proposals, Presentation and publication of research outcomes Preparation of a dissertation,
Preparation of research paper, Preparation of review articles. Proof reading - standard abbreviations
for proof correction. Presentation of research findings in seminars and workshops. Plagiarism-
Plagiarism checking softwares.
MODULE II: Basic principles of Biostatistics - Methods of collection and classification of data;
Primary and secondary data, qualitative and quantitative data. Frequency distribution, graphical
representation, normal distribution. Measures of central tendency, Measures of dispersion Mean
deviation, Standard deviation, variance, standard error, co-efficient of variation.Probability -
Definition, mutually exclusive events – sum rule, independent events – product rule. Probability of
unordered combination of events. Tests of significance, Statistical inference – estimation - testing of
hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages),
F-test, ANOVA. Correlation and Regression, correlation (simple and multiple). Data Analysis with
Statistical software packages- SPSS. Design of experiments- replication and randomization.
Common designs in biological experiments: Completely randomized design, randomized block
design, Latin square design, and Factorial design.
MODULE III: Physical forces and chemical bonds -Ionic bond, covalent bond, electrostatic bond
hydrogen bond, hydrophobic bond and Van der Waals forces. Examples of biological molecules.
Principles of biophysical chemistry: pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative
properties. Photobiological phenomena: Fluorescence, phosphorescence, Birefrinence and dichroism.
Bioenergetics: Concepts of entropy, free energy, enthalpy, redox potential.
23
MODULE IV: Microscopy- phase contrast, fluorescence, polarizing, Confocal microscopy, scanning
and transmission electron microscopy, STEM: Cytophotometry and flow cytometry, cameralucida and
photomicrography. Basic principle and application of pH meter
MODULE V: Centrifugation and chromatographic techniques- Basic principles of sedimentation –

Types of centrifuges and their uses – Preparative and Analytical centrifuge – Sedimentation
equilibrium method, Sedimentation velocity method – Density Gradient Centrifugation – Isokinetic
and isopycinic centrifugation – Differential centrifugation.General principles–Adsorption and
Partition Chromatography–Thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography, Gas-liquid
chromatography (GLC), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ion-Exchange
Chromatography and Affinity Chromatography. Electrophoretic techniques– Moving boundary
electrophoresis and zone electrophoresis – Paper electrophoresis starch gel, agarose gel and
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis – SDS, Non-SDS, DISC electrophoresis Isoelectric focusing,
Istotachophoresis and immuno electrophoresis.
MODULE VI: Spectroscopic techniques- General principles, Types of spectra and their biochemical
usefulness, visible and UV spectrophotometry, Infra-red (IR) Circular Dichroism (CD), NMR, ESR
and mass spectroscopy, Spectro-fluorimetry, Luminometry, Atomic/Flame spectrophotometry,
Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy, ICP-MS. Detection and measurement of
different types of radioactive isotopes normally used in biology-– Geiger-Muller, Liquid Scintillation
Counting, ionization chamber, Pocket dosimeters-film badge. Radioactive material, safety guidelines.
Application of radioisotopes in biological research, radioisotope tracer technique and autoradiography.
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Ackerman (1962). Biophysical Science, Prentice Hall, Inc.

 Adamovics, J. A. (Ed.). (2017). Chromatographic analysis of pharmaceuticals. Routledge.
 Anderson J, Durston B H, Poole (1970). Thesis and assignment writing. Wiley Eastern.
 Banerjee, P.K. (2014). Introduction to Biophysics (2nd edition). S. Chand &Company Pvt. Ltd.
 Bedekar V H (1982). How to write assignment and research papers, dissertations and thesis.Kanak
publications.
 Bercy R (1994). The research project, how to write it. Rutledge, London.
 Boyer, R. F. (1986).Modern Experimental Biochemistry. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.
Inc. New York.
 Chandel R S (1975). A handbook of Agricultural statistics. AchalprakashanMandir.
 Claycomb, J., Tran J.Q.P. (2011).Introductory Biophysics- Perspectives on the living state. Jones
and Bartlett India Pvt. Publishers. New Delhi.
 Clifford Hawkins, Marco Sorghi. Research: How to plan and speak about it and write about
it.Narosa Publishing Company.
 Daniel, M. (1989). Basic Biophysics, Agro Botanical Publishers Bikaner
 Das, D.J. (1987). Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry. Academic Publishers. Calcutta.
24
 Day R.A (1979). How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge University press.
 Deb, A.C. (2015).Fundamentals of Biochemistry. New central Book Agency Pvt Ltd. Kolkata.
 Garg, A.S., and Garg, N. (2017). Biochemical Test Principles and Protocols. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
 Gomez K A, Gomez AA (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and
Sons.
 Gupta S P (1984). Statistical methods. S Chand and company.
 Joseph Gibaldi (2000). MLA Handbook for writers of research papers. Affiliated EastWest Press
Pvt. Ltd.
 Judith Bell. How to complete your research project successfully. UBS Publishers andDistributors
Ltd.
 Kothari. Research Methodology.
 Krishnakumar K (1981). An introduction to cataloguing practice. Vikas Publishing House.
 Kuriyan, J.,Konforti, B.,Wemmer, D.(2013).The molecules of life-Physical and Chemical
Principles. Garland science-Taylor & Francis group, New York.
 Miura, K., & Sladoje, N. (2020). Bioimage Data Analysis Workflows (p. 170). Springer Nature.
 Narayanan, P. (2000) Essentials of Biophysics New Age Internal Publishers
 Narayanan, P. (2011).Essentials of Biophysics (2nd edition).New age International Pvt. Ltd.
Publishers.
 Panse V G, Sukathme P V (1995). Statistical methods for Agricultural workers. ICAR.
 Parshar R G (1989). Index and indexing systems. Me dallion press New Delhi.
 Pattabhi (2001) Biophysics Narosa Publishing House
 Pattabhi, V., Gautham, N. (2011).Biophysics (2nd edition). Narosa publication House.
 Piramal, V. (2005). Biophysics. Dominant Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
 Purohit, S.S. (2010).Biochemistry- Fundamentals and Application. Student edition Jodhpur.
 Robert J Brooker (2009). Genetics: analysis & principles (III Edn). McGraw Hill
 Roy, R.N. (1996).A Text book of Biophysics. New central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd.
 Smith, G. C. (2019). Cellular Biophysics and Modeling: A Primer on the Computational Biology
of Excitable Cells. Cambridge University Press.
 Srivastava, P.K. (2005). Elementary Biophysics, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Subramanian (2015) Biophysics –Principles and Techniques MJP Publishers Chennai
 Suresh, K Sharma (2016). Research Methodology and Biostatistics Application. Elsevier
 Victoria E McMillan (1997). Writing papers in the biological sciences (II Edn). Bedford
books.www.opengate.com
25
M.Sc. (CSS1) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation)
BBC-DE-514 Research Methodology and Instrumentation (Elective)

1. What is ligand?
2. What is sedimentation co-efficient?
3. Name various types of media used for electrophoresis
4. What is redox couple?
5. Define standard deviation
6. Define partition coefficient
7. What is retention time?
8. Explain moving boundary electrophoresis
9. What is meant by plagiarism? Name any two plagiarism checking software
10. What are INFLIBNET and INSDOC? (10x1=10marks)
11. Give an account on different types of centrifuges
12. Point out uses of radio active isotopes in biological experiments
13. Give an account on the various applications of radioisotopes in biology
14. Explain procedure of immuno-electrophoresis
15. What is proof reading? What are standard abbreviations used in proof reading?
16. Give an account on measures of dispersion
17. What are the features of Chi-square test? (5x3=15 marks)
III. Answer any five of the following. Each answer not exceeding 150 words
18. Explain density gradient centrifugation and mention applications
19. Briefly explain iso-electro-focusing
20. „Specific interaction between molecules can be used in chromatographic separation of molecules‟
Explain how
21. Explain the principle and applications of phase contrast microscope
22. Give an account on common designs in biological experiments
23. What are the components of a research paper? Explain
24. Compare correlation and regression analysis (5X5= 25 marks)
25. Give an account principle, instrumentation and application of spectrophotometry
26. What are the major components of project proposal? Explain how a project proposal can be
prepared with example (1X10= 10 marks)
26
SEMESTER II Course Code: BBC- CC- 521 Credits: 4
NAME OF THE COURSE: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
CO1: Identify the interactions between environment and biota

CO2: Assess the dynamics and types of ecosystem
CO3: Gain knowledge about population and community
CO4: Gain knowledge about the global climate change and its impact
CO5: Skill to evaluate soil and water quality
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction- Levels of organization and habitat- interaction between environment and
biota. Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche;
resource partitioning; character displacement. Application of Law of thermodynamics, food chain,
food web, trophic levels, ecological pyramids and recycling - energy flow and transaction.
Productivity and Biogeochemical cycles
MODULE II: Concepts and dynamics of ecosystems- Ecosystem: Structure and function; energy
flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary production and decomposition; Types – Freshwater, marine
and terrestrial. Components of ecosystem, Development and evolution of ecosystems. structure and
function of some Indian ecosystems: Grass land, terrestrial, forest, and aquatic (fresh water, marine,
estuarine). Ecosystem management.
MODULE III: Characteristics of a population- population growth curves; population regulation; life
history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic
extinctions, age structured populations. Concept of carrying capacity, Population fluctuation and
regulation. Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and
its measurement; edge effect and ecotone. Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography;
biogeographical zones of India.
MODULE IV: Ecological interactions - interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, Neutralism,

symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, antagonism, antibiosis, parasitism, predatism, competition –
intra-specific and interspecific; Ecological and environmental significance of interactions.
MODULE V: Study of climate- their distribution and adaptation to the environment. Deserts (dry and
cold) Tundra, Grassland, Savannah, Temperate forests, Tropical rain forests, Mangrove Ecological
concepts of species: Autecological level (genecology), Synecological level.
MODULE VI: Applied ecology- Environmental pollution; global environmental change;
biodiversity-status, management approaches, Current environmental issues in India, Environmental
27
education and awareness. Green Protocol. Disaster management, Global environmental problem,
ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, global warming, acid rain, nuclear hazards – Climate change,
Eutrophication.
PRACTICALS
1. Analysis of vegetation - Quadrat /line transects to find frequency and interpret the
vegetation in terms of Raunkier‟s frequency formula.
2. To find out the dissolved oxygen content in the given water sample (pond, lake, well etc).
3. To find out the primary production in the given water sample using light and
dark bottle method.
4. Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate content in water samples.
5. Estimation of total organic carbon content in the given soil sample
6. Visit to a local area to document environmental assets river/ forest/grassland/hill/mountain
7. Visit to a local polluted site-Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural.
Report of the items 6 and 7 should be included in the record.
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Agarwal, K.C. (2001). Environmental Biology, Nidi Publ. Ltd. Bikaner.
 An, S., & Verhoeven, J. T. (Eds.). (2019). Wetlands: Ecosystem Services, Restoration and Wise
Use (Vol. 238). Springer
 Aradhana, P. S. (Ed). (1998). Environmental Management, Rajat Publications, Delhi.
 Birdu R, Babu and Padmavathy B. (2017). Ecology and Biodiversity 1 st ed,. Notion Press
publication.
 Brunner, R.C. (1989). Hazardous Waste Incineration, McGraw Hill Inc.
 Chapman, J. and Reiss, M. (2000). Environmental Biology. Cambridge University Press.
 Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, E and Hepworth, M.T. (2001). Environmental
Encyclopaedia, Jaico Publ. House, Mumbai.
 Fisher, M. R. (2018). Environmental Biology. / URI: https://openlibrary-
repo.ecampusontario.ca/jspui/handle/123456789/420
 Jadhav, H and Bhosale, V.M. (1995). Environmental Protection and Laws. Himalaya Pub. House,
Delhi.
 Krohne, D. T. (2017). Ecology: Evolution, Application, Integration. Oxford Univ. Press.
 Kumar, H. D. (2000). Modern Concepts of Ecology. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Odum, F. E. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders and Company.
 Paul, V.I. (2013). Biodiversity: Issues, Impact, Remediations and Significance 1st Edition. V L
Media Solutions
 Sharma, P. D. (2004). Environmental Biology, Himalaya Publications.
 Stiling, P. (2012). Ecology: Global Insights and Investigations, McGraw- Hill Companies,
NewYork.
 Trivedi, R. K. and Goel, P.K. (2003). Introduction to Air pollution, Techno-Science Publication.
28
M.Sc. (CSS 2) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation) Examination
BBC-CC-521. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Mention importance of green protocol
2. Write about causes of ozone depletion
3. What is antibiosis?
4. Explain concept of metapopulation
5. What are ecological pyramids?
6. What is eutrophication?
7. What is mineral cycling?
8. Define ecotone
9. Explain K selection
10. List out causes of acid rain (1X10= 10 marks)
11. Enumerate and explain characteristic features of Tundra
12. What are age structured population?
13. Write about disaster management
14. Explain interspecific competition
15. Write a note on population growth curve
16. Differentiate autecology and synecology
17. Analyse how adaptations of plants help them to survive in mangrove ecosystem
(5X2= 10 marks)
18. “Organisms are highly adapted for their life in desert ecosystem”. Substantiate
19. Give an account of biogeographical zones of India
20. Explain how species diversity can be measured
21. Explain different types of ecological interactions
22. Write an account of status of biodiversity in India
23. Explain ecosystem management and its significance (4X3= 12 marks)
24. Write an account on different types of ecosystems enlisting the salient features.
25. What is pollution? Give an account of environmental pollution leads to global warming.
Mention the importance of environmental education in preventing global warming
(1X8= 8 marks)
29
NAME OF THE COURSE: ANIMAL DIVERSITY
CO1: Identity and classify major groups of animal kingdom

CO2: Apply techniques of animal collection and preservation
CO3: Differentiate the characters and life history of lower and higher invertebrates
CO4: Compare salient features of phylum chordate and Mammalia.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction to Animal Diversity and Taxonomy - Principles and rules of Taxonomy,
ICZN Rules, Concepts of taxon, categories, holotype, paratype, topotype etc. Ethical and Humane
treatment to animals, DOs and DON‟Ts, Preservation of animal specimens for taxonomic purposes,
Field data collection for taxonomic studies.
MODULE II: Animal Study Techniques - Methods of Field data collection for taxonomic studies Use
of techniques like net sweeping, pit fall traps, light traps, Berlese funnel, smoking, aspirators, mark-
recapture, Use of Taxonomic literature and study of key characters for identification of the specimen.
MODULE III: Lower invertebrate phyla, General Characters – Strictly restrict to salient features only
.Classification up to Classes with two examples – Brief account only. General Characters and
Classification up to classes in Kingdom Protista: Phylum Porifera: Phylum Cnidaria, Phylum
Nemathelminthes. Locomotory Organelles and Locomotion in Protozoa, Canal System in Porifera,
Polymorphism in Hydrozoa, Life history of Taenia solium Life history of Ascaris lumbricoides and its
parasitic adaptations.
MODULE IV: Higher invertebrate phyla, General Characters – Strictly restrict to salient features
only. Classification up to Classes with two or three examples – Brief account only- Phylum
Annelida, Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Mollusca, Phylum Echinodermata. Metamerism in Annelida
Vision in Arthropoda, Metamorphosis in Insects. Torsion in gastropods Water-vascular system in
Asteroidea. General features and Phylogeny of Protochordata.
MODULE V: Animal Diversity-Phylum: Chordata- General Characters – salient features only

