Agriculture Chemistry 2015 Final

CURRICULUM
OF
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
BS/MS/PhD
Revised 2015
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD-PAKISTAN
CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman, HEC
Mr. Fida Hussain Director General (Acad)
Ms. Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri)
Mr. Rizwan Shoukat Deputy Director (Curri)
Mr. AbidWahab Assistant Director (Curri)
Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque Assistant Director (Curri)
Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Rationale 6
2. Aims and Objectives 7
3. Introduction 8
4. Framework/Template of 4-year BSc (Hons) 12
in Agricultural Disciplines
5. Details of Foundation Course 15
6. Details of Major Courses 16
7. Detail of Major Courses for MS/MSc (Hons) 41
in Agricultural Chemistry
8. Framework/Template for PhD in Agricultural 55
Chemistry
9. Detail of Major Courses for PhD in 56
Agricultural Chemistry
10. Compulsory Courses 73
11. Recommendations 86
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PREFACE
The curriculum, with varying definitions, is said to be a plan of the teaching-
learning process that students of an academic programme are required to
undergo. It includes objectives & learning outcomes, course contents, scheme
of studies, teaching methodologies and methods of assessment of learning.
Since knowledge in all disciplines and fields is expanding at a fast pace and
new disciplines are also emerging; it is imperative that curricula be developed
and revised accordingly.
University Grants Commission (UGC) was designated as the competent

authority to develop, review and revise curricula beyond Class-XII vide Section
3, Sub-Section 2 (ii), Act of Parliament No. X of 1976 titled “Supervision of
Curricula and Textbooks and Maintenance of Standard of Education”. With the
repeal of UGC Act, the same function was assigned to the Higher Education
Commission (HEC) under its Ordinance of 2002, Section 10, Sub-Section 1
(v).
In compliance with the above provisions, the Curriculum Division of HEC

undertakes the revision of curricula after every three years through respective
National Curriculum Revision Committees (NCRCs) which consist of eminent
professors and researchers of relevant fields from public and private sector
universities, R&D organizations, councils, industry and civil society by seeking
nominations from their organizations.
In order to impart quality education which is at par with international standards,

HEC NCRCs have developed unified templates as guidelines for the
development and revision of curricula in the disciplines of Basic Sciences,
Applied Sciences, Social Sciences, Agriculture and Engineering in 2007 and
2009.
It is hoped that this curriculum document, prepared by the respective NCRC’s,

would serve the purpose of meeting our national, social and economic needs,
and it would also provide the level of competency specified in Pakistan
Qualification Framework to make it compatible with international educational
standards. The curriculum is also placed on the website of HEC
(www.hec.gov.pk).
(Fida Hussain)
Director General (Academics)
4
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV
CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

CONSIDERATI DRAFT STAGE STUDY
ON
COLLECTION APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF QUESTIONNAI

DRAFT BY EXP. OF
OF REC COL./UNIV FINAL CURRI. RE
CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS

DRAFT BY CRC OF REC. OF V.C.C.
PREP. OF APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW

DRAFT BY CURRI.BY CURRI.
CRC V.C.C.
Abbreviations Used: IMPLE.OF BACK TO

CRC.Curriculum Revision CURRI. STAGE-I
Committee
VCC.Vice Chancellor’s Committee
EXP.Experts
COL.Colleges
UNI.Universities ORIENTATION
PREP.Preparation COURSES
REC.Recommendations
5
Rationale:
Agricultural chemistry deals all aspects of agriculture for food/feed production,
processing, packaging, food quality & safety, nutrition and utilization of
materials including bioenergy. The subject also investigate the causes and
effects of biochemical reactions related to plant and animal growth, seek ways
to control these reactions, and develop chemical products that provide help in
controlling these reactions. Chemical products developed to assist in the
production of food, feed, and fiber include herbicides, fungicides, insecticides,
plant growth regulators, fertilizers, and animal feed supplements. So,
Agricultural chemistry being a distinct discipline, ties together genetics,
physiology, microbiology, entomology, soil, organic chemistry, biochemistry
and other sciences that contribute chemical techniques to agriculture. The
actual work can entail the grand or the mundane, but the importance of their
shared mission provides a sense of responsibility and satisfaction in the role of
their work in society.
The principal aim of Agricultural Chemistry is to increase yield, improve quality
and support the global population in a sustainable way while being responsible
stewards of our environment and ecosystem. With this in mind, the curriculum
of Agricultural Chemistry is re-designed and updated to help students acquire
a critical awareness about global food security issues, to alert them to the
need to be vigilant about the consequences of their decisions and actions, and
to provide them with opportunities to take action for positive change. The core
objective is to train students to meet the present day needs of foods security
within the available resources. The key goals are: 1. Eradicate poverty,
ignorance, and hunger 2. Achieve maximum yield per acre 3. Promote new
ideas, instruments and procedures for higher yield 4. Reduce food and
postharvest losses 5. Improve value added products 6. Combat pathogens
and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a Global
Partnership for agriculture Development and farmer’s lifestyle.
For this purpose, we require efficient and skilful agricultural chemistry
professionals who should be competent enough to motivate/convince farmers
to fully understand and utilize the latest innovations in agriculture, develop
technology and then disseminate to local industry. The curriculum in the
discipline of Agricultural chemistry has therefore been updated to meet the
present day needs of our country. Efforts have been made to make a world-
class curriculum so that Pakistani students should be able to compete for the
relevant jobs in international market.
The task of curriculum development has been accomplished with great zeal,
enthusiasm, passion and sense of responsibility. It is anticipated that its
successful implementation in all institutions across Pakistan shall produce
well-trained graduates competent enough to achieve targets of self-sufficiency
in food for ensuring food security of Pakistan.
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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
 Upgrade and update the knowledge regarding the progress in

Agricultural Chemistry and related disciplines.
 To bring uniformity with curricula taught in different universities of the
country offering Agricultural Chemistry as major.
 To develop the curriculum which is need based and continuous
developments shall be made considering the changing global and
national requirements.
 To bring standards of national agricultural universities at par with the
international universities.
 Provide recent trends and skills in research to help in an agricultural
system which can meet the need of our country and contribute to global
requirement as well.
 Encourage students to broaden their knowledge and develop their own
capabilities and self-confidence.
 Advance communication and interpersonal skills, both verbal and written
particularly in the context of the Agricultural Chemistry.
 To develop critical and rational reasoning in the Students so that they
will be able to work on complex and unforeseen problems and seek their
solution.
 To develop hands-on experience in different laboratory techniques for
the promotion of local food and pharmaceutical industry.
 To train our youth for careers in teaching, research and industry in
government / private organizations.
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Introduction:
National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) of the HEC revisits the

scheme of studies on Agricultural Chemistry with input from leading educators.
The educators represented the Professors, Researchers, academicians from
universities as well as professionals from research organizations, agri-based
industries and NGO’s. A preliminary meeting was held from 13-15 January at
HEC Regional Center Karachi, Karachi and finally it was reviewed in the
second Final meeting that was held on April 28-30, 2015 at University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad. The committee focused on the
development of curriculum in consonance with the national and international
demands and realities and to review and upgrade the current syllabus. The
following experts participated in the meeting:
Sr. No. Name & Address

1. Dr. Anwar Ali Shad Convener
Associate Professor
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, FNS
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar.
2. Dr. Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Member

Professor / Chairman,
Department of Chemistry,
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.
3. Prof. Dr. Syed Abdul Majid, Member
Professor& Chairman,
Department of Botany,
University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir,
Muzaffarabad
4. Dr. Ismat Naeem, Member
Professor,
Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for
Women University, Lahore.
5. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Umar Khan, Member
Professor / Chairman,
Faculty of Agriculture,
Department of Agricultural Chemistry,
Gomal University,
Dera Ismail Khan
6. Professor Dr. Saghir Ahmad Sheikh. Member
Dean,Faculty of Crop Production
Institute of Food Sciences and Technology,
Sindh Agriculture University,
Tandojam
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7. Dr. Arjumand Iqbal Durrani, Member
Associate Professor,
University of Engineering & Technology,
Lahore.
8. Dr. Farooq Ahmad Kiani, Member
Associate Professor,
Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation,
National University of Sciences & Technology,
Acad-I Building, NUST. H-12, Islamabad.
9. Dr. Tahir Mehmood Member
Assistant Professor of Biochemistry
University of Sargodha, Sargodha.
10. Dr. Barkat Ali Khan, Member
Senior Research Officer,
Agricultural Research Institute,
Tarnab, Peshawar.
11. Dr. Maazullah Khan, Member
Principal Engineer,
Food Science Division,
Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA),
Tarnab, Peshawar
12. Mr. Saeed Akhtar Abro Member
Assistant Professor,
Institute of Plant Sciences,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
13. Dr Zia-ul-hassan, Member
Assistant Professor of Soil Science, Sindh
Agriculture University,
Tandojam-70060
14. Dr. Muhammad Arif Ali, Member
Department of Soil Sciences,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology,
Bahauddin Zakariya University,
Multan.
15. Dr. Amjad Iqbal, Member
Department of Agriculture
Abdul Wali khan University,
Mardan
16 Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed, Member
Cheif Executive Officer (CEO),
Eco-Foods,
9
14-Kilometer Multan Road, Lahore.
17 Dr. Midrar Ul Haq Member
Peshawar Region
Fauji Fertilizer Company
18 Dr Saba Jamil Member
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
19. Dr. Rashid Mahmood, Secretary
Soil Sciences,
Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
University of the Punjab,
New Campus, Lahore.
Proceeding of the First NCRC Meeting

A meeting of the National Committee for Curriculum Revision was held from
13-15 January at HEC Regional Center Karachi. The Meeting started with
recitation of verses from the holy Quran. Mr. Fida Hussain, Director General
Academics welcomed the participants and briefed them about the significant
and objectives of the meeting through video link from HEC Islamabad. Ms.
Ghayyur Fatima, Director Curriculum HEC coordinated the meeting and
assured them that the Regional Centre would extend all sort of facilities to
make their stay comfortable. She briefed them about the overall structure of
template/framework of BS (4-years), MS (2-years) and PhD (4-years)
programme, being developed by the conveners of the National Curriculum
Revision Committee. The Committee before taking up the regular agenda
unanimously agreed to select Dr. Anwar Ali Shad as convener and Dr. Rashid
Mahmood, as secretary of the meeting. Dr. Anwar Shad, in his opening
remarks, thanked the participants for reposing confidence in him and assured
the house forhis full support, wherever and whenever it is needed.
The committee thoroughly reviewed the existing scheme of studies and course
contents for BSc. (Hons)/BS, MSc. (Hons)/MS and PhD Agricultural
Chemistry. After in-depth deliberations the course contents were revised to
make them in-line with modern trends and international standards so that the
graduates will be more competitive in the global scenario. Several new
courses were included as well.After a long discussion, the following layout and
scheme of study for BS/B S c . ( H o n s ) 04-Years (Annexure- 1 ), MS/MS c .
( H o n s ) andPhDwas developed. All the newly developed and existing
courses (Total 56) are assigned to honorable members for detail review. The
convener assured the house that the opinion from Ex-students, researchers,
professionals from agro-based industries and NGO’s will also be obtained and
will be incorporated in the curricula. The curriculum as compiled by the
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Convener in the light of discussion of the committee was circulated among
members on January 20, 2015.
At the closure of the meeting, members thanked HEC for its untiring
efforts to achieve excellence in the academic standards of the country. They
also thanked Ms. Ghayyur Fatima and the regional HEC hospitality and
making their stay at Karachi very comfortable.
The meeting ended with Thanks from the Chair.
Proceeding of the Final NCRC Meeting

The second & final meeting started with recitation of verses from the Holy
Quran. Ms. Ghayyur Fatima, Director Curriculum HEC and Dean Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad welcomed the participants
and assured them of all possible help and assistance to make this program a
success.
The Convener of the NCRC (Agricultural Chemistry) welcomed all the
members and thanked the participants and HEC for providing this opportunity
then briefed the members on the work done in the last meeting and
appreciated their valuable inputs that was incorporated in the draft that was
already circulated. He also shared the members that separate meetings were
arranged with Ex-students, Researchers and professionals from NGO’s and
Industries to obtained their opinions and inputs regarding Agricultural
Chemistry as a discipline.
The Convener informed the members that there are two newly established
universities in Baluchistan Province but unfortunately no one represent in this
NCRC (Agricultural Chemistry) due to unforeseen reason. Therefore, the
faculty members from Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine
Sciences, Lasbela and Balochistan Agriculture College, Quetta were also
contacted through various means and briefed about the curricula. They also
contributed in this national cause. The committee then took up the agenda of
the meeting and started discussion on the course outlines, one by one. After
methodical discussions and deliberations, necessary changes were made in
the courses and the proposed draft was developed for Agricultural Chemistry,
comprising core and supporting courses. More emphasis has been given to
the major courses in Agricultural Chemistry at post graduate level. Sufficient
flexibility has also been incorporated in the curriculum for giving more
emphasis to the courses to cater the need of the area where
university/college/institute is located. Recommendations were chalked out
towards the end of the meeting.
Convener Dr Anwar Ali Shad on behalf of all the members thanked Vice
Chancellor University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and Ms. Ghayyur Fatima,
Director Curriculum HEC for their comfortable stay at Faisalabad. The meeting
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adjourned with vote of thanks and appreciation to all members for attending
the meeting and their contributions by the Convener.
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FRAMEWORK/TEMPLATE OF 4-YEAR BSc. (HONS.)
IN AGRICULTURAL DISCIPLINES
1. Compulsory Courses Credit Hours
Mathematics / Biology (2 courses) 6 (3-0) (2-1)
Statistics 1 & 2 6 (3-0) (3-0)
Computers / IT 3 (2-1)
Pakistan Studies 2 (2-0)
Islamic Studies 2 (2-0)
Communications Skills 3 (3-0)
English 3 (3-0)
Basic Agriculture 3 (2-1)
Sub-Total: 28
2. Interdisciplinary Foundation courses
Agronomy 3 (2-1)
Plant Breeding & Genetics 3 (2-1)
Agriculture Chemistry 3 (2-1)
Entomology 3 (2-1)
Plant Pathology 3 (2-1)
Food Technology 3 (2-1)
Horticulture 3 (2-1)
Soil Sciences 3 (2-1)
Sub-Total: 24
3. Supporting Courses {6 – 8 courses (3 Cr. Hr) amongst below}
Agriculture Extension
Forestry & Range Management
Animal Science
Marketing & Agri. Business
Rural Development
Human Nutrition
Agriculture Engineering
Water Management
Agriculture Economics
Any other discipline recommended by the university
Sub-Total 18-24
Sub-Total during the first four semesters 70 – 76
Semester 5, 6, 7 & 8 56-60
Project / Internship 4
Grand Total 130 – 140
 1 credit of theory = one contact hour per week for 16-18 weeks and 1 prac-
tical/Lab hour = 3 contact hours per week for 16-18 weeks.
 In case of non availability of department of supporting courses, courses
from foundation courses can be opted.
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PART-1
GENERAL OBJECTIVES FOR THE BACHELOR (BS) DEGREE
PROGRAM
1. Enable students to improve their analytical and technological skills.

2. Improve students' oral and written communication skills.
3. Expand student awareness of ethical issues.
4. Provide the educational background for students to meet the
educational requirements of various professional examinations.
5. Provide students with the knowledge and tools needed to obtain
meaningful employment and have successful careers.
FRAMEWORK/TEMPLATE FOR BSc (HONS)/BS

IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
Duration: 4 years
Number of semesters: 8 semesters
16 - 18 (16 for teaching and 2
Weeks per semester:
for exams)
Total credit hours: 130-140
Credit hours per semester: 15-18
Agriculture Courses: 77%
Non-Agriculture Courses: 23%
UNDERGRADUATE COURSES
Annexure- 1 :
Scheme of studies for BS/BSc. (Hons)Agriculture Specialization in the field of
Agricultural Chemistry
Sr. Credit
Course Title
No. Hours
Introduction to Agricultural Chemistry (Basic
i.
Course)
BS/B S c ( H o n s ) Part-III (5th Semester)
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry 3(2-2)
2. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 3(2-2)
3. Analytical Chemistry 3(2-2)
4. Fundamental of Phytochemistry 3(2-2)
5. Protein Chemistry 3(2-2)
15
BS/B S c ( H o n s ) Part-III (6th Semester)
6. Metabolism of bio-molecules 3(2-2)
7. Bio-Organic Chemistry 3(2-2)
8. Bio-Physical chemistry 3(2-2)
9. Principal of Molecular Biology 3(2-2)
10. Plant Chemistry 3(2-2)
BS/B S c ( H o n s ) Part-IV (7th Semester)
11. Food Chemistry and Technology 3(2-2)
12. Environmental Chemistry 3(2-2)
13. Pesticide Chemistry 3(2-2)
14. Biogeochemical Cycles 3(2-2)
Preparation of Research Project and Scientific
15. 3(2-2)
Writing
BS/B S c ( H o n s ) Part-IV (8th Semester)
16. Agricultural Microbiology 3(2-2)
17. Applied Agricultural Chemistry 3(2-2)
18. Biochemistry of Vitamins and Minerals 3(2-2)
19. Internship/Project 4(0-4)
Total Credit Hours 58
Alternative Curriculum for BSc. (Hons) /BS Agri Chemistry:

Courses offered subject to the student’s research and/or need of the
country/Province/locality towards National issue. It was unanimously agreed
that that the universities are authorized to shift the approved courses amongst
the various semester schedules, depending on the availability of the faculty,
laboratory and other resources, disturbing the general scheme of study.
Sr. No. Course Title Credit Hours

I. Food security and climate change 3(2-2)
II. Clinical biochemistry 3(2-2)
III. Soil-Plant Relationship chemistry 3(2-2)
IV. Water chemistry 3(2-2)
V. Green chemistry 3(2-2)
VI. Chemistry of lipids 3(2-2)
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FRAMEWORK / TEMPLATE FOR MSc. (HONS)/MS
Duration: 2 Years
Weeks per semester:
for exams)
Total credit hours (Minimum
24
Requirements ):
Major Courses: 15
Minor Courses: 9
FRAMEWORK / TEMPLATE FOR PhD

Duration: 3-4 Years

Number of semesters: 6-8
Weeks per semester:
for exams)
18
Requirements ):
Major Courses: 12
Minor Courses: 6
DETAIL OF FUNDAMENTAL COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: 3(2-2)
OBJECTIVES:
The students will learn about:
 Discipline of Agricultural Chemistry and its applications
 Concepts of acids and bases
 Importance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and enzymes
COURSE OUTLINE:
Agricultural chemistry: Introduction, history, contribution and scope. Acids and
bases: General concepts, relative strength of acids and bases, significance of
pH, buffer solution and standard solutions. Water: Importance, sources, quality
concern and management. Importance of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids:
Classifications, reactions and qualitative analysis. Enzymes: Terminology,
nature, classification, specificity and factors affecting enzyme activity.
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LAB OUTLINE:
1. Laboratory equipment and apparatus, name and use, general lab
instructions
2. Preparation and standardization of solutions
3. Determination of moisture and ash contents
4. Qualitative tests of carbohydrates and protein
5. Determination of reducing and non-reducing sugars
6. Extraction and Determination of total fats in corn kernels
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. David, H. 2000. Modern Analytical Chemistry. International ed. McGraw-Hill
Co. Inc. New York.
2. Jain, J.L., S. Jain and N. Jain. 2006. Fundamentals of Biochemistry.
S.Chand Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
3. Khalil, I. A. and H. Shah. 2003. Basic Biochemistry. National Book
Foundation Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Lehninger, A.L. 2000. Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Worth Publisher,
New York. USA.
5. Vogel, A. I. 1995. A Text Book of Macro and Micro Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis. Ist ed. Longman Green and Co. Inc, New York.
6. Shah, H.U. 2010. Laboratory Safety Manual. HEC-BC JHELP-II, NWFP
Agriculture University Peshawar, Pakistan.
7. Fraps, G.S. 2009. Principles of Agricultural Chemistry. Cornell University,
USA.
DETAIL OF MAJOR COURSES FOR

BS/BSc (HONS) IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Concepts of biological molecules and their coordination in living
system.
 Description of biological processes and their molecular basis of life
COURSE OUTLINE:
History and scope of biochemistry, general introduction. pH and buffers.
Introduction to cell structure and functions, Overview of biological molecules,
their nature and origin; carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic
acid, Enzymes: general characteristics of enzyme, nomenclature and
classification, substrate specificity and enzyme inhibition Vitamins: introduction,
classification and biological significance. Introduction to bioenergetics:
Molecular basis of life brief introduction to replication, transcription and
translation.
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LAB OUTLINE:
1. Laboratory safety measures.
2. pH determination using various methods;
3. Preparation of buffers,
4. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, proteins &
amino acids.
5. Determination of total proteins by using different methods (Bradford,
Lowery and Biuret methods).
6. Extraction and estimation of enzymes from plant source,
spectrophotometric analysis of proteins and nucleic acid.
7. Protein structure visualization using VMD.
RECOMMENDED BOOK:
1. Nelson, L. David, A. L. Lehninger and M. Michael Cox. 2008. Lehninger
principles of biochemistry. Macmillan, UK.
2. Jain, J.L., S. Jain and N. Jain. 2006. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S.
Chand Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
3. Sawhney, S.K. and S. Randhir, 2000. Introductory practical biochemistry.
Alpha Science Int. Ltd. UK.
4. Murray, R.K. 2012. Harper's illustrated biochemistry. McGraw-Hill Medical,
New York, USA.
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVES:
 Basic concepts in chemical bonding.
 Characteristics of organic molecules.
 Reactions of organic compounds and chemistry of functional groups.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: Basic concepts in chemical bonding: Localised and delocalised
bonding, concept of hybridization leading to bond angles, bonding in organic
molecules, bond energies and geometry of simple organic molecules, dipole
moment, and resonance. Aromatic compounds: structure of benzene and its
derivatives, aromaticity and chemical reactions. Isomerism: Classification,
geometric isomerism, cis, trans isomerism in compounds containing two
double bonds, optical isomerism, optical activity and chirality, racemisation and
resolution of racemic mixture. Chemistry of functional groups: Halides,
hydroxyl, phenolic, ethers, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, amino and amide groups.
19
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Qualitative determination of organic compounds containing groups
(COOH, OH, NH2 and C=O).
2. Purification techniques (solvent extraction, distillation and
recrystallization).
3. Quantitative estimation of carboxyl, hydroxyl and phenolic groups.
4. Preparation of methyl salicylate (ester).
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Clayden, J., N. Greeves, S. Warren andP. Wothers, 2001. Organic
Chemistry. Oxford, UK.
2. McMurry, J.E. 2007. Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learmig,USA.
3. Solomon, T.W.G. and C.B. Fryhle, 2014. Organic Chemistry. John Wiley,
USA.
4. Smith, M.B. and J. March, 2013. March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry.
Reactions Mechanism and Structure. 6th Ed. John Wiley, USA.
5. Hornback, J.M. 2005. Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed. Cengage Learmig, USA.
6. Ibne-Rasa, K.M. and A. Rehma. 2014. Organic Chemistry. Caravan Book
House, Lahore.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Laboratory management, safety and quality control
 Chromatography
 Spectroscopy
 Spectrometry and NMR
COURSE OUTLINE:
Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH), regulations and good
laboratory practices. Laboratory Management: Sampling, collection
techniques, passive sampling, active sampling, use of balances, sample
extraction and cleanup techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction. QueCHERS
procedure for the examination of pesticide residues in food, Quality Control:
Calibration and standardization of instruments. Analytical techniques: Basic
principles, instrumentation and application of chromatographic techniques.
Flamephotometry, basic principles and applications of UV-VIS, infrared and
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectroscopy. Fundamental concept,
principles and applications of Mass spectrometry.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Preparation of standard solution of different concentrations.
2. Sample preparation techniques.
3. Calibration of glassware.
20
4. Estimation of analyte using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
5. Estimation of Na and K through Flame photometer.
6. Estimation of heavy metal by Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer.
7. Determination of sugars by refractometer.
8. Separation of biomolecules by paper and thin layer chromatography.
9. Analysis of biological samples by HPLC.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Braun, R.D. 1987. Introduction to Chemical Analysis. McGraw-Hill
Publisher, U.K.
2. Enke, C.G. 2001. The Art and Science of Chemical Analysis. John Wiley
and Sons, New York, USA.
3. Shah,H.U. 2010. Laboratory Safety Manual. HEC-BC JHELP-II, NWFP
Agriculture University Peshawar.
4. Harris, D.C. 2006. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 7th Ed. Freeman, USA.
5. Hage, D.S. and J.R. Carr. 2010. Analytical Chemistry and Quantitative
Analysis. Prentice Hall, USA.
6. Hoffmann, E. 1996. Mass spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 The chemical composition of Plants (Phytochemicals) and their
bioactivity
 Plant metabolites and their synthetic pathways, functions, regulations
and applications
 Regulation of phytochemicals in Agriculture
 Bio-separation of Phytochemicals
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction, history, scope, main classes and fundamental/applied aspect of
phytochemicals, well known plant families(Apocynaceae, Solanaceae,
Umbelliferae and Liliaceae) and their species with respect to potent/known
phytochemicals. Environmental and genetic factors affecting variability of plant
metabolites, study of important chemical classes found in medicinal herbs
(including their role and ecological function). Regulation of phytochemicals:
enzyme activity, its inhibition and gene expression, plants protection with
special emphasis on regulation by environmental and biotic stresses;
allelopathy; history, definitions, role in agriculture. Methods of collection,
vouchering, inventory, extraction protocols, analytical protocols and bioassays
of extracts and pure phytochemicals.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Macroscopic Examination of Natural Products, Over ground parts: Seed:
Melia, Cucumis, Psoralea, Ricinus, Lallementia, Ipomea,
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2. Preliminary chemical tests for the detection of Natural Products: of
carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, saponins,
terpenes and flavonoids
3. Microscopic Examination of Natural Products: Powdered drug
examination: Cinnamon bark, nux vomica seeds, clove flower bud,
senna leaf, coriander, cardamom
4. Laboratory bioassays to study bio-control potential of phytochemicals in
agriculture.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Kaufman, P.B., L.J. Cseke, S. Warber, J.A. Duke and H.L. Brielmann.
1998. Natural products from plants. CRC Press Inc.
2. Bruneton, J.1999. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants,
Technique and Documentation. 2nd ed. Lavoisier, France.
3. Graeth, T. 2000. Medicinal Chemistry. John Wiley, USA.
4. Hostettman, K. 1995. Phytochemistry of Plants Used in Traditional
Medicines. Clarendon, Oxford, USA.
5. Jonathan, C., N. Greeves, W. Stuart and W. Peter. 2001. Organic
Chemistry. Oxford University Press, USA.
6. Liang, X.T. and W.S. Fang, 2006. Medicinal Chemistry of Bioactive Natural
Products John Wiley, USA.
PROTEIN CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
• Structure and properties of proteins and their important functions
• Different analytical techniques used in protein chemistry
• Peptide synthesis, modification, comparative aspects of structure, protein
engineering, enzyme and receptor function as well as molecular
modeling.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: Amino acids and the peptide bond. Proteins: Protein classification,
Protein architect, Protein Synthesis, Protein Folding/Unfolding and Denaturation,
Protein isolation, purification and characterization, Metallo-proteins, Motor
Proteins. Enzyme Families of enzymes, Enzyme substrate complexes, Enzyme
kinetics and Enzyme inhibition, Enzyme mechanisms, Cofactors &Coenzymes,
Protein interactions: Protein-Protein interactions, Protein-ligand interactions,
Protein aggregation, Electron Transfer in Proteins. Protein Structure analysis:
Protein Structure analysis through mass spectrometry, NMR, XRD. Protein quality
evaluation: Amino acid score with reference to FAO/WHO, deficient amino acids
score in food, protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU),
biological value (BV) and nitrogen balance (NB).
22
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Protein determination by different methods.
2. Preparation of protein hydrolysate for amino acid analysis.
3. Amino acid determination by paper and ion exchange chromatography.
4. Isolation and purification of peroxidase, catalase.
5. Determination of pH and temperature optima of protein.
6. Separation of protein by using native gel and SDS-PAGE.
7. Separation of protein by using column chromatography.
8. Separation of protein by using iso-electric focusing.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Schulz, G. E. and R.H. Schirmer. 2013. Principles of protein structure.
Springer Science & Business Media.
2. Whitford, D. 2013. Proteins: structure and function. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
3. Scopes, R.K. 2013. Protein purification: principles and practice. Springer Sci-
ence & Business Media.
4. Kyte, J., 2006. Structure in protein chemistry. Garland Science, USA.
5. Carta, G. and A. Jungbaue. 2010. Protein chromatography: process develop-
ment and scale-up. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
6. Cornish-Bowden, A. 2013. Fundamentals of enzyme kinetics. John Wiley &
Sons, USA.
METABOLISM OF BIOMOLECULES
Credit Hour: 3(3-0)
OBJECTIVES:
 Mechanisms of biotransformation of energy
 Metabolic activities of primary biomolecules
COURSE OUTLINE:
Bioenergetics: Biological oxidation-reduction including respiratory carriers, cell
bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation, free energy change and redox
system. Metabolism of carbohydrates: Synthesis from photosynthates,
absorption and transport of sugars into cell, glycolysis, citric acid cycle,
gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis. Metabolism of Lipids: Formation of lipids,
absorption and transport of lipids and fatty acids, oxidation of saturated, un-
saturated, odd chain and branched chain fatty acids. Metabolism of Fatty acids
by Beta-oxidation. Metabolism of Proteins: Synthesis of proteins, absorption
and transport of amino acids to the cell, biochemical reaction of amino acids,
decarboxylation, deamination, transamination and transmethylation, urea cycle
and inter-relationship between carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
23
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Lehninger, A.L. 2000. Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Worth Publisher,
New York, USA.
2. Stryer, L. 1994. Biochemistry. 5thed.W. H. Freeman and Co., London.
3. Verma, S.K. 2005. A Text Book of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 4 th
ed. S. Chand and Co. Ltd, New Delhi, India.
4. Voet, F.D., J.G. Voet and C.W. Pratt. 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
5. Zubay, G. 1999. Biochemistry. 4th ed. McMillan Publishing Co., London, UK.
6. Bowsher, C., M., Sleer and A. Tobin, 2008. Plant Biochemistry. Taylor and
Francis, UK.
7. Heldt, H.W. 2004. Plant Biochemistry 3rd ed. Elsevier, Netherlands.
BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Organic chemistry of chemical compounds commonly found in plants
 Stereochemistry of complex natural products
 Chemistry of bio-macromolecules and their applications
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: Chemistry of natural products (alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and
terpenoids), organic matter (cellulose, hemicellulose, humic acid, fulvic acid
and lignin) and their biosynthesis. Chemistry of bio-macromolecules:
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins. Stereochemistry: Classification,
absolute configuration and conformational analysis. Importance of protective
groups in synthesis of bio-organic compounds (phosphorus containing
compounds, amino acids and lipids.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Extraction of organic compounds (soxhlet extraction, distillation, reflux
condensation).
2. Physical and chemical separation of organic compounds.
3. Synthesis of iodoform, aspirin etc.
4. Measurement of optical activity by polarimeter.
5. Qualitative and quantitative determination of alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine
etc.).
6. Qualitative and quantitative determination of carbohydrates (sucrose,
glucose etc.).
7. Qualitative tests of naphthalene, quinone etc.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bansel, R.K. 1998. Synthetic Approaches in Organic Chemistry. 2nd ed.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc., New York, USA.
24
2. Bansel, R.K. 2001. Heterocyclic Chemistry. Weig Eastern Ltd. New Delhi,
India.
3. Clayden, J., N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers. 2001. Organic
Chemistry. Oxford, UK
4. Finar, I.L. 2000. Organic chemistry. 6th ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New
York, USA.
5. Morrison, R.T. and R.N. Boyd. 2011. Organic Chemistry. 6 th ed. Prentice
Hall. New York, USA.
6. Blei, I. and G. Odian. 2006. Organic Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Freeman, USA.
BIO-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 The physical aspects of bio-macromolecules.
 Purification and separation techniques of bio-macromolecules.
 Molecular weight determination.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Acids, bases: Introduction and scope, modern concepts of acids and bases, pH
measurement, buffers and their role in biological system. Thermodynamics:
Laws of thermodynamic, enthalpy, entropy and free energy. Introduction to
Reaction kinetics: rate law, order and molecularity of reaction, mechanism of
simple chemical reactions. Diffusion and osmosis: Introduction, differentiation,
osmotic pressure in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, osmolarity,
osmoregulation, role of osmotic pressure in fluid exchange of biological system.
Colloids and polymers: Introduction, types, nature and characteristics,
purification and application, methods for the determination of molecular weights.
Surface phenomena: Adsorption isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich), viscosity
(Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids), surface tension.
LAB OUTLINE
1. Determination of molecular weight by osmometry.
2. Determination of viscosity and unknown composition of mixture by
viscosity method.
3. Determination of surface tension.
4. Determination of strength of given acid/base using potentiometry.
5. Determination of strength of given acid/base by conductometric
titration.
6. Determination of molecular weight of polymer by viscosity method.
7. Determination of surface tension by stalagmometer.
8. Adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal.
9. Preparation of colloidal solution.
10. Determination of precipitation value of the electrolytes.
25
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Adamson, A.W. and P.G. Alice. 1997. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 6th
ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA.
2. Alberty, R.A. and R.J. Silbey. 1992. Physical Chemistry. 5th ed. John Wiley
and sons Inc., New York, USA.
3. Atkins, P. and J. de Paula. 2005. Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences.
Freeman, USA.
4. Bhatti, H.N. 2014. Principles of Physical Chemistry. Caravan Book House,
Lahore
5. Bhatti, H.N. and Z.H. Farooqi. 2014. Laboratory Manual for Physical
Chemistry. Caravan Book House, Lahore
6. Dykstra, C.E. 1997. Physical Chemistry, A modern Introduction.
International ed. Prentice Hall International Inc., USA.
7. Hammes, G.G. 2007. Physical Chemistry for the Biological Sciences, John
Wiley and Sons Inc., USA.
8. Sheehan, D. 2009. Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications.2 nd
Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA.
9. Van Holde, K. E., C. Johnson, and P.S. Ho, 2005. Principles of
Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, USA.
PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