Classification up to Classes with two examples – Brief account only Agnatha: General features of
Agnatha and classification of cyclostomes up to classes Pisces: General features and Classification up
to orders; Osmoregulation in Fishes Amphibia: General features and Classification up to orders;
Parental care. Reptiles: General features and Classification up to orders; Poisonous and non-poisonous
snakes, Biting mechanism in snakes Aves: General features and Classification up to orders; Flight
adaptations in birds, Birds Songs
30
MODULE VI: Animal Diversity-Phylum: Mammalia- General Characters – Strictly restrict to salient
features only classification up to classes with two or three examples – Brief account only Oviparity;
ovoviviparity and viviparity in mammals. Dentition; adaptive radiation; convergent evolution of
placental and Australian mammals, Primates, Classification of living Primates, Specific features of
Anatomy, Physiology and Morphology, Unique Behavioural characters in Primates.
PRACTICALS:
1. Identification of Type Specimen from the invertebrate and chordates mentioned in the syllabus
and record submission
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Alcock, J. (2009) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach (9th edition). Sinauer

Associates, Sunderland, MA.
 Ali, S. and Ripley, S. (1999). Handbook of birds of India and Pakistan Edn.2 Oxford
University Press.
 Ali, S. and Ripley, S.D. (1983). A pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian
Subcontinent. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press.
 Ashlock, P.D. (1991). Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2nd Edn. Mcgraw-Hill
College.
 Bhatnagar, M.C and Bansal, G (1998). Non chordata (invertebrate zoology), Krishna
Prakashan Media (P) Ltd., Meerut, New Delhi.
 Chaudhary, A.B. and Sarkar, D.D. (2003). Mega Diversity Conservation, Daya
Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Cyril, R. and Perkins, L. (2009). Vertebrata. General books, LLC
 Daccordi, Triberti and Zanetti (1988). The MacDonald Encyclopaedia of Butterflies and
Moths. Macdonald, London.
 Deshmukh (1986). Ecology and Tropical Biology, Blackwell Scientific Publication, New
York
 Helen Roy and Peter Brown(2019). Field Guide to the Ladybirds of Great Britain and
Ireland (Field Guides) Bloomsbury Wildlife Publications, England
 Jordan, E .L. and Varma, P.S (1967). Chordate Zoology, S Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi
 Kotpal, R.L. (2005). Arthropoda. 11th Edn. Rastogi Publications.
 Kotpal, R.L. (2012). Modern Text Book of Zoology, Invertebrates, 10th Edn. Rastogi
Publications.
 Lloyd, J.R. (1984). Man and the Ecosystem, Macmillan Education Ltd., London
 Mani, M.S (2004). Progress in Invertebrate Zoology.
 Mayr, E and Lock, P.D.A (1991). Principles of Systematic Zoology. Mc Graw Hill
Publ. Co., Singapore
 Narendran T. C. (2000). An Introduction to Taxonomy. Zoological Survey of India,
Kolkata, India.
 Odum, E.P (1996) Ecology-A Bridge between Science and Society, Sinauer Associates
31
Inc.
 Ormond et. al. (2004) Marine Biodiversity, Cambridge University Press
 Pandey, B.N., Mathur, Vartika (2018). Biology of Chordates. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd
Delhi. Prater, S.H. (1971). The book of Indian animals. 3rd Edn, Bombay Natural
History Society and Oxford University Press.
 Preston-Mafham and Preston-Mafham. (2003). Primates of the World. Facts On File
Inc. London: Blandford Press.
 Preston-Mafham. (1993). The Encyclopaedia of Land Invertebrate Behavior.
 Sai Jyoti,U(2018). Zoology Paper-I (Animal Diversity- Invertebrates) SIA Publishers,
& Distributors Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad
 Salazar, A. (2018). Advanced Chordate Zoology. Scientific e-Resources.
 Sharma, B.D (2002) Indian Wildlife-Threats and Preservations, Anmol Publications
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Sinha, R.K. and Singh, D. (1997) Global Biodiversity, INA Shree Publishers, New
Delhi
 Smith, M. A. (1943). The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma including the whole
Indo- Chinese Sub- region Reptilia and Amphibia.3 (Serpents) London: Taylor and
Francis.

32
BBC-CC- 522 Animal Diversity
Time: Three hours Maximum marks:40

1. Name the larvae of Ambystoma
2. What is the major function of Cnidocytes?
3. What is the major distinguishable feature of Vertebrates?
4. Why can't echinoderms live in freshwater?
5. What are the criteria used for the classification of Sponges‟?
6. Name the organism which possess Malpighian Tubules
7. What do you mean by Agnatha?
8. List out the characteristics of Eutherians
9. Name the compound in Bufo Melanost?
10. What is unique about protozoa? (10X1= 10 marks)
11. Discuss Polymorphisms in Cnidarians?
12. Explain Reproduction in Sponges?
13. List out Major Features of Echinodermata?
14. What is Ommatida?
15. Discuss Osmoregulation Mechanisms in Aquatic Fishes?
16. Write about Lung Fishes and their Unique Features?
17. Explain classifications of Living Amphibians? (5X2= 10marks)
18. Explain Canal Systems in Sponges?
19. Discuss the Locomotoray and Feeding Organs in Protozoans
20. Briefly explain Unique Behavioral responses in Primates
21. „Flight Adaptations in Birds‟ Explain with Examples.
22. Discuss the Biting Mechanisms in Snakes?
23. Different types Metamorphosis, Explain with Examples? (4X3= 12marks)
IV. Answer any one of the following, not exceeding 350 words?
24. Elaborate the Life Cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides and their parasitic adaptations?
25. Elaborate Mammalian Classifications and their Unique Features (1X8= 8 marks)
33
NAME OF THE COURSE: DIVERSITY IN BRYOPHYTES, PTERIDOPHYTES AND

GYMNOSPERMS
CO1: Identify and classify Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms

CO2: Compare life cycles of different groups of Bryophyes, Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms
CO3: Distinguish morphological and anatomical variations of Bryophyta,
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Bryophyta- General characters and recent systems of classification (Shofield, 1985);
Contributions of Indian Bryologists. A general account of morphological and anatomical features,
reproduction, life history and phylogeny of: Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiales, Jungermanniales,
Calobryales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andreales, Funariales, Polytrichales.
MODULE II: Life cycle study of the following types: Lunularia, Targionia, Cyathodium, Reboulia,
Pallavicinia, Porella, Anthoceros, Sphagnum, Polytrichum. Origin and evolution of Bryophytes,
Brief account on Fossil Bryophytes, Economic importance of Bryophytes, Bryophytes as indicators of
water and air pollution.
MODULE III: Pteridophytes- General characters, classification (Bierhost, 1971) and life cycle of
Pteridophytes; Contributions of Indian Pteridologists. Comparative morphology, Anatomical
structure, ecology and phylogeny of the following groups: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida,
Pteropsida.
MODULE IV: Structure, reproduction and life cycle of the following types: Isoetes, Ophioglossum,
Angiopteris, Osmunda, Ceratopteris, Blechnum, Lygodium, Adiantum, Trichomannes, Acrostichum,
Salvinia, Azolla.
MODULE V: Telome theory-basis, elementary proves- origin of sporophylls in Lycopsida,

Sphenopsida and Pteropsida- origin of root- merits and demerits of telome theory; Evolutionary trends
in the gametophytes of Pteridophytes, Conservation of Pteridophytes: Pteridophytes as ecological
indicators. Principles of Paleobotany, Fossil pteridophytes: Rhynia, Lepidocarpon, Sphenophyllum,
Zygopteris.
MODULE VI: Gymnosperms- General characters, affinities, distribution and classification (Sporne,
1965; Christenhurz et al. 2011; Christenhurz & Bing, 2016); phylogeny and economic importance of
Gymnosperms. Structural details of vegetative and reproductive parts, phylogeny and inter
34
relationships of the following orders: Cycadofilicales, Caytoniales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales,
Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Gnetales. Structure, reproduction and life cycle of the following
types: Zamia, Araucaria, Cupressus, Podocarpus, Ephedra.
PRACTICALS
1. Morphological and anatomical studies of the Bryophytes mentioned in the syllabus.
2. Anatomical structural details of the vegetative and reproductive parts of the Pteridophytes
(types mentioned in the syllabus).
3. Identification of fossil Pteridophytes (types mentioned).
4. Structural details of the following fossil types: Heterangium, Medullosa.
5. Anatomy of stem (TS, RLS, TLS), leaf and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in
the syllabus.
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Bhatnagar, S. P. & Moitra, A. (1997). Gymnosperms. New Age Publications, New Delhi.
 Bierhost, D.W. (1971). Morphology of vascular plants. Macmillan, London.
 Biswas, C. and Johri, B. M. (1999). The Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Botanical Survey of India. (2016). Liverworts and Hornworts of India – An annotated check list.
 Cavers, F. (1976). The interrelationship of Bryophyta. S. R.Technic House, Asok Rajpath, Patna.
 Chamberlain, C. J. (1955). Gymnosperms-structure and evolution. Dover Publications, Inc. New York.
 Chamberlain, C. J. (2000). Gymnosperms. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 Chopra, R.N. (1998). Topics in Bryology. Allied Printers, New Delhi.
 Chopra, R.N. and Kumara, P. K. (1988). Biology of Bryophytes. Wiley East, New Delhi.
 Christenhurz M. J. M. Reveal, J. L. Farjon, A. Gardner, M. F and. Mill, R. R. M. and Chase M. W.
(2011). A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55-70.
 Coulter, J. M. and Chamberlain, C. J. (1964). Morphology of Gymnosperm. Central Book Depot,
Allahabad.
 Eames, E. J. (1983). Morphology of Vascular Plants. Standard University Press.
 James W.B. (2015) The Gymnosperms Handbook: A practical guide to extant families and genera of
the world. Plant Gateway Ltd.
 Parihar, N. S. (1980). An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. II. Pteridophyta. Central Book Depot,
Allahabad.
 Parihar, N.S. (1980). An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot,
Allahabad.
 Puri, P. (1981). Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and differentiation. Atma Ram and Sons, New
Delhi.
35
 Ramanujan, C. G. K. (1976). Indian Gymnosperms in time and space. Today and Tomorrows printers
and publishers, New Delhi.
 Rashid, A. (1998). An introduction to bryophyte. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Rashid, A. (1999). Pteridophyta. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Scott, D. H. (1962). Studies in Fossil Botany. Hafner Publishing Co. New York. 12Arnold, C. A.
1947.An Introduction to Paleobotany. McGraw Hill, NewYork.
 Sharma, O. P. (1997). Gymnosperms, Pragati Prakasan, Meerut.
 Sharma, O. P. (2017). Text book of Pteridophyta. McGraw Hill Education.
 Shaw, J. and Goffinet, B. (2000). Bryophyte Biology, Cambridge University Press.
 Shukla, A. C. and Misra, S. P. (1975). Essentials of Paleobotany. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Smith, G. M. (1976). Cryptogamic Botany Vol. II. Tata McGraw Hill. Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Smith, G. M. (1976). Cryptogamic Botany Vol. II. Tata McGraw Hill, Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Sporne, K. R. (1986). Morphology of Gymnosperms, Hutchinson University Library, London.
 Sporne, K. R. (1986). Morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Library, London.
 Stewart, W. N. (1983). Paleobotany and Evolution of Plants. Cambridge University Press, London.
 Sundara Rajan, S. (1999). Introduction to Pteridophyta. New Age Publications, New Delhi.
 Vanderpoorten A. and Goffinet B. (2009). Introduction to Bryophytes. Cambridge Publishers.
 Vashishta, P.C. (2010). Gymnosperms, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.
 Watson, E.V. (1968).The structure and life of Bryophytes. Cambridge University, London.
36
M.Sc. Degree (CSS 2) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation) Examination
BBC-CC- 523. Diversity in Bryophytes, Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms

1. Name any two fossil pteridophytes.
2. Mention asexual reproductive methods of Porella.
3. 3 What are pseudoelaters?
4. Which groups of plants are known as amphibians of plant kingdom?
5. What are Protonema?
6. Define Paleobotany
7. What is sorus?
8. Define indusium?
9. What is the ploidy of endosperm in gymnosperm? Why?
10. Differentiate TS, TLS and RLS. (10x1=10marks)
11. Write on post fertilization changes in Marchantia.
12. Distinguish between apogamy and apospory.
13. In which plant coralloid roots are present? Mention the significance
14. Write note on economic importance of pteridophytes
15. Write short note on male strobilus of Gnetum
16. Describe the structure of Rhynia
17. What do you mean by heterospory in pteridophytes (5X2= 10 marks)
18. Briefly explain life cycle of Ephedra.
19. Give similarities in gymnosperms and pteridophytes.
20. Briefly describe about the spore producing structure of Ophioglossum.
21. Write note on development and features of Psilotum prothallus.
22. Write account on structure of sporangium of Sphagnum.
23. Write adaptive features of coniferales. (4X3=12 marks)
24. Briefly explain the stellar evolution in Pteridophytes
25. Explain how Gymnosperms are classified by Sporne. (1X8= 8 marks)
37
NAME OF THE COURSE: BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
CO1: Differentiate types and metabolism of major primary metabolites