OBJECTIVES:
 The genes and genome of living organisms.
 The biochemistry of DNA and RNA.
 Regulation of gene expression in living organisms.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: History, contribution and scope.Cell: Structure, chromosomes,
genes and genome, mitosis, meiosis, central dogma of molecular biology.
DNA: Structure, replication, mutability, repair and recombination. RNA:
Structure, synthesis and splicing. Proteins: Structures, synthesis, proteomics,
targeting and turnover. Gene expression and regulation: Gene expression and
regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes post transcriptional and post
translational modification in eukaryotes. Recombinant DNA technology and its
applications.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Extraction of DNA and RNA.
2. Measurement of DNA, RNA and protein concentration.
3. Separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE.
4. Separation of nucleic acid by agarose gel.
5. Determination of proteins and nucleic acids by UV-Vis
spectrophotometry.
26
6. Separation of nucleotide by HPLC.
7. Amplification of DNA/RNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Albert, B., D. Bary, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts and J.D. Watson, 1994.
Molecular Biology of Cell. 3rd ed. Garlands Publishing Inc., NY, USA.
2. Lodish, H., D. Baltimore, A. Erk, S.L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira and J.
Danell. 1995. Molecular Cell Biology. 3 rd ed. Scientific American Books,
New York. USA.
3. Warner, R., 1992. Essential Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2 nd ed.
Elsevier, New York, USA.
4. Weaver, R.F. 2007. Molecular Biology. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, USA.
5. Alberts, B. 2007. Molecular Biology 5th ed. Taylor and Francis, UK.
6. Tropp, B.E. 2007. Molecular Biology, Genes and Proteins. 3 rd ed. Jones
and Bartlett, USA.
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 The structure and composition of cell.
 Secondary metabolites and their nature.
 Plant hormones along with photosynthetic pathways.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Overview of plant cell biology: plant cell structure; organelles and nature of
bio-molecules, chemical composition of cell membrane, cell wall and transport
processes. Photosynthesis: light reactions and photosystem structure; C3, C4,
and CAM modes for carbon fixation; photorespiration. Cellular Respiration:
glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative
phosphorylation. Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites: Shikimic acid
pathways. Plant lipid metabolism and role in membranes system. Plant growth
regulators/hormones: auxin, cytokinines, ABA, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid.
Biochemical plant ecology: plant responses to the environment; biochemistry
of stress-induced pathways metabolite, defense compounds. Sulfur
metabolism: inorganic sulfur uptake, reduction and assimilation. Plant
enzymes and co-enzymes: nature, functions, kinetics and inhibition.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Chlorophyll determination in plant leaf by spectrophotometer.
2. Field study of nodules in various crops
3. Ripening of fruits by application of different hormones
4. Detection of Alkaloids in Aloe vera.
5. Determination of polyphenols by FCR (Folin–Ciocalteu reagent) method
6. Determination of beta-carotene by thin layer chromatography.
27
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Lehninger, A.L. 2000. Principles of Biochemistry. 3 rd ed. Worth Publisher,
New York, USA.
2. Stryer, L. 1994. Biochemistry. 5thed.W. H. Freeman and Co., London, UK.
ed. S. Chand and Co. Ltd, New Delhi, India.
4. Voet, F.D., J.G. Voet and C.W. Pratt. 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
5. Zubay, G. 1999. Biochemistry. 4th ed. McMillan Publishing Co., London, UK.
6. Bowsher, C., M. Sleer and A. Tobin. 2008. Plant Biochemistry. Taylor and
Francis, UK.
7. Heldt, H.W. 2004. Plant Biochemistry 3rd ed. Elsevier, Netherlands.
FOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

OBJECTIVES:
 The major chemical constituents and the changes that occur in food
 The role of chemistry in the properties and processing of food,
 The important methods for the chemical analysis of food.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Chemical Composition and Structure of Foods; Structure and Properties of
Water, Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipids, Minerals and Vitamins; Food colours;
Enzymatic and non-Enzymatic Food Browning. Mutagenic, Carcinogenic and
Chemo-preventive Compounds in Foods. Reaction conditions and processes
that affect colour, flavour, aroma, texture, nutrition and safety of food: including
activation and control of enzymatic reactions in fruits and vegetables;
consequences of water migration on food quality; gelatinization‐retrogradation
in starch‐ based food (e.g., pudding, bread, and rice); and food emulsions (e.g.
salad dressings, mayonnaise).
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Titratable Acidity in Food using a Potentiometric Titration
2. Separation of Food colour by TLC
3. Metal Analysis of Food by Spectrophotometry
4. Quantification of Caffeine in Coffee/Cola Soft Drinks
5. Chromatographic Separation of Plant Pigments
6. Determination of Mycotoxin in food samples by TLC/HPLC
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Damodaran, S., K.L. Parkin and O.R. Fennema. 2008. Fennema’s Food
Chemistry. 4th Edition, CRC Press, USA.
2. Belitz, H.D., W. Grosch, and P. Schieberle. 2004. Food Chemistry. 3rded.
Springer.
28
3. Coultate, T.P. 2009. Food - The Chemistry of its Components. 5 th ed.,
Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
4. Pomeranz, Y. 1994. Food Analysis – Theory and Practice. Champman and
Hell, USA.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Understand various sources and types of environmental pollution
 Learn about Health hazards caused by environmental pollution
 Describe Global warming and climate changes
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: Anthropogenic activities. Atmospheric and Air pollution:
Vehicular exhausts and industrial emissions, atmospheric photochemical
reactions and ozone depletion, emission of toxic gases and heavy metals.
Global warming and climate change: Greenhouse effect, role and atmospheric
concentrations of emission gases i.e., CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC’s, and O3.
Contaminants of soil and water: Organic and inorganic sources, health
hazards, water quality parameters and limits of water quality according to
WHO standards, purification of water/ wastewater, primary, secondary and
tertiary treatment at source. Agrochemical pollution: Impact of fertilizer and
pesticide industry, residual effect of pesticide, plant response to metals in soil
and water, biosorption of metals, bioremediation. Fossil Fuel and Energy
Sources: Origin and development of coal, origin of petroleum and natural gas,
composition and classification of petroleum, environmental problems
associated with petroleum, nuclear fusion and reactors.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Monitoring of air pollutants
2. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of industrial waste water
3. Determination of BOD and COD in waste water
4. Estimation of heavy metals in soil / plants and wastewater
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Chiras, D.D. 1985. Environmental Science. Benjamin/Cumming Pub. Co.,
USA.
2. Dara, S.S. 2004. A Text Book of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution
Control. 7th ed. S. Chand and company Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India.
3. McBride, M.B. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soil. Oxford University
Press Inc., New York, USA.
4. Moore, J.W. and E.M. Moore. 2000. Environmental Chemistry. Academic
Press, New York, USA.
29
5. Spiro, T.G. and W.M. Stingliani. 1996. Chemistry of the Environment. I st
ed. Printice Hall, New York, USA.
6. Baird, C. and M. Cann, 2008. Environmental Chemistry. Freeman, USA.
7. Van Loon, G. W. and F.J. Duffy, 2005. Environmental Chemistry: A Global
Prospective. 2nd ed. Oxford University press, USA.
8. Wright, J. 2003. Environmental Chemistry. Taylor and Francis, UK.
PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Learn different classes of pesticides and their mode of action
 Understand Types of pesticide formulations and formulation analysis
techniques
 Hazardous impact of pesticides in environment
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: History, importance, current application status, international
concern about pesticide usage, role of pesticides in agriculture. Physicochemical
aspects of pesticides formulation; insect integument, plant leaf cuticle, target
surfaces of pesticide application. Common pesticide formulation types; liquid
formulations (Aerosols, Emulsifiable concentrates (EC), Flowerless or
suspension concentrates (SC); Dry formulations (Dusts, Granules, Water
dispensable granules (WDG), Soluble powders (SP), Wettable powders (WP).
Groups of Pesticides: Organo-chlorine, organophosphate, carbamate,
pyrethroids and bio-pesticides, classification, mode of action Toxicological
consideration of pesticides. Herbicides: Types, application and mode of action.
Fungicides: Types, application and mode of action, chemical protection
measures. Environmental Hazards of Pesticides: pesticides risk assessment,
pesticide leaching and fate in the environment. Details of pesticide extraction
techniques and pesticides instrumental analysis (HPLC and GC).
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Preparation of Burgundy and Bordeaux mixtures.
2. Extraction of Pesticides from fruits and vegetables by QueChERS
technique.
3. Spectrophotometric determination of a pesticide.
4. Determination of pesticide in liquid formulations by gas chromatograph
(GC).
5. Analysis of a pesticide by HPLC.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
30
1. Hutson D.H. and T.R. Roberts. 1988. Progress in pesticide Biochemistry
and Toxicology. Vol.3, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
2. Khan, S.A., B.A Khan and S.A. Khalil, 2007. Pesticide Bio-chemistry.
National book foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan.
3. Whitford, F. 2002. The Complete Book of Pesticide Management, Science,
Regulations, Stewardship and communication. John Wiley, USA.
4. Kenneth A.H. 1990. The Biochemistry and uses of pesticides. 2nd ed.
Macmillan Press Ltd Hampshire, UK.
5. Nollet Leo M.L. and T. Fidel. 2013. Food Analysis by HPLC. 3rd ed. CRC
Press, USA.
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
Credit Hours:3(3-0)
OBJECTIVE:
The student will learn:
 Basic chemical cycles occur in Earth systems and the environments.
 Examining the types of organisms involved in these processes.
 Understanding the basic geochemical concepts including redox
chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics, and acid-base chemistry.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Hydrologic Cycle: Main components, pathways and process, chemical
transformations and role in agriculture. Carbon cycle: Carbon dioxide reduction
by C3 and C4 cycle, Translocations and transformations of C-metabolites in
agricultural systems, micro- and macro-organisms responsible for carbon
cycle. Nitrogen Cycle: Biological and chemical nitrogen fixation, microorganism
responsible for nitrogen cycle, nitrogen metabolism in living system,
Conversion soil nitrogen to atmosphere. Phosphorus, Sulfur, Oxygen cycle in
agriculture system.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Schlesinger, W.H. and E.S. Bernhardt. 2013. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis
of Global Change, 3rd ed. Elsevier Ltd.
2. Sylvia, D.M., J.J. Fuhrmann, P.G. Hartel and D.A. Zuberer. 2004. Principles
and Applications of Soil Microbiology 3rdEdition.Prentice Hall, New York,
USA.
3. Fenchel, T., G.M. King and T.H. Blackburn. 2013. Bacterial
Biogeochemistry: The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling.3rd ed. Elsevier Ltd.
4. Langmuir, D. 1997. Aqueous and Environmental Geo Chemistry. Prentice
Hall, New York, USA.
31
REPARATION OF RESEARCH PROJECT AND SCIENTIFIC
WRITING
OBJECTIVES:
 Literature survey, sources, referencing and Processing.
 Basic details of theoretical and practical skills to plan and conduct a
project.
 Research methodology and writing scientific publications.
 Presentation and communication skills using Power point.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Scientific writing, Types and Template; literature search, Objectives,
Reliability, sources and referencing; synopsis writing, writing an original
research in the form of a thesis or an article (title, abstract, introduction,
methods, results, tables & figures, discussion, acknowledgments and
references), oral presentation, Layout of field experiments, collection,
tabulation and analysis of data. Presentation of data in tables, curves,
histograms, etc. writing grant proposals. Plagiarism, Types, guidelines, Policy,
software like Turnit in software, Penalties; Intellectual property rights,
copyright, patents, industrial design rights, trademarks, trade dress and trade
secrets. Presentation and communication skills using Power point. In this
course, students will be required to submit their assignments to Turnitin.com
for a review of textual similarity and detection of possible plagiarism.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Awan, J.A. 2003. Scientific presentations. Unitech communications,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2. Youdeowei, A., P. Stapleton, R. Obubo. 2012. Scientific Writing for
Agricultural Research Scientists. A Training Resource Manual.
Wageningen, Netherlands.
3. Khalil, S K. and P. Shah, 2007. Scientific Writing and Presentation. HEC,
Manaograph, Islamabad.
AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
 The importance of microbes in agriculture
 The isolation, culturing, testing and cultivation of microbes for
identification, pure culturing and use in fermentation, biotechnology and
decomposition.
32
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: Definition, history and major classes. Microbiological techniques:
Pure and sterilized culture media, selective media, and light microscopy,
antimicrobial activity. Viruses: Morphology, types and classification, life cycle,
Bacteria: Morphology, cell structure, growth, reproduction, classification,
actinomycetes, Rhizobacteria, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR),
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Fungi: Morphology, reproduction,
classification, useful and harmful fungi. Toxicity: Microbial contamination and
bioremediation. Microbial transformations: Transformations of nitrogen, sulphur,
iron and manganese. Industrial application of microbes (biosynthesis of ethanol,
metal recovery).Use of microbes in food industry, biotechnology and genetic
engineering.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Preparation of culture media for microbes, routine and selective media.
2. Isolation of microorganisms from various substrates and their
identification
3. Spawn production and cultivation of edible mushrooms.
4. Identification of edible and poisonous mushrooms.
5. Determination of phosphate solublization activity of soil microbes.
6. Determination of most probable number (MPN) of nitrogen fixers in soil.
7. Biological interactions among various microbes.
8. Microbial tests for drinking water quality.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Madigan, M.T., D.P. Clark, D. Stahl and J.M. Martinko. 2010. Brock Biology
of Microorganisms. 13th ed., Benjamin Cummings, SF, USA.
2. Cappuccino, G. James and N. Sherman. 2008. Microbiology: a laboratory
manual. Vol. 9. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, SF, USA.
3. Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheshwari. 2005. Text Book of Microbiology. 2 nd ed.,
S. Chand and company Ltd, New Delhi, India.
4. Kathleen, P.T. and T. Arthur. 2001. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic
Principles. McGraw-Hill Co. Inc., New York, USA.
5. MacKane, L. and J. Kandal. 1986. Microbiology: Essential and Application.
McGraw-Hill Co. Inc., New York, USA.
6. Mitchell, R. 1992. Environmental Microbiology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
USA.
7. Stainier, R.Y., J.L. Ingraham, M.L. Wheelis and P.R. Painter. 1992. General
Microbiology, 5th ed. McMillan Education Ltd. UK.
8. Wolk, W.A. 1992. Basic Microbiology. 7th ed. Harper Collins Publishers, USA.
APPLIED AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours:3(2-2)
OBJECTIVES:
 Basic biochemical processes involved in food and industrial production
33
 Synthesis processes of different chemical products
 Processes involved in different industries
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to general biochemical processes involved in agriculture industry.
Fermentation: Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, production of bio-fuels.
Dairy industry: processing, preservation and pasteurization of milk. Production
and preservation of butter, cheese, whey, myonese and other dairy products.
Pulp and Paper Industry: Sulfite, sulfate pulp, types of paper and production
processes. Oils and Ghee Industry: Importance, sources, extraction, refining,
hydrogenation and Ni, Pt and Ag catalysis. Soap Industry: Types, uses and
production processes. Sugar and Starch industry: Production from Sugarcane
and sugar beet, by-products of sugar industry and its utilization. Starch:
Sources, production and uses. Fertilizer Industry: Types and composition,
manufacturing processes, application and bio-fertilizer. Home made products
i.e. soaps, dairy, rose water, baking products.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Determination of saponification value and acid value.
2. Formation of soap and detergents.
3. Fermentation of milk.
4. Production of crude brown sugar from sugarcane juice.
5. Extraction of crude oil from oil seeds.
6. Ethanol production from corn.
7. Industrial visit to study the manufacturing process.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Hafeez, F.Y. and K.A. Malik. 2000. Manual on Biofertilizer Technology.
NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2. Austin, G.T. 1984. Chemical Process Industries. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York, USA.
3. Bradbury, S and B. Bracegirdle. 1998. Introduction to Light Microscopy, 1st
ed. BIOS Scientific Publisher Ltd. UK.
Chand Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India.
5. Kent, J.A. 1997. Riegal’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry. CBS Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi, India.
6. Lehninger, A.L., D.L. Nelson and M.M. Cox. 2000. Principles of Biochemistry.
3rd ed. Worth Publisher, New York, USA.
7. Smith, R. 1995. Chemical Process Design. 2 nd ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New
York, USA.
8. Boyer, R.F. 2005. Concepts in Biochemistry with the Interactive concepts in
Biochemistry. 33rd ed. John Wiley, USA.
34
BIOCHEMISTRY OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS
OBJECTIVES:
 Significance and biological role of vitamin and mineral.
 Biochemical processes, pathways and Synthesis of vitamin and mineral.
 Importance of minerals and vitamins in agriculture.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Vitamins: Water and fat soluble vitamins, the structures, deficiency symptoms,
food sources, recommended dietary allowance (RDA), hyper-vitaminosis and
the role of vitamins in carbohydrate metabolism. Biosynthetic
pathways/metabolisms of vitamins in plants (vitamin A, D, E C, H and B12).
Functions of Vitamins in plant’s growth and defense. Modern and sophisticated
instruments used for the determination of different vitamins. Minerals:
Classification of minerals, food sources, role of macro and micro minerals in
body, i.e. absorption, metabolism, dietary requirements, nutrient interactions
and consequences of deficiency, hyper-mineralosis. Plant Nutrients, types,
functions, deficiency symptoms, plant mineral nutrition and transport, Chemical
Fertilizers, Fertilizer Concentration, Calculations and applications.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Measuring the content of Vitamin C in fruit.
2. Determination of Vitamin A by HPLC.
3. Nitrogen determination by Kjeldahl’s Method.
4. Determination of phosphorus by spectrophotometer.
5. Determination of micronutrients by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
6. Determination of Na and K by Flame Photometer.
7. Field visits for the observation plant minerals deficiency symptoms.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Chand Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India.
2. Spungen, J. 2005. Bowes & Church's food values of portions commonly
used. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.
3. Ross A.C.,B. Caballero, R.J. Cousins,K.L. Tucker andT.R. Ziegler. 2012.
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11 th ed., Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.
4. Voet, D. and J.G. Voet. 2011. Biochemistry. 4th ed., John Wiley and sons,
USA.
5. Zempleni, J., J.W. Suttie, J.F. Gregory III and P.J. Stover. 2013. Handbook
of vitamins. CRC Press, USA.
35
FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
OBJECTIVES:
 Food security in relation to food production in Pakistan
 Policies and plans to ensure food security
 Climate change and Agriculture
 Effects of climate change on Food Security
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction, Fundamentals of food security, critical factors influencing food
security, effects of food insecurity, global problems of hunger and malnutrition,
situation and historic progress of the nutrition in the world, nutrition policies of
developing and developed countries, ecological problems of food resource
production, resources and quality of foods, solutions in food insecurity,
sustainable agriculture and food systems, international programmes for
improving malnutrition situation.Food security and human rights. Climate
change: Introduction, Impacts on Food security, factors driving climate
change, Global warming, Biotic and Abiotic stresses, Adaptation and
mitigation, Future prospects of climate change in relation to food security.
Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) of FAO: Indicators and cut
off points. FIVIMS, meeting the challenges of food security in Pakistan.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. FAO. 2003. Focus on food insecurity and vulnerability-A review of the UN
system common country assessment and World Bank poverty reduction
strategy papers. FIVIMS secretariat and Wageningen University and
research centre. www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5095EOO.htm.
2. FAO. 1997. Food, Agriculture and Nutrition, Food and Nutrition FAO,
Rome, Italy.
3. FAO website: http://www.foodsec.org/pubs.htm.
4. FAO/WHO. 1992. International Conference on Nutrition (ICN). Final
report of the conference, Rome, Italy.
5. Khalil, J.K. 2007. Food security with special reference to Pakistan. Higher
Education Commission, Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
6. Schmidt, R.H. and G.E. Rodrick. 2003. Food Safety Hand Book. John
Wiley and Sons, USA.
7. Ryan, J., J. Glarum. 2008. Biosecurity and Bioterrosim containing and
Preventing Biological Threats. Elsevier, Netherlands.
36
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Advanced understanding and applied knowledge in Clinical Biochemistry.
 How biochemical investigations are employed for a clinical diagnosis.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Blood biochemistry: General composition of blood, mechanisms of blood
clotting, blood lipoproteins, metabolites in clinical diagnosis; diagnostically
important Plasma Enzymes & Proteins: Identification and treatment of enzyme
deficiencies, Assessment of cell damage, Factors affecting results of
plasma enzyme assays. Abnormal plasma enzymes activities:
isoenzymes in plasma (lactated hydrogenase, creatinekinase, Amylase);
Abnormalities of proteins in plasma: immunoglobins deficiencies; Disorders of
carbohydrate metabolisms and Clinical correlations: Diabetes mellitus,
glycation, Fructose intolerance, Lactic acidosis, Hypoglycemia,
Galactosaemia; Glycogen storage Diseases (enzyme defects in different
forms of glycogen storage diseases);Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
(lipoproteins, classification of lipo-proteins, hyper-lipidemia, cholesterol and
cardiovascular diseases); Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
(Gout, Arthritis); Metabolic Bone Diseases (Calcium balance, Biological
functions of calcium, phosphate and magnesium metabolism); Liver Diseases
(cirrhosis, specific liver diseases); Hemoglobin opathies, Disorders of Iron and
porphyrin metabolism. Cancer and its consequences- tumor progression,
tumor markers, ontogenesis, local effects of tumor, cancer cachexia, Ectopic
hormone production, consequences of cancer treatment.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Phlebotomy (blood sampling),serum/plasma isolation procedure,
Complete blood count,
2. isolation of tissues samples and storage
3. Total protein determination in serum and plasma; Blood glucose test,
Glucose tolerance test for diabetes mellitus, Glycation (HbA1c)
4. Liver function tests, Renal Function tests, Cardiac enzymes, Albumin
determination.
5. Determination of lipid profile, serum and urine electrolytes.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Fody, E.P., J.L. Duben-Engelkirk, and M.L. Bishop. 1985. Clinical
chemistry: principles, procedures, correlations. 2001. Lippincott. New
York, USA.
2. Beckett, G.J., W.W. Simon and P.W.H. Rae. 1992. Lecture Notes on
Clinical Biochemistry. Blackwell science, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
3. Newsholme, E. and Leech, A. 1984. Biochemistry for the medical
sciences. Wiley, USA.
37
4. Laker, M.F. and Laker, M.F., 1996. Clinical biochemistry for medical
students (Vol. 76). Saunders, Elsevier.
5. Murray, R.K., D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell. 1990.
Harper's biochemistry. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
6. William J.M. 2014. Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects:
With Expert Consult Access.3rd Ed. Churchill Livingstone, London.
SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVES:
 Soil chemical behavior in relation to plant growth.
 Chemical Principles governing nutrient availability to crop plants.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Composition, Functions and properties of soil (cation and anion exchange
capacity of soil, ion exchange equations, adsorption and desorption of ions),
Chemical forms of essential nutrients in aerated and submerged soils with
reference to their plant availability, soil pH and buffering capacity, soil redox
potential, base saturation percentage of soil, soil organic matter composition,
fractionation and significance. Soil-plant-water relations and mineral uptake.
Soil water and root stem pressure with respiration. Adoption of plants to
adverse soil water conditions.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Soil sampling and sample handling.
2. Determination of soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC)
3. Determination of soil organic matter.
4. Determination of extractable potassium and sodium.
5. Determination of extractable phosphorus.
6. Determination of soil cation exchange capacity (CEC)
7. Determination of soil micro nutrients with atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Kirkham, M.B. 2005. Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations. 1 st ed.
Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
2. Kramer, P.J. and J.S. Boyer. 1995. Water Relations of Plants and Soils.
Academic Press San Diego, CA, USA.
3. Rending, V.V. and H.M. Taylor. 1989. Principles of Soil-Plant Inter
Relationships. McGraw Hill Publishing Co., NY. USA.
4. Jury, W.A. and R. Horton. 2004. Soil Physics. 6 th ed. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.
5. Hillel, D. 2008. Soil in the Environment: Crucible of Terrestrial Life.
Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA, USA.
6. Carter, M.R. and E.G. Gregorich. 2007. Soil Sampling and Methods of
Analysis. 2nd ed. CRC Press, USA.
38
WATER CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Sources and significance of water and physical and chemical properties
 Water impurities and treatment.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: Sources of water. Hardness of water and its types. Measurement
of hardness, disadvantages of hard water. Effects of iron and magnesium in
water. Estimation of hardness–EDTA method–Estimation of total hardness –O.
Hehner’s method or alkali titration method. Water softening methods Industrial
purpose Lime – soda process, Zeolite rocess; Ion-exchange -
Demineralisation–deionization process. Mixed–bed deionisation. Domestic
purpose Removal of suspended impurities. Removal of microorganism –
Chlorination. Break point chlorination. Reverse osmosis. Desalination, Waste
water treatment: primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of waste water.
Microbial growth: growth curve of bacteria. Effect of environmental factors on
growth of microorganisms. pH, water activity, oxygen availability temperature –
beneficial effect of microorganisms Food borne illness–bacteria, virus, moulds
and parasites. Permissible limits of drinking and irrigation water
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Estimation of hardness of water, iron content and microbiological
examination.
2. Water Purification processes–Ion exchangers, reverse osmosis,
activated charcoal treatment.
3. Methods and Use of chlorination, ozone, and UV light disinfection for
water purification.
4. Water borne diseases–microbiological examination. Sources and
detection.
5. Estimation of iron (III) by colorimetric method in water analysis.
6. Study of water activity in selected food samples.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Furniss, B.S., 1989. Vogel's textbook of practical organic chemistry.
Pearson Education, India.
2. Srilakshmi B., 2003. Food Science. 3rdEd. New Age International Pvt. Ltd.
Publishers, India.
GREEN CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:
 Principles, Scope and significance of Green chemistry.
 Organic Farming and Bio-fertilizer.
39
 Biofuel and energy contents of crop residues.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction, importance, Principles and scope; Organic farming:
Biofertilizers/Organic fertilizers, Biopesticides; Green synthesis and Recycling:
Solar desalination of water, Properties and uses of biodegradable polymers,
bioremediation, understanding of C: N ratio. Carbon sequestration: Balancing,
Crediting and Economy of carbon. Green energy: Biofuel: Biodiesel, Biogas,
Bioethanol, Biobatteries. Energy contents of various crop residues.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Sanghi, R.S. and M.M. Srinivatava Green Chemistry: Environmental
Friendly Alternatives, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
2. Ahluwalia, V.K. 2011. Green Chemistry, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, India.
CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS
OBJECTIVES:
 The nature of fatty acids, oils and lipids and Laboratory techniques used
to evaluate quality
 The sources, extraction, processing of vegetable lipids and its health
significance
 Physicochemical properties and metabolism of fats and oils
 The mechanisms of lipid oxidation and chemical antioxidant action,
COURSE OUTLINE:
General Lipid Characteristics: Classification, Sources, composition and
economics of oil extraction; Physical properties of lipids: Lipid crystallization
and emulsification. Lipid Oxidation hydroperoxides, development of
photosensitized oxidation, hydroperoxide decomposition Oxidation in food
systems, Methods to determine degree of lipid oxidation Methods to determine
lipid stability, Control of oxidation Antioxidants, Oxidation in food systems
Oxidation in biological systems; Processing and Technology: Vegetable oil
extraction and refining Production of lipid-based-foods Deep Fat Frying,
Metabolism of fats and oils: Digestion, absorption and transport of fats,
oxidation of fatty acids, formation of ketone bodies, biosynthesis of fats,
phospholipids and cholesterol. Dietary fat and health: Plasma lipoproteins,
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), their
association with coronary heart diseases (CHD), effect of dietary fat on health
such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cancer etc. and immune response
system, recommended level of different types of dietary fat.
40
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Lipid analysis: Extraction, Indirect lipid determination, Simple lipid
characterization, Spectroscopy, Enzymatic, Immunochemistry
2. Determination of iodine value
3. Determination of R.M. and Polenske value
4. Determination of melting point of fat
5. Fatty acid determination by GLC
6. Cholesterol determination by spectrophotometer
7. Determination of lipid structure through IR, NMR and Mass Spectroscopy.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Akoh, C.C. and D.B. Min. 2008. Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition, and
biotechnology. CRC Press, USA.
2. Leray, C. 2014. Lipids: Nutrition and Health. CRC Press, USA.
3. Logan, A.S., U. Nienaber and X.S. Pan. 2015. Lipid oxidation: Challenges
in food systems. Elsevier.
4. Sikorski, Z.Z. and A. Kolakowska. 2010. Chemical, biological, and
functional aspects of food lipids. CRC Press, USA.
PART-II
GENERAL OBJECTIVES FOR THE MASTER (MS) DEGREE
PROGRAM (A G R I C U L T U R A L C H E M I S T R Y ):
1. Strengthen students' comprehension of Agriculture and chemistry.
2. Improve students' ability to focus on appropriate issues and develop
solutions to problems where needed.
3. Further refine students' oral and written communication skills.
4. Broaden students' understanding of global issues.
5. Expand students' understanding of professional and ethical issues
faced by Professionals.
6. Develop students' ability to critically appraise the Agriculturist
7. Provide students with the knowledge and tools needed to obtain
meaningful employment and have successful careers. Prepare students
for management positions as well.
8. Prepare students for a career in Teaching and Research institutions.
41
FRAMEWORK/TEMPLATE FOR MSc (HONS)/MS
Duration: 2 Years
Weeks per semester:
for exams)
24
Requirements ):
Major Courses: 15
Minor Courses: 9
The committee approved the existing curricula of Agricultural Chemistry

course with major modification, up-gradation and revision. Various new
courses were also incorporated for the enhancement of research activates in
Pakistan.
The details are as under:
Annexure- 2 :
DETAIL OF MAJOR COURSES FOR MS/MSc(HONS) AGRICULTURE
SPECIALIZATION IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
Credit
Sr. No. Course Title
Hours
1. Agricultural Biotechnology 3(2-2)
2. Biochemistry 3(2-2)
3. Biochemical Techniques 3(2-2)
4. Enzymology 3(2-2)
5. Endocrinology 3(2-2)
6. Food Composition and Management 3(2-2)
7. Chemistry Of Functional Foods& Nutraceutical 3(2-2)
8. Medicinal Plants of Pakistan 3(2-2)
9. Pesticide Chemistry 3(2-2)
10. Phytochemistry 3(2-2)
11. Bioinorganic Chemistry 3(2-2)
12. Glycobiochemistry 3(2-2)
13. Recent Advances in Agricultural Chemistry 3(2-2)
14. Vegetable oil chemistry 3(2-2)
15. Seminar 1
16. Special Problem-1 1
17. Thesis and Research
42
CORE COURSES
The following shall be the core courses for the students of AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTRY Specialization.
 Phytochemistry
 Biochemical Techniques
 Biochemistry
 Pesticide Chemistry
DETAIL OF MAJOR COURSES

FOR MS/MSc (HONS) IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to:
 The concept, significance and application of biotechnology
 Micro-propagation in plants/animals, genetic engineering and molecular
markers
 Use of biotechnology in agriculture and commercial application of tissue
culture
 GM crops and bio-safety related issues
COURSE CONTENT:
Introduction: History, definition and importance. Micropropagation in plants and
animals, protein synthesis, genetic engineering, functions of agrobacterium in
protoplast. The concepts of Plant Molecular Markers, Historical Back ground of
Tissue Culture, Requirements for in-vitro cultures, Role of Phyto-hormones in
somatic embryogenesis, Types of Cultures: Tissue culture and regeneration,
Cell culture, Haploid Culture, Protoplast culture. Somaclonal variations as
breeding tool, Somatic Hybridization, Commercial application and Issues
related to tissue culture, Plant Tansformation; Gene Gun Method of
Transformation, Agrobacterium-Mediated transformation, Chloroplast
Transformation, PEG mediated transformation etc, Field Evaluation and
Commercialization, Transgenic crops for Herbicide, Biotic and Abiotic stress
resistance. Significance and application of Bio-fertilizers and Genetically
Modified Crops and their bio-safety and Bioethics Concerns.
PRACTICAL:
1. Preparation of plant cell culture, callus and cell suspension.
2. Practical training of separation and centrifugation of cell lysate.
3. Selection of ex-plant, Medium Preparation and Callus Induction
4. Culturing Agrobacterium and Infection to plant callus
5. Selection of Transformants, Regeneration of Plantlets and
acclimatization
6. Plant DNA extraction and PCR for Transgene.
43
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Altman, A. & P.M. Hasegawa, 2012. Plant Biotechnology & Agriculture:
Prospects for 21st Century. 1st ed. Academic Press, UK.
2. Daugherty, E. 2012. Biotechnology: Science for the New Millennium. 1 st ed.
Revised. Paradigm Publication.
3. Nicholl, T. S. D. 2004. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 2 nd ed.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
4. Purohit, S. S. 2005. Biotechnology Fundamentals & Application. 4 th ed.
Agro Bios, India.
5. Ratlegde, C. & B. Kristiansen. 2006. Basic Biotechnology. 2nd ed.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
6. Thomas, J. A. & R. L. Fuchs. 2002. Biotechnology & Safety Assessment.
3rd ed. Academic Press, UK.
7. Thomas JA and Fuchs RL, 2002. Biotechnology and Safety Assessment.
3rdEdition; Academic Press, UK.
BIOCHEMISTRY