CO2: Explain various physiological processes in animal/ plant systems
CO3: Analyze functioning and significance of immune system and signaling molecules
CO4: Develop skill for performing experiments in physiology and biochemistry
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Biochemistry – Introduction, pH and buffers. Properties of water, acids bases and
buffers. Henderson Hasselbalch equation, pH, pKa. Common buffers. Structure, function and
metabolism of carbohydrates – Synthesis of starch, cellulose and sucrose. Interconversion of hexoses
and pentoses. Biosynthesis of lipids: Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Biosynthesis of Triacyl glycerol,
diacyl glycerol monoacyl glycerol. Gluconeogenesis. Membrane lipids. Lipid oxidation.
MODULE II: Proteins and amino acids- Structure and classification of amino acids. Biosynthesis of
aminoacids. Classification of protein based on structure, function and localization sites. Primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Protein domains. Ramachandran plot. Purification of
proteins. Enzymes: IUB system of classification and nomenclature. Distribution of plant enzymes.
Soluble and membrane bound enzymes. Co enzymes, substrate specificity, regulation of enzyme
activity, Inhibitors, allosteric enzymes. Isozymes. Ribozymes, Abzymes. Enzyme kinetics. The
Michaelis–Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot Km and Vmax. Multienzymes.
MODULE III: Animal Physiological processes I - Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, types of
nutrition, mechanical and chemical changes of food in the alimentary canal, balanced diet, nutritional
disorders – PEM, vitamin deficiency, deficiency of iron, iodine and calcium, lifestyle diseases, role
of fibres.
Circulatory Physiology: Blood- Composition and functions of blood plasma and formed elements,
blood groups, mechanism of blood clotting, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, disorders of blood
clotting, anticoagulants, heartbeat, conducting system and pace maker, pulse and blood pressure,
common cardio vascular diseases – arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis.
Respiratory Physiology: Gas exchange, respiratory pigments- structure of haemoglobin, transport of
O2- Oxyhaemoglobin curve, Bohr effect, transport of CO2 -carbonic acid, carbamino haemoglobin,
bicarbonate and chloride shift. Renal Physiology: Nephron – Structure, Urine formation, Role of
38
hormone in urine formation and concentration, Counter-current multiplier system, Role of kidney in
osmoregulation, composition of urine, abnormal constituents of urine, regulation of kidney functions.
MODULE IV: Animal Physiological Processes II - Nerve Physiology: Neurons – structure, types of
neuron (self-study). Synapse and types of synapse, nerve impulse propagation, synaptic transmission.
Reflex action, refractory period, neuro transmitters, electro encephalogram. Sensory Physiology:
Structure of eye and ear. Physiology of vision, visual elements and pigments, photo chemistry of
vision. Structure of ear and mechanism of hearing. Reproductive physiology: Male and female
reproductive organs (self-study). Reproductive Cycles (role of hormones), puberty, adolescence,
pregnancy, parturition, lactation and birth control. Endocrinology: Endocrine glands in man,
hormones.
MODULE V: Plant Physiology- Photosynthesis: Efficiency and turn over. Light harvesting
complexes. Photosystem I and II - Structure and function. Mechanism of electron transport. Water
oxidizing clock. Rubisco. Structure and function. Photo inhibition. Phytochromes. CO2 fixation: C3,
C4 and CAM pathways. Energetics of CO2 fixation. Photorespiration and glycolate metabolism.
Mechanism of photorespiration in C3 and C4 plants. Factors regulating photorespiration. Respiration.
Anaerobic, aerobic. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETS and ATP synthesis, transporters involved in
exchange of substrate of products, Pentose phosphate pathway. Transport of metabolites – Xylem
and Phloem sap translocation. Photoregulation and growth responses. Plant morphogenesis.
Physiology of flowering, fruit ripening, senescence and abscission. Biological clock and circadian
rhythm Seed metabolism, glyoxylate cycle in fatty seeds during germination. Nitrogen metabolism.
Nitrate and ammonium assimilation. Symbiotic and non symbiotic. Role of leg haemoglobin,
Physiological response of plants to stresses like drought, heat and cold. Salt tolerance in plants. Role
of phytoalexins. Defense mechanism. Phenyl propanoid pathway in plants. Allelopathy – Plant
derived compounds. Plant hormones – Physiological effects and mechanism of action.
MODULE VI: Immunology and Cell signalling - Immunity-mechanism; Innate and adaptive
immune system: cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Antigens,
antigenicity and immunogenicity. Structure and function of antibody molecules, Antigen antibody
interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of
B and T cell, Humoral and cell mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune
modulation, Inflammation, hypersensitivity and auto immunity. Cell signaling and communications:
types of signals and signaling molecules, Cell surface receptors, G Protein coupled receptors.
PRACTICALS
1. Preparation of buffers. Phosphate, carbonate, Tris HCl.
2. Extraction and estimation of total proteins by TCA precipitation and Lowry‟s method.
3. Isolation of chloroplast from fresh leaves and estimation of chlorophyll proteins.
4. Chlorophyll survey of five plants. Quantification, absorption spectra of chlorophyll and
carotenoids using different solvents.
5. Hill activity by DCPIP/ ferricyanide reduction.
6. Extraction and estimation of total phenols.
7. Physiological identification of CAM in plant species.
8. Setting up of Plant Physiology experiments.
39
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Abbas A.K., Lichtman A. H. H. and Pillai, S. (2018). Cellular and Molecular Immunology,
Elsevier, Inc. USA.
 Berg M. Jermy, Stryer, L. and Tymoczko J. (2019).Biochemistry (9th edi). W. H. Freeman
Company, New York.
 Black, J. G. (1999). Microbiology –Principles and Explorations, Prentice Hall, London.
 Brett, C.T. and Waldron, K.K. (1996). Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Cell Walls,
Chapman and Hall London.
 Conn, E.E., Stumpf, P.K. Bruening G. and Doi R.H. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th Ed. John Wiley
and Sons. New Delhi.
 Dennis, D. T. and Trurpin, D. H. (Eds.) (1993). Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology. Longmann Scientific and Technical, Singapore.
 Devlin, R. M. and Witham, F. H. (1997). Plant Physiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors,
Delhi.
 Fitter, A.H. and Hay R.K.M. (1987). Environmental Physiology of Plants. Academic Press.
 Gupta, S. K. (2014). Essentials of Immunology. Arya Publications.
 Hall, D.O. and Rao, K.K. (1999). Photosynthesis. Cambridge University Press.
 Hopkins W.G. and Hüner N. P.A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. 4th Edition John
Wiley & Sons
 Hopkins, W. G. (2002). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York.
 Environmental Physiology of Mammals. Oxford University Press,UK.
 Jain, J.L. (2017). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology 19th Edition. S Chand Publishing.
 Lokeshwar, M. R., & Sachdeva, A. (2017). Fetal & Neonatal Hematology, Oncology and
Immunology. JP Medical Ltd.
 Madigan M. T., Bender K.S., Buckley D.H., Sattley, W.M. and Stahl D.A. (2017). Brock
Biology of Microorganisms. Pearson Education, Inc.
 Mahmoudi, M., & Rezaei, N. (Eds.). (2019). Nutrition and Immunity. Springer.
 Male, D., Brostoff, J., Roth, D. B. and Roitt, I. (2006). Immunology, 7th Edition. Elsevier
Limited.
 Noggle, G. R. and Fritz, G. J. (1999). Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice hall, London.
40
 Öpik, H., Rolfe S.A. and Willis A. J. (2005). The Physiology of Flowering Plants. 4th Edition.
Cambridge University Press.
 Osborne, D.J., Jackson, M.B. (1989). Cell Separation in Plants Physiology, Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. Springer – Verlag. Berlin.
 Philip Carew Withers, Christine E. Cooper, Shane K. Maloney (( 2016). Ecological and
 Pommerville, J. C. (2011). Alcamo‟s fundamentals of microbiology, 9th Edition.
 Puri, D. (2018). Textbook of Medical Biochemistry E-BK. Elsevier Health Sciences.
 Robert W Maitta (2019). Immunologic concepts in transfusion medicine, Book, Dolores
Meloni.
 Salisbury, F.B. and Ross. C. (2000). Plant physiology. John Wiley & Sons, New Delhi.
 Sinha S.K. (2013). Modern Plant Physiology 2nd Edition. Narosa Publishers.
 Spickett, G. (2019). Oxford handbook of clinical immunology and allergy. Oxford University
Press, USA.
 Steven F. Perry, Markus Lambertz, Anke Schmitz ( 2019). Respiratory Biology of Animals:
Evolutionary and FunctionalMorphology,Oxford University Press,UK
 Strafford, G.A. (1979). Essentials of Plant Physiology. Heinemann Publishing Co. New York.
 Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. 5th Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc.,
Publishers.
 Wilkins, M.B. (Ed.) (1984). Advanced Plant Physiology, Pitman Publishing Co. New York.
41
BBC-CC- 524. BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

1. What is a buffer?
2. Explain signal transduction
3.What is senescence?
4. What is LB plot
5. What are lifestyle diseases?
6. What are anticoagulants?
7. Write about pKa
8. What happens if you never blink?
9. What is hyperopia?
10. Which chemical is responsible for happiness?
(10X1= 10 marks)
11Explain photorespiration
12. When your blood is bright red?
13.‟Chemical changes happens to food in alimentary canal‟. Explain
14.Write a note on secondary signal molecules
15. Why are reflex actions so quick?
16.Illustrate and explain gluconeogenesis
17.Write about physiological effects of plant hormones
(5X2= 10 marks)
18.Describe structure of proteins
19.Explain regulation of enzyme activity
20. Differentiate innate and adaptive immune system
21. What hormone prepares the body for emergency situations?. Explain the mechanism
22Explain biosynthesis of lipids.
23. Write about composition of blood and functions of each components
(4X3= 12 marks)
24. Illustrate and explain glycolysis and TCA cycle.
25. Explain structure and function of nephrons. Write about role of hormone in urine formation.
(1X8= 8 marks)
42
SEMESTER II Course Code: BBC- DE- 525 Credits: 2
NAME OF THE COURSE : BIOINFORMATICS
CO1: Develop technical skills to retrieve and submit nucleic acid sequence data, align them
and identify sequence similarities.
CO2: Analyse the bioinformatics resources in the public domain for deriving phylogenetic
relationships
CO3: Predict gene and protein structure and study drug interactions.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction to Bioinformatics, Definition, Terminology, Applications: Biotechnology

and Pharmaceutical industry, Business, Employment opportunities, Journals in Bioinformatics.
MODULE II: Bioinformatics resources –NCBI, NCBI data model, File formats-FASTA, Biological
databases- Organism, Sequence (Primary and Secondary, Nucleotide and Protein), Structure and
Mapping databases; Biological data-mining, Information retrieval-Entrez; Submitting sequences-
Sequin; Biomark up languages-HTML,XML, Bio-Programming languages.
MODULE III: Genome annotation and Gene prediction: Predictive methods - DNA sequences and
proteins: Gene finding strategies - Detecting open reading frames, Gene prediction programs: Hidden
Markov model based gene discovery softwares-GENSCAN, GLIMMER, Artificial neural network
based gene discovery software- GRAIL, GENE PARSER.
MODULE IV: Secondary databases of functional domains - Structure analysis tools- RASMOL,
PYMOL, Tools at Ex Pasy–Motifs and patterns PROSITE, Pfam, Protein sequence analysis tools-
PEPTOOL, Predictive methods –PSIPRED, SOPMA.
MODULE V: Phylogenetic analysis-Sequence similarity searches - Comparing nucleotide and amino

acid sequences - Distance metrics. Similarity and homology. Scoring matrices. Methods of sequence
alignment- Nucleotide BLAST, Protein BLAST, PSI-BLAST, Pairwise and Multiple sequence
alignments, Methods of phylogenetic analysis: UPGMA, WPGMA, Neighbour joining method,
Fitch/Margoliash method, Character Based Methods Molecular phylogenetic programmes.
CLUSTAL, MEGA, PHYLIP, PAUP, PHASE, TREEVIEW.
MODULE VI: Pharmacogenomics and drug designing, drug designing tools-

ARGUSLAB. Molecular docking software- ArgusLab.
43
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Amjesh R. , Vinodchandra S.S. (2019).Bioinformatics for beginners Lap lambert Academic

Publishing
 Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette (2001) Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the
analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
 Anthony, J. F. G.(2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman &Co. New
York.
 Chakraborty, C. (2016) Bioinformatic Approaches and Applications Biotech books, Delhi,
India
 Edwards, D. (2007) Plant Bioinformatics. Humana press, New Jersey
 Hakeem, K. R., Shaik, N. A., Banaganapalli, B., & Elango, R. (Eds.). (2019). Essentials of
Bioinformatics, Volume III: In Silico Life Sciences: Agriculture. Springer Nature.
 Hall P.J (2013) Computation Genomics. Random Exports, India
 Hartl, D.L. and Jones E.W. (2000). Genetic analysis of Genes and Genomes Jones and Bartlett
Pub, Boston
 Klug, S.W. and Cummings, M.R. (2003). Concepts of Genetics . Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd.,
Singapore
 Lesk, A.M (2014) Introduction to Bioinformatics. Oxford University Press, UK
 MacLean, D. (2019). R bioinformatics cookbook: use R and Bioconductor to perform
RNAseq, genomics, data visualization, and bioinformatic analysis. Packt Publishing.
 Ratnesh R. (2019) Techniques of Medical Genetics: A Brief Introduction to Bio-informatics
Pen2Print
 Russell, P.J. (2005). Genetics: A Molecular Approach (2nd edition). Pearson/Benjamin
Cumming, San Francisco
 Shaik, N. A., Hakeem, K. R., Banaganapalli, B., & Elango, R. (2019). Essentials of
Bioinformatics, Volume I.
 Shaik, N. A., Hakeem, K. R., Banaganapalli, B., & Elango, R. (Eds.). (2019). Essentials of
Bioinformatics, Volume II: In Silico Life Sciences: Medicine. Springer Nature.
 Warnow, T. (Ed.). (2019). Bioinformatics and Phylogenetics: Seminal Contributions of
Bernard Moret (Vol. 29). Springer.
 Wehrens, R., & Salek, R. (Eds.). (2019). Metabolomics: practical guide to design and analysis.
CRC Press.
 Xia Xuhua (2019). Bioinformatics and the Cell: Modern Computational Approaches in
Genomics, Proteomics and Transcriptomics Springer; Softcover reprint of the original 2nd ed.
2018 edition
 XiongJ (2006) Essential Bioinformatics, Cambridge University Press
44
Model question paper
Branch: M.Sc. (CSS 2) Botany (Biodiversity
Conservation) Examination
BBC-DE- 525 BIOINFORMATICS
1. Expand the term „PHYLIP‟

2. Name one gene prediction program.
3. Give the website address of NCBI
4. What is PAM?
5. Name one biomarkup language
6. What is HMM?
7. What are ligands?
8. Mention the utility of SWISS-PROT database
9. What is a FASTA format?
10. Name the different versions of CLUSTAL.
(10X1 =10 marks)
II. Answer any five of the following. Each answer not exceeding 150 words
11. Compare „orthologues‟ and „paralogues‟.

12. What is the difference between local and global alignment?
13. What is a database? Describe the different types of databases.
14. Describe the process of querying the database with ENTREZ
15. What is the utility of gene prediction programmes?
16. Describe homology modeling.
17. Mention at least five journals in the field of bioinformatics
(5X3 =15 marks)
III Answer any five of the following. (Each answer not exceeding 250 words
18. What is data-mining? Discuss the role of internet in data-mining and knowledge discovery
19. Give a short account on the bio-programming languages
20. Explain the gene finding strategies. Give examples of softwares that are used to predict genes in DNA
sequences
21. Name the different types of protein databases
22. Explain the role of the molecular visualization tools in structure analysis.
23. What is the utility of BLAST in sequence analysis?
(5X5 = 25 marks)
V. Answer any one of the following (Each answer not exceeding 500 words)
24. Highlight the importance of sequence analysis in biological research. Add a note on molecular
phylogeny. Describe the operation of CLUSTAL in phylogenetic analysis
25. Describe the process of computer aided drug-designing and molecular docking Explain the role
of ARGUS Lab in drug-designing
(1X10=10 marks)
45
SEMESTER III Course Code: BBC- CC- 531 Credits: 4
NAME OF THE COURSE: ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY, ECONOMIC BOTANY AND

ETHNO BOTANY
CO1: Gain knowledge about systems of plant classification, nomenclature, and Botanical
gardens
CO2: Analyse the relationships of plants between families, genus and species level.
CO3: To acquire the skill for plant identification and herbarium techniques
CO4: Recognize economically important crop plants.
CO5: Identify the ethnic societies of Kerala and the applications of ethnobotanical research.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Taxonomy of angiosperms- Scope and importance of taxonomy. Taxonomic structure-

Taxonomic hierarchy, Taxonomic categories – supra specific and infra specific categories; Concept of
species, genus and family. Systems of classification: Brief study of Artificial (Linnaeus), Natural
(Bentham and Hooker) and Phylogenetic (Bessey and Takhtajan) systems. History and development
of taxonomy in India. Contributions of pioneers of Indian taxonomy - William Roxburgh, J. D. Hooker
and J. S. Gamble. Taxonomical literature: General indices, floras, revisions, manuals, icons,
monographs, reviews and Journals. Study of basic principles and recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
(APG) system of classification.
MODULE II: Plant nomenclature: Brief history on the origin and development of nomenclature;
Contents and major provisions of latest International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
(ICN) - Author citation, Typification and different kinds of types, Effective and valid publication of
names, Principle of priority and its limitations, Conservation of names, Names of hybrids. Definition
of nomenclature terms- autonym, homonym, basionym, tautonym and nomen nudum. A very brief
account on International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
Module III: Herbarium & Botanical Garden- Definition, techniques involved in the preparation of
herbarium, utility of herbarium and their maintenance. General account of national and regional
herbaria - Central National Herbaria, Calcutta (CAL) Madras Herbarium (MH), Botanical Survey of
India (BSI). Construction of taxonomic keys (indented and bracketed) and its utilization.
Botanical garden and its importance in taxonomic studies. Important National and International
Botanical gardens - Royal Botanical Garden, Kew; Indian Botanical Garden, Calcutta; National
Botanical Garden, Lucknow and Tropical Botanical Garden, Trivandrum. Role, organization and
achievements of Botanical Survey of India.
46
MODULE IV: Biosystematics – Turesson‟s concept and categories. Trends in plant taxonomy – i.
Cytotaxonomy ii. Chemotaxonomy iii. Numerical taxonomy iv. Molecular taxonomy v. Phylogenetic
systematics - basic principles. Current ideas on the origin of angiosperms - Bennettilean,
Pteridospermean and Caytonialean ancestry.
Study of the following angiosperm families giving importance to morphological peculiarities, if any.
Special emphasis should be given on morphological and phylogenetic interrelationships, recent
revisions and rearrangements between and within the families and its critical analysis.
Ranunculaceae Magnoliaceae Capparidaceae Polygalaceae