 Fundamental concepts in biochemistry, which focuses upon the
macromolecules
 Chemical properties of living systems.
 Structure, properties and functions of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and
nucleic acids.
COURSE CONTENT:
Understand the medium of life, molecular structure of water, describe the
buffer selection, describe amino acids and proteins, describe the molecular
structure of proteins, understand functional diversity of proteins, myoglobin
and hemoglobin, outline a general scheme for protein purification and explain
techniques, understand enzyme catalysis and inhibition, define the most
abundant biomolecules on earth, carbohydrates, Discuss the carbohydrate
metabolism, explain different types of metabolic pathways and ATP formation,
chemistry of lipids, lipid metabolism, explain DNA and RNA structure,
Understand DNA replication, transcription and translation.
PRACTICAL:
1. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glycogen and Starch
2. Phenyl Hydrazine Test for Reducing Sugars (Osazone Test)
3. Estimation of protein by Kjeldahl and Lowery methods
4. Separation of Amino Acids using Paper Chromatography and Thin Layer
Chromatography
5. Determination of Secondary structure of Proteins using online available
software,
6. Determination of Ash Contents of Food
44
7. Determination of Percentage Moisture Contents of Dry Mass in Food.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Voet, J. G & Pratt, C. W. 2008. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. John
Wiley & Sons Inc., NY, USA.
2. Mathews, C. K., K. E. Van Holde& K.G. Ahren, 1999. Biochemistry. 3 rd ed.
Prentice Hall.
3. Murray, R. K., D. K. Granner& V. W. Rodwell. 2006. Harper’s Illustrated
Biochemistry. 27th ed. McGraw-Hill, UK.
4. Nelson, D.L. & M. M. Cox, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th
ed. Freeman Publishers.
BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES: The students will learn about:
 The diverse range of analytical methods used in agricultural and
environmental science
 Mainly focused the basic principles and applications of
Spectrophotometry and chromatographic techniques
 Instrumentation calibration and operation
COURSE OUTLINE:
Laboratory management and safety precautions during sampling including
collection, grinding, preservation and analysis. Basic principles and
applications of chromatographic techniques: TLC, GC, HPLC, affinity
chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis:
Principle, theory and uses. Theory and applications of Spectrophotometry,
Lambert-Beer’s laws. Parts and working principles of IR and UV
spectrophotometer, Flame Photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Microscopy: Parts, principles and operation. Gel filtration and
ultracentrifugation. Blotting: southern, northern, western techniques. Plasmid
isolation and cloning, PCR, cell culture and hybridoma technology.
PRACTICAL:
1. Sample collection and initial preparation for analysis.
2. Preparation of protein hydrolysate.
3. Amino acid determination by an amino acid analyzer.
4. Protein fractionation by disc electrophoresis.
5. Determination of minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
RECOMMENDEDBOOKS:
1. Braun, R. D. 1987. Introduction to Chemical Analysis. McGraw-Hill
Publisher, U.K.
2. Ewing, G.W. 1985. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. 5 th Ed.
McGraw-Hill Publisher, UK.
3. Thomas, S. and M. Williams. 1976. Modern Methods of Chemical Analysis.
Pecsok.2nded. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
45
4. Enke, C.G. 2001. The Art and Science of Chemical Analysis.John Wiley &
Sons, New York, USA.
ENZYMOLOGY
 Introduction and significance of enzyme
 Laboratory procedures for the isolation, purification and characterization
of enzymes.
 To describe general features characterizing regulatory (genetic,
covalently and non-covalently regulated) enzymes and proposed models
for allosteric behavior of enzymes
COURSE CONTENT:
Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme, Kinetics of Enzyme Action, Steady-
state enzyme kinetics, Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms, Transient kinetic
methods. Chemistry of enzyme catalysis, Regulatory enzymes, single and
multi-substrate kinetics; Derivation of rate equations; Applications of Michaelis-
Menton equation; use of lineweaver-Burk plot and Eddie Hofstee plot for
determination of Vmax and km; Free energy of activation and effects of enzymes;
Mechanisms of enzyme catalyzed reactions; Allosteric control and regulation of
enzymes; effects of pH, temperature and inhibitors; Kinetics of competitive,
Non-Competitive and mixed inhibition; Kinetics of displacement reactions,
ordered and random double displacement reaction, Evaluation of enzyme
inhibitors in drug discovery: a guide for medicinal chemists and
pharmacologists, Molecular models for allosterism. Multienzyme complexes.
Enzyme assays. Criteria for determining purity of enzymes and Enzyme
reconstitution. Regulation of enzyme activity and synthesis with recent
advances in Enzymology and application of new inhibitor use for different
diseases
PRACTICAL:
1. The extraction and estimation of enzymes from plant source.
2. Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen and starch Biosynthesis of
enzymes by fungi and bacteria.
3. Effect of Temperature and heat on enzymes activity.
4. Effect of Substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
5. Effect of Enzyme concentration on enzyme activity.
6. Experimental Measures of Enzyme Activity
7. Experimental Measurement of k cat and Km
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Price, N. & L. Stevens 1999. Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell &
Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press.
46
2. Segel, I. H. 1993. Enzyme Kinetics: Behaviour& Analysis of Rapid
Equilibrium & Steady-State Enzyme Systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc., NY,
USA.
3. Cornish-Bowden, A. 1995. Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics, 2 nd ed. Portl&
Press.
4. Eisenthal, R. & Danson M. J. 2002. Enzyme Assays: A Practical Approach
(Practical Approach Series) Oxford University Press.
5. Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. 2000. Principles of
Biochemistry, 6thed, Worth Publishers, New York.
6. Murray, R. K., D. K. Grammer, P. A. Mayes, & V. W. Rodwell. 2000.
Harper’s Biochemistry, 25thed, Appleton & Lange.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
 Introduction, role of hormones in a variety of physiological processes
and behaviors
 Exploration of hormonal involvement in homeostasis, growth,
development, reproduction, and behavior, with a primary emphasis on
vertebrate systems
COURSE CONTENT:
Introduction, The endocrine system , Mechanisms of hormone action,
Hormones and digestion, Hormones and appetite, Hormones and metabolism
(Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus), General Principles of Endocrinology,
Biochemical synthesis of hormones, pituitary function and stress:
Neuroendocrine control of pituitary function , Pituitary function continued ,
Thyroid hormones, Thyroid hormones continued , Adrenal hormones,
reproduction; Hormones and male reproductive physiology, Male physiology
continued, Hormones and female reproductive physiology , Pregnancy,
parturition, and lactation, Signal Transduction and Other Membrane
Phenomena, Signal Transduction pathways, cAMP mediated pathways,
Disorders of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, Disorders of the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland; Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Goiter;
thyroiditis; tumors of the thyroid gland, Diseases of the parathyroid glands,
Diseases of the adrenal cortex, Cushing's syndrome, Adrenocortical
insufficiency, Endocrine hypertension, Environmental endocrine disruptors,
Rhythms, reproduction, immunity and aging, Endocrine-based technology or
endocrine disease state.
PRACTICAL:
1. Estimation of Advanced glycation,
2. Estimation of different hormones at different time interval,
3. T4 (Thyroxine) Antibody, T3 (Triiodothyronine) Antibody
47
4. Determination of Growth Hormone Antibody by spectrophotometric
method
5. Estimation of insulin and glucagon hormone,
6. Estimation of Aldosterone by LC/MS/MS
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Guyton, A. C. & E. John. 2000. Hall Text Book of Medical Physiology, 10 th
ed. W. B Saunders Company.
2. Bolander, F. F. 2004. Molecular Endocrinology, 3rd ed. Academic Press,
UK.
3. Griffin, J. E. & S. R. Ojeda. 2003. Textbook of Endocrine Physiology, 5 th ed.
Oxford University Press.
4. Jameson, J. L., D. L. Kasper, A. S. Fauci, E. Braunwald, D. L. Longo & S.
L. Hauser. 2006. Harrison's Endocrinology, McGraw-Hill.
5. Gardner, D. & D. Shoback. 2007. Greenspan's Basic & Clinical
Endocrinology, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Medical.
FOOD COMPOSITION AND MANAGEMENT

 Introduction, food composition and data collection and compiling
 comprehensive policies and programmes for improved food supplies
 Epidemiological uses of data
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: Food composition. Food composition data and data bases:
Methods of compiling food composition data bases, types, sources,
management of food composition data, types of food composition data base
programmes, criteria for data base, uses of food composition data, limitation.
Food composition activities in developing countries: Developing
comprehensive policies and programmes for improved food supplies and
nutrient, food composition activities in Chile and Latin America, Indonesian
food composition data, role of FAO in food composition. Quality control and
quality assurance of food composition data: Validation of analytical methods,
training courses of participating laboratories inter laboratory quality control
assessment of analytical data. Selection of foods and nutrients: Preparation
of list of food groups, determining the priority order of food groups, selection
of food within food groups, health problems, the state of nutritional and
toxicological science, coverage at different levels of data managements.
Sampling: Terminology methods and analysis, composition affective variables
sample quantity, samples handling. Analytical methods for the production of
food composition data: Methods selection criteria, attributes of methods,
validating the methods for important food constituents. Use and user of food
composition table: Epidemiological uses of data, international, national, local,
and individual users.
48
PRACTICAL:
1. Sample collection and initial preparation for analysis.
2. Analysis of nutrients in foods.
3. Methods for the preparation and analysis of dietary fibre.
4. Use of food composition tables.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Greenfield, H. & D. A. T. Southgate. 1992. Food Composition Data.
Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK.
2. Greenfield, H. 1995. Quality & Accessibility of Food related Data. AOAC
International, Arlington, VA, USA.
3. Thelma, M. H. 1989. Water & food Quality.Elservier Applied Science
London. AOAC International, UK
CHEMISTRY OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS& NUTRACEUTICAL

 Significance of functional foods and Nutraceuticals including their health
benefits
 Efficacy, safety, formulation and application of the nutraceutical
 Nutraceutical products development and regulation
 Nanotechnology and functional foods
COURSE OUTLINE:
Basic introduction, history, function, safety and potential for the future use of
functional foods; chemistry and structural properties of nutraceuticals,
examples, safety and efficacy. Natural products, dietary fiber, antioxidants,
probiotics and prebiotics and their biological roles. Infant formula as a functional
food and its health effects. Health specific bioactive compounds, their chemistry
and interaction with nutrients and medicines, Choline and lipoic acid; mechanism
of action and impact of these nutraceuticals on health and disease prevention,
Safety and efficacy of functional food and nutraceutical products. Latest
developments, nanotechnology and functional foods.The health attributes of
Nutraceuticals (i.e. reduce the risk of common diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity and modify the aging process and
mental acuities). Bioavailability of bioactive compounds and the technologies
and processing operations used to extract functional ingredients.
PRACTICAL:
1. Identification and characterization of bioactive components in food.
2. Determination of Antioxidant potential of functional food.
3. Extraction and isolation of nutraceutical of local Functional Foods.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bagchi, D., C. L. Francis, M. Bagchi. 2010. Genomics, Proteomics, &
Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods. Blackwell Publishing.
49
2. Brain, L. 2007. Nutraceuticals: A guide for healthcare professionals.
Electronic resource. 2nd ed. London; Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press.
3. Lachance, P. A. 2008. Nutraceuticals: Designer Foods III: Garlic, Soy &
Licorice. Wiley.
4. Pathak, Y. V. 2009.Handbook of Nutraceuticals (vol. 1): Ingredients,
Formulations, & Applications. CRC Press.
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PAKISTAN

 Understand importance and fundamental concepts of medicinal plants
 The principle of identifying medicinal plants and understand their
medicinal uses
 Understand the fundamentals of phytotherapy to medicine development
 Comprehend the relevance between medicines and poisons
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to Medicinal Plants, History of Medicinal Plants and Ethnobotany,
Principle of Identifying Medicinal Plants. Common plant parts used in
medicine, Identification of medicinal properties of a plant and classification of
drugs. Medicinal plants of selected families, their collection, description,
identification, and preservation. Preparation of crude drugs from plant parts
(decoctions, syrups, pasts) and their healing effects. Fundamentals of
Phytotherapy, Medicinal Mushrooms, Hallucinogenic Plants, Toxic Plants,
Socio-economic importance of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants used in
veterinary medication. Distribution: agro-ecological distribution of medicinal
plants in Pakistan. Chemical constituents and their local utilization. National
policy on conservation of medicinal plants and the role of Greek medicine
(Unani Tib) and allied pharmaceutical industries.
PRACTICAL:
1. Collection, identification and preservation of drug plants.
2. Extraction and isolation of active constituents of local drug plants.
3. Development of survey questionnaire, data gathering analysis and
report writing.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Rasool, G. 1998. Medicinal Plants of Northern Areas. Blour Advisory &
Social Development Organization (BASDO), Gilgit, Pakistan.
2. Chevallier, A. 1996. Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Darling Kindersley,
London, UK.
3. Zaman, M. B. 1970. Hundred Drug Plants of West Pakistan, Forest
Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan.
4. Andrew, C. 2010. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. The University of
Michigan. D. K. Publisher, New York, USA.
50
5. Supriya K. B. 2008. Handbook of Medicinal Plants, 5 th ed. Pointer
Publishers. India.
6. Michael, H., J. Barnes, S. Gibbons & E. M. Williamson. 2012.
Fundamentals of Phyamacognosy and Phytotherapy. Elsevier UK.
PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY
 Learn different classes of pesticides and their mode of action
 Pesticide formulations and formulation analysis techniques
 Have knowledge of Hazards of pesticides in environment
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction: History, importance, current application status, international
concern about pesticide usage, role of pesticides in agriculture. Formulation of
Pesticides: Common pesticide formulation types; liquid formulations (Aerosols,
Emulsifiable concentrates (EC), Flowables or suspension concentrates (SC); Dry
formulations (Dusts, Granules, Water dispersible granules (WDG), Soluble
powders (SP), Wet-table powders (WP). Methods for pesticide formulation
analysis: chromatographic techniques (TLC, GC, HPLC), spectrophotometric
(UV, IR and Vis.), titrimetric. Groups of Pesticides: Organochlorine,
organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroids and bio-pesticides, classification,
mode of action (MRL, lethal dose). Herbicides: Types, application and mode of
action. Fungicides: Types, application and mode of action, chemical protection
measures. Environmental Hazards of Pesticides: Pesticide persistence,
pesticide accumulation Pesticide poisoning, occupational hazards, water
contamination, toxicity and safety measures. Pesticide residues: sampling,
extraction, and clean up. MRL of pesticides: introduction.
PRACTICAL:
1. Sampling procedures for pesticide formulation analysis
2. Determination of emulsification characteristics of emulsifiable concentrate
pesticides
3. Wet sieve analysis of wetable powder formulations
4. Dry sieve analysis of granular formulations
5. Determination of mancozeb by titrimetric method
6. Spectrophotometric determination of cartap
7. Determination of cypermethrin in liquid formulations by gas
chromatograph (GC)
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Corbett, J. R., K. Wright & A. C. Bailli. 1984. The Biochemical Mode of
Action of Pesticides. 2nd Ed. Academic Press London, UK.
2. Hutson D. H. & T. R Roberts. 1988. Progress in pesticide Biochemistry &
Toxicology. Vol.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, USA.
51
3. Khan, S. A., B. A. Khan & S. A. Khalil. 2007. Pesticide Bio-chemistry.
National book foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. White, R. 1971. Pesticides in the Environment. Vol. I, 2 nd Ed. Marcel
Dekker Inc., New York, USA.
5. Whitford, F. 2002. The Complete Book of Pesticide Management, Science,
Regulations, Stewardship & communication. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY,
USA.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
 Significance of plants and their ability to survive using Energy and water
 Plant metabolites biosynthesis and their role in the biological cycles of
plants
 Identification and isolation of agro-potential components from plants.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to Phytochemicals, Significance of energy and water in plants and
their ability in the production of phytochemicals. Primary plant metabolites,
(Carbohydrates, Amino acids and proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids).
Secondary Plant metabolites (Alkaloids, Vitamins, Phytohormones,
Glycosides, Phenolic compounds, Gums and resins, Plant pigments, Plant
secretary products, Phytoalexins). Role of primary and secondary metabolites
according to environmental variations. Production and accumulation of primary
and secondary metabolites under abiotic stress. Production and accumulation
of primary and secondary metabolites under biotic stress. Energy production
by primary and secondary metabolites. Antimicrobial and antialergic properties
of primary and secondary metabolites.
PRACTICAL:
1. Qualitative and quantitative determination of secondary metabolites in
Berberislycium.
2. Tests for DNA and RNA
3. Determination of phenolic compounds in Garlic.
4. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of plant extracts leading to
identification of potential compounds.
5. Use of chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques to isolate
and identify bioactive components of a mixture.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Graham, L.P. 2013. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry. 5th Edition. Ox-
ford University Press, UK.
2. Jean, B. 1999. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants.2nd
Edition. Published by Lavoisier, USA.
3. Gudrun, L. & W.L. David. 1995. Plant Physiology. Springer-Verlag, New
York, USA.
52
4. Sapna, M., S.Rawat, N.Malviya.2015. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry. 1st edition. CBS Publisher & Distributors, New Delhi, India.
5. Van Beek, T. A. and H. Breteler. Phytochemistry and Agriculture
(Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe). 1994. Oxford
University Press, UK.
6. Monika, W. H., J. Sherma and T. Kowalska. 2008. Thin Layer
Chromatography in Phytochemistry (Chromatographic Science Series) 1st
Edition). CRC press-Taylor & Francis Group, UK.
7. Harborne, J.B. 1998. Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern
Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd Edition. Published by Chapman & Hall,
UK.
BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY (3-0)

 Significance of metals and elements involved in biological processes.
 Importance of metallic/nonmetallic elements in various reaction
mechanisms of metalloproteins and enzymes.
 The role of transition series and other elements of major groups in
biological system.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Inorganic elements in biological systems: Introduction, study of proteins,
enzymes and nucleic acids. Iron bioinorganic chemistry: Chemical aspects of
relevant Fe in bioinorganic chemistry, functions and classification of iron
proteins. Bioinorganic chemistry of copper: Chemical relevant aspects of
bioinorganic chemistry Cu, functions and classification of copper proteins. Zinc
bioinorganic chemistry: Chemical characteristics of Zn applicable to
bioinorganics, zinc enzyme: carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase, alkaline
phosphatase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Bioinorganic chemistry of the
elements of Group 1: Bioinorganic chemical characteristics in the Group 1
elements, transport function: active and passive transport of Na, Ka pump and
channels. Bioinorganic chemistry of the elements of Group 2: Bioinorganic
chemical characteristics of the elements of group 2, role of magnesium ion in
chlorophyll and other metalloenzymes, role of calcium in transport and as a
catalyst, biomineralization. Bioinorganic chemistry of: molybdenum,
manganese, boron and nickel.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bertini, I., H. B. Gray, E. I. Stiefel and J. S. Valentine. 2007. Biological
Inorganic Chemistry: Structure & Reactivity. University Science Books,
Sausalito, CA, USA.
2. Wolfgang, K.,B. Schwederski andA. Klein. 2013. Bioinorganic Chemistry -
Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life: An Introduction and Guide, 2 nd
Edition. A Welly Textbook Series. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA.
53
3. Fraústo Da Silva J. J. R. & R. J. P. Williams. 1993. The biological
Chemistry of the Elements. The Inorganic Chemistry of Live. Clarendon
Press. Oxford.
4. Kaim, W. & B. Schwederski. 1999. Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic
Elements in the Chemistry Life. An Introduction & Guide. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., NY, USA.
5. Lippard, S. J. & J. M. Berg. 1994. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry.
University Science Books, CA USA.
6. Sigel, A.; Sigel, H.; Sigel, R.K.O., eds. (2010).Organometallics in
Environment and Toxicology. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Cambridge: RSC
publishing.
7. Ochai, E. 2008. Bioinorganic chemistry: A survey. Academic Press.
GLYCOBIOCHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES:The students will learn about:
 A basic understanding of concepts in the area of glycobiology, the
structures, biosynthesis and function of complex carbohydrates.
 Develop the practical skills of experimental work with glycoconjugates.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to glycobiology, Principles of glycobiochemistry, Structures of
complex carbohydrates, glycosylation as a posttranslational modification,
Glycosylation enzyme machinery and carbohydrate/glycan-modifying
enzymes, Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates in biology of living organisms,
Carbohydrate/Glycan-binding proteins, function and structure, medicinal
consequences of protein-carbohydrate/glycan interactions, The use of
carbohydrates and glycoproteins in biomedicine, industrial glycobiology.
PRACTICAL:
1. Extraction of proteoglycans from cartilage tissue.
2. Separation of extracted proteoglycans by anion exchange
chromatography.
3. Separation of various proteoglycans by gel permeation chromatography.
4. Separation of proteoglycans by SDS gel electrophoresis.
5. Digestion of proteoglycans with the cocktail of proteases and
determination of the components in the digest by chromatographic
techniques.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Ajit, V.,R. D. Cummings, J. D. Esko, H.H. Freeze, P. Stanley, C.R.
Bertozzi,G. W. Hart and M. E. Etzler. 2009. Essentials of Glycobiology,
2ndEdition.Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Germany.
2. Wang, P. G. & C. R. Bertozzi. 2001. Glycochemistry: Principles, Synthesis,
& Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA.
54
3. Ginsburg V. and P. Robbins. 1991. Biology of carbohydrates, vol. 3. Wiley,
New York, USA.
4. Dumitriu S. 2005.Polysaccharides—Structural diversity and functional
versatility. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA.
5. Lindhorst T.K., ed. 2007.Essentials of carbohydrate chemistry and
biochemistry, 3rdedition. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
6. Fraser-Reid B.O., Tatsuta K., and Thiem J., eds. 2008.Glycoscience-
Chemistry and chemical biology I–III, 2ndedition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Germany.
RECENT ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

 Recent advances Agricultural Chemistry and its applications
 Concepts Biosensors applications
 Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
COURSE OUTLINE:
Agricultural chemistry: The origin and structure of Agricultural chemistry,
atmosphere and soil as related to the nutrition of agricultural plants. Recent
Advances in Food and Flavor Chemistry. Recent advances of Enzyme
applications in Agricultural Sciences especially soil, food, microbiology,
washing/detergent, etc. Biosensors applications in Agriculture. Scope and
importance of environment for agriculture and toxicology. Agro-industry for
development. Recent advances in Food analysis. Chemical and Biological
Technologies in Agriculture. Recent Advances in Supramolecular Analytical
Chemistry. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture. The Role of
Biopesticides. Mushroom farming for international marketing.
PRACTICAL:
1. Laboratory equipment and apparatus
2. Mechanization industry in Pakistan
3. Visit agri-based industries and its improvement.
4. Research Institutes and recent advances in Agriculture
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Ho, C.T., C. J. Mussinan, F. Shahidi & E. T. Contis. 2010. Recent
Advances in Food & Flavor Chemistry: Food Flavors & Encapsulation,
Health Benefits, Analytical Methods, & Molecular Biology of Functional
Foods. Published by Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), UK.
2. Wang, A.& M. Shengwu. 2012. Molecular Farming in Plants: Recent
Advances & Future Prospects. Springer Science-Business Media.
3. Mazaahir, K. & N. K. Mishra. 2012. Green Chemistry - Environmentally
Benign Approaches. Published by CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
4. David, H. 2000. Modern Analytical Chemistry. International ed. McGraw-Hill
Co. Inc. New York.
55
5. James, F. W. J. 2008, Elements of Agricultural Chemistry & Geology. Biblio
Bazaar, USA.
6. Fraps. G. S. 2009, Principles of Agricultural Chemistry. Cornell University,
USA.
VEGETABLE OIL CHEMISTRY

 Description of vegetable oil and their sources
 Procedure and methods in vegetable oil refining and processing,
bleaching
 Preservation and prevention from spoilage and rancidity
 The application of underutilized or non-conventional oils for biofuels
Production.
COURSE CONTENT:
Chemical composition of vegetable oil, different types of oils and their uses,
Uses of triglyceride vegetable oil, Lipid characteristics and classification,
Source, composition and economics of commercial fats and oils, different
solvents used for extraction, Supercritical carbon dioxide, list of vegetable oils,
Lipid analysis, Lipid crystallization and polymorphism, Food emulsions and
Emulsifiers, Vegetable oil processing, Production of common lipid based foods
Deep fat frying, Lipid oxidation mechanisms, Lipid stability measurement,
types of Antioxidants, Control of oxidation by using synthetic and natural
antioxidant, toxicity of synthetic antioxidants , safer use of natural antioxidants,
Oxidation and antioxidants in multiphase systems Oxidation and antioxidants
in biological systems, negative health effects by uses of vegetable oil, recent
development in finding new vegetable oil, New methods available to extraction
the maximum yield of vegetable oil, Underutilized or non-conventional
vegetable oil characteristic and their application in fuel production biodiesel.
PRACTICAL:
1. Estimation of qualitative tests for vegetable oils
2. Determination of saponification and Iodine Values in selected vegetable
oils
3. Extraction and characterized of vegetable oil using Gas
Chromatography
4. Estimation and production of biodiesel by using
underutilized/nonconventional
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. David. L. N. & M. M. Cox. 2012. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 6 th
ed. Freeman, W. H. & Company, New York, USA
2. Frank D. G. 2011. Blackwell. Vegetable Oils in Food Technology:
Composition, Properties, & Uses (Sheffield Chemistry and Technology of
Oils & Fats). 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwel, CRC Publisher, USA.
56
3. Wolf, H., J.R, Hamilton & G. Calliauw. 2013. Edible Oil Processing. 2 nd ed.
Wiley-Blackwell, CRC Publisher, USA.
4. Hoffmann, G. 1989. The Chemistry and Technology of Edible Oils & Fats
and their High Fat Products. Academic Press, USA.
5. Leo, M. L. N. 2004. Handbook of Food Analysis: Physical characterization
&nutrient analysis. CRC Press, USA.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES FOR THE DOCTORAL DEGREE

PROGRAM:
1. Prepare students for an academic career in Agricultural Chemistry.
2. Provide students with necessary research tools.
3. Enhance students' understanding of the development of Agriculturist/Agri-
Chemist thought.
4. Improve students' ability to appraise Agriculture research critically.
5. Improve students' oral and written communication skills.
FRAMEWORK/TEMPLATE FOR PhD

Duration: 3-4 Years
Number of semesters: 6-8
Weeks per semester:
for exams)
18
Requirements ):
Major Courses: 12
Minor Courses: 6
The committee approved the existing curricula of Agricultural Chemistry
course with major modification, up-gradation and revision. Various new
courses were also incorporated for the enhancement of research activates in
Pakistan.
The details are as under:
Annexure-3: Scheme of studies for PhD Agriculture Specialization in the field
of Agricultural Chemistry
Sr. No. Course Title Credit Hours
1. Advanced Biochemistry 3(2-2)
2. Agriculture and Environmental Pollution 3(2-2)
3. Medicinal chemistry 3(2-2)
4. Advanced Separation Techniques 3(2-2)
5. Advanced Phytochemistry 3(2-2)
6. Advanced Molecular Biology 3(2-2)
57
7. Advanced Enzymology 3(2-2)
8. Advanced Fermentation Biotechnology 3(2-2)
9. Advanced Organic Chemistry 3(2-2)
10. Natural products chemistry 3(2-2)
11. 3(2-2)
Advanced Molecular Spectroscopy
12. 3(2-2)
Nano Chemistry
13. 3(2-2)
Advanced Green Chemistry
14. 3(2-2)
Allelochemicals
15. 3(2-2)
Surface chemistry
16. 3(2-2)
Chemistry of Dyes and Pigments
17. Chemistry of Natural toxins 3(2-2)
18. Applied biotechnology 3(2-2)
19. Special Problem-2 1
20. Seminar (Synopsis) 1
21. Seminar (Defense) 1
22. Dissertation
DETAIL OF MAJOR COURSES

FOR PhD IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
ADVANCED BIOCHEMISTRY

 Biochemical structures (protein, lipids &carbohydrates) & reactions in
living systems
 Cell, fundamental bio-molecules and water and functional diversity.
 Enzymes, nucleic acids, vitamins and hormones; Chemical structure
and synthesis
 Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative and photo
phosphorylation
58
COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction of Advanced Biochemistry, regulation of metabolism, lipid
metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, nucleic acid
structure, flow of information transfer in biological systems at a molecular level,
DNA replication; transcription (DNA to RNA); processing/maturation of
precursor RNA transcripts; transport (nucleus to cytoplasm); and translation
(RNA to protein). An emphasis will be placed on our understanding of the
basics of these events in different biological systems, how they are regulated,
and examples given of how errors in different steps may lead to human
disease as well as clinical strategies being used to counteract disease
processes, Cell signaling/biosignaling, Directed evolution of enzymes; Natural
product biosynthesis; Antibiotics; Chemical genetics; Small-molecule/drug
discovery. Significance, chemistry and metabolism of vitamins and hormones
in living organism.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Preparation and standardization of Titration curves.
2. Estimation of pKa value of a give solution
3. Preparation of a standard buffer solution
4. Qualitative and quantitative determination of amino acid and protein
5. Identification of Sugar using paper chromatography,
6. Separation of amino acid by two-dimensional paper chromatography
7. Extraction and separation of steroids by thin layer chromatography
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Voet, F. D., J.G. Voet, and C.W. Pratt. 1999. Fundamentals of
Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Lehninger, A.L. 2000. Principal of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Worth Publisher,
New York.
3. Zubay, G. 1999. Biochemistry. 4th ed. McMillan Publishing Co. London.
4. Stryer, L. 1994. Biochemistry. 5thed.W. H. Freeman and Co. London.
AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION


 An overview of Agricultural and environmental Pollution
 Ozone depletion and its biochemical affects
 Pesticides disposal, nitrogen fertilizer, industrial effluent discharges
in the ecosystem
 Public awareness: Improper disposal/dumping of hazardous waste of
landfills
COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction: Environmental pollution in the world and in Pakistan. Oxygen and
ozone chemistry: Ozone depletion and its biochemical affect, sulfur dioxide,
59
nitrogen oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, greenhouse effect. Hazards of pesticides:
Hazards to man, soil, plant and animals. Water contamination through
pesticides disposal, ground water contamination by herbicides. Effects of
nitrogen fertilizer: Plant effluent discharges in soil, composition of fertilizer
plant effluent discharges, effect and fate of nitrogen fertilizer effluent
discharges in the soil ecosystem, suggestion for controlling adverse effects of
fertilizer plant effluent and conservation of soil, leaching of fertilizer into soil,
factors affecting nitrate, sulphate phosphate accumulation, losses of methane
and ammonia from paddyl and production system, global sources of methane,
or sinks of methane. Atmospheric changes and sources of ammonia. Public
awareness: Improper disposal/dumping of hazardous waste of landfills.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Sampling techniques for pesticide analysis
2. Sampling Procedure for estimation of Air, water and soil pollutants
3. Extraction of pesticide from plant material.
4. Clean up pesticide residues.
5. Determination of Heavy metal through the process of Phytoremediation
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Hassol, K.A. 1992. Biochemistry of Pesticides. McMillan Publishing Co. Ltd.
USA.
2. Kumar. 1987. Environmental Chemistry. Anmol Publication, New Delhi,
India.
3. Evangelon, V. P. 1998. Environmental Soil and Water Chemistry. John
Willey, USA.
4. McBride, M.B. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University
Press, UK.
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

 Description of natural sources of therapeutic agents/drugs
 Pharmacokinetics potential of bioactive compounds to reach the target
site
 Pharmacodynamics activity of drug molecules interact with molecular
targets
 Details process of drug design and its market regulation
COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction: importance of drug molecules and target molecules.
Classification of drugs on the basis of their targets, Role of enzymes,
receptors, macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and
carbohydrates. Pharmokokinetics and pharmacodynamics, drug design by
synthesis, computer aided drug designs, Significance of chromatographic
60
techniques such as thin layer and column chromatography in the qualitative
and quantitative assessment of herbal medicines. Biomineralogy: Introduction
to micro and macrocosmic minerals, medicinal functions, and deficiencies
symptoms. Sources in wild as well as synthetic herbs. Vitaminology:
Introduction to vitamins, classification, role in health, and surgery. Metabolism
of vitamin A and C in both plants and animal.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Synthesis of common drugs using standard protocol
2. Bio assays investigation of a selected compound
3. Detail description of Computer aided drug design procedure
4. Determination of Atropine by Spectrophotometer in a formulated
prescription.
5. Estimation of Codeine or any active agent in a drug using HPLC
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Patrick, G. 2002. Medicinal Chemistry. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Ox. UK.
2. Hasborne, J.B. 1993. Methods in plant Biochemistry. Vol. 8. Academic
Press, NewYork, USA.
3. Goodman, A.L. and A.G. Gillman. 1986. Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics. 7thed. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, USA.
4. Hughes, C.C. 1968. Ethnomedicine. International Encyclopedia of Social
Sciences. MacMillan Publishers, New York, USA.
5. Nadkarni, K.M. 1980. Indian Material Medica. 3rded. Popular Parakashan
Depot, Bombay, India.
6. Chevallier, A. 1996. Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Darling Kindersley,
London, UK.
ADVANCED SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

 Description of Separation and isolation
 Modern techniques of Separation GC, HPLC, UHPLC and capillary
electrophoresis
 Hyphened technique (GC-MS and LC-MS)
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction, history and classification of chromatographic methods; Extraction
of organic compounds using distillation, fractional distillation and supercritical
fluid extraction; Theoretical aspects of chromatographic separation; Paper, thin
layer, ion exchange, HPLC and gas chromatography, GC-MS, LC-MS,
supercritical fluid chromatography; Principle, theory, sampling techniques,
instrumentation and data processing; Applications and recent advancements
in chromatography; Miceller chromatography; Electrophoresis: Principle and
technique of paper, agarose and gel electrophoresis; Capillary electrophoresis;
61
Isoelectric focusing; Applications of electrophoresis. Recent advancement in
chromatographic techniques and their application in agricultural research.
Automatic amino acid analyzer and its uses in food and agriculture.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Extraction and fractionation by column chromatography.
2. Extraction of essential oils using hydro/steam-distillation
3. Isolation of high molecular weight organics using solvent extraction
4. Analysis of analgesics by HPLC
5. Analysis of different fruit juices for vitamin C by HPLC/ HPTLC
6. Separation of a mixture of organic solvents by GC
7. Analysis of fatty acids in vegetable oils and fats by GC
8. Separation of natural and synthetic chemicals using thin layer
chromatography.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Braithwaite, A. and F.F. Smith. 1999. Chromatographic Method. Chapman
and Hall, London, UK.
2. Christian, G.D. 2006. Analytical Chemistry. 6th Ed, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, USA.
3. Heftman, E. 2004. Chromatography. Elsevier Science Publishing Co.
London, UK.
4. Hanif, M.A. and H.N. Bhatti. 2015. Chromatography. International Scientific
Organization, Faisalabad.
5. Sharma, B.K. 2005. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. Goel
Publishing House, Meerut, India.
ADVANCED PHYTOCHEMISTRY