Caryophyllaceae Portulacaceae Dipterocarpaceae Malvaceae
Rhamnaceae Vitaceae Sapindaceae Leguminosae
Combretaceae Rhizophoraceae Myrtaceae Melastomataceae
Passifloraceae Cucurbitaceae Apiaceae Rubiaceae
Asteraceae Sapotaceae Oleaceae Asclepiadaceae
Boraginaceae Solanaceae Scrophulariaceae Acanthaceae
Verbenaceae Lamiaceae Amaranthaceae Aristolochiaceae
Piperaceae Lauraceae Loranthaceae Euphorbiaceae
Urticaceae Orchidaceae Scitaminae Amaryllidaceae
Liliaceae Arecaceae Araceae Cyperaceae
Poaceae.
MODULE V: Economic Botany-Detailed study of the occurrence, morphology of the useful part and
uses of the following crop plants with their botanical details.
a) Cereals and Millets: Rice, Maize and Ragi.
b) Pulses: Soybean, Horse gram.
c) Sugar yielding plants: Sugarcane.
d) Plantation crops: Coconut, Cocoa, Coffee, Tea and Rubber.
e) Spices and condiments: Pepper, Ginger, Turmeric, Cardamom and Nutmeg.
e) Tuber crops-: Potato, Sweet potato, Taro and Tapioca.
f) Fruits: Mango, Banana, Citrus, Guava, Cashew nut and Jack fruit.
g) Vegetables: Brinjal, Cucumber, little gourd, Bitter gourd, Winged bean and Sword bean.
h) Medicinal plants: Sarpagandha, Vinca, Glycirrhiza, Adhatoda and Andrographis.
i) Narcotics: Cannabis, Opium.
j) Timber yielding plants: Rose wood, Teak Wood.
MODULE VI: Ethnobotany- Plants and civilization. Ethnobotany- relevance in Modern medicine.
Ethnic societies of Kerala and their traditional herbs. Methodology and documentation of
ethnobotanical research. Medicines derived from herbal drugs. Status of ethnobotanical studies in
Kerala. Contributions of S. K. Jain and E. K. Janaki Ammal. Relevance of IPR in Ethnobotany.
47
PRACTICALS
1. Study of representative members of all the prescribed families as evidenced by record of
practical work (to be submitted during the practical examination).
2. Identification of fresh specimens using flora and other supportive documents like monographs.
3. Visit to a recognized herbaria (The report of the same should be submitted separately).
4. Field work for familiarizing the local flora under the supervision of teachers, and
documentation of the proceedings.
5. Study tour of minimum three days should be conducted to biodiversity rich zones of Western
Ghats, for familiarizing the floristic wealth (The report of the same should be submitted for
evaluation).
6. Preparation of dichotomous key (minimum 5 keys).
7. A minimum of 10 abbreviations of authors‟ names to be presented in the record.
8. Expansion of 10 floral formulas.
9. Exercises in nomenclatural citations and solving nomenclatural problems (At least 10).
10. A minimum of 50 herbarium specimens giving representation of minimum of 40 families to
be submitted for valuation
11. Identification of economically important plants and plant parts, and submission of five
botanical specimens/ products of economic importance
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Ambasta, S. P. (1986).The Useful Plants of India, Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR,
New Delhi.
 Arora, P.K. & Nayar, E.K. (1984).Wild relatives of Crops plants in India, NBPGR Sci. Monograph
No. 7.
 Byng, J. W. (2014). The flowering plants handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the
world. Plant Gateway Ltd..
 Cunnigham, A. (2001). Applied Ethnobotany: People, wild plant use and conservation, Earthscan,
UK.
 Davis, P. H. & Heywood. (1963). Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, Oliver-Boyd.
 Essig, F.E. (2015). Plant Life. A Brief History. Oxford University Press.
 Gamble, J. S. (1935). Flora of Presidency of Madras, London.
 Gibbs, R. D. (1975). Chemotaxonomy of Flowering Plants. In The quarterly review of Biology, 50:
3
 Hill, A. F. (1952). Economic Botany, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Hooker, J. D. (1879). Flora of British India. Reeve &Co., London.
 Hutchinson, J. (1959). Families of Flowering Plants, Cambridge University Press.
48
 Jain, S. K. & Mudgal, V. (1999). A Hand book of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh,
Dehradun.
 Jain, S. K. (1987). A Manual of Ethnobotany, Indus Intl. Publishers, New Delhi.
 Jain, S. K. (2001). Medicinal Plants, National Book Trust, India.
 Judd, W.S., Campbell, C. S., Kellog, E. A. & Stevens P. F. (2015). Plant Systematics. 4th Edn.
Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts, USA.
 Kochar, L. S. (1981). Economic Botany in the Tropics, Macmillan Co. New York.
 Kochhar, S. L. (2016). Economic botany. Cambridge University Press.
 Lawrence, G. H. M. (1955). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, Central Book Depot.
 Lawrence, G. H. M. (1964). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, Macmillan Co. New York.
 Lawrence, G. H. M. (2017). Taxonomy of vascular plants. Scientific Publishers.
 Mabberley, D. J. (2017). Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their
classification and uses (No. Ed. 4). Cambridge University Press.
 Martin, G. J. 2004. Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual, Earthscan, UK.

 Martinez, J. L., Muñoz-Acevedo, A., & Rai, M. (Eds.). (2018). Ethnobotany: Application of
Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.
 Neginhal, S. G. (2020). Forest trees of south India. Notion Press, India.
 Rendle, A. B. (1967). Classification of Flowering Plants, Cambridge University Press.
 Schmidt, B. M., & Cheng, D. M. K. (Eds.). (2017). Ethnobotany: A Phytochemical Perspective.
John Wiley & Sons.
 Sen, S. 1992. Economic Botany, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta.
 Sharma, O. P. (1990). Plant Taxonomy, Oxford Publishers, New Delhi.
 Simpson, M. G. (2019). Plant systematics. Academic press.Singh, G. 1999. Plant Systematics:
Theory and Practice, Oxford IBH.
 Simpson, M. G. (2019). Plant systematics. Academic press.
 Singh, G. (2019). Plant systematics: an integrated approach. CRC Press. Taylor and Francis group,
Florida
 Singh, G. (2019). Plant systematics: an integrated approach. CRC Press.
 Sivarajan, V. V. (1991). An introduction to Principles of Taxonomy, Cambridge University Press,

London.
 Sivarajan, V. V. (1999). Principles of Plant Taxonomy, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New
Delhi
 Stace, C. (1985). Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, London.
 Takhtajan A. (2009). Flowering Plants. Springer.
 Takhtajan, A. L. (1969). Flowering plants. Origin and Dispersal. Oliver and Boyed.
 Wood, M. (1997). The Book of Herbal Wisdom: using plants as medicines, North Atlantic Books,
California.
49
BBC-CC-531. Angiosperm Taxonomy, Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 40
I. Answer the following questions.

1. Which is the binomial of Nutmeg
2. What do you mean by the Latin term nomina conservanda?
3. Which is the native place of Ooralikuruma‟tribes in Kerala?
4. What is Linnaean hierarchy?
5. Expand KIRTADS.
6. In which family teak is included as per APG11 classification?
7. Write Botanical name and ethnomedicinally useful part of Arogyappacha.
8. What is the morphology of coconut milk?
9. What is the characteristic inflorescence type in Lamiaceae?
10. What are condiments? (10x1=10marks)
11. Mention the use of dendrograms in evolutionary taxonomy.
12. What do you mean by Ethnotaxonomy and ethnoecology?
13. What is double citation in taxonomy? Give an example
14. Name the binomial of two ethnomedicinal herbs and the drugs obtained from them
15. Name an eminent Indian ethnobotanist. Mention his/her important contribution.
16. Describe the special type of pollination mechanism and adaptation seen in grasses.
17. Point our significance of IPR in ethnobotany. (5X2= 10 marks)
18. Discuss the role of BSI in the floristic and conservation studies in India.
19. Write a short essay on molecular evolution.
20. Critically evaluate the present status and need of ethnobotanical documentation in India
21. Describe with examples the advanced features seen in family Poaceae and Orchidaceae.
22. Mention the primitive features of the families Ranunculaceae and Magnoliaceae with
suitable examples.
23. Prepare a model questionnaire for analyzing ethnomedicinal uses of herbs used by tribal
people in Kerala (4X3= 12 marks)
24. Write an essay on modern concepts and trends in Plant Taxonomy.
25. Write an essay on the ethnic societies of Kerala and medicines derived from their
traditional herbs. Add notes on their uses. (1X8= 8 marks)
50
NAME OF THE COURSE: FOREST BOTANY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

CO1: Identify the different types of forest ecosystems and phytogeographical zones.
CO2: Analyse the relationships of soil, climate and vegetation in India.
CO3: Gain knowledge about forestry practices and dynamics
CO4: Analyse the applications of remote sensing in ecosystem management.
CO5: Acquainted with different vegetation types and geological history
CO6: Familiarize with important non-wood forest products
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Forests- definition, General account on the forests of the world and India. Forest Types:
Central characters and distribution of the different forest types of India with special emphasis to the
Western Ghats. Forest products – Major and minor with reference to state of Kerala, different types of
ecosystem services and their significance, sustainable use of bioresources
MODULE II: Influence of forest on environment: Climate of India, different climatic regions of India;
Climate change and Forestry: Impact of climate change on forests, adaptation of trees to climatechange.
Forest Effects- General effects of forests on climate, control of runoff, effects on snow, soil erosion,
wild life, pollution control, nutrient cycling, social values and ecotourism, economic values, floods,
green belts and control of temperature
MODULE III: Forestry practices and dynamics: Forest - community interaction, disturbances and
succession, Gap dynamics. Forest Protection - Causes and control of forest fires; Major diseases of
forest plants. Forest Laws and Forest Conservation: Salient features of the Indian Forest Act 1972
(preliminary, reserved forests, protected forests), different methods employed for conservation of
forests. Forest regeneration, tending, thinning, pruning and harvesting. Social forestry- social land
allocation programmes (Taungya system). Economic benefits of social forestry. Agroforestry: Role
in- soil conservation, soil restoration, conservation of biodiversity.
MODULE IV: Phytogeography – Definition, Phytogeographic regions of the world (Vegetational

belts). Principles governing the static and dynamic plant distribution, different types of distribution of
vegetations on the earth, continuous and discontinuous distribution.
MODULE V: Geological history and evolution of plant life- Factors of plant distribution. Theories
concerning present and past distributions-continental drift, glaciations, existence of land bridges and
their effect on plant distribution.
51
MODULE VI: Soil, climate and vegetation of India - climate, vegetation and botanical zones of India,
role of precipitation and temperature in determining the major types of vegetation and endemism in
India. Remote sensing: Definition and data acquisition techniques. Application of remote sensing in
vegetation classification, understanding the key environmental issues and ecosystem management.
PRACTICALS
1 Collection, identification and submission of non-wood forest products
2 Report on different vegetation types (minimum two)
3 Notes on Diseases of forest plants (any four)
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Agarwal, V.P. (1988). Forest in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
 Antony Joseph Raj and Lal, S.B. (2012). Forestry: Principles and Applications, Scientific
publishers
 Bharucha, F.R. (1983). A text book of plant geography of India. Oxford University Press.
 BorNL (2008). A Manual of Indian Forest Botany International book distributors Reprint of
Oxford UP 1953 edition
 Champion, G.H.and Seth, K.A.(1968).A revised survey of the forest types of India Delhi,
India: Manager of Publications
 Duvenage, S. (2018). Handbook of Forest Botany, Indian Books and Periodicals
 Franklin, J. F., Johnson, K. N., & Johnson, D. L. (2018). Ecological forest management.
Waveland Press.
 Good, R. (1974). The geography of flowering plants (4th Edn.). Lengmans,Addison-Wesley
Longman Ltd.
 Gupta, H.S., Yadav, M, Sharma, D.K. and Singh, A.M. (2013). Ensuring Sustainability in
Forestry: Certification of Forests. The energy and resources Institute
 Kumaresan, V. and Arumugam, N. (2016).Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Saras
Publication.
 Lomolino, M.V., Riddle B.R., and Brown, J.H. (2006). Biogeography (3rd Ed.). Sinauer &
Assoc.: Sunderland, Massachusetts.
 MadireddiV., SubbaRao, B.R.(Eds.) (2014). Conservation of Forests, Wildlife and
Environment: Publishing Corporation
 Nair,G.R. and Kedharnath,K.S.S. (Eds.) (1986). Ecodevelopment of Western
Ghats : Kerala Forest Research Institute
52
 Panwar,P., Tiwari, A.K. and Dadhwal KS. (Eds.). (2012). Agroforestry Systems for Resource
Conservation and Livelihood Security in Lower Himalayas, New India Publishing Agency
 Parthiban, K. T., Krishnakumar, N., and Karthick, M. (2018). Introduction to Forestry &
Agroforestry. Scientific Publishers.
 Puri, G.S.(1990). Forest Ecology, Volume 1: Phytogeography and Forest Conservation Oxford
& IBHPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
 Puri, GS, Gupta RK, Meher-Homji VM, Puri S.(1989). Forest ecology. Volume 2. Plant form,
diversity, communities and succession.Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
 Raj Kumar Sen, (Eds.). (2012). Forest management and Sustainable Development. Deep and
Deep Publications
 Raj, A. J., & Lal, S. B. (2013). Forestry principles and applications. Scientific Publishers.
 Shanmughavel, P. (2014). Forest Botany. Pointer Publishers, 1ST edition
 Sinha S.K (2012). Advances in Agroforestry. Random Publishers
 Stott, P. (2019). Historical plant geography: an introduction (Vol. 12). Routledge.
 Taank, P. (2009). Advances in Forestry Research in India. Cyber Tech Pub
 The International Biogeography Society http://www.biogeography.org.
 Todaria, NP, Chamola, B.P. and Chauhan, DS. (Eds.) (2007). Concepts in Forestry Research
 Proceedings of the International Seminar on "Forests, Forest Products and Services: Research
Development and Challenges Ahead", International Book Distributors.
53
BBC-CC-532 Forest Botany and Phytogeography
1. What is a green belt?
2. What is the Taungya system of social forestry?
3. What is a glacier?
4. Define the term phytogeography.
5. Name states in India through which the Western ghats passes.
6. What is discontinuous plant distribution
7. Name two endemic plants from India.
8. What is continental drift?
9. What is ecotourism?
10. Define „gap dynamics‟ in forests (10X1= 10 marks)
11. Enlist difference between static and dynamic plant distribution?
12. Differentiate rare and exotic species?
13. What is forest effect?
14. What are the salient features of the Indian Forest Act, 1972.
15. Give an account on the forests of India
16. What are the factors that determine distribution of plant life on earth?
17. Discuss how the tribes undertake sustainable use of bio-resources. (5X2= 10 marks)
18. Discuss the role of precipitation and temperature in determining the major types of vegetation
in India
19. Explain the utility of laws implemented for the protection of trees in forests.
20. Write an account on the major and minor produce and other ecosystem services offered from
the forests of Kerala
21. Highlight the difference between social forestry and agro-forestry. Enumerate the economic
returns from each system
22. State the theories that govern the process of past and present plant distributions on earth
23. Describe the relation between soil types and vegetation in India. (4X3= 12 marks)
24. What are the different forest types in the world? Discuss the impact of climate on forests and
forests on the climate.
25. Explain briefly about the biogeographical zones of India giving emphasis to the corresponding
plant distribution and evolution (1X8= 8 marks)
54
NAME OF THE COURSE: CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND

POLICIES
CO1: Discuss the basic concepts of global frame work, acts and policies in natural resource
management.
CO2: Familiar with major activities of different committees and Biodiversity Board / BMC,
NGO’s with special reference to Biodiversity conservation in Kerala state.
CO3: Acquainted with National and International organizations and NGOS with special
reference to UN and specialized agencies, institutional regulatory bodies and
authorities.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction: Legal and political environments in resource management. Global and
localgovernance, challenges of good governance. Ostrom design principles and basic
frameworks,organizational structure and stakeholders in NRM and livelihood. Natural Resource
Governance in rapidly changing world. Local utilization and institutions: Joint Forest Management
Committees (JFMCs), watershed committees, irrigation committees, Forest Rights Act (FRA)
committees, NBA, State Biodiversity Boards, Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs).
MODULE II: Overview of legal policy instruments in Natural Resource Management: National
Forest Policy of 1988, National Environment Policy of 2004, National Conservation Policy, National
Action Plan on Climate Change of 2008, and Coastal Protection Act. Wildlife Protection Act of1972,
Forest Protection Act of 1980, Environment Protection Act of 1986, ICZM-Indian Coastal zone
management, Water Act, 1981. Gadgil report and Kasturi Rangan Report.
MODULE III: Biological Diversity Act of 2002 and Rule 2004, Forest Rights Act of 2006. Green
Tribunal Act, 2009. The precautionary principle and common responsibilities. On-Timber Forest
Products (NTFP) related policies and other acts: (PESA 1996, FRA2006), sustainable harvesting rules
of MP, Nistar Rights in MP and Chhattisgarh, product specific policies, taxation,
Institutional/Organizational Arrangements.
MODULE IV: NTFP Deregulation, Policy of Odisha. Conflicts in resource management: Resource
management planning, protecting traditional knowledge, Significance of PBR, customary laws and
practice related to traditional knowledge, implications for access benefit sharing.
MODULE V: International and National efforts by Non-Governmental organizations on resource

management: CITES and other international treaties and conventions, roles of international
55
organizations and NGOS with special reference to UN and specialized agencies, institutional
regulatory bodies and authorities: direct intervention by the state, green business and green ethics,
stakeholder analysis.
MODULE VI: Resource management- understanding and managing governance issue, governance
tactics and tools, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) as a tool for sustainable NRM based business.
Case studies about corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility (CSR)-NRM based
CSR action -E-governance - Climate change and corporate responses.
PRACTICALS
1. Preparation of Biodiversity Register of any locality

2. Preparation of report on the activities of any Biodiversity Board / BMC
3. List out the major activities of NGO‟s with special reference to Biodiversity conservation in
Kerala state.
REFERENCES
LEARNING RESOURCES:
 Bhattacharya P., Kandya A.K. and Krishna Kumar (2008). Joint Forest Management in India,
Aavishkar Publisher, Jaipur.
 Cleaver, F. (2017). Development through bricolage: rethinking institutions for natural resource
management. Routledge.
 Daily, Gretchen, editor, et al. (1997). Nature‟s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural
Ecosystems. Island Press.
 Kareiva, Peter, and Michelle Marview. (2010). Conservation Science: Balancing the Needsof
People and Nature. Roberts and Company.
 Kareiva, Peter, et al. (2011). Natural Capital: Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem
Services. Oxford.
 Khan, I. A. (2019). Forest Governance and Sustainable Resource Management. SAGE Publishing
India.
 Knight, Richard L., editor, et al. (1995). A New Century for Natural Resources Management.
Island Press.
 Krishnamurthy, K. V. (2018). Advanced Textbook On Biodiversity: Principles and Practice. CBS
Publ & Dist Pvt Limited I
 Postel, S., Bawa, K., Kaufman, L., Peterson, C. H., Carpenter, S., Tillman, D., ... & Matson,
 P. A. (2012). Nature's services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press.
 Ruhl, J. B., Kraft, S. E., & Lant, C. L. (2013). The law and policy of ecosystem services. Island
Press.
56
BBC-CC-533 Conservation of Natural Resources and Policies
1. What is green tribunal act?
2. What is the role of NBA?
3. When did Forest protection act came into force?
4. What do you mean by ICZM?
5. Name any two non-timber forest products
6. What do you mean by traditional knowledge?
7. Name two endemic plants from India.
8. What are natural resources?
9. What is E-governance?
10. Expand CITES (10X1= 10 marks)
11. Enlist the significance of BMC‟s?
12. What are the salient features of the Indian Forest Act, 1972.
13. Give an account on Kasturi Rangan report
14. What are the implications of access & benefit sharing?
15. Describe the role of National action plan on climate change for the sustainable management
16. List out any two Non-Government organizations for natural resource management
17. What do you mean by corporate social responsibility (5X2= 10 marks)
18. Distinguish between forest right act and forest protection act?
19. Write an account on natural resources
20. What do you mean by green ethics? Describe its significance in natural resource management
21. List out any two international agencies and their role in conservation of natural resources
22. Describe the role of local institutions in natural resource management by citing an example
23. Describe the procedure for the preparation of PB Register. (4X3= 12 marks)
24. Give an account on legal policies and acts for the conservation and management of natural
resources at national level
25. Discuss the social and corporate responsibility on natural resource management and
conservation
(1X8= 8 marks)
57
NAME OF THE COURSE: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

CO1: Know the basic concepts of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

CO2: Familiarize the techniques in genetic engineering, gene sequencing and gene expression
studies.
CO3: Acquainted with the methods and applications of plant and animal biotechnology.
CO4: To gain the skill of performing tissue culture and molecular works in laboratory.
COURSE CONTENT:
MODULE I: Molecular Biology- Basics in molecular biology, The RNA World. Molecular Clock,
DNA Topology- Twist and Writhe. Supercoiling. Proteins involved in DNA Replication, Telomere
and Telomerase. Protein Folding. Role of Molecular Chaperones. Isolation and purification of RNA,
DNA (genomic and plasmid), different separation methods.
MODULE II: Techniques in Molecular Biology- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Procedure and
Components Types of PCR i) inverse PCR. ii) Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) iii) Real-
time quantitative PCR. PCR applications DNA cloning. Cutting and joining DNA Molecules,
Restriction endonucleases, Cloning vectors-features. Restriction digestion and ligation; Restriction
mapping. Plasmids, Cosmids, Bacteriophage vectors;, Phagemids, Yeast artificial
chromosome(YAC), Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and P1 phage vectors. Selection and
analysis of cloned DNA sequences.Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries.
MODULE III: Gene Sequencing and Gene Expression - Sequencing genes and short stretches of
DNA including Sanger dideoxy sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS brief account
only). In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic
organisms. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation. Modification of proteins. Foot
Printing Assay. Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale
expression such as micro array based techniques. Molecular markers - RFLP, RAPD and AFLP
techniques. Blotting techniques Sothern, Western, Northern and Dot Blot. Labelling of Nucleic acids.
New Trends in Gene modification:- CRISPER/CAS System.
58
MODULE IV: Plant Biotechnology- Defining scope and impact of biotechnology- an overview. Plant
tissue culture techniques: Choice of explant, culture media and culture conditions, hormonal regulation
of growth and differentiation, micropropagation; shoot tip, nodal segment, meristem cultures: callus
culture, callus mediated organogenesis, cell suspension culture, cell line selection, Somaclonal and
Gametoclonal variations. Genetic basis. Applications. Somatic embryogenesis. Artificial seeds.
Applications. Protoplast culture, Somatic hybridization and its impact on plant breeding. Use of
protoplasts in genetic transformations. Haploid production: anther and ovule culture. Dihaploids and
polyhaploids. Applications. Production of secondary metabolites. Cell immobilization. Bioreactor
technology. Cryopreservation Technology- In-vitro strategies for conservation of germplasm.
MODULE V: Genetic engineering: Methods and applications. Applications of gene cloning

techniques in plants. Gene targeting and sequence tags. Methods of gene transfer in plants.
Agrobacterium and CMV mediated gene transfer; direct gene transfer using PEG, microinjection,
electroporation, microprojectile (biolistics) method, liposome mediated DNA delivery, Transposons
as vectors. Application of Plant Biotechnology: - Transgenic plants -Traits for improved crop
production. Field testing of transgenic plants. Herbicide Resistance, Vaccines for Plants, Genetic
Pesticides, Pathogen resistance Molecular farming of antibodies in plants and Enhanced Nutrition.
Technique and Controversy of Terminator Gene Technology Genetically modified organisms and
foods (GMO/GMF) - Social and ethical considerations. IPR issues. Patents. Biopiracy.
MODULE VI: Animal Biotechnology-Objectives of gene transfer in animals Gene constructs.

Transfection methods- calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection,
microinjection, stem cell mediated gene transfer- Embryonic stem cell transfer, targeted gene transfer,
trans gene integration, recovery of genes transferred into animals cell, expression of cloned proteins
in animal cells, detection of transgene function. Current status of transgenic animal production-
Applications in the pharmaceutical industry, targeted production of pharmaceutical proteins, drug
production, specific proteins- insulin, somatotropin,vaccines, genetically engineered hormones, to
increase milk yield, meat production; genetic engineering of livestock and developing animals
specially created for use in xenografting. Bioethics: Animal welfare and ethics.
PRACTICALS
1. Isolation and purification of genomic DNA.
2. Demonstration of electrophoresis – Horizontal and Vertical
3. Isolation of total RNA (Demonstration only).
4. Isolation and Partial Purification of Proteins.
5. Preparation of culture medium (MS, N&N, SH, B5), sterilization and inoculation.
6. Shoot multiplication, Callus culture and organogenesis of important crops/medicinal
plants/ornamentals.
7. Isolation and estimation of genomic DNA, Primer design, PCR, cDNA synthesis
8. Demonstration of Agarose gel electrophoresis.
9. Encapsulation of seeds/embryos in calcium alginate
59
REFERENCES
LEARNING RESOURCES:
 Abdin M.K., Kiran U. Kamaluddin & Ali, A. (2017). Plant Biotechnology: Principles
and Applications. Springer.
 Alberts, B. (2018). Molecular biology of the cell.
 Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K. & Johnson, A. D. (2009). Essential Cell Biology. 3rd
Edition, Garland Science, NY, USA.
 Anil M Mane, (2015). Animal Biotechnology Agro tech press, New Delhi
 Backer, J. M. Caldwell G.A. and Zachgo E.A. (1996). Biotechnology- A Laboratory
Course. Academic Press, New York.
 Becker, W. M. Hardin, J. and Bertoni G. (2018). Becker‟s World of the Cell. Pearson
Education Ltd.
 Brown, C. M. (1987). Introduction to Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, London.
 Brown, C.M., Campbell, I. and Priest, F.G. (1990). Introduction to Biotechnology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
 Brown, T. A. (2016). Gene cloning and DNA analysis: an introduction. John Wiley &
Sons.
 Brown, T.A. (1999). Genomes. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
 Chawla, H.S. (2009). Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. 3rd Edition. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Clark, D. P. (2010). Molecular Biology Elsevier Inc.
 Cooper, G. M. and Hausman R. E. (2013). The Cell – A Molecular Approach. Sinauer
Associates
 De Robertis and De Robertis. (1998). Cell & Molecular Biology. B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi.
 Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R. A. (Eds.) (1994). Plant Cell Culture - A Practical
Approach. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Gahlawat, S. K., Duhan, J. S., Salar, R. K., Siwach, P., Kumar, S., & Kaur, P. (Eds.).
(2018). Advances in animal biotechnology and its applications. Springer.
 Gamborg, O.L and Phillips, G.C. (1998). Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture. 1998.
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Griffiths el al. (1999). Modern Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman & Co. New York.
 Gupta, P.K. (1999). Elements of Biotechnology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
 Iwasa, J. and Marshall, W. (2017). KARP‟S Cell And Molecular Biology John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
 Jaiswal S. Singh P. and Kumar K. (20170. Instant Biotechnology a competitive approach.
New Vishal Publication.
 Jones, R. L. (2012). The Molecular Life of Plants. Wiley-Blackwell.
 Karp, G., Iwasa, J., & Marshall, W. (2020). Karp's Cell and Molecular Biology. John
Wiley & Sons.
 Krebs, J. E., Goldstein, E. S. and Kilpatrick, S. T. (2018). LEWIN‟S GENES XII. Jones
60
& Bartlett Learning.
 Larroche, C., Sanroman, M. A., Du, G., & Pandey, A. (Eds.). (2016). Current
developments in biotechnology and bioengineering: bioprocesses, bioreactors and
controls. Elsevier.
 Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A. and Krieger, M. (2012). Molecular Cell Biology. 7th
Edition, W. H. Freeman, NY, USA.
 Mertins, T. R. and Hammorsmith, R. L. (1998). Genetics a Laboratory Investigation.
 Okafor, N. (2016). Modern industrial microbiology and biotechnology. CRC Press.
 Old R.W. and Primrose. S.B. (1991). An Introduction to Genetic Engineering.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
 Pamela Peters (1993). Biotechnology-A Guide to Genetic Engineering. Wim.C Brown
Publishers, USA.
 Pandey, A., Negi, S., & Soccol, C. R. (Eds.). (2016). Current developments in
biotechnology and bioengineering: production, isolation and purification of industrial
products. Elsevier.
 Primrose S. B. and Twyman, R.M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics. Blackwell Publishing.
 Primrose, S.B. (1989). Modern Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, London.
 Ratledge, C. and Kristiansen, B. (2006). Basic Biotechnology. 3rd Edition. Cambridge
University Press. Crueger, W. and Crueger, A. (2000). Biotechnology - A Text book of
Industrial Microbiology.
 Sambrook, J. and Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular Cloning-A Laboratory Manual.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, U.K.
 Sasidhara R. (2006) Animal Biotechnology, MJP publishers, Chennai
 Shekhawat, M. S. and Vikrant (2019). Plant Biotechnology: In Vitro Principles,
Techniques and Applications. MJP Publisher
 Thieman, W. J. and Palladino, M. A. (2013). Introduction to biotechnology. 3rdEdition
Pearson Education, Inc.
 Thorpe, T.A. (1981). Plant Tissue Culture Academic Press, London.
 Trivedi, P.C. (Ed.) (2000). Plant Biotechnology - Recent Advances. Panima Publishing
Co. New Delhi.
 Watson, J.D., Baker T.A., Bell S.P., Gann A., Levine M. and Losick R. (2014).
Molecular biology of the gene. 7th Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Tania,
MIT
 Weaver, R. F. (2008). Molecular Biology. 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill New York.
 Winnacker, E.L. (2003). From Genes to Clones- Introduction to gene technology.
Panima Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
ONLINE RESOURCES:
1. www.moef.nic.in
2. bch.cbd.int/database
3. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4. www.csu.edu.au
5. http://www2.le.ac.uk
61
6. https://swayam.gov.in
7. http://www.protocol-online.org
8. http://www.bioethics.net/
9. https://www.microbes.info/
62
M.Sc (CSS 3) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation) Examination
BBC-CC-534 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

1. What is PCR?
2. What do you mean by in vitro mutagenesis?
3. Define micropropagation?
4. What is somatic embryogenesis?
5. Mention significance of xenografting?
6. What do you mean by microinjection?
7. Name an in vitro strategy for conservation of germplasm
8. What are restriction endonucleases?
9. What do you mean by gene knock out?
10. Name two in vitro culture techniques for the production of secondary metabolites
(10X1= 10 marks)
11. How can you ditinguish plasmids from cosmids?
12. Describe the synthesis of artificial seeds.
13. Critically analyse the significance of terminator gene technology
14. “Somaclonal variations have advantages and disadvantages” Explain?
15. What is cell suspension culture?
16. What do you mean by next generation sequencing?
17. Distinguish between AFLP and RFLP (5X2= 10 marks)
18. Give an account on CRISPER/CAS System.?
19. Describe the methods used for gene transfer in animals
20. Describe the methods and applications of blotting technique
21. What are the applications of haploid culture? Explain how haploid plants can be produced?
22. Describe the procedure for the construction of genomic library
23. Describe the significance of Somatic hybridization in plant breeding (4X3= 12 marks)
24. Describe the scope and applications of Plant biotechnology
25. Enlist and explain the methods for the analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein levels
(1X8= 8 marks)
63
SEMESTER III Course Code: BBC- DE- 535 Credits: 2
NAME OF THE COURSE: REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS AND GIS

CO1: Gain knowledge in various remote sensing signals, processes and sensors.
CO2: Analyse spectral characteristics and data
CO3: Discuss digital data processing and GIS
CO4: The students get introduced with various GIS software, analysis and get an insight on
application of GIS in various fields for the welfare of human.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing- Definition, Electromagnetic spectrum, Interaction

with atmosphere-Reflection and scattering of EM radiation, Sensing- Visible, near infrared, thermal
& microwave sensors- Multispectral scanner, Thematic mapper, Spectral bands, High resolution
Visible Imaging System, Linear imaging self-scanning system.
MODULE II: Space Platform for remote sensing- Ground based platforms, airborne platforms, Space
borne platforms, geostationary satellites, and Sun synchronous satellites, Instantaneous Field of View,
Spatial, Spectral, and Radiometric& Temporal Resolution. Satellites-Polar & geostationary, Sensors
& Resolution, Indian Satellites, Spectral characteristics, Present satellites- atmospheric and terrestrial
studies- data acquisition from satellites, preprocess
.
MODULE III: Remote sensors- Classification of Sensors- on the basis of source of energy used,on
the basis of function of sensors, on the basis of technical components of the system.Function of
remote sensing.
MODULE IV: Image Processing- Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Processing

Techniques- Structure of a digital image, Image display processor. Data preprocessing-digital
techniques, restoration, enhancement, band rationing, stretching, convolution and rotation, contrast
enhancement, thresholding-different output formats, Image enhancement techniques. Pattern
recognition for remote sensing, Spatial information system.
MODULE V: Geographical information system- Development of GIS, Components of geographical

information system, GIS software modules, Geographical data, Representation of topographical data,
Comparison between vector & raster methods, Function of GIS.
MODULE VI: Remote Sensing Application to Forestry & Environment- Introduction, Loss of
biological diversity, Biosphere reserves, The present issues on environment, Ecologically Hot Spot
Areas, Marine environment, Wetland environment, Degradation of Ecosystems, Forestry-Forest cover
64
mapping & Surveillance, Forest Type Mapping, Identification and Mapping of Major Forest
Plantations, Forest Stock Mapping, Monitoring of Deforestation and Afforestation, Grassland
Mapping. Coastal vegetation, Wildlife habitat Assessment, Wastelands, Desertification. Use of space
technology in Disaster Warning/Mitigation, Geosphere-Biosphere studies.
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Avery, T.E. and Berlin, G.L. (2001). Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Airphoto
Interpretation, 6th Ed., MacMillan Publ. Co., pp 472.
 Bonham-Carter, G. F. (2014). Geographic information systems for geoscientists: modelling
with GIS (Vol. 13). Elsevier
 Campbell, J.B. (2002). Introduction to Remote Sensing, 3rd Ed., (2002). The Guilford Press
 Canty, M. J. (2014). Image analysis, classification and change detection in remote sensing:
with algorithms for ENVI/IDL and Python. Crc Press.
 Gupta, R. P. (2017). Remote sensing geology. Springer.
 Jensen, J.R. (1996). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective,
2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, New Delhi.
 Jensen, J.R. (2000). Remote Sensing of the Environment, Prentice-Hall, New Delhi
 Kramer, H. (2002). Observation of the Earth and its Environment: Survey of Missions and
Sensors, 4th Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
 Kuehn, F. (Ed.) (2000). Introductory Remote Sensing Principles and Concepts, Routledge,
pp215
 Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., & Chipman, J. (2015). Remote sensing and image interpretation.
John Wiley & Sons.
 Liu, J. G., & Mason, P. J. (2016). Image processing and GIS for remote sensing: Techniques
and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
 Rao, D.P. (Ed.) (2002). Remote sensing for earth Resources Ass. Exploration Geophysicists.
Hyderabad, India.
 Skidmore, A. (Ed.). (2017). Environmental modelling with GIS and remote sensing. CRC
Press.
 Steinberg, S. L., & Steinberg, S. J. (2015). GIS research methods: incorporating spatial
perspectives. Esri Press.
 Wegmann, M., Leutner, B., & Dech, S. (Eds.). (2016). Remote sensing and GIS for ecologists:
using open source software. Pelagic Publishing Ltd.
 Weng, Q., & Quattrochi, D. A. (Eds.). (2018). Urban remote sensing. CRC press.
ONLINE RESOURSES:
 htpp://chesapeke,/towson.edu/vermiz?priciples asp
 http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov
 http://www.eduspace.esa.in.educ.com
 http://www.star.nesdid.noaa.giov/smcd/opdb/tutorial/into.html
 http:www.colorado edu/geography/gcraft/notes
65
BBC-DE-535 Remote Sensing Applications (Elective)
Time: Three hour Maximum marks: 60

1. Define remote sensing
2. Which region of the EMR spectrum is absorbed by the chlorophyll in green vegetation?
3. What is signature?
4. Which is the major wavelength range used for remote sensing?
5. What is radiance?
6. Name one Indian satellite.
7. What is GIS?
8. What is a platform?
9. Name a biosphere reserve in India.
10. Expand SPOT. (10X1= 10 marks)
11. Write a short note on multi spectral remote sensing.
12. Explain briefly on non-imaging sensors.
13. What are different types of remote sensing based on function of sensors?
14. Differentiate between thermal infrared remote sensing (3 -100 µm) and visible and near
infrared (0.4 – 2.5 µm) based remote sensing.
15. Give an account on ecological hotspot.
16. What is geometric restoration?
17. Distinguish between microwaves and UV waves. (5X3= 15 marks)
18. What are the platforms used for remote sensing? Explain.
19. Briefly explain geostationary orbit.
20. Comment on the present issues on environment.
21. How is passive remote sensing different from active remote sensing? Give example.
22. Describe the purpose of principle components analysis.
23. What are the different image enhancement techniques? Explain.
(5X5=25 marks)
24. Explain how is remote sensing applicable in forestry?

25. Write a note on image transformation in digital image processing.
(1X10= 10 marks)
66
SEMESTER III Course Code: BBC- DE- 536 Credits: 2
NAME OF THE COURSE: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP ADAPTATIONS

CO1: Gain knowledge in the basics of climate change and its impact
CO2: Familiarize the environmental issues related to climate change
CO3: Analyse the socio-economic impact of climate change
CO4: Assess different crop management strategies that mitigate the impact of climate change
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction to Climate Change- Greenhouse gases and alteration of climate. Abiotic
changes and its consequences. Effects on biotic interactions: Responses of populations, species and
ecosystems to climate change, the ozone layer and climate change.
MODULE II: Environmental issues of climate change- Effects of Global warming on aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystem of India with particular reference to Western Ghats. Action plans to reverse the
Climate Change.
MODULE III: Socio-economic aspects of climate change impacts: Environmental pollution and
associated hazards to animals and humans.
MODULE IV: Ecology and its Relevance-Physical and social environment as factors of crop
distribution and production. Agro ecology- cropping pattern as indicators of environment.
MODULE V:. Impact of Climate Change in Agriculture-Impact on soil-soil microbial activity, soil
moisture availability and soil degradation. Impact of climate change on soil productivity-increase in
temperature, increase in CO2.Effects of extreme climatic events on yield crops. Impacts of climate
change on insects and pests.
MODULE VI: Impacts of Climate Change and Crop Management-Design of crop simulation models,
Development of econometric models, Simulation studies for determining the need of agronomic
practices in crop production. Role of Genetic engineering in raising stress tolerant crops as part of
climate mitigation strategies. Crop ecosystem response to climate change with examples: Rice,
Coconut, Tapioca, Cashew, Pulses, Rubber, Spices, Tea & Coffee.
67
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCE
 Agarwal, P.K and Mall, R.K. (2002) Climate change in rice yields in diverse agro environment of
India Effects of uncertainties in scenarios and crop models on impact assessment. Climate
Change: 52: 331-343.
 Anonymous (1999) Technology for pulse production in India.220, IPR, Kanpur, pp108.
 Behnassi, M., Muteng'e, M. S., Ramachandran, G., & Shelat, K. N. (Eds.). (2014). Vulnerability
of Agriculture, Water and Fisheries to Climate Change: Toward Sustainable Adaptation
Strategies. Springer.
 Dhadke, K.G and Ghai, S (1994) Effect of global warming on insect populations and crop
damage. Shahpai: 75-80.
 DiMento, J. F., & Doughman, P. (Eds.). (2014). Climate change: What it means for us, our
children, and our grandchildren. Mit Press.
 Gad, S. (1995) Climate change and agriculture. An Indian perspective. Current Science 69.
 Gadgil, S., Rao, S.P.R and Sridhar, S (1999) Modeling impact of climate variability in rain fed
ground nut. Curr.Sci.76: 557-569.
 Houser, T., Hsiang, S., Kopp, R., Larsen, K., Delgado, M., Jina, A., & Rising, J. (2015).
Economic risks of climate change: an American prospectus. Columbia University Press.
 Sengar, R. S., & Sengar, K. (Eds.). (2014). Climate change effect on crop productivity. CRC
Press.
 Shetty, P. K., Ayyappan, S., & Swaminathan, M. S. (2013). Climate change and sustainable food
security (NIAS Books and Special Publications No. SP4-2013). NIAS; ICAR.
 Shove, E., & Spurling, N. (Eds.). (2013). Sustainable practices: Social theory and climate change.
Routledge.
 Sukla, P.R. (2003) Climate change and India: Vulnerability assessment and adaptation. University
press.
68
BBC-DE-536 Climate Change & Crop Adaptation (Elective)

1. Define ecosystem.
2. What is climate?
3. What is greenhouse effect?
4. What is global warming?
5. What is an aerosol?
6. How do clouds affect the Earth‟s climate?
7. What is agroecology?
8. What is a biological pump?
9. Define electromagnetic spectrum.
10. Expand CFC
(10x1=10 marks)
11. Explain briefly the use of genetic engineering to develop stress resistant cultivar.
12. Enlist greenhouse gases and explain its effects.
13. What are the main indicators of climate change?
14. Describe the effects of global warming in the aquatic ecosystem
15. What are the components in the climate system?
16. Write a note on biotic interaction of global warming.
17. How is climate change related to soil productivity?
18. What are the remedial measures to reduce the harmful effects of climate change? (5X3= 15 marks)
19. Briefly explain socio-economic aspects of climate change.
20. Describe briefly the components included in crop simulation studies.
21. Explain the impact of climate change in crop ecosystem response.
22. How do humans have a major impact on the climate change?
23. What is climate –smart agriculture?.
24. „Climate change will have some good effects‟, Comment. (5X5=25 marks)
25. Write an essay on natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation?
26. Comment on environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops. Suggest some control
measures to override the detrimental effects of pollution.
(1X10= 10 marks)
69
SEMESTER 1V Course Code: BBC- CC - 541 Credits: 4
NAME OF THE COURSE: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND

AUDITING
CO1: Get knowledge about EI Assessment and analysis

CO2: Familiarize activities of EIA in India
CO3: Identify types of disasters and methods for disaster management
CO4: Get awareness about environmental risk analysis and auditing
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Definition, purpose and characteristics of

EIA; global evolution of EIA; participants in EIA process, stages of EIA and types of EIA.
Environmental inventory. Baseline data on EIA- environmental data, project data and project
alternative data. Measurement of impact– physical, social, economic, natural; Public participation in
environmental decision making; Framework of Environmental Assessment; Description of
environmental setting; environmental impact factors and area consideration. Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
MODULE II: Environmental Impact Analysis: Impact identification and methods of impact
identification- adhoc method, checklist, matrix, network, overlay and index methods; impact
prediction and predictive methodologies, impact evaluation (assessment) and impact mitigation. Basic
steps for the impact identification, prediction and assessment of air, water, noise, vegetation and
wildlife environment with case studies.
MODULE III: EIA in India: An overview of history, current procedures, practices and guidelines.
EIA of water resource projects, industries, mining and quarrying, highway construction, tourism
developments. Basic Concept of Disaster- Definition of hazard, vulnerability, risk, disaster. Causative
factors of disaster. Classification of disasters. Hazard Mitigation: Identification of hazard prone belts,
hazard zonation and risk assessment; risk reduction in vulnerable areas, developing warning systems,
forecasting, emergency preparedness, education and training activities, planning for rescue and relief
works.
MODULE IV: Disaster Management: Definition of disaster management; components of disaster
management cycle- crisis management & risk management. Crisis management- quick response &
relief, recovery, development. Risk management- risk identification and risk assessment, risk
reduction- preparedness, prevention and mitigation, risk transfer. Disaster management- act and
policy. Important sectors in disaster management- health and medical care, communications,
insurance, social work, NGO‟s, media, fire services, police and paramilitary services, armed forces
etc. Levels of disasters in India.
70
MODULE V: Environmental, Methods, Risk Analysis ‐: Definition of Environment Audit & its
importance for industries. Requirements of Rule 14 for Environmental Audit under Environmental
protection Act 1986. Definitions of a. Signatory, b. Consumption Audit, c. Pollution audit, d.
Hazardous audit, d. Solid waste audit, e. Disposal audit, f. Cost audit, g. Investment audit, h. Voluntary
audit. Need & Definition of Risk Analysis, Identification of risk due to project activities, Cost of
alleviation of risk and impact on project cost.
MODULE VI: The areas an environmental audit -Design specification and layout: Resource
management: Pollution control systems and procedures: Emergency plans and response/safety system:
Confirmation to regulatory requirement: Scope-Types of environmental audits-Objective-based types-
(i) Liabilities audit: (ii) Management audit: (iii) Activities audit:- Client-driven types-(i) Regulatory
external audit: (ii) Independent external audit: (iii) Internal environmental audit: (iv) Third party
audits. General audit methodology-Basic structure of EA-Waste audits and pollution prevention
assessments, EA in industrial projects
PRACTICALS
1. Submit a report on the study of impact of quarry/sand mining/hydroelectric project
2. Submit a report on the energy audit in the campus
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES.
 Biswas, A. K., & Agarwal, S. (Eds.). (2013). Environmental impact assessment for
developing countries. Elsevier.
 Biswas, A.K. et al (1987). EIA for Developing Countries, United Nations University
 Bregman, J.I. and Mackenthum, K.M. (1992). Environmental impact statements. Chelsia
Michigan: Lewis.
 Calow, P. (1997). Handbook of environmental risk assessment and management. Oxford:
Blackwell Science.
 Carroll, B., Fothergill, J., Murphy, J., & Turpin, T. (2019). Environmental Impact
Assessment Handbook: A practical guide for planners, developers and communities. ICE
Publishing.
 Collin, H. and Howard, G. (1995). Tourism and the environment. A Sustainable
relationship. London. Routledge.
 Fortlage, C. (1990). Environmental assessment: a practical guide. Aldershot: Gower
 Geological Hazards (2002). A Source Book on Hazards and Disasters. Kushy, T. M.,
Green wood Press, Westport, Conn. London.
 Glasson, J., & Therivel, R. (2013). Introduction to environmental impact assessment.
Routledge.
 Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. (1996). Introduction to Environmental Impact
Assessment,
 Glasson, J; Therivel, R. and Chadwick, Al. (1999). Introduction to environmental impact
assessment. UCL Press. 496p.
 Gupta and Harsh, K. (2003). Disaster Management, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.
71
 Hubert, H. (1988). A major impact. Naturopa, 59, 5-7. 36 40
 Jha and Kumar, M. (2010). Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters; Vulnerability,
Preparedness and Mitigation, Springer.
 Larry, C.W. (1996). Environmental impact assessment. McGraw-Hill International editions.
660p.
 Mareddy, A. R., Shah, A., & Davergave, N. (2017). Environmental impact assessment:
theory and practice. Butterworth-Heinemann.
 Mareddy, A. R., Shah, A., and Davergave, N. (2017). Environmental impact assessment:
theory and practice. Butterworth-Heinemann.
 Morris, P. and Therivel, R. (1995). Methods of environmental impact assessment. London.
UCL press.
 Morris, P. and Therivel, R. (1996). Environmental Assessment – A guide to the procedure,
DoE, Welsh Office, 1989. 3. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment,
 Munn, R.E. (1979). Environmental impact assessment: principles and procedures, 2 nd Edn.
New York: Wiley.
 Singh, K. K. and Singh, A. K. (2010). Natural a n d manmade disasters: vulnerability,
preparedness and mitigation, Vol. (1&2), M.D. publications. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Srivastava, P. K., Singh, S. K., Mohanty, U. C., and Murty, T. (Eds.). (2020). Techniques for
Disaster Risk Management and Mitigation. John Wiley & Sons.
 Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.H. (1973). Environmental Geoscience – Interaction between
natural systems and man: -Santa Barbara, California, Hamilton Publishing.
 Talwar, A.K. and Juneja, S. (2009). Flood Disaster Management, Commonwealth
publishers, New Delhi.
 Vaidya, K.S. (1987). Environmental Geology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers. 17. White,
G.F. (ed.) Natural hazards – local, national, global: Oxford University Press.
 Wathern, P. (Ed.). (2013). Environmental impact assessment: theory and practice.
Routledge.
 Weston, J. (2014). Planning and environmental impact assessment in practice. Routledge.
72
M.SC. Degree (CSS4) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation)
BBC-CC-541 Environmental Impact Assessment and Auditing
1. What is the purpose of EIA?

2. What is hazard zone belt?
3. Define the term matrix
4. What is hazard zonation.
5. Name two methods of environment impact identification
6. Name two types of environmental audit.
7. What is cost audit?
8. What is environmental impact statement?
9. Define the risk analysis
10. Enlsit types warning systems in hazard mitigation (10x1=10 marks)
11. What are the different sectors in disaster management?
12. What is the difference between crisis management and risk management?
13. Explain the method of matrix in the impact identification?
14. Explain Environmental protection Act 1986..
15. Give an account on environmental inventory
16. What is pollution audit?
17. Discuss the importance of Public participation in environmental decision making
(5X2= 10 marks)
18. Discuss the level of disasters in India
19. Explain the physical method for the measurement of environment impact
20. Write an account on the disaster management act and policy
21. Briefly explain the waste audits and pollution prevention assessments
22. Give an account on pollution control systems and procedures
23. Discuss the framework of environmental assessment. (4X3= 12 marks)
24. Give an account on the different types of environment audit and analyze its impact.
25. Explain the steps involved in the impact identification, prediction and assessment
(1X8= 8 marks)
73
SEMESTER IV Course Code: BBC- CC- 542 Credits:
4
NAME OF THE COURSE: AGRO BIODIVERSITY AND WETLAND MANAGEMENT
CO1: Familiarize the importance of conservation and management of agro biodiversity

and wetlands.
CO2: Discuss the improved agricultural practices for agro biodiversity conservation
CO3: Identify biodiversity in wetlands
CO4: Gain knowledge about Legislation and Policies for wetland management and
conservation
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE. I: Agrobiodiversity- definition, agrobiodiversity and food security, key processes

influencing agrobiodiversity, needs for agrobiodiversity capacity, global context for agrobiodiversity
management- global change and agrobiodiversity, impact of climate change on agrobiodiversity,
policies for agrobiodiversity conservation and use, institutional aspects of managing agrobiodiversity,
biodiversity today, importance of biodiversity, types of biodiversity, genetic conservation, gene banks,
cryopreservation, Loss of biodiversity- threatened, endangered and extinct species. El-nino
sensitivity, resource endowment and socio economic characteristics
MODULE II: Genetic resources for food and agriculture, status and trends of agrobiodiversity,
agrobiodiversity and livelihoods, traditional knowledge and agrobiodiversity, agrobiodiversity and in
situ conservation in ethnic minority communities, environmental services, sustainable management of
agrobiodiversity, agrobiodiversity conservation and economic development, strategies for
conservation- insitu and ex situ, consequence of technologies and production for the economic and
environmental performance of rice based farming system in Kerala
MODULE III: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), role of FAO to modernize and
improve agricultural practices, Seed exchange networks for agrobiodiversity conservation, GM crops
pros and cons, diversity of underutilised crops, potential for underutilized crops to improve security of
food production, crops for the future, cultivated agrobiodiversity, plant breeding andagrobiodiversity,
methods of crop improvement- selection, hybridization, plant breeding, plant introduction, tissue
culture, biofortification, bio pesticides, commensalism, predation, scavenging, parasitism, symbiosis,
biotic stability, ecological adaptations
MODULE IV: Wetland management: introduction,basic concepts on wetland ecology, definition and
classification of wetlands: wetlands as ecosystems and part of river basin, distribution and typology,
wetland habitat and ecology, physico-chemical parameters-hydrology and soils. Unusual and extreme
74
habitats. biodiversity in wetland systems- aquatic organisms- microbes, phyto and zooplanktons,
plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Wetland functions and values, ecosystem services. nutrient
cycling in aquatic systems. productivity, trophic states and eutrophication. Freshwater ecosystems
management techniques and the conservation of rare species, global wetland outlook: state of the
world‟s wetlands and their services to people.
MODULE V: Wetland protection and legislation, wetlands (Conservation and Management) rules,
the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity for water and wetlands, wetlands for disaster risk
reduction: effective choices for resilient communities, assessing, quantifying and valuing the
ecosystem services of coastal lagoons, coastal wetland resilience and vulnerability to sea-level rise,
issue of wetlands conservation and management, threat analysis and management Planning: natural
and human impacts; major threats to wetlands;. Setting management objectives and priorities. Orders
of the Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal regarding wetland conservation in India, wetlands
conservation: methods, functions, uses and values.
MODULE VI: Wetland ecology: wetland ecosystem service and restoration, wetlands and people,
Lake and watershed management National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP), Management
of aquatic weeds, monitoring of wetlands, managing hydrology; control of siltation and pollution.
Involvement of local communities in conservation of wetlands, wetland conservation: issues and
applications, climate-change impacts on natural resources, Wetlands in India: ramsar significance and
sites in India, special type wetlands: Myristica swamps, importance of conservation biology. Wetland
policy: National Wetland Rules, Wetland related institutional arrangements: Functioning of Lake
Development Authorities. Major Wetlands of the World:Ramsar Convention; Wetland conservation
vis a vis other conventions (CBD, CMS, CITES, UNFCCC). Conservation issues of major wetlands
of the World.
PRACTICALS
1. Basics on taxonomy and enumeration of Phyto and Zooplanktons.
2. Field study on revival and restoration of Wetlands: Field visit to a Wetland in India (Any
Ramsar site) to study restoration and revival efforts. Submission of the report.
3. Germplasm collection of major agricultural crops ( minimum two from each categories)
a) Cereals: Rice, Wheat
b) Pulses: Green gram, Black gram, Horse gram, Sword bean
c) Vegetables: Capsicum, Ladies finger
d) Underutilised crops: wild edible fruits, vegetables
e) Oil seeds: Sesame, Sunflower, Castor
4. Wetland Ecosystem - spot identification
5. Hybridization in any crop species
REFERENCES
LEARNING RESOURCES:
 Anon (2007). An integrated Wetland Assessment Toolkit. IUCN.

 Anon (2008). Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. 20th Edn. American
Public Healthassociation (AHPA), American Water Works Association.
75
 Backcock, E.B. (2001). Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agrobios (India) , Jodhpur
 Briggs, F. N. and Knowles, P. F. (1967). Introduction to Plant Breeding, Reinhold Publ. Co. New
York/ Amsterdam/London
 Collins, W.W., Hawtin, G.C., Collins, W.W. and Qualset, C.O. (1999). Conserving and using crop
plant biodiversity in agro-ecosystems Biodiversity in agro-ecosystems, Boca
 Dodds, W. K. (2002). Freshwater Ecology. Concepts and Environmental Applications. Elsevier
Science. Academic Press. California.
 Finlayson, C. M., Horwitz, P., & Weinstein, P. (Eds.). (2015). Wetlands and human health (Vol.
5). Springer.
 Frison, C. (2018). Redesigning the Global Seed Commons: Law and Policy for Agrobiodiversity
and Food Security. Routledge.
 Gopal B. (2013). Environmental Flows. An introduction for water resource managers. National
Institute of Ecology.New Delhi
 Gopal, B. (1995). Handbook of Wetland Management. World Wide Fund for Nature India. New
Delhi(Revised Edition being planned by author)
 Kiarie Njoroge, Henry Kamau, Margarita Baena. (2006). Teaching agrobiodiversity:a curriculum
guide for higher education.
 Penning-Rowsell, E. C., Parker, D. J., & Harding, D. M. (2019). Floods and drainage: British
policies for hazard reduction, agricultural improvement and wetland conservation (Vol. 5).
Routledge.
 Per Rudebjer, Boudy van Schagen, Sebastian Chakeredza (2008). Wetlands: Ecology,
Conservation and Management Series Ed.: Finlayson, C Max, Springer.
 Perillo, G., Wolanski, E., Cahoon, D. R., & Hopkinson, C. S. (Eds.). (2018). Coastal wetlands: an
integrated ecosystem approach. Elsevier.
 Ramachandra, R. K. (2014). Principles of Plant Breeding, New Delhi, Narendra Publishers.
 Ramsar Convention Handbooks Raton, Washington , CRC Press
 Robert,W.G (2010). Limnological analysis. Springer Science. New York. USA.
 Robert,W.G. (2001). Lake and river ecosystems. Elseiver. Academic Press. USA.
 Sleper, D. and Pochlman, J. M. (2016). Breeding Field Crops, Iowa, Black well.
 Tiner, R. W. (2013). Tidal wetlands primer: an introduction to their ecology, natural history,
status, and conservation. University of Massachusetts Press.
76
M.SC. Degree (CSS4) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation)
BBC-CC- 542. AGROBIODIVERSITY & WETLAND MANAGEMENT
Time: 3 Hrs. Maximum: 40 Marks
I. Answer all questions in one word or sentences

1. Define agrobiodiversity
2. What is IFPRI?
3. How to define a wetland?
4. Mention any two GM crops
5. What are genebanks?
6. What is NWCP?
7. What is El-nino sensitivity?
8. Point out causes of eutrophication?
9. What is biofortification?
10. Name two major wetlands in India (10X1=10marks)
II. Answer any five questions. Each answer not exceeding 50 words
11. Brief account on the key process involved in agrobiodiversity conservation
12. Explain the role of ethnic communities in agrobiodiversity conservation
13. Differentiate commensalism and predation
14. Brief account on the basic concepts of wetland ecology
15. Mention the ecosystem services of coastal lagoons
16. What are the important functions of Indian Lake Development Authorities?
17. Briefly explain the National wetland rules (2X5=10marks)
18. Explain the impact of aquatic weeds in water shed management. Point out possible
mitigation strategies
19. Explain the values of wetlands in biodiversity conservation
20. Write an account on world wetland outlook. Give your opinion on how legislation
help to protect wetland.
21. Explain the importance of underutilised crops in agrobiodiversity and design a
strategy for the sustainable utilization
22. Write an account on conservation strategies and crop production
23. Explain the impact of climate change on agrobiodiversity (3X4=12marks)
III. Answer any one of the following. Each answer not exceeding 350 words
24. Write an essay on plant breeding and agrobiodiversity. Develop a solution for
protection of Agribiodiversity
25. Describe the major issues for the conservation of global wetlands and explain the
importance of ramsar and other conventions in wetland conservation (8X1=8marks)
77
SEMESTER IV Course Code: BBC- CC- 543 Credits: 4
NAME OF THE COURSE: COASTAL AND MARINE DIVERSITY AND

CONSERVATION
CO1: Know about the coastal and marine ecosystem, and importance of conservation
CO2: Identify the threats of marine biodiversity and provide conservation
and management strategies
CO3: Use legislation for the protection of biodiversity
CO4: Develop skill for identification of coastal and marine organisms
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Coastal Zone Diversity and Conservation - Coastal resources management programme.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management - need, scope, potentials and constraints for ICZM. Coastal
settlements - human impacts on the coastal zones with special emphasis on artisanal fishing, coastal
aquaculture and coastal tourism. Coastal vulnerability - mangroves, wetlands, sand dunes, sea-grasses,
lagoons and enclosed seas, islands, coral reefs and other protected areas, , mangroves-distribution,
ecological features, importance and uses of mangroves. Coastal ecosystem monitoring. Effect of port
activities and coastal pollution on mangroves, corals and beaches. Role of national and international
agencies for coastal and Ocean management. GIS and remote sensing for ICZM. Coastal information
management & communication - Basic Principles.
MODULE II: Introduction To Marine Biodiversity- Sea and Oceans - Physcio chemical properties
and biogeochemical interactions. Understanding the marine biodiversity and conservation, divisions
of biodiversity, keystone species, Umbrella species, indicator species, flagship species, values of
biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, world‟s marine biological diversity, marine hot spots-cold seeps,
hydrothermal hotspots, marine biosphere reserves and their importance in India and abroad.
MODULE III: Benthic Floral Components- Seaweeds-classification, occurrence, economic
importance, sea grass and salt marshes distribution, their role in coastal ecosystems, algal blooms:
Nekton oceanography: Nektonic crustaceans, cephalopods, marine reptiles, seabirds, marine
mammals-cetaceans, sirenians, pinnipedes, importance of marine mammals, Benthic Faunal
Community Zonations-rocky shores, sandy shores, estuaries and kelp forest, marine sponges-their
types and importance, Cnidarians-classification, coral reefs-structure, distribution and limiting factors
MODULE IV: THREATS TO MARINE BIODIVERSITY: Threats to Biodiversity in special
ecosystems with reference to mangroves and coral reefs. Species extinction, vulnerability to
extinction, habitat destruction- in coral reefs and mangroves, habitat degradation, habitat
fragmentation, maximum sustainable yield (MSY), alien species, diseases, global climate change and
78
impact on marine biodiversity-coral bleaching, ocean acidification. Marine Pollutants: Types, sources
and ecological effects on marine environment – Sewage, heavy metal, pesticide, oil, nuclear, thermal
and plastic pollution. Ecological impact of pollutants on marine organisms. Effect of mining and
dredging operation on marine environment.
MODULE V : Conservation Strategies- Importance of conservation, IUCN and their importance,
various conservation strategies- germplasm banks, cryopreservation, marine protected areas, sea
ranching, mesh size regulation, TED, fishing holidays, conservation and development at national and
international level. Coastal and ocean resource management - endangered coastal biota, marine
biosphere reserves and marine parks
MODULE VI: Conservation Policies And Legislations- Various legislations and regulations in
conservation of marine biodiversity-the role of MoEn & F in conservation, Ministry of Environment
Forest and Climate change in conservation, MOES and COMAPS, remote sensing and GIS for Ocean
management, NGO‟s involvement in conservation and various case studies related to coastal marine
conservation science and policy with reference to Indian maritime states. United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL).
PRACTICALS:
Phytoplankton- identification of common forms
Identification of common zooplankton
Collection and identification of locally available seaweeds, seagrasses, mangroves and preparation
of herbarium
Seaweeds-identification of commercially valuable groups
Mangroves-identification of common species
Coral reef and associated organisms
Field visit to intertidal environments/ estuaries and Mangroves/ Marine Biosphere Reserve/ coastal
zones.
REFERENCES:
LEARNING RESOURCES:
 Barnabe, G. (2000). Ecology and management of coastal waters. Praxis, 396pp.

 Bartlett, D. and Smith, J. (2005). GIS for coastal zone management, CRC Press, 310pp.
 Beaugrand, G. (2014). Marine biodiversity, climatic variability and global change. Routledge.
 Berkes, F. (2015). Coasts for people: Interdisciplinary approaches to coastal and marine resource
management. Routledge.
 Bob Earll (2018). Marine Conservation: People, Ideas and Action (Perspectives in Conservation
Biology, Pelagic publishing, UK
 Carl J. Sindermann (2005). Coastal pollution: Effects on living resources and humans (Marine Science
Series). 271 pp.
 Chapman, V.J. (1976). Mangrove Vegetation. J. Gramer, Berlin.
 Chapman, V.J. and Chapman, D.J. (1980). Seaweed and Their Use. Chapman & Hall, London.
 Churchill, R. R and Lowe, A.V. (1983). The Law of the Sea, 3d ed. (Manchester: Manchester
79
University Press) 494 pp
 Clark, R. B. (2001). Marine pollution, Fifth edition. Oxford University press, New York Inc., 231pp.
 Clark, R.B. (2000). Marine Pollution. Clavendon Press, Oxford, 237 pp.
 Coastal Zone regulation (CRZ) Notification 2018
 Cunha A, Cunha, M.R., Moreira, M.H., Serôdio, J. , Quintino, V. , Rodrigues, A.M. Warwick,
 R.M Queiroga, H. (2006). Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes, Assessment, Threats,
Management and Conservation, Springer publishers
 Dawes, C.J. (1988). Marine Botany. John Willey & Sons, New York.
 Duxbury, A.C., A.B. Duxbury and K.A. Sverdrup (2000). An Introduction to the World‟s Oceans. 6th
Edition. McGraw Hill Companies Inc.
 Ekman S. (1977) Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick & Jackson.
 Falconer, I.R. (1993). Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Acad. Press, NY, 1
 Fish, J.D and Fish, S. (2010). A Students Guide to the Seashore. Cambridge University Press, 527pp.
 Geert Potters (2015). Marine pollution, Bookboon, free e book download at
https://bookboon.com/en/marine-pollution-ebook
 Green, D. R., & Payne, J. L. (Eds.). (2017). Marine and Coastal Resource Management: Principles and
Practice. Routledge.
 Hawksworth, D.L. (1996). Biodiversity measurement and estimation. Chapman & Hall, 140pp.
 Iversen, E.S. (1996). Living Marine Resources. Chapman and Hall, New York. 1
 Jean M.M (1994). Remote sensing for the control of marine pollution. Academic Publishers, Plenum
Press, 466pp.
 Jeffrey S. Levinton (2001). CD Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology pp. 515.
 Joachim Claudet (2011). Marine Protected Areas: A Multidisciplinary Approach (Ecology,
Biodiversity and Conservation) Cambridge University Press
 John R. Clark (1995). Coastal zone management handbook. Lewis publishers, Washington,
 D.C. 694pp.
 Kathiresan, K and S.Z. Qasim (2005). Biodiversity of Mangrove Ecosystems. Hindustan Lever Limited.
 Kay, R. and J. Aider (2005). Coastal planning and management, 2/e. Taylor and Francis, 380pp.
 Laws, E.A. (2000). Aquatic pollution, an introductory text. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 639
pp.
 Le Prestre, P. G. (Ed.). (2017). Governing global biodiversity: The evolution and implementation of
the convention on biological diversity. Routledge.
 Marsden, S. (2016). Transboundary environmental governance: inland, coastal and marine
perspectives. Routledge.
 Mc Lusky D.S. (1971). Ecology of estuaries, Hinmann.
 National Research Council (1995). Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/4923. Free e book at https://www.nap.edu/download/4923
 Nigam Urrmila (2017). Tourism and Coastal Zone Management, Book enclave publishers
 Prabodh K. Maiti and Paulami Maiti (2017). Biodiversity: Perception, Peril and Preservation, PHL
learning private limited, New Delhi
 Qasim, S.Z. and G.S. Roonwal (1998). India‟s Exclusive Economic Zones. Omega Scientific
Publishers. New Delhi.
 Qubiroga, H. (2006). Marine biodiversity, Springer, 353pp.
 Ray, G.C. and Ray, J. M (2004). Coastal marine conservation science and policy. Blackwell
80
Publishing, 327pp.
 Richard B. Primack (2002). Essentials of conservation biology – 3rd edition, Sinauer Assoc. Inc. Pub.,
USA, 698 pp.
 Ruth, H (2002). Dynamic modelling for marine conservation. Springer, 446pp.
 Simon Oakenfold (2017). Marine Biodiversity Syrawood Publishing House
 Sindermann, C.I. (2006). Coastal pollution. Taylor & Francis, 280pp.
 Singh, J.S., Singh, S. P. and Gupta, S. R. (2006). Ecology, Environment and Resource conservation.
Anamaya Pub., New Delhi, 688 pp.
 Solan et al (2012) Marine Biodiversity & Ecosystem functions, oxford publishers
 Spoel S. Vander and Heyman, R.P. (19830. Comparative Atlas of Zooplankton Biological Patterns in
the Oceans. Springer - Verlag, Berlin.
 Tomas, C.R. (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. Acad. Press, NY, 858 pp.
 Tomilson, P.B. (1986). The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge University Press.
 Venkataraman, K., & Raghunathan, C. (2015). Coastal and marine biodiversity of India. In Marine
faunal diversity in India (pp. 303-348). Academic Press.
 Venkataraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R and Sreeraj, C.R. (2012). Marine Biodiversity in
India, Zoological Surv. India, Kolkata, 164pp.
 Wimpenny, R.S. (1966). Plankton of the Sea. Feber and Feber Limited, London.
81
Model question paper
M.SC. Degree (CSS4) Botany (Biodiversity Conservation) BBC-CC-
543 Coastal and Marine Diversity and Conservation

1. What are keystone species?
2. Mention importance of sand dunes
3. What are lagoons?
4. Write about Umbrella species
5. What are the causes of coral bleaching?
6. Define threatened species
7. List our significance of Marine parks
8. Explain MARPOL
9. Explain ICZM
10. „Hydrothermal hotspots’. Mention the significance (10X1= 10 marks)
11. Explain marine hotspots with an example
12.Explain divisions of biodiversity
13. Write about Nektonic crustaceans
14 Write a note on effect of mining on ocean ecosystem
15.Write about UNCLOS
16. Write an account on endangered coastal biota
17. Explain ecosystem functioning (5X2= 10 marks)
18. Oceans have critical role in biogeochemical cycles. Substantiate.
19.Write a note on marine biosphere reserve citing examples.
20.Explain impact of pollution in ocean ecosystem. Give recommendations to reduce pollution
21.Write about importance of coastal zone regulation
22.Explain importance of coral reefs. Hy they are called as keystone species.
23.Mention importance of GIS and remote sensing in ocean management
(4X3= 12 marks)
24. Explain conservation strategies to be adopted for protection of coastal ecosytem
25.Write about Benthic flora with the characteristic features (1X8= 8 marks)
82
SEMESTER IV Course Code: BBC- D- 544 Credits:
4
NAME OF THE COURSE: DISSERTATION

CO1: Develop the skill for identification of research problems and design suitable
experiments
CO2: Gain the capability to observe, analyse and interpret the results obtained and conclude.
CO3: Understand the methodologies to be adopted for scientific research and publication
CO4: Develop creative ideas/ strategies for the conservation of natural resources/
biodiversity
CO5: Conserve and sustainably utilize natural resources
CO6: Disseminate the ideas of conservation to community and participate in biodiversity
registry.
83
SEMESTER I- IV Course Code: BBC- GC- 501 Credits: 2
NAME OF THE COURSE: GERMPLASM CONSERVATION

CO1: Identify the threats and conservation strategies of biodiversity

CO2: Assess the importance and conservation measures of sacred grooves and wetland
ecosystem
CO3: Analyse ex situ and in situ germplasm conservation strategies.
COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I: Introduction, Definition, Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity:

Structural and functional aspects. Bio-geographic classification of India. Basic concepts of
conservation biology, history of conservation biology, the value of biodiversity and conservation.
MODULE II: Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss, pollution, species introduction, global climate
change, overexploitation, poaching of wildlife. Rare species, genetic diversity of rare species, habitat
loss and fragmentation. Extinction: mass extinction, extinction process, ecosystem degradation, over
exploitation, invasive species. Endangered and endemic species of India.
MODULE III: Conservation strategies:- In-situ biodiversity conservation - conservation of species

within their natural habitats. Wild sanctuaries, protected areas, national parks Biosphere reserve, Wild
life sanctuaries in Kerala. Biosphere reserve and National parks in India.
MODULE IV: Sacred Grooves and Wetlands- Sacred groves- significance, important sacred groves
in Kerala, Socio economic aspects of sacred groves. Wetlands and Ramsar sites. Important wet lands
in India. Economic benefits of wetlands. Myristica swamps and its importance, myristica swamps in
Kerala. Mangrove ecosystems and its economic importance.
MODULE V: Ex-Situ conservation methods- Zoo and Botanical garden, seed bank, in vitro bank,
pollen bank. Captive breeding of animals and artificial propagation of plants, with possible
reintroduction into the wild.
MODULE VI: Germplasm Storage and Cryopreservation - Conservation of germplasm, In vitro

strategies, short, medium and long term (cryopreservation) preservation, application, techniques of
cryopreservation, choice of material, preculture, cryoprotection, freezing, thawing, reculture,
vitrification, encapsulation, dehydration, determination of survival and viability, plant growth and
regeneration, applications of cryopreservation, Cryopreservation of vegetative propagated and
recalcitrant seed species, Large-scale utilization of cryopreservation for germplasm conservation,
cryopreservation-progress and prospects.
84
LEARNING RESOURCES:
REFERENCES
 Adams, C. E. (2016). Urban wildlife management. CRC press.

 Ahuja, M. R., & Ramawat, K. G. (Eds.). (2014). Biotechnology and biodiversity (Vol. 4). Springer.
 Berkes, F. (2017). Sacred ecology. Routledge.
 Cox, C. B., Moore, P. D., & Ladle, R. J. (2016). Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary
approach. John Wiley & Sons.
 Gabriel M. (2000) Biodiversity and conservation Oxford and IBH publishing company Pvt Ltd. New
Delhi.
 González-Arnao, M. T., Dolce, N., González-Benito, M. E., Martínez, C. R. C., & Cruz-Cruz,
 C. A. (2017). Approaches for in vitro conservation of woody plants germplasm. In Biodiversity and
Conservation of Woody Plants (pp. 355-419). Springer, Cham.
 Huston, M.A. (1994). Biological Diversity: The coexistence of species on changing landscapes.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
 Iriondo, J. M., Maxited, N. and Dulloo, M.E (2008) Conserving plant genetic diversity in protected
areas – population management of crop wild relatives. Biddles Ltd. Kings‟ Lynn.
 Krishnamoorthy, K.V (2004) An Advanced text book on Biodiversity- principles and Practice:
Oxford and IBH publishing company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2003). Text book on Biodiversity, Science Publishers, New Hampshare.
 Kumar, U. and Sharma, A.K (2008) Plant Biotechnology and Biodiversity conservation.
Agrobios India.
 Negi, S.S. (1993) Biodiversity and its Conservation in India.
 Novacek, M. J. (ed.) (2001) The Biodiversity Crisis: Losing What Counts. New York: American
Museum of Natural History Books.
 Primack, R.B. (1993) Essentials of Conservation Biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
 Sharma P.D. (2003). Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India
 Swaminathan, M.N. & Jain, R.S. (1982) Biodiversity: Implications for global security, Macmillan,
1982.
 Tandon, U., Parasaran, M., & Luthra, S. (Eds.). (2017). Biodiversity: Law, Policy and Governance.
Taylor & Francis.
 Trivedi, P. C. 2007 Global Biodiversity status and conservation. Pointer publishers Jaipur India.
 Turner, C. (2018). Climate change and biodiversity. Scientific e-Resources.
85
M.Sc. (CSS) Degree Examination
BBC-GC-501 Germplasm Conservation (Generic Course)
Answer all questions in one word or sentence
1. Define species diversity

2. What do you mean by habitat loss?
3. What is vitrification?
4. What do you mean by invasive species?
5. Expand UNEP
6. Which National Park is famous for one- horned rhinoceros
7. Name an extinct plant species
8. What is seed bank?
9. Name a national park
10. What do you mean by recalcitrant species?
(10X1= 10 marks)
11. What is the difference between rare and endangered species?
12. What do you mean by ecosystem degradation? How does it affect biodiversity
13. Write a note on in situ conservation
14. What is endemism? List any three endemic plant and animal species of India
15. Define biosphere reserve. Name the three zones of a biosphere reserve and the activities
permitted in each.
16. Differentiate alpha, beta and gamma diversity?
17. Describe the significance of sacred groves in germplasm conservation
(5X3= 15 marks)
18. Discuss the importance of myristica swamps
19. Give an account on the international organizations involved in the conservation of wildlife
20. Describe the various ex-situ methods for germplasm conservation
21. What do you mean by hot spots of biodiversity? What are the criteria for identifying hot
spots? Which are the biodiversity hotspots in India
22. Explain the measures taken for conservation of biodiversity in India
23. Describe the consumptive value of biodiversity as food, drugs & medicines, and fuel & fiber
with suitable examples
(5X5=25 marks)
24. Discuss the applications of cryopreservation by explaining the methods adopted for germplasm
conservation
25. What are the threats to biodiversity? Suggest measures to overcome its harmful effects
(1X10= 10 marks)
86
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Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework

(LOCF) for Post-graduate Programme

NAME OF THE PROGRAMME

 Conservation of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Utilization

• Conservation of Tropical Plant Diversity, Evaluation and Genetic characterization

For membership and other details please Contact:-

Syllabus for M.Sc. Programme in Botany

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO) for

PSO 1 Mastery in biodiversity and its conservation strategies.

PSO 4 Address environmental issues related to biodiversity

PSO 5 Create social awareness in biodiversity conservation and sustainable

Semester Course Code Name of the course Credits

Core Courses (CC)

BBC-CC- 511 Biodiversity and Conservation 4

BBC-DE- 514 Research Methodology and 2

BBC-CC-521 Environmental Biology 4

BBC-CC-531 Angiosperm Taxonomy, Economic 4

BBC-DE-535 Remote Sensing Applications and GIS 2

BBC-DE-536 Climate Change and Crop Adaptations 2

BBC-GC-501 Germplasm Conservation 2

NAME OF THE COURSE: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

Course Outcomes (CO)

MODULE I: Introduction- Definition, Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity:

 Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2003). Text book on Biodiversity, Science Publishers, New

1. Why do we need to protect biodiversity?

11. Differentiate rare and exotic species?

NAME OF THE COURSE: DIVERSITY IN ALGAE, FUNGI AND MICROBES

Course Outcomes (CO)

CO1: Get knowledge to identify and classify algae and fungi

Time: Three hours Maximum marks: 40

I. Answer all questions in one word or sentence

NAME OF THE COURSE: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Course Outcomes (CO)

I. Answer all questions in one word or sentence

NAME OF THE COURSE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & INSTRUMENTATION

CO1: Prepare scientific reports, proposals and research papers

MODULE V: Centrifugation and chromatographic techniques- Basic principles of sedimentation –

 Ackerman (1962). Biophysical Science, Prentice Hall, Inc.

I. Answer all questions in one word or sentence

NAME OF THE COURSE: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Course Outcomes (CO)

CO1: Identify the interactions between environment and biota

MODULE IV: Ecological interactions - interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, Neutralism,

I. Answer all questions in one word or sentence

NAME OF THE COURSE: ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Course Outcomes (CO)

CO1: Identity and classify major groups of animal kingdom

MODULE V: Animal Diversity-Phylum: Chordata- General Characters – salient features only

 Alcock, J. (2009) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach (9th edition). Sinauer

I. Answer all questions in one word or sentence

NAME OF THE COURSE: DIVERSITY IN BRYOPHYTES, PTERIDOPHYTES AND

Course Outcomes (CO)

CO1: Identify and classify Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms

MODULE V: Telome theory-basis, elementary proves- origin of sporophylls in Lycopsida,

Time: Three hours Maximum marks: 40

I. Answer all questions in one word or sentence

NAME OF THE COURSE: BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Course Outcomes (CO)

CO1: Differentiate types and metabolism of major primary metabolites

Time: Three hours Maximum marks: 40