 Plant metabolites biosynthesis and their significance
 Theoretical and practical understanding of new lead compounds.
 Industrial production and product development
COURSE OUTLINE:
Biological and applied aspects of Phytochemistry. Phytochemical profiles of
important families and their members with respect to potent/known
phytochemicals. Biosynthetic pathways of formation of secondary metabolites
in plants and exploiting mode of action of phytochemicals. Fractionation
guided bioassays. Green house and field experiments to validate the effect of
phytochemicals. Phytochemistry and postharvest pathogenesis. Role of
phytochemistry in crop protection with special emphasis on bio-control.
Essential oils and their role in crop protection. Extraction, chemical analysis,
concentration, formulations, bioassays and volatility. Short comes in commonly
62
used bioassays. Problems in identifying new phytochemicals. Synthesis and
analogue formation and its effect on activity of identified compound. Industrial
production of fine chemicals and their evaluation for biodegradation.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Extraction, solubility and concentration development of phytochemicals.
2. Laboratory bioassays to check the efficacy of extracted phytochemicals.
3. Green house or field experiments to study in vivo efficacy of selected
phytochemicals.
4. Use of various chromatographic techniques to separate potential
phytochemicals from a mixture.
5. Spectrophotometric analyses of known and unknown bioactive molecules.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Lehninger, A.L. 2000. Principles of Biochemistry. 3 rd ed. Worth Publisher,
New York.
2. Stryer, L. 1994. Biochemistry. 5thed. Freeman and Co., London.
Ed. Chand and Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Voet, F. D., J.G. Voet and C.W. Pratt. 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
5. Zubay, G. 1999. Biochemistry. 4th ed. McMillan Publishing Co., London.
6. Beek, T.A.V. and H. Breteler. 1993. Phytochemistry and Agriculture. Oxford
science publications.
7. Manuel, J. R.,N. Pedrol, and L. González. 2006. Allelopathy: A
Physiological Process with Ecological Implications. Springer Netherlands
ISBN.
ADVANCED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Detail research activities regarding molecular biology with cutting edge
molecular biology principles and techniques
 Aspects of biochemistry, genetics, microbiology/immunology and
chemistry
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to Chromosomes, Histones and nucleosomes, Nucleosome
assembly, Chromatin remodeling I, histone modifications, Recognition of
Histone modifications. Histone variants, interactions and recognition of
biomolecules, Case study: DNA damage response, Case study:
heterochromatin and silencing, Case study: Centromeres and chromosome
segregation, DNA methylation, Models of aging, Mortality, Gene expression
during aging, Oxidative stress and damage, Control of Gene Expression:
topics include genetic circuits and synthetic biology; recruitment and assembly
63
of transcription factors and the RNA polymerase complex; manipulating gene
expression using "designer genes" and synthetic transcription factors;
eukaryote mRNA synthesis, processing, modification, stability and translation,
and manipulation of these processes to effect selective gene expression,
control of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Stem cells, Cellular
senescence, telomeres, Progerias, Sirtuins, DR and IIS, Replicators and
Game theory, SAP, Circadian Rhythms.
LABOUTLINE:
1. Methods for the isolation of DNA and RNA in Blood serum and plant
Samples
2. Protein separation using Verticals and Horizontal Electrophoresis
3. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, Capillary Electrophoresis,
Immunoelectrophoresis, PCR , DNA Sequencer, Primer Designer,
Southern, Northern and Westeron blotting technique, Electrophoresis of
plasma proteins, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
4. Agarose electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, Dialysis ultra-filtration and
lyophilization.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Wyman, R.M., Westermeier, and T.Naven. 2004. Principles of Proteomics.
BIOS Scientific Publishers Proteomicsin. 2ndEdition. Wiley & Sons.
2. Albers, B., A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts and P. Walter. 2008.
Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5 thEdition. Garland Sciences, aylorand
Francis.
3. Daneil, C.L. 2002. Introduction to Proteomics. Humana Press. ISBN0-
8960-3992-7.
4. Daneil, C.L. 2001. Introduction to Proteomics. Tools for the New Biology.
5. Gerald, K. 2002. Cell and Molecular biology. 3 rd ed., John Wiley & Sons,
UK.
6. Walker, J. M. 1994. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1 Humana Press.
7. Walker, J. M. and E. B. Gringold. 1993. Molecular Biology and
biotechnology. 3rded. Royal Chemistry Society, UK.
ADVANCED ENZYMOLOGY
 Historical background, catalytic action and recent advancement in
enzymalogy
 Modification of food by endogenous enzyme and their properties
 Enzyme inhibitors in plants and animals.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Enzyme, Properties: Catalytic action, specificity, catalysis and regulation,
Classification and nomenclature. General Principles of Enzyme Kinetics and
64
mechanisms of enzyme reactions including General acid base catalysis,
covalent catalysis, Metal ion catalysis with examples (Lysozyme,
Ribonuclease A, Chymotrysin, Carboxypeptidase, Lactate dehydrogenase).
Some examples of enzymes with industrial application. Oxidoreductase,
Amylases, proteases, pectinases, isomerases, lipases. Undesirable effects of
enzymes: Lipoxygenases, Lipases, Peroxidases, Ascorbic Oxidase, Enzyme
Browning. Control Enzyme action: useful factors in controlling enzyme activity,
enhancing endogenous activity, kinetics of catalyzed reactions, steady state of
enzyme kinetics, immobilized enzyme kinetics, immobilized substrate, and
kinetics. Modification of food by endogenous enzyme: De-flavouring enzyme,
enzyme browning, antioxidizing enzymes, ascorbic acid oxides, lypolitic
enzyme, pigment degradation enzyme, phytase. Enzyme inhibitors in plants
and animals and physiological significance of inhibitors as research tool.
Enzyme synthesis, properties and industrial uses.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Extraction and purification of enzyme.
2. Extraction of sucrase from yeast.
3. Determination of plant oxidase.
4. Determination of alkaline phosphatase.
5. Glucosidase by Spectophotometric method.
6. Determination of enzyme content in commercial preparation by Lowry
method
7. The study of effect of type of organic solvent on reaction rate of olive oil
hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bisswanger, H. 2008. Enzyme kinetics. Principles and Methods. 2 nd Ed.
Wiley-VCH Verlag.
2. David, L., Nelson, M. Michael, W.H. Freeman. 2012. Lehninger Principles
of Biochemistry. 6thEd.
3. Lopez, D.A., R.M. Williams and K. Miehlke. 1994. Enzymes: The Fountain
of Life. The Neville Press, Inc., Munchen, Germany.
4. Voet, F. D., J.G. Voet, and C.W. Pratt. 1999. Fundamentals of
Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
ADVANCED PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY

 Modification of food by endogenous enzyme and their properties
 Metabolic degradation and fate of pesticides. Historical background,
Chemistry, structure and recent advancement in Pesticides
COURSE OUTLINE:
65
Role of pesticides in agriculture, size and scope of pesticide market, economic
aspects of pesticides. Groups of pesticides: Parathyroid, natural, synthetic.
Mode of action, metabolism of parathyroid in insects, in vivo, vitro. Enzyme
systems, effect of metabolism on biological activity, metabolism and structure
activity relationship. Toxicology of pesticides: Occupational exposure, dermal
toxicity, mucus membrane and eye toxicity, inhalation toxicity, evaluation of
oral toxicity. Reproduction and teratology: Carcinogen Isis, pesticides
interfering with respiration, biochemical background, formation of Acetyl
coenzyme A, Glycolysis, transfer of compounds into mitochondria, conversion
of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A, Respiratory chain phosphorylation. Biochemical
background and fate of pesticides. Formulation, handling and storage of
pesticides. Quality assessment.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Determination of Malathion formulation by colorimetric method
2. Determination of Diazinon in a formulation by colorimetric method
3. Analysis of Pesticide residue in vegetable sample by GLC
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Hutson, D.H. and T.R. Roberts. 1988. Progress in pesticide Biochemistry
and Toxicology. Vol.3, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
2. Corbett, J., R. K. Wright and A.C. Bailli. 1984. The Biochemical Mode of
Action of Pesticides. 2nd edition. Academic Press London, UK.
3. White, R. 1971. Pesticides in the Environment. Vol. 1. 2nded. New York.
4. Kenneth, A. 1982. Biochemistry of Pesticides. McMillan Pub. Co. Ltd. UK.
Wiley-VCH Verlag.
RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
 Basic radiochemistry and recent advancement in radioactivity in
research and industry
 Radiochemical analysis and Separation in Agriculture research
 Radiation Safety & Radiobiology
COURSE OUTLINE:
Radioactivity: Definition and units, radioactive disintegration and radioisotopes,
half-life period and use in biological research, Detection and measurement of
radioactive techniques: Photographic, spinthariscope, electroscope,
scintillation counter, Geiger-Muller counter, Radio analytical technique,
Radioisotopes as tracers, neutron activation isotopes dilution and radiometric
analysis, Radiometric titration, Radio autography, Radio chramatoghraphy and
radio carbon dating agricultural use. Role of radio-isotopes in agriculture in
different filed. Experimental uses in plant and soil studies with details of
various phyto chemical reactions and soil plant water interaction, nutrient
66
fixation and mobility in soil and uptake by plants. Radiation Hazards and
Safety: Radioactive contamination and damage, standards of permissible
doses of the body parts and whole body, safety precaution. Application of
radiation in Preservation of agricultural products.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Dosimetry of Radiation Source, Concepts and Calibration of Instruments
will be arranged in consultation with NIFA
2. The use of NIRS to determine non-starch polysaccharides in grains
3. Practical on Use of Neutron Probe for Water Use Efficiency Study
4. Practical on Lab Rearing Techniques for Trichogramma (bio-control
agent) and its Field Releases Against Insect Pests)
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Chandrasekharan,H. and N. Gupta. 2006. Fundamentals of Nuclear
Science-Application in Agriculture. Northern Book Center, New Delhi, India.
2. Jozsef, K and N. Nagy. 2012. Nuclear and Radiochemistry. Elsevier
Inc.Amsterdam.
3. Coomber, D. I. 1975. Radiochemical Methods in Analysis. Plenum Press,
London, England.
4. L'Annunziata, M. F. 1979. Radioisotopes in Agricultural Chemistry.
Academic Press, London, UK.
5. Michael, F. L'Annunziata. 2012. Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. 3rd
Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
AGROCHEMICALS
 Significance of chemical fertilizers, manures
 Pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides)
 Identification and isolation of agro-potential components from plants.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to pest control and management, Introduction to agrochemicals,
controlling pests using agrochemicals. Classification of agrochemicals,
Chemistry of Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides and others. Preparation and
Transportation of Agrochemicals. Resistance to agricultural chemical,
management of resistance to agrochemicals. Environmental and health
hazards of agrochemicals. Toxicity of agrochemicals. Miscellaneous
applications and limitation of agrochemicals. Fungicides and biofungicides;
importance, history, classification and application in agriculture. Fungicides
and its application in the control of post-harvest diseases in citrus and
tomatoes
LAB OUTLINE:
67
1. Observations of Allelopathic Interactions in Natural and Managed
Agroecosystems
2. Methodology of Alleopathy Research and testing for Allelopathy in the
Lab
3. Determination of Heavy metal through the process of Phytoremediation
4. Identification of fertilizers and Raising plants in different growth media
with various nutrients
5. Measurements and estimation of different environmental variables.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Wiley-VCH Verlag.
2. Corbett, J., R. K. Wright and A.C. Bailli. 1984. The Biochemical Mode of
Action of Pesticides. 2nd edition. Academic Press London, UK.
3. Taize, L. and E., Zeiger. 2006. Plant Physiology 4 th Ed. Sinauers Associate,
Inc. Sunderland Massachusetts, USA.
4. Palaniappan, and K. Annadurani. 2006. Organic farming theory and
practice. Scientific Publishers. Jodhpur, India.
ADVANCED MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY

 Importance, historical background and principal of Spectroscopy
 Spectroscopic techniques to elucidate the structure of organic
molecules
 Application in natural product Chemistry
COURSE OUTLINE:
Applications of UV-visible, Infrared (IR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry for structure determination of complex
organic molecules; Spin-spin decoupling, shift reagents and 13C NMR
spectroscopy; Advanced NMR Techniques; 2D NMR spectroscopy, DEPT,
INEPT, H,H-COSY, H,C-COSY, NOESY, ROSEY, HMQC and HMBC
techniques; Magnetic resonance imaging fluorescence spectroscopy and ESR
spectroscopy with reference to organic compounds. The role of spectroscopic
techniques in Natural product chemistry and nutraceuticals.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Christian, G.D. 2007. Analytical Chemistry. 6 th Ed, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York, USA.
2. Davis, R. and C.H.J. Wills. 1985. Spectral Problems in Organic Chemistry.
International Book Co., New York, USA.
3. Kemp, W. 1991. Organic Spectroscopy. 3 rd Ed. Macmillan and Co., Ltd.,
London, UK.
4. Pavia, D.L., G.M. Lampman and G.S. Kriz. 2014. Introduction to
Spectroscopy. 5th Ed. Cengage Learning, New York, USA.
68
5. Silverstein, R.M., G.C. Bassler and T.C. Morrill. 2014. Spectrometric
Identification of Organic Compounds. 8th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, USA.
6. Younas, M. 2010. Organic Spectroscopy and Chromatography,
IlmiKitabKhana, Lahore.
CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

 Historical background, significance and biosynthetic pathways of
natural product
 Classification and structure-activity relationship of natural product
 Application of natural products in agriculture
COURSE OUTLINE:
Alkaloids: General introduction, classification, natural occurrence, isolation,
structure determination, synthesis and physiological action; Chemistry of
quinine, nicotine and morphine; Steroids: Introduction, nomenclature,
configuration, structure and geometry, biosynthesis of steroidal compounds;
Latest development in the field of steroids exhibiting contraceptive,
antiandeogenic and cardiac activities; Synthesis of heterocyclic steroidal
systems and their biological activity; Polyphenolics and terpenoids:
Introduction, classification, natural occurrence, isolation, structure
determination, synthesis and physiological action. Flavonoids Introduction,
classification, natural occurrence, isolation, structure determination, synthesis
and physiological action.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Aniszewski, T. 2015. Alkaloids. 2nd Ed. Elsevier, London, UK.
2. Bhat, S.V., B.A. Nagasampagi and M. Sivakumar. 2013. Chemistry of
Natural Products. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
3. Buss, A.A. 2014. Natural Product Chemistry for Drug Discovery. RSC.
London, UK.
4. Cseke, L.J., A. Kirakosyan, P.B. Kaufman, S.L. Warker, J.A. Duke and H.C.
Brielmann. 2006. Natural Products from Plants. 2 nd Ed. Taylor & Francis
Group, New York, USA.
5. Finar, I.L. 2008. Organic Chemistry. Vol. 2: Stereochemistry and the
Chemistry Natural Products. 5th Ed. Pearson, London, UK.
NANOCHEMISTRY
 Concepts and theoretical background of nanochemistry,
69
 Preparation and properties of nanomaterials in different fields of life &
Agriculture.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials in chemistry and classification of
nanomaterials; Classification based on dimensions: Zero-dimensional (0-D),
one-dimensional (1-D), two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D)
nanomaterials; Size dependent properties of matter; Manufacturing process
and growth mechanism: Top-down and Bottom-up approach; Epitaxial growth;
Self- assembly; Micro/ nano processing technology; Various methods for the
synthesis of nanomaterials; Properties of nanomaterials: Surface area, melting
point, optical properties, super/ultra-hardness, surface free energy and
mechanical properties; Nanotribology; Optical properties; Surface plasmons;
Fundamental and applications of Fullerenes, Graphenes, carbon nanotubes,
Quantum dots and semiconductor oxide; Application of nanomaterials:
Nanomaterials in energy storage, batteries and capacitors, Photochemistry of
nanomaterials; Metal oxide semiconductors and photocatalysis; Nanomaterials
for environmental remediation.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bréchignac, C., P. Houdy, and M. Lahmani. 2008. Nanomaterials and
Nanochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
2. Cao, G. and Y. Wang. 2010. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials. Synthesis,
Properties and Applications. Imperial College Press, 2ndEd, London, UK.
3. Kenneth, J.K. and M.R. Ryan. 2009. Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry.
2ndEd. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
4. Rao, C.N.R., A. Müller, and A.K. Cheetham. 2006. The Chemistry of
Nanomaterials. Synthesis, Properties and Applications. John Wiley & Sons,
New York, USA.
5. Reisner, D.E. and T. Pradeep. 2014. Aqua nanotechnology. Global
Prospects. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, USA.
6. Singh, A.A. 2008. Nanofabrication, Fundamentals and Applications. World
Scientific Publishers, New York, USA.
7. Wang, Z.I. 2000. Characterization of Nanophase Materials. Willy-VCH,
Berlin, Germany.
ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 Concepts and theoretical background of redox reactions, condensation
reactions and organometallic chemistry
 Techniques and protocols in organic synthesis and synthetic
applications in different fields of life & Agriculture.
COURSE OUTLINE:
70
Oxidation reactions: General principles, oxidation of hydrocarbons, alcohols,
aromatics, aldehydes and ketones autoxidation, peroxidation, catalytic
dehydrogenation; Oxidation of systems containing oxygen, nitrogen and
sulphur; Oxidative cleavage and decarboxylation; Reduction reactions:
General principles; hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, Reduction with hydrides,
hydrazine and metals; Hofmann degradation and reductive alkylation;
Condensation Reactions: Aldol condensation, crossed and retro-aldol
condensation, Cannizaro’s and cross Cannizaro’s reactions; Acid and base
catalyzed condensations; Condensation of carbanions, Condensations
involving acetylides and cyanides; Synthetic applications of condensation
reactions; Organometallic compounds: Principles; their structure and reactivity,
methods of preparation Na, Li, Mg, Zn containing organometallic compounds
and their synthetic applications.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bhatti, H.N. 2014. Advanced Organic Chemistry. The Caravan Book
House, Lahore.
2. Bruice, P. 2013. Essentials of Organic Chemistry. 2 nd Ed. Pearson Books.
Berlin, Germany.
3. Francis, C.A. and R.G. Sundberg. 2007. Advanced Organic Chemistry. 5 th
Ed. Springer Science. Business media, New York, USA.
4. March, J. 2013. Advanced Organic Chemistry. Reactions, Mechanisms,
and Structure. 7th Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
5. McMurry, J. 2011. Organic Chemistry. 8th Ed. Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning, New York, USA.
6. Pine, S.H. 2008. Organic Chemistry. 5thEd. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,
India.
7. Solomon, T.W.G. 2014. Organic Chemistry. 11 th Ed. John Wiley and Son’s
Inc. New York, USA.
ADVANCED SURFACE CHEMISTRY

 Concepts and theoretical background of surface science, interfaces and
various aspects of adsorption phenomenon
 Concepts of colloidal dispersions and catalysis
 Surface science applications in different fields of life & Agriculture.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Clean surfaces, internal and external interfaces and solid-liquid interface; Brief
description of techniques in surface science; Wetting and heat of wetting;
Thermodynamic description of an interface; Gibbs-Duhem equation for an
interphase; Gibbs adsorption isotherm; Adsorption from solutions at solid-liquid
interface; Thermodynamic aspects of adsorption; Detergency and floatation;
Kelvin and Laplace equations; Colloidal dispersions, coagulation and
flocculation; Optical properties of colloids; Catalysis: Homogenous and
71
heterogeneous catalysts; Geometric factors in catalysis; Supported metal
catalysts; Catalytic reactors; Catalytic preparation techniques; Applied
catalysis in steam reforming reaction; Preparation of synthetic fuels;
Methanation reaction; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Ammonia synthesis
processes.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Adamson, A.W. 1997. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 6th Ed. John Wiley
and Sons, New York, USA.
2. Birdi, K.S. 2013. Handbook of Surface and Colloidal Chemistry. CRC
Press, New York, USA.
3. Bubert, H. and H. Jenett. 2011. Surface and Thin Film Analysis. Principles,
Instrumentation, Applications, Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH, Germany.
4. Calvo, E.J. 2003. Interfacial Kinetics and Mass Transport. Wiley-VCH, New
York, USA.
5. Somorjai, G. A., and L. Yimin. 2010. Introduction to Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis. John Wiley & Sons. New York, USA
CHEMISTRY OF DYES AND PIGMENTS
 Classifications, synthesis and application technologies of colorants, and
 High technology colorants having significances in non-textile
applications.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to dyes and dye stuff intermediates, their nomenclature and
classification; Colour and chemical constitution; Synthesis and applications of
azo, diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene, phthaleins, indigoid,
antraquinoid and phthalocyanine dyes; Overview of dyeing methods for
different synthetic fibers such as polyester, polyamide, acrylics and
polypropylene fibers; Fluorescent brightening agents; Introduction to
fluorescence, Jablonski diagram, Stoke’s shift and its role in performance of
Fluorescent brighteners; Synthesis, properties and applications of different
classes of fluorescent brightening agents; High technology colorants; Solar cell
dyes, electrochromic dyes, laser dyes, Ink-Jet printing; Thermographic
colorants; Pigments: Classification of Pigments; Development of organic
pigments, Azo pigments; Phthalocyanine pigments; Condensed ring aromatic
rings, Quinacridon pigments etc; Inorganic pigments; Carbon black;
Characterization of dyes and pigments; Environmental; health and safety
guidelines for dyestuff and allied industries.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Buxbaum, G. and G. Pfaff. 2008. Industrial Inorganic Pigments. 3 rd Ed.
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.
2. Christe, R.M. 2014. Colour Chemistry. 2 nd Ed. Royal Society of Chemistry,
London, UK.
72
3. Fierz-David, H.D. 2012. Fundamental Processes of Dye Chemistry.
Amazon. Com. New York, USA.
4. Gregory, P. 2012. High-Technology Applications of Organic Colorants.
Plenum Press, New York, USA.
5. Herbst, W. and K. Hunger. 2015. Industrial Organic Pigments, Production,
Properties, Applications, 4th Ed. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH& Co. KGaA,
Weinheim, Germany.
6. Hunger, K. 2007. Industrial Dyes, Chemistry Properties and Applications.
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH& Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.
7. Peter, A.T. and H.S. Freeman. 2001. Colour Chemistry. The Design
andSynthesis of Organic Dyes and Pigments. Elsevier Science
Publications, New York, USA.
73
CHEMISTRY OF NATURALTOXINS
 An overview of naturally occurring food toxins.
 The chemistry and biology of major existing and emerging natural food
toxins and their role in food toxicology and safety.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Naturally Occurring Food Toxins: Introduction, sources and classification,
occurrence and distribution, regulatory limits in food/feed. Food Plant Toxins:
Introduction; chemistry, occurrence and safety of β-thujone, amygdalin,
cyanogenic glycosides, goitrogens (glucosinolates), erucic acid, lectins, anti-
thiamine compounds, cucurbitacins, coumarins, phytic acid, glycoalkaloids
(solanine and chaconine).Mycotoxins:Introduction; chemistry and occurrence
of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins, Fumonisins, Ergot alkaloids, Cyclopiazonic acid,
Patulin, T-2 toxin, Phaseolinone and Botryodiplodin. Bacterial Toxins:
Chemistry and biological effects ofBotulinium toxin; Bacteriocins; Alpha, Beta
and Delta toxins; Enterotoxin type B; Verocytotoxin. Phycotoxins and other
compounds: Chemistry and occurrence of Saxitoxins and Domoic acid;
Compounds formed as a result of processing: acrylamide, chloropropanols,
furan, trans-fatty acids. Techniques used for removal of food toxins in
industrial set up.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Determination of Amygdalin in apple or almond seeds
2. Estimation of amylase inhibitors in wheat, rye or kidney bean,
3. Determination of erucic acid in rape seed,
4. Estimation of glucosinolates in cabbage or cauliflower
5. Determination of phytic acid in cereals or legumes
6. Estimation of acrylamide in potato chips, Furan in brewed coffee and
trans fatty acids in margarine.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Keeler R.F. Natural Toxins: Toxicology, Chemistry and Safety. AlakenInc
(1992).
2. Waldemar M.D., Zdzislaw E.S. Chemical and Functional Properties of Food
Components Series: Toxins in Food. CRC press (2004).
3. Irvin E.L. Toxic Constituents of Plant Food Stuffs. Academic Press (2012).
4. Richard L., Laurie C., Judy D. Chemical Hazards in Food. Food Safety Info
(2012).
74
APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Know the main biotechnological applications of micro-organisms and
enzymes.
 Design an enzymatic process to obtain an enzyme of interest from the
source.
 Apply the different biological components for creating analytical methods
for diagnosis and research.
 Understand the stages of development of an enterprise base
biotechnology.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Introduction to Genetics: Genetic information,organization of genetic
information and gene expression, replication, mutation and recombination,
transcription and translation, horizontal gene transfer: transformation,
conjugation, transduction, transposition and transposons.Recombinant DNA
technology: Types of PCR,restriction enzymes,cloning and expression vectors,
transformation/transfection of organisms, hybridization, microarrays, immune
detection, sequencing. Application of biotechnology: Industrial fermentations:
ethanolic and lactic fermentations, production of antibiotics, amino
acids,bioremediation, biofuels and bioethanol, industrial applications of
enzymes, industrial production of enzymes,protein engineering, vectors for
gene expression in plants, planttransgenesis and applications, biopesticides.
Economic, Legal and Ethical Aspects of Biotechnology: economic, legal and
ethical aspects of biotechnology industrial/intellectual property, creation of
biotechnology companies, bioethics.
LAB OUTLINE:
1. Preparation of culture media for tissue culture
2. Preparation of Tissue Culture: callus culture and suspension culture
3. Preparation of bioethanol from grape juice by using enzymes from
microorganisms
4. Available enzymes assays
5. Isolation of DNA from plant source
6. Agrose-gel assay for the determination of DNA fragments
7. Quantitative and Qualitative test of DNA by PCR.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Albert, B. and H. Lodish. 2013. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6 th ed. Garlan
Science.
2. Glick, B.R. 2010. Molecular biotechnology, principles and applications of
recombinant DNA. 4thed. ASM press.
3. Marian, P. 2012. Advances in Applied Biotechnology. In Tech publisher.
75
COMPULSORY COURSES
ANNEXURE - A
English I (Functional English)
Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
Course Contents:
Basics of Grammar
Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, active and passive voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be
at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by
subject teachers
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended Books:
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313492
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313506
76
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand
and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth
Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis.
Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19
453402 2.
d) Speaking
English II (Communication Skills)

Objectives: Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Contents:
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading,
summary and précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation)
Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review
Recommended Books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0
19 431350 6.
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand
and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth
Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
77
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406
5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to
presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403
0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Richard York.
English III (Technical Writing and

Presentation Skills)
Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents:
Presentation skills
Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content,
language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing
Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended Books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing
1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary
Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3
(particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive,
argumentative and report writing).
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education. 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G.
Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
78
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by
Northern Illinois University. General Editors: Janice Neulib;
Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A
reader which will give students exposure to the best of twentieth
century literature, without taxing the taste of engineering
students).
ANNEXURE - B
Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
Introduction/Objectives
 Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics,
contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
 Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising
in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Recommended Books:
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The MacMillan Press
Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2000.
79
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical
analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore,
1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne. The Emergence of Bangladesh, Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-
Islamia, Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno -National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute
of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: Wm
Dawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company,
1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad:
National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on
Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard,
1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad:
National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
80
ANNEXURE - C
ISLAMIC STUDIES
(Compulsory)
Objectives:
This course is aimed at:
1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to
faith and religious life.
Detail of Courses:
Introduction to Quranic Studies
1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul-Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqara Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
(Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful
(Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of
Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Introduction to Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
81
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science
1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quran & Science
Islamic Economic System
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
3) Ethical Values of Islam
Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI,
Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
82
4) Mulana Muhammad YousafIslahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf
Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jurisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes”
Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia”Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)
Annexure “D”
MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: 3
Prerequisites: Mathematics at Secondary level
Specific Objectives of Course: To prepare the students not majoring in
mathematics with the essential tools of Calculus to apply the concepts and the
techniques in their respective disciplines.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real Numbers and the Real Line, Functions and their graphs:
Polynomial Functions, Rational Functions, Trigonometric Functions, and
Transcendental Functions. Slope of a Line, Equation of a Line, Solution of
equations involving absolute values, Inequalities. Limits and Continuity: Limit
of a Function, Left Hand and Right Hand Limits, Continuity, Continuous
Functions. Derivatives and its Applications: Differentiation of Polynomial,
Rational and Transcendental Functions, Extreme Values of Functions.
Integration and Indefinite Integrals: Integration by Substitution, Integration by
Parts, Change of Variables in Indefinite Integrals. Least-Squares Line.
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. Addison Wesley publishing company,
2005.
2. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8 th edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc.
2005.
3. Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum, et al, Calculus Single and
Multivariable, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002.
4. Frank A. Jr, Elliott Mendelsohn, Calculus, Schaum’s Outline Series, 4 th
edition, 1999.
5. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus and Analytic Geometry PWS Publishers,
Boston, 1983.
6. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics Science and
Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Second Edition 1992.
83
Annexure “E”
Statistics-I Credit 3 (2-1)
Definition and importance of Statistics in Agriculture, Data Different types of
data and variables
Classification and Tabulation of data, Frequency distribution, stem-and-Leaf
diagram, Graphical representation of data Histogram, frequency polygon,
frequency curve.
Measure of Central tendency, Definition and calculation of Arithmetic mean,
Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Median quantiles and Mode in grouped and
un-grouped data.
Measure of Dispersion, Definition and Calculation of Range, quartile deviation,
Mean deviation, Standard deviation and variance, coefficient of variation.
Practical:
a. Frequency Distribution
b. Stem-and-Leaf diagram
c. Various types of Graphs
d. Mean, Geometric mean Harmonic Mean,
e. Median, Quartiles Deviation, mean Deviation.
f. Standard Deviation, Variance, Coefficient of variation,
g. Skewness and kenosis
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part- I by Sher Muhammad and Dr.
Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition)
2. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad
3. A. Concise Course in A. Level Statistic with world examples by J. Crashaw
and J. Chambers (1994)
4. Basic Statistics an Inferential Approach 2nd Ed. (1986) Fran II. Dietrich-II
and Thomas J. Keans
Statistics-II Credit 3 (2-1)

Sampling Probability and non-Probability Sampling, Simple random sampling
stratified random sampling Systematic sampling error, Sampling distribution of
mean and difference between two means. Interference Theory: Estimation and
testing of hypothesis, Type—I and type-II error, Testing of hypothesis about
mean and difference between two means using Z-test and t-test, Paired t-test,
Test of association of attributes using X2 (chi-square) Testing hypothesis
about variance.
Practical:
a. Sampling random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling.
c. Sampling distribution of mean
d. Testing of hypotheses regarding population mean
84
e. Testing of hypotheses about the difference between population means
f. Chi-square test
g. Testing of Correlation Coefficient
h. Fitting of simple linear regression
i. One-way ANOVA
j. Two-way ANOVA
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-II by Sher Muhammad and Dr.
Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition)
2. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad
3. Principles and Procedures of Statistics A Bio-material approach, 2nd
Edition, 1980 by R.G.D Steal and James H. Tarric
4. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research 2nd Edition (1980) by K.A.
Gomez and A.A. Gomez
ANNEXURE – F
Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies
Course Structure: Lectures: 2 Labs: 1 Credit Hours: 3
Pre-requisite: None Semester: 1
Course Description:
This is an introductory course on Information and Communication
Technologies. Topics include ICT terminologies, hardware and software
components, the internet and World Wide Web, and ICT based applications.
After completing this course, a student will be able to:
 Understand different terms associated with ICT
 Identify various components of a computer system
 Identify the various categories of software and their usage
 Define the basic terms associated with communications and networking
 Understand different terms associated with the Internet and World Wide
Web.
 Use various web tools including Web Browsers, E-mail clients and search
utilities.
 Use text processing, spreadsheets and presentation tools
 Understand the enabling/pervasive features of ICT
Course Contents:
Basic Definitions & Concepts
Hardware: Computer Systems & Components
Storage Devices, Number Systems
Software: Operating Systems, Programming and Application Software
Introduction to Programming, Databases and Information Systems
Networks
85
Data Communication
The Internet, Browsers and Search Engines
The Internet: Email, Collaborative Computing and Social Networking
The Internet: E-Commerce
IT Security and other issues
Project Week
Review Week
Text Books/Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton, 6th International Edition,
McGraw-Hill
2. Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer &
Communications by Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill
3. Computers, Communications & information: A user's introduction by Sarah
E. Hutchinson, Stacey C. Swayer
4. Fundamentals of Information Technology by Alexis Leon, Mathews Leon,
Leon Press.
86
ANNEXURE-G
Functional Biology-I Credit Hours 3+0

Biological Methods
Principles of Cellular Life
Chemical Basis
Structure and Function
Principles of Metabolism
Energy Acquisition
Principles of Inheritance
Mitosis and Meiosis
Chromosomes
Observable Inheritance Patterns
DNA Structure and Function
RNA and Proteins
Genes
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Biodiversity
Fundamental Concept of Biodiversity
One or two examples of each of the following from commonly found organism
Prions
Viruses
Bacteria
Protistans
Algae
Fungi
Plants
Crops
Animals
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Reading:
1. Roberts, M.M., Reiss and G. Monger. 2000. Advanced Biology, Nelson.
2. Starr, C, and R, Taggart, 2001. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
Brooks and Cole.
3. Campbell, N.A., J.B, Reece, L.G. Mitchell, M.R, Taylor. 2001. Biology:
Concepts and Connections. Prentice-Hall.
87
Functional Biology-II Credit Hours 3+0
Myths and Realities of Evolution

Microevolution
Speciation
Macroevolution
Level of Organization
Plants
Tissues
Nutrition and Transport
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Animals
Tissue, Organ System and Homeostasis
Information Flow and Neuron
Nervous System
Circulation and Immunity
Nutrition and Respiration
Reproduction and Development
Ecology and Behavior

Ecosystems
Biosphere
Social Interactions
Community Interactions
Human Impact on Biosphere
Environment Conservation
Reading:
1. Roberts, M.M., Reiss and G.Monger. 2000. Advanced Biology, Nelson.
2. Starr, C, and R, Taggart, 2001. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
Brooks and Cole.
3. Campbell, N.A., J.B, Reece, L.G. Mitchell, M.R, Taylor. 2001. Biology:
Concepts and Connections. Prentice-Hall.
Note:
Universities may make necessary changes in the courses according to the
requirement as decided by the Board of Studies.
88
RECOMMENDATIONS
The existing curriculum of the degree in Agricultural Chemistry was revised /
updated and a new comprehensive agriculture oriented curriculum at graduate
levels was developed.
Keeping in view the significance of Agriculture in Pakistan, following

recommendations were unanimously made:-
 The degree name may be changed from “BSc. (Hons.) and MSc
(Hons)Agricultural Chemistry” to “BS and MS Agricultural Chemistry”,
respectively as per HEC guidelines.
 BS & MS in Agricultural Chemistry program, may also be initiated in

other Universities of Pakistan, on the pattern of The University of
Agriculture, Peshawar and Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan.
 Graduates of Agricultural Chemistry should be placed in agriculture

sector and other related disciplines/ industries and fields by HEC or any
other relevant Government Authority.
 Refresher courses/workshops pertaining to in-service teacher’s training

in relevant fields may also be arranged on priority basis to improve the
teaching standards of the Faculty.
 The Departments of Agricultural Chemistry should be strengthened by

funding, hiring of experienced faculty members, purchase of laboratory
equipment and up-gradation of library facilities to meet the R&D
requirements of the present time.
 Along with the ever increasing standard of education at global level,

latest advanced courses may be frequently introduced and for this
reason Curriculum Development Committee meetings may be held after
every 3 years.
 Study tours to various institutes/industries may be encouraged for

practical experiences.
89

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CURRICULUM

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman, HEC

Mr. Fida Hussain Director General (Acad)

Ms. Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri)

Mr. Rizwan Shoukat Deputy Director (Curri)

Mr. AbidWahab Assistant Director (Curri)

Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque Assistant Director (Curri)

Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad

University Grants Commission (UGC) was designated as the competent

In compliance with the above provisions, the Curriculum Division of HEC

In order to impart quality education which is at par with international standards,

It is hoped that this curriculum document, prepared by the respective NCRC’s,

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

COLLECTION APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF QUESTIONNAI

CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS

PREP. OF APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW

Abbreviations Used: IMPLE.OF BACK TO

 Upgrade and update the knowledge regarding the progress in

National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) of the HEC revisits the

Sr. No. Name & Address

2. Dr. Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Member

Proceeding of the First NCRC Meeting

Proceeding of the Final NCRC Meeting

1. Enable students to improve their analytical and technological skills.

FRAMEWORK/TEMPLATE FOR BSc (HONS)/BS

Alternative Curriculum for BSc. (Hons) /BS Agri Chemistry:

Sr. No. Course Title Credit Hours

FRAMEWORK / TEMPLATE FOR PhD

Duration: 3-4 Years

DETAIL OF FUNDAMENTAL COURSE

INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

DETAIL OF MAJOR COURSES FOR

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

FOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

APPLIED AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIP CHEMISTRY

The committee approved the existing curricula of Agricultural Chemistry

DETAIL OF MAJOR COURSES

OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to:

FOOD COMPOSITION AND MANAGEMENT

CHEMISTRY OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS& NUTRACEUTICAL

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PAKISTAN

BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY (3-0)

RECENT ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

VEGETABLE OIL CHEMISTRY

GENERAL OBJECTIVES FOR THE DOCTORAL DEGREE

FRAMEWORK/TEMPLATE FOR PhD

19. Special Problem-2 1

20. Seminar (Synopsis) 1

21. Seminar (Defense) 1

DETAIL OF MAJOR COURSES

OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to:

AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to:

OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to:

ADVANCED SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to: