PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

PeriyarPalkalai Nagar, Salem-636011

(State University – NAAC A Grade – NIRF Rank 68)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

M.Sc. DEGREE

BOTANY

[Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)]

OBE REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS

(Effective from the academic year 2018-2019 and thereafter)

 M. Sc.BOTANY
OBE REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS
(With effect from the academic year 2018-2019 onwards)

1. Preamble

The M.Sc., Botany course was introduced by the Department of Botany

from the academic year 2011-2012. The new Outcome Based Education syllabus
with CBCS pattern that will be effective from the academic year 2018-2019. The
OBEsyllabus has been prepared to enrich subject knowledge with specific
outcomes for Post Graduate Botany Students. The curriculum comprised
broadening perspectives of Life Sciences and provide current needs of Post
Graduate students such as advanced computational skills, biostatistics and
Emerging Techniques relevant to the biomedical applications. The significant
feature of this curriculum has been presented new core papers on Cell biology,
Genetics and Molecular Biology, Biological Techniques, Nanobiotechnology and
Research Trends in Botany with modern arenas of Life Sciences.

In addition seven different Elective and Non major category papers

were offered like Herbal Technology, Fungal Biotechnology,
MushroomTechnology, Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding, Biofertilizers
Technology, Marine Botany and Photobiology where five different application
aspect papers for allied science students viz., Bioremediation and
Phytoremediation, Biodiversity and Forest Ecology, Horticulture and Gardening,
Marine Natural Resources and Phytochemistry. From this academic year 2018-
2019 SWAYAM online courses were added to our curriculum. The programme
has been to provide updated informations along with conventional concepts of
botany so that the students are;

 able to understand and adopt inter-disciplinary attitudes in the study of

botany
 to gain subject knowledge and which is play a role in societal
development

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  to obtain practical and hands on experience techniques which provides
knowledge and use modern scientific applications

2. General Graduate Attributes

The Post graduate student of Botany, Periyar University can able to

 Apply knowledge to the modern tools of biology with advanced
computational methods
 Solve the complex problems through the fundamental and advanced
concepts of plant sciences as well as relevant domain disciplines
 Identify and provide the conclusions for present societal needs according
to gathered basic and advanced research knowledge through innovative
techniques and methods
 Understand and recognize the lifelong learning and development of
different concepts of plant sciences to become a entrepreneur
 Communicate effectively about problem and solutions to the scientific
community even common layman society at large
 Understand and respect the global concern along with professional ethics
 Act effectively an individual or team towards the succeed of rectify the
problems at different extent

3. Programme Specific Qualification Attributes

The students acquire high level confidence to get relevant job

opportunities along with provide employment through commencement of
entrepreneurship

 Knowledge and understanding level (K1 and K2)

The learners can able to understand the different levels of plant kingdom,
life of plants (Reproduction and physiology), involvement of plants in
biochemical and geochemical cycles in biotic and abiotic of earth, and
respectively, internal structures of plants, ecology and environment, interaction
of genes of plants, emerging techniques of plant biotechnology, genetic
engineering and nanobiotechnology, methods of crop production, application
of biofertilizers, role of microorganisms, disease of plants and crops, advanced
and applications of computational methods, medicinal plants and their
significance

 Application level (K3)

The Students will also be competent of opening Mushroom cultivation,
Biofertilizer and vermicompost production and Herbal industries.

 Analytical level (K4)

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 Every student can able to analyze the reason and methods of plant’s
involvement in inter and multidisciplinary aspects

 Evaluation capability level (K5)

The students can be evaluate different levels of plant kingdom, life of plants
(Reproduction and physiology), involvement of plants in biochemical and
geochemical cycles in biotic and abiotic of earth, and respectively, internal
structures of plants, ecology and environment, interaction of genes of plants,
emerging techniques of plant biotechnology, genetic engineering and
nanobiotechnology, methods of crop production, application of biofertilizers,
role of microorganisms, disease of plants and crops, advanced and applications
of computational methods, medicinal plants and their significance.

 Scientific or synthesis level (K6)

The students can able to invent or produce new and novel techniques for
present problems depending on the needs of society, health and safety of
earth.

4. Vision

 To equip our students to meet the nations demand

5. Mission
i. Discover, maintain and transmit the knowledge concerning basic plant
biology and provide leadership in the biological sciences
ii. Advance, integrate, evaluate and communicate knowledge of plant
sciences from lab to land and beyond – using and improving plants to feed,
clothe, fuel, restore and beautify the planet
iii. Seek out, anticipate and lead in addressing the agriculture, ecological
and environmental needs of industry, communities and people throughout
the world

6. Programme Objectives and Outcomes

Programme Educational Objectives (PEO)

Post graduates of Botany program will be

PEO 1: able to understand and adopt inter-disciplinary attitudes in the study

of botany

PEO 2: able to gain subject knowledge and which is play a role in societal
development

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 PEO 3: able to obtain practical and hands on experience techniques which
provides knowledge and use modern scientific applications including
computational techniques

Programme Outcomes (PO)

At the end of the programme, the students are able to

PO1: Apply fundamental knowledge of plant science and relevant

interdisciplinary domains to solve the distinct problems and needs of society
as well as environment.

PO2: Handle modern computational techniques in the specialization of biology

PO3: Realize and entrust the professional ethics regarding relevant disciplines
of life sciences to implicate any regulations, responsibility and norms of
ecobalance.

PO4: Know independent learning and development of concepts about plant

sciences become a entrepreneur

PO 5: Utilize research based knowledge create and adapt suitable techniques

for various current issues of life sciences.

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO)

On successful completion of postgraduate botany student can able to

 obtained knowledge of fundamental and advanced plant science

 explore the knowledge of subject in practically at various extent
 apply life science concepts in to innovation through basic and advanced
research
 acquire high level confidence get subject oriented jobs in various research
institutes across the world even start entrepreneurship also

Eligibility for Admission:

Candidate who has passed the B.Sc., degree in Botany/Plant Science/Life

Sciences of the University or an Examination of any other University accepted by the
Syndicate as equivalent thereto shall be eligible for admission to M.Sc., Degree of

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this University or any other University recognized by the Syndicate as equivalent
thereto shall be eligible to register for the Degree of Master in Botany (M.Sc.,) and
undergo the prescribed course of study in an approved department of this
University.

Mode of Selection:
Applicants have to be selected through entrance examination and also as per
the norms of Tamil Nadu Government.
3. Duration of the Course:
The duration of the M.Sc., Degree shall be two years consist of four semesters
under Choice Based Credit System.

7. CBCS- Structure of the Programme

The programme structure comprises of two parts.

4. Distribution of Credit Points:

The minimum credit requirement for M.Sc., Degree shall be 90 Credits. The
break-up of credits for the programme is as follows;
No. of Hours/ Maximum
Course Course Title Credits
Courses Week Marks
Core Course Theory and Practical 17 79 1700 62
Core Course Project 01 25 200 12
Elective Course
Elective 02 08 200 08
(I & II Semester )
Supportive Course
Supportive 02 06 200 08
(II & III Semester)
SWAYAM 04 - - 00
Garden, Library &
- - 02 - -
Field study
26 120 2300 90

8. Curriculum structure for each semester as per your courses alignment

Main syllabus (Attached as annexure I)

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9. Credit Calculation

Method of teaching Hours Credits

Lecture 1 1

Tutorial/Demonstration 1 1

Practical/Internship/self-Learning 2 1

PG Programme M.Sc., Botany – Course Structure

(Applicable to the candidates admitted from the academic year 2018-2019 onwards)

Semester - I

Core Cr
Hrs/ CI
Cours Paper Code Subject edi EA
Week A Total
e ts
Plant Diversity I – Algae, Fungi,
I 04 04 25 75 100
18PBOTCT01 Lichens and Bryophytes
Plant Diversity II –
II 18PBOTCT02 Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms 04 04 25 75 100
and Palaeobotany
Microbiology and Plant
III 18PBOTCT03 04 04 25 75 100
Pathology
Plant Anatomy, Microtechnique
IV 18PBOTCT04 04 04 25 75 100
and Embryology
V 18PBOTCP01 Practical – 01 (Core I & II) 05 03 40 60 100
VI 18PBOTCP02 Practical – 02 (Core III & IV) 05 03 40 60 100
18PBOTE01 Elective - I 04 04 25 75 100
SWAYAM (Non Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 26 205 495
30 700

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 Semester - II

Core Cr
Hrs/ CI
Cours Paper Code Subject edi EA
Week A Total
e ts
18PBOTCT0 Plant Ecology and
VII 4 4 25 75 100
5 Phytogeography
18PBOTCT0 Cell Biology, Genetics and
VIII 4 4 25 75 100
6 Molecular Biology
18PBOTCT0 Plant Physiology and
IX 4 4 25 75 100
7 Biochemistry
18PBOTCT0
X Biological Techniques 4 4 25 75 100
8
18PBOTCP0
XI Practical – 03 (Core VII & VIII) 3 2 40 60 100
3
18PBOTCP0
XII Practical – 04 (Core IX & X) 3 2 40 60 100
4
18PBOTE02 Elective - II 4 4 25 75 100
18PBOTS01 Supportive - I 4 4 25 75 100
SWAYAM (Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 30 28 230 570 800

Semester - III

Core Cr
Hrs/ CI
Cours Paper Code Subject edi EA
Week A Total
e ts
18PBOTCT0 Taxonomy of Angiosperms and
XIII 6 4 25 75 100
9 Economic Botany
18PBOTCT1 Plant Biotechnology and Genetic
XIV 6 4 25 75 100
0 Engineering
18PBOTCT1
XV Nanobiotechnology 6 4 25 75 100
1
18PBOTCP0 Practical – 05 (Core XIII, XIV &
XVI 8 4 40 60 100
5 XV)
18PBOTS02 Supportive - II 4 4 25 75 100
SWAYAM (Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 30 20 140 360 500

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 Semester - IV

Core Cr
Hrs/ CI
Cours Paper Code Subject edi EA
Week A Total
e ts
18PBOTCT1
XVII Research Trends in Botany 5 4 25 75 100
2
18PBOTPR0
XVIII Project Work 25 12 50 150 200
1
SWAYAM (Non Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 30 16 75 225 300

Summary of Credits

Hrs/
Semester Credits CIA EA Total
Week
I 30 26 205 495 700
II 30 28 230 570 800
III 30 20 140 360 500
IV 30 16 75 225 300
Grand Total 120 90 650 1650 2300

Course of Study:
The course of study for the M.Sc., Degree shall be in Botany (CBCS) with
internal assessment according to syllabi prescribed from time to time.
5.1 The component of Internal Examination;
Internal Tests (Best of two out of 3) 10 Marks
Seminar 05 Marks
Assignment 05 Marks
Attendance 05 Marks
Total 25 Marks

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The allotment of marks and Scheme of examination as follows;
5.2 Theory Core Paper
External 75 Marks
Internal 25 Marks
Total 100 Marks
Duration of examination 3 Hours

5.3 Practical Internal & External

Model Practical 35 Marks
Record 05 Marks
Total 40 Marks
External 60 Marks
Total 100 Marks

5.4 Marks allotment for attendance as follows;

% of attendance Marks

100% - 91% 5
90% - 81% 4
80% - 71% 3
70%- 61% 2
Below 60% No marks

6. Details of Project Marks;

Submission of Dissertation 100 Marks
Vivo-voce 50 Marks
Internal marks
The marks should be provide by
50 Marks
Internal Examiner only (Supervisor
of the student)
Total 200 Marks

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7. Question paper Pattern:

Time: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 75

PART – A (20X1=20 Marks)
Answer All the questions
(Four questions from each unit with the pattern of multiple choice)
PART – B (3X5=15 Marks)
Answer any three
(One question from each unit)
PART – C (5X8=40)
Answer all the questions
Two questions from one unit with internal choice (either or pattern)
8. Passing Minimum:
 There shall be no Passing Minimum for Internal.
 For External Examination, Passing Minimum shall be of 50% (Fifty
Percentage) of the maximum marks prescribed for the paper.
 In the aggregate (External + Internal) the passing minimum shall be of 50%
for each Paper/Practical/Project and Viva-Voce.
 Grading shall be based on overall marks obtained (internal + external).

9. Classification of Successful Candidates

75% and above First Class with Distinction

60% to 74% First Class
Below 60% Second Class

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10. Ten point scale Grade and Grade point System (recommended by UGC)

The UGC recommends a 10-point grading system with the following letter
grades as given below:

Letter Grade Grade Point

O (Out Standing) 10
A+ (Excellent) 9
A (Very Good) 8
B+ (Good) 7
B (above Average) 6
C (Average) 5
P (Pass) 4
F (Fail) 0
Ab (Absent) 0

11. Plant Collection:

As per part of M.Sc., Botany Degree students shall undertake a study tour and
field visit of different types of vegetation, ecosystems etc., under the guidance of
faculty members not less than 4 - 5 days.

12. Elective courses:

The University Department of Botany offers following Elective course subjects.

 Herbal Technology
 Fungal Biotechnology
 Mushroom Technology
 Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding
 Biofertilizers Technology
 Marine Botany
 Photobiology

13. Supportive Courses:

The University Department of Botany offers following Supportive course

subjects to other Department students.

o Bioremediation and Phytoremediation

o Biodiversity and Forest Ecology
o Horticulture and Gardening
o Marine Natural Resources
o Phytochemistry

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 Correlation of Programme objectives with course outcomes for M.Sc.
Botany

COURSE OUTCOME PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5

Plant Diversity I: Algae, Fungi,

Lichens and Bryophytes -
18PBOTCT01

 Provide the students with the

    
knowledge of Thallophytes.

 Get acquainted with the basic

understanding about evolution    
of plants.

 Acquire History and

development of Phycology,
   
Mycology, Lichenology and
Bryology.

 Develop an understanding of
Classification, Nomenclature,
Occurrence and Distribution,    
Ultra structure of cell
components.

 Understand the life cycle

patterns and economic    
importance.

Plant Diversity II: Pteridophytes,

Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany -
18PBOTCT02

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  This course provides the better
understating about the
structure, development of plant
kingdom, origin and modern     
evolutionary concepts.

Microbiology and Plant pathology

18PBOTCT03
 understand life cycle,
reproduction, physiology of
    
microorganisms (Bacteria, Virus
and Fungi).

 recognize plant disease and

    
their causal microorganisms.

 be acquainted plant disease

    
management

Plant Anatomy, Microtechnique and

Embryology - 18PBOTCT04
 Types of cells, Functions,
Morphology and internal    
structure of plants

 Principles, Techniques and

    
Applications of Microscopes

 Study of palynology,
fertilization, nutrition of embryo     
and sexual incompatability

Practical - Plant Diversity I: Algae,

Fungi, Lichens and Bryophytes
and Plant Diversity II:
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and
Palaeobotany - 18PBOTCP01

 To learn morphological and 

  
internal structure, reproductive

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 system of Algae, Fungi, Lichens
and Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms
 To understand fossilization   

Practical - Microbiology, Plant

pathology and Plant Anatomy,
Microtechnique and Embryology -
18PBOTCP02

 Understand different techniques     

of microbiology
 Realize the life cycle of     
microorganisms and their useful
 Know the various disease and
their mechanism of plants –     
anatomy and microtechniques
of plants
Plant Ecology and Phytogeography
18PBOTCT05
 The course will enable students
to understand how environment     
influence the life of different
organisms and vice versa.
Cell Biology, Genetics and
Molecular Biology - 18PBOTCT06

 The course will facilitate the

adequate knowledge about the
cell biology and basic concept     
of genetics, structure of
organisms and advanced
molecular techniques.

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

18PBOTCT07
 The subject provides to
understand fundamentals of     
Physiological aspects of plants
and their different biochemical
pathways.
Biological Techniques -
18PBOTCT08
 understand much knowledge 
   

14
 about different separation
techniques of biomolecules,
structure, function and
application of basic equipments
and advanced equipments used
in biology and molecular
biological techniques

Practical - Plant Ecology and

Phytogeography and Cell Biology,
Genetics and Molecular Biology
18PBOTCP03
 Understand the ecology and     
biodiversity
 adequate knowledge about the
cell biology and basic concept
of genetics, structure of     
organisms and advanced
molecular techniques.

Practical - Plant Physiology and

Biochemistry and Biological
Techniques 18PBOTCP04
 Understand physiology and     
biochemical pathways of plants
 Know the techniques and     
methods of biological sciences
with all instruments
Taxonomy of Angiosperms and
Economic Botany - 18PBOTCT09
 To learn the major patterns of
diversity among plants, and the     
characters and types of data
used of classify plants.

Plant Biotechnology and Genetic

Engineering - 18PBOTCT10
 The subject provides
knowledge about different     
techniques of biology and Gene
level.

Nanobiotechnology
18PBOTCT11

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  Understand the basic
concepts of
nanotechnology     
principles and
applications

 Know different biomedical

    
applications of nanoparticles

Practical - Taxonomy of
Angiosperms and Economic Botany,
Plant Biotechnology and Genetic
Engineering and
Nanobiotechnology -18PBOTCP05
 Obtained skill to identify the     
plants according to the rules
 Know the economic importance     
of plants
 Understand the techniques of     
tissue culture, genetic
engineering
 Know the importance of     
nanoparticles and their
applications
Research Trends in Botany -
18PBOTCT12

 On the successful completion of

this course students will able to     
know recent trends in plant
science and its applications.
Herbal Technology - 18PBOTE01

 Be able to navigate the current

healthcare environment,
empower clients to make   

informed choices and refer

when appropriate.
 To create a comprehensive   
assessment of health inputs and

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 processes.

Fungal Biotechnology
 18PBOTE02

 Introduce the students to the

  
various concepts of
fermentation.

 Introduce the students to the

  
role microorganism (Fungi)
play in fermentation process.

 Provide the students with the

skills to produce some foods
    
and drinks resulting from either
alcoholic or acidic fermentation
processes.

 Get acquainted with the

industrial aspect of the field of
Fungal Biotechnology and also    
learn about growth pattern of
microbes in different industrial
systems.

 Acquire experimental know

how of microbial production of
   
various industrial products such
as alcohol, antibiotics, enzymes,
etc.

 Develop an understanding of

process control, upstream and
downstream process.

   
 Know the differences between

17
 aerobic and anaerobic
fermentation

 Understand the growth of

microorganism and their role in    
producing foods and
agricultural Biotechnology

Mushroom Technology - 18PBOTE03

 To able to produce of spawn.  

 To know the marketing level and     

self-help entrepreneurship
Cytogenetics and Plant breeding -
18PBOTE04

 The course is to provide

increased practical knowledge
of plant breeding theories,
chromosome techniques, crop     
improvement and its techniques
and advanced molecular
breeding technologies.

Biofertilizers Technology -
18PBOTE05
 The course provides knowledge
about different biofertilizers and
their applications, involving
    
microorganisms, Soil fertility,
fermentation, organic farming
and organic fertilizers.

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Marine Botany - 18PBOTE06
 understand marine plants
especially marine angiosperms
and their physiology,     
biochemistry, applications and
conservation strategies

Photobiology -18PBOTE07

 The subject provides

knowledge about photosystem
of plants and their physiology
and ecology. In addition, light     
responses in leaf
morphogenesis, Energy
production and their significant
factors.
Bioremediation and
Phytoremediation - 18PBOTS01
 This course provides
knowledge about different
    
bioremediation methods of
water and metal contamination

Biodiversity and Forest Ecology -

18PBOTS02
 The course will enable to
understand the biodiversity in
the environment, its structure,     
forest ecology and
conservation.

Horticulture and Gardening -

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18PBOTS03
 Appreciation and conservation
of wildflowers, wildlife, forests,
wilderness areas, and other     
natural resources and
cooperate with other agencies
promoting these interests.

Marine Natural Resources -

18PBOTS04
 This course provides
knowledge about various
    
marine natural resources and
their biochemical compounds
and applications.
Phytochemistry - 18PBOTS05
 This supportive course is
exposure knowledge about
important chemicals of     
medicinal plants and their
significant role in drug
discovery.

20
Unit wise programme specific qualification attributes
Hours of
Intended Learning
Unit Unit Title Instructio
Chapters(K1, K2)
n
Plant Diversity I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens and Bryophytes
Evolution, Classification and Ecology of
I K1, K2 14.4
algae
II Distribution and Characters of algae K1, K2 14.4
III Mycology K1, K2 14.4
IV Lichenology K1, K2 14.4
V Bryophytes K1, K2, K3 14.4
Plant Diversity II: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany
Pteridophytes - Characteristic features –
I Habitat of Pteridophytes – Lifecycles – K1, K2 14.4
Origin – classification –
Morphology, structure and reproduction 14.4
II K1, K2
of Pteridophytes
III Classification of Gymnosperms K1, K2 14.4
vegetative, anatomy and reproductive 14.4
IV K1, K2
structure of
V Paleobotany K1, K2 14.4
Microbiology and Plant pathology
I History, Classification and characters K1, K2, K3, K5 14.4
Sterilization techniques and isolation of 14.4
II K1, K2, K3, K5
micro organisms
Food and Dairy Microbiology and 14.4
III K1, K2, K3, K5
Fermentation Process
classification of diseases and non – 14.4
IV K1, K2, K3, K6
parasitic diseases
Non-parasitic Plant diseases 14.4
V K1, K2, K3, K6
management
Plant anatomy, Microtechnique and Embryology
I Structure and organization of tissue K1, K2, K3, K4 14.4
II Leaf and Floral anatomy K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 14.4
III Microscopy - Microtechnique K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 14.4
IV Palynology K1, K2, K3 14.4
V Embryology K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 14.4
Practical - Plant Diversity I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens and Bryophytes
and Plant Diversity II: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

I Algae K1, K2, K3, K6 21.6

II Fungi & Lichens K1, K2, K3, K6 21.6
III Bryophytes & Pteridophytes K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
IV Gymnosperms K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6

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V Paleobotany K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
Practical - Microbiology, Plant pathology and Plant Anatomy, Microtechnique
and Embryology
I Microbiolgy K1, K2, K3, K6 21.6
II Plant Pathology K1, K2, K3, K6 21.6
III Plant anatomy K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
IV Microtechnique K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
V Embryology K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
Plant Ecology and Phytogeography
I Ecological and environment structure K1, K2 14.4
Vegetation and non-conventional sources 14.4
II K1, K2
of energy
Global environmental changes, 14.4
III K1, K2, K3, K4, K5
environmental impact assessment
Pollution and Global environmental 14.4
IV changes, environmental impact K1, K2, K3, K4, K5
assessment
V Phytogeography K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 14.4
Cell Biology, Genetics and Molecular Biology

I The plant cell: Structure and function K1, K2, K3, K6 21.6
II Organization of gene and chromosomes K1, K2, K3, K6 21.6
III Mendalian principles – Gene mutation K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
IV Chromatin organization – DNA replication K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
V Gene expression K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 21.6
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
I Physiology of water relation to plants K1, K2, K3 14.4
II Photosynthesis K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 14.4
III Metabolism and sensory biology K1, K2 14.4
IV Biomolecules K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 14.4
V Enzymes K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 14.4
Biological Techniques
I Biochemical analysis K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 14.4
II Chromatography and Electrophoresis K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 14.4
III Spectroscopy techniques K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 14.4
Structure, function and application of 14.4
IV K1, K2, K3, K4, K5
basic equipments
V Immunology K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 14.4
Practical - Plant Ecology and Phytogeography and Cell Biology, Genetics and
Molecular Biology
I Plant Ecology K1, K2, K6 21.6
II Phytogeography K1, K2, K6 21.6
III Cell biology K1, K2, K6 21.6
IV Genetics K1, K2, K6 21.6

22
V Molecular Biology K1, K2, K6 21.6
Practical - Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and Biological Techniques
I Plant physiology K1, K2, K6 21.6
II Biochemistry K1, K2, K6 21.6
III Colorimetry and spectroscopy K1, K2, K6 21.6
IV Electrophoresis K1, K2, K6 21.6
V Immunology K1, K2, K6 21.6
Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Economic Botany
I Classification and Herbarium K1, K2 14.4
II Chemotaxonomy and Biosystematics K1, K2 14.4
III Study of diagnostic characters of family K1, K2 14.4
IV Study of diagnostic characters of family K1, K2 14.4
V Economic Botany K1, K2 14.4
Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

I Plant Tissue Culture K1, K2 14.4

II Applications of Plant Tissue Culture K1, K2 14.4
III IPR, GI and Patent K1, K2 14.4
IV Genetic Engineering K1, K2, K6 14.4
Gene transfer and applications of Genetic 14.4
V K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6
Engineering
Nanobiotechnology

I History, applications of Nanoparticles K1, K2 14.4

II Bio material and nano engineering K1, K2 14.4
III synthesis of nano particles K1, K2 14.4
IV Applications of Nanotechnology K1, K2, K6 14.4
V Nano materials K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 14.4
Practical - Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Economic Botany, Plant
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering and Nanobiotechnology
I Taxonomy of angiosperms K1, K2, K6 21.6
II Economic Botany K1, K2, K6 21.6
III Plant Biotechnology K1, K2, K6 21.6
IV Genetic Engineering K1, K2, K6 21.6
V Nanobiotechnology K1, K2, K6 21.6
Research Trends in Botany

I Genomics and Proteomics K1, K2 14.4

II Bioinformatics K1, K2, K6 14.4
III Phytochemistry K1, K2, K6 14.4
IV Pharmacognosy K1, K2, K6 14.4
V Biostatistics K1, K2, K6 14.4
Herbal Technology
I Medicinal botany and Bioprospecting K1, K2 10.8

23
II Indian Medicinal plants K1, K2 10.8
III Phytochemistry K1, K2, K6 10.8
IV Importance of medicinal plant products K1, K2, K3, K6 10.8
V Conservation of medicinal plants K1, K2, K3, K6 10.8
Fungal Biotechnology
I History, and taxonomy of fungi K1, K2 10.8
Develop an understanding of process 10.8
II control, upstream and downstrem K1, K2
process.
fungal diversity to medicine, diseases, 10.8
III K1, K2, K3, K6
industrial processes and food production.
IV Important medicinal application of fungi K1, K2, K6 10.8
V Application of fungi in agriculture K1, K2, K6 10.8
Mushroom Technology
I Introduction of edible mushroom K1, K2 10.8
II Spawn preparation methods K1, K2 10.8
III Cultivation of mushroom K1, K2, K3, K6 10.8
Preservation and chemical analysis of 10.8
IV K1, K2, K6
mushroom
V Economic importance of mushroom K1, K2, K6 10.8
Cytogenetics and Plant breeding

I Introduction to Cytogenetics K1, K2, K3, K6 10.8

II Structural variations in chromosomes K1, K2, K3, K6 10.8
mechanisms and applications in plant 10.8
III K1, K2, K3, K6
breeding.
IV Genetic diversity in plants K1, K2, K3, K6 10.8
V Role of mutations in plant breeding. K1, K2, K3, K6 10.8
Biofertilizers Technology

I Introduction of biofertilizers K1, K2 10.8

II Applications of Biofertilizers K1, K2, K6 10.8
III Soil Microbiology and Biofertilizers K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
IV Vermiculture and Vermitechnology K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
V Organic farming K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
Marine Botany
I Marine plant groups and Organisms K1, K2, K3 10.8
II Marine Ecology K1, K2, K3 10.8
III Photosynthesis of algae K1, K2, K3 10.8
IV Seaweed Polysaccharides K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
V Marine research and GIS K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8

24
 Photobiology

I Principles of photochemistry K1, K2, K3 10.8

II Photosynthesis as Energy conversion K1, K2, K3 10.8
III Photosynthetic system K1, K2, K3 10.8
IV Photomorphogenesis K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
V Types of Ionising Radiation K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
Bioremediation and Phytoremediation

I Bioremediation K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8

II Bioremediation of surface soils K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
III Biological treatment of sewage K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
IV Sources of heavy metal pollution K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
V Pathway construction K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
Biodiversity and Forest Ecology

I Biodiversity K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8

II Global biodiversity K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
III Forest environment K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
Holistic and Sustainable approach of eco- 10.8
IV K1, K2, K3, K4, K5
system
Conservation: principles, conservation 10.8
V K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6
strategies and legislation
Horticulture and Gardening

I Importance and scope of horticulture K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8

II cultivation of important crops K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
III Storage of fruits and vegetables K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
Principles and methods of designing a 10.8
IV K1, K2, K3, K4, K5
flower garden
V Indoor gardening and Landscapping K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 10.8
Marine Natural Resources

I Marine Environment K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8

Bioactive Metabolites of Marine 10.8
II K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6
Organisms
III Bioactivity of Marine Organisms K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
Biosynthesis of Bioactive metabolites of 10.8
IV K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6
marine organisms
V Bioactive marine toxins K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
Phytochemistry
I Introduction to Phytochemicals K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
II Production of phytochemicals from K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8

25
 medicinal plants
III Traditional herbal medicine K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
Indian Traditional Medicinal plants and 10.8
IV K1, K2, K3, K4, K5
their phytoconstituents
V Marine phytochemistry K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 10.8
Project Work and viva voce
I Different specialization of research K3, K4, K5, K6 468

26
 Course Structure
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY
SALEM – 11
PG Programme M.Sc., Botany – Course Structure

(Applicable to the candidates admitted from the academic year 2018-2019 onwards)

Semester - I

Cr
Core Hrs/ CI
Paper Code Subject edi EA Tota
Course Week A
ts l
Plant Diversity I – Algae, Fungi,
I 04 04 25 75 100
18PBOTCT01 Lichens and Bryophytes
Plant Diversity II –
II 18PBOTCT02 Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms 04 04 25 75 100
and Palaeobotany
Microbiology and Plant
III 18PBOTCT03 04 04 25 75 100
Pathology
Plant Anatomy, Microtechnique
IV 18PBOTCT04 04 04 25 75 100
and Embryology
V 18PBOTCP01 Practical – 01 (Core I & II) 05 03 40 60 100
VI 18PBOTCP02 Practical – 02 (Core III & IV) 05 03 40 60 100
18PBOTE01 Elective - I 04 04 25 75 100
SWAYAM (Non Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 26 205 495
30 700
Semester - II

Cr
Core Paper Hrs/ CI
Subject edi EA
Course Code Week A Total
ts
18PBOTCT0 Plant Ecology and
VII 4 4 25 75 100
5 Phytogeography
18PBOTCT0 Cell Biology, Genetics and
VIII 4 4 25 75 100
6 Molecular Biology
18PBOTCT0 Plant Physiology and
IX 4 4 25 75 100
7 Biochemistry
18PBOTCT0
X Biological Techniques 4 4 25 75 100
8
18PBOTCP0
XI Practical – 03 (Core VII & VIII) 3 2 40 60 100
3
18PBOTCP0
XII Practical – 04 (Core IX & X) 3 2 40 60 100
4

27
 18PBOTE02 Elective - II 4 4 25 75 100
18PBOTS01 Supportive - I 4 4 25 75 100
SWAYAM (Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 30 28 230 570 800

Semester - III

Cr
Core Hrs/ CI
Paper Code Subject edi EA
Course Week A Total
ts
Taxonomy of Angiosperms and
XIII 18PBOTCT09 6 4 25 75 100
Economic Botany
Plant Biotechnology and
XIV 18PBOTCT10 6 4 25 75 100
Genetic Engineering
XV 18PBOTCT11 Nanobiotechnology 6 4 25 75 100
Practical – 05 (Core XIII, XIV &
XVI 18PBOTCP05 8 4 40 60 100
XV)
18PBOTS02 Supportive - II 4 4 25 75 100
SWAYAM (Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 30 20 140 360 500
Semester - IV

Cr
Core Hrs/ CI
Paper Code Subject edi EA
Course Week A Total
ts
XVII 18PBOTCT12 Research Trends in Botany 5 4 25 75 100
XVIII 18PBOTPR01 Project Work 25 12 50 150 200
SWAYAM (Non Credit Course) - - - - -
Sub Total 30 16 75 225 300

Summary of Credits

Hrs/
Semester Credits CIA EA Total
Week
I 30 26 205 495 700
II 30 28 230 570 800
III 30 20 140 360 500
IV 30 16 75 225 300
Grand Total 120 90 650 1650 2300

28
 Annexure - I

Semester - I
Core Course - Theory

 Plant Diversity – I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens and Bryophytes

 Plant Diversity II: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany
 Microbiology and Plant pathology
 Plant anatomy, Microtechnique and Embryology

Core Course - Practical - 01 & 02

29
 Semester I
Paper Code 18PBOTCT01
Core Course – I
Marks 25 + 75= 100
Plant Diversity I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens and Credits 04
Bryophytes Hours/Week 04

Course Outcomes:

At the end of the course, students will be able to

 Provide the students with the knowledge of Thallophytes.
 Get acquainted with the basic understanding about evolution of plants.
 Acquire History and development of Phycology, Mycology, Lichenology and
Bryology.
 Develop an understanding of Classification, Nomenclature, Occurrence and
Distribution, Ultra structure of cell components.
 Understand the life cycle patterns and economic importance.
Unit -I

Phycology – History and Development of Phycology – Modern Phycology –

Classification of algae (F.E. Fritch) – Criteria for algal classification - Occurrence and
Distribution– range of thallus structure – Ultra structure (Flagella, Chloroplast,
Pyrenoids, Photosynthetic pigments and Eyespot) – Ecology (Habit and Habitat),
cytology, reproduction, life cycles and economic importance of algae - molecular
phylogeny of algae.

Unit-II

Nomenclature – Significant features – Occurrence - Cell structure - Thallus

organisation – Reproduction and broad classification – Life cycles – Economic
importance of Cyanophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, Chlorophyta,
Phaeophyta, Cryptophyta and Rhodophyta and their comparative account.

30
Unit-III

Mycology – Introduction – Systematics of fungi (Ainsworth) – Evolution of

fungi – Ecology of fungi (Habit and Habitat) – Reproduction and life cycles –
Chemistry of Fungal cell – Growth – Nutrition – Metabolism and regulation of
metabolism – Diagnostic characters of Myxomycota, Oomycota, Chytidriomycota,
Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Deutromycota – Economic importance
of Fungi.

Unit-IV

Lichens – Components of lichens – Occurrence – Classification – Morphology

and anatomy of thallus – Different types of reproduction in lichens – Recent
developments in lichen’s research - Economic importance of lichens – Phycobionts
(Photobionts) – Mycobionts.

Unit-V

Bryology – Introduction – Definition – Origin of Bryophytes – Evolutionary and

Ecological significance – Classification of Bryophytes - Reproduction in Bryophytes –
Chemical constituents of Bryophytes – Bryophytes as indicators of Pollution – Role of
bryophytes in global climate regulation (Carbon concentration and sequestration)-
Diagnostic characters of Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts – Life histories of Sphagnum,
Marchantia and Anthoceros.

REFERENCES
ALGAE
1.Ahluwalia, A.S. ( Ed. ). Phycology: Principles, Processes and Applications. Daya
Publishing, House, New Delhi. 2003.
2. Kumar, H.D. Introductory Phycology. 2nd Ed. Affiliated East-West Press, New
Delhi.651 pp.1999.
3. Lee, R.E. Phycology. 4th Ed. Cambridge University Press, London. 2008.
4. Chapman, V.J. and D.J. Chapman. The Algae. ELBS and Macmillan , NY. 1977.

31
5. Fritsch, F.E. The Structure and Reproduction of Algae (Vol. I and II). Vikas
Publishing House Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi. 1979.
6. Grahm, L.E. and L.W. Wilcox. Algae. Prentice Hall, U.S.A. 2000.
7. Grahm,L.J. and L.Wilcox. Algae. 2nd Ed. Benjamin Cummings ( Pearson), San
Francisco, CA.720 pp. 2009.
FUNGI
1.Alexopolous, C.J., C.W. Mims and M. Blackwell. Introductory Mycology. 4 th Ed.
John Wiley & Sons, New York. 880 pp. 2007.
2. Bilgrami, K.S. and R.N.Verma. Physiology of Fungi. 2nd Ed. Vikas Publication
House, New Delhi.8
3. Moore, D., Robson, G.D. and Trinci, A.P.J. 21st Century Guide book of Fungi,
Cambridge University Press, N.Y. 2011.
4. Webster, C.J. Introduction to Fungi. 3 rd., Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. 841 pp. 2007.
5. Sharma, P.D. The Fungi . 2 nd Ed. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 2004.
LICHENS
1.BRYOPHYTES AND LICHENS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT. Bates, J. W., and A.
M. Farmer, eds. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.
BRYOLOGY
1.Chopra, R.N. and P. K. Kumar. Biology of Bryophytes. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New
Delhi.350 pp.1988.
2. Rashid, A. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Ist Ed. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi. 298 pp. 1998.
3. Chopra, R.S. and S.S. Kumar. Mosses of Western Himalayas and adjacent Plains.
Chronica Botanica, New Delhi. 142 pp. 1981.
4. Dyer, A. F. and J. G. Duckett.(Eds.). The Experimental Biology of Bryophytes.
Academic press, London. 281 pp. 1984.
5. Goffinet, B. and A.J. Shaw. Bryophyte Biology.2 nd Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge.580 pp. 2009.

32
6. Kashyap, S.R.. Liverworts of Western Himalayas and the Punjab plains. Vols I II.
Researchco Publications, New Delhi. 1932
7. Kumar, S.S. An approach towards Phylogenetic Classification of Mosses. Jour.
Hattori Bot. Lab. Nichinan , Japan. 1984.

33
 Semester I Paper Code 18PBOTCT02
Core Course – II Marks 25 + 75= 100
Credits 04
Plant Diversity II: Pteridophytes, Hours/Week 04
Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

Course Outcomes
This course provides the better understating about the structure,
development of plant kingdom, origin and modern evolutionary concepts.

Unit – I
Pteridophytes – Introduction – Vascular cryptogams – Characteristic features
– Habitat of Pteridophytes – Lifecycles - Origin of Pteridophytes – Evolution of
Sporophyte - Classification (Sporne, 1967) – Economic Importance – Recent scenario
in Pteridology.
Unit - II
Morphology, structure and reproduction of Selaginella, Isoetes, Gleichenia,
Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Marselia, Salvinia, Adiantum, Psilopsida, Lycopsida,
Sphenopsida, Pteropsida and Pteris. Stelar and soral evolution. Telome theory -
Heterospory and Seed habit. Apogamy and Apospory.
Unit – III
Classification of Gymnosperms (Sporne, 1967). Comparative study of
vegetative, anatomy and reproduction structure of Cycadales, Coniferales and
Taxales. Woods of gymnosperms.
Unit – IV
Comparative study of vegetative, anatomy and reproductive structure of
Ginkgoales and Gnetales. Economic importance of gymnosperms.
Unit – V

34
 Geological times scale. Fossilization, types and age determination. Rajmahal
hills, Deccan intertrappean flora. Study of morphology, anatomy and evolutionary
trends of following groups of fossil forms. Lepidodendrales, Rhyniales

Sphenophyllales, Psilophytales, Pterdospermales, Bennettitales, Cycadales,

Cordaitales and Coniferales. Institute of Palaeobotany - Birbal Sahni.

REFERENCES
Text books
 Govil C.M. 2011. Gymnosperm. Krishna Prakashan Media.
 Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S. 2005. A Textbook of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. I.K. International Publishing House. New
Delhi.
 Trivedi P.C. 2002. Advances in Pteridology. Pointer Publishers.
 Vashishta B.R. 2001. Botany for degree students – Pteridophytes. S Chand
& Co Ltd; 5th edition.
 Bhatnagar S.P. and Alok Moitra1996. Gymnosperms. New Age
International.
 Rashid A 1978. An introduction of Peridophytes. Vikas publishers.
 Parihar N.S. 1959. An introduction of Peridophytes. Central Book Depot.
Publishers.
Reference Books
 Bower F.O. 1963. The Ferns
 Taylor D.V. and Hickey L.J. 1997 Flowering plants: Origin, evolution and
phylogeny.
 Sporne K.R. 1996. Morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson; 3rd edition.
 Arnold C.A. 1972. An introduction to Paleobotany. New York, McGraw-Hill
Publishers.

35
 Semester I Paper Code 18PBOTCT03
Marks 25 + 75= 100
Core Course – III
Credits 04
Microbiology and Plant pathology Hours/Week 04

Course Outcomes

On the successful completion of this course, students will be able to

 understand life cycle, reproduction, physiology of microorganisms (Bacteria,

Virus and Fungi).
 recognize plant disease and their causal microorganisms.
 be acquainted plant disease management

Unit I

Definition of microbiology - Classification of microorganisms. Microbiological

staining method. Bacteriology: General characters and classification
(Bergey’s)growth – continuous & synchronous culture. Virology: General characters,
classification, structure and multiplication. Bacteriophages – classification,
replication of DNA. RNA phages - lytic & lysogenic cycles.

Unit II

Sterilization techniques - types & preparation of culture media – pure culture

& subculture methods. Types of microorganisms - nitrogen fixers, biological
decomposers (solid waste, composting, biodegradation & bioremediation)

Unit III

Food & dairy microbiology. Food spoilage & poisoning by microorganisms.

Methods of food preservation. Microbes of milk & milk products - milk

36
pasteurization-industrial microbiology- alcoholic fermentation – process and
recovery of products. Bio pesticides - immobilization of microbes.

Unit IV

Plant Pathology – definition of plant disease, classification of diseases -

Etiology. Disease caused by fungi (Blast of paddy, Red rot of Sugarcane, Tikka
disease) – Bacteria (Blight of paddy, Black arm of Cotton) - Virus (Bunchy top of
Banana & TMV) – Mycoplasma (little Leaf diseases) – A detailed account on
Nematodes and Phytoplasma – Non-Parasitic diseases.

Unit V

Epidemiology and forecasting of plant diseases – host parasite

interrelationship and interaction – environment and nutrition in relation to disease
development – defense mechanism - principles of plant diseases - integrated
disease studying plant diseases - Integrated Disease Management (IDM) –
biotechnology in relation to plant pathology.

References

1. Agrios G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology.5th Edition, Elsevier Amsterdam

2. Atlas R.M. 2000. Microbiology – Principles of Microbiology. Mosby Year Book Inc,
Missouri.

3. Black J. 2007. Microbiology – Principles and Explorations. 7th Edition, Prentice Hall
International, Inc, New York.

4. Brock T.D. 2000. Biology of Microorganisms.9th edition, Southern Illinois

University, Carbondale.

5.Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klien, D.A. 1996. Microbiology (3rd ed.), Brown
W.C. Publishers, Boston, USA.

37
6. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. 1995. Microbiology-an Introduction (5th
ed.), The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc., Redwood city, California,
U.S.A.

7. Wistreich, G.A. and Lechtman, M.D. 1988. Microbiology (5th ed.), Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York, USA.
8.Alexander, 1978. Introduction to soil microbiology, Wiley Eastern Private Ltd.,New
Delhi.
9.Carpenter, P.L. 1977. Microbiology, W.B. Saunders Co., London.
10.Darglos, J. 1975. Bacteriophages. Chapman & Hall Ltd., London.

38
 Semester I
Paper Code 18PBOTCT04
Core Course – IV Marks 25 + 75= 100
Credits 04
Plant Anatomy, Microtechnique and
Hours/Week 04
Embryology

Course Outcomes

At the successful completion of this course, students will be able to learn

 Types of cells, Functions, Morphology and internal structure of plants

 Principles, Techniques and Applications of Microscopes
 Study of palynology, fertilization, nutrition of embryo and sexual
incompatability

Unit I
Structure and Organisation of tissue – unicellular, colonial and multicellular
forms – organization of shoot and root apical meristem, - Cambium and seasonal
activities, Cambium in monocotyledons. Vascular cambium – types – Ontogeny -
Secondary xylem – sap wood and heartwood, reaction wood, growth rings.
Unit II
Anomalous secondary thickening in dicot (Aristolochia, Boerhaavia, Bignonia,
Achyranthes, Nyctanthes) and monocot stems (Dracaena and Yucca) - Nodal anatomy
- Leaf development – phyllotaxy – floral meristem and development (Arabidopsis).
Unit III
Microscopy – Principles and applications – types of microscopes (Compound,
Phase contrast, Fluorescent, SEM, TEM and Cryo-electron microscopy) -
Photomicrograph – Preparation of microscopic Slides – Types - Microtomy - Staining
and Mounting – Whole mount methods – Squash and smears – Labelling methods –
Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.

39
Unit IV
Floral parts – Microsporangium – Morphology and development of Male
gametophyte – Megasporangium – Morphology and Development of Female
Gametophyte – Embryo sac - types (Monosporic, Bisporic and Tetrasporic) -
Nutrition of embryo sac. Palynology – Pollination - Fertilization – Double fertilization.
Unit V
Sexual Incompatibility – Mechanism and Methods to overcome Sexual
Incompatibility - Endosperm – Types – Functions (haustoria) - Embryo development
in Dicot and Monocot – Polyembryony – Parthenocarpy – Apomixes - Seed
germination and Seedling growth – Embryology relation to taxonomy and
applications of Embryology.

References
Plant anatomy
 Ray F. Evert. 2006. Esau’s Plant anatomy- Meristems, Cells and Tissue of the
Plant Body- their structure, Function and development,. John Wiley Edition,
Hoboken, New Jersy.
 Pijushroy, (2010).Plant Anatomy, New central Book Agency, Pvt Lit, New
Delhi.
 Larry Peterson, R., Peterson, C.A. and Melville, L.H. 2008.Teaching plant
anatomy through creative laboratory exercises. NRC, Canada.
 Charles B. Beck. 2010. An Introduction to plant structure and development.
2010. Cambridge University Press. New York.
 Pandey, S.N. and Chadha, A. 1996.Plant anatomy and Embryology.Vikas
Publications, New Delhi.
 Pandey, B.P. (1978). Plant Anatomy, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Microtechnique
 Marimuthu, R. 2008. Microscopy and Microtechnique. MJP Publisher, Chennai.
 Johansen.D.A. 1940.Plant Microtechnique.MC Graw Hill, New York.

40
  Hayat, M.A. 2000. Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy-
Biological applications.Cambridge University Press. UK.
Embryology
 Lersten, N.R. 2004.Flowering Plant Embryology. Blackwell Publishing,
Australia.
 Pandey, S.N. and Chadha, A. 1996.Plant anatomy and Embryology.Vikas
Publications, New Delhi.
 Pullaiah, T., Lakshminarayanan, K. and Hanumantha Rao, B. 2001.Text book of
embryology of angiosperms, Regency Publications, New Delhi.
 Davis, G.L. (1966). Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms.
 Dwivedi, J.N. (1988). Embryology of Angiosperms.Rastogi& Co., Meerut.
 Bhojwani, S.S. and Soh, W.Y. 2001. Current Trends in the embryology of
angiosperms. Kluwer Academic Publishers.The Netherlands.

41
 Paper Code 18PBOTCP01
Semester I
Marks 40 + 60 = 100
Core Course – V
Credits 02
Practical - 01 Hours/Week 04

Plant Diversity I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens and Bryophytes

and Plant Diversity II: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

ALGAE

 Morphology and internal structures of vegetative and reproductive organs in

the genera
 Cyanophyta : Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Anabaena.
 Chlorophyta: Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Chlorella, Oedogonium,
 Xanthophyta : Vaucheria, Botrydium.
 Bacillariophyta : Cyclotella.
 Phaeophyta : Ectocarpus, Fucus, Laminaria, Sargassum, Padina.
 Rhodophyta : Porphyra, Gelidium.
 Preparation and submission of fifteen (15) herbaria specimen (Seaweeds) in
the course of field study in fresh and coastal ecosystem.

FUNGI

Study of diagnostic features of the following types of fungi

Myxomycota: Stemonitis, Physarum. Oomycota: Albugo, Phytophthora.

Chytidriomycota: Synchitrium, Allomyces, Blastocladia. Zygomycota: Mucor, Rhizopus,
Pilobolus. Ascomycota: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Xylaria, Morchella, Peziza,
Saccharomyces. Basidiomycota: Puccinia, Auricularia, Agaricus, Ustilago, Polyporus,
Pleurotus. Anamorphic fungi: Fusarium, Cercospora, Alternaria

42
LICHENS

Study of morphology and anatomical features of foliose, crustose and fruticose

lichens through permanent slides (Parmelia and Usnea).

BRYOPHYTES

Study of morphology and internal structures of vegetative and reproductive

organs in the genera of

 Marchantia, Sphagnum, Fossombronia, Anthoceros and Moss

PTERIDOPHYTES
Study of vegetative, anatomy and reproductive structure of Selaginella,
Ophioglossum, Equisetum, Gleichenia, Marselia and Azolla.
GYMNOSPERMS
Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structure of Araucaria,
Cupressus, Podocarpus, Ginkgo, Taxus, Ephedra and Gnetum.
PALAEOBOTANY
Study of salient features of the following through permanent slides;
Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon, Gleichenties, Williamsonia, Calamites,
Sphenophyllum, Glossopteris and Cycads.

43
 Semester I
Paper Code 18PBOTCP02
Core Course – VI
Marks 40 + 60 = 100
Practical - 02
Credits 02
Microbiology, Plant pathology and Plant
Hours/Week 04
Anatomy, Microtechnique and Embryology

Microbiology:
 Cleaning and Sterilization of Glassware
 Preparation of culture media
 Sterilization techniques
 Serial dilution techniques – Pure culture (Pour/Streak/Spread)
 Differential staining methods of bacteria by using Gram stain
 Antibacterial assay - disc diffusion/agar well method
 Isolation of microorganisms from various sources (Milk, Water, Air,
Vegetables, Fruits and Bread)
 Motility of Bacteria
Plant Pathology:
 Isolation of pathogens from diseased tissues (leaf, stem and fruit)
 Symptoms and identification of diseases caused by fungi (Blast of paddy, red
rot of sugar cane, Tikka disease), Bacteria (Blight of paddy, Black arm of
Cotton) Virus (Bunchy top of Banana & TMV), – Mycoplasma (little Leaf
diseases).
Plant Anatomy & Microtechnique:
 Study the structures of various Microscopes
 Study the structure of Microtome
 Staining methods (Simple/Permanent)
 Student should submit two number of Permanent slides for practical
Examination

44
  Study the anomalous, primary and secondary features in selected Monocot and
Dicot plants
 Detailed study of TS, TLS and RLS from various wood for to identify the soft and
hard wood
 Study the anatomical abnormality of C4 and CAM plants (Leaf/Stem).
Embryology:
 Study of pollen morphology
 Pollen germination experimental study
 Identify the different types of embryos, polyembryony, endosperm types,
types of pollen grains.
 Any stage of embryo excision from Cucumber seeds.

45
 Semester - II
Core Course - Theory

 Plant Ecology and Phytogeography

 Cell Biology, Genetics and Molecular Biology
 Plant physiology and Biochemistry
 Biological techniques

Core Course - Practical - 03 & 04

46
 Semester II Paper Code 18PBOTCT05
Core Course – VII Marks 25 + 75 = 100

Plant Ecology and Phytogeography Credits 04

Hours/Week 04

Course Outcomes:
The course will enable students to understand how environment influence the
life of different organisms and vice versa.
Unit I
Basic ecological principles: definition of ecology and environment -
components and characters of ecosystem – homeostasis. Ecosystem - structure and
function. Factors affecting environment – Abiotic- Edaphic, Climatic, Topographic.
Biotic – Allelopathy. Biotic and Abiotic interaction, Population Ecology, Curve, r and
k Selection, meta population, species interaction, interspecific competition.
Unit II
Ecosystem – types – aquatic, terrestrial, desert and forest ecosystem.
Estuarine and mangrove ecosystem – adaptations. Studying vegetation – types – list
and count quadrat methods - density abundance frequency, Ecological niche,
ecotone, edge effect. Flow of energy in ecological system, quality of energy,
Primary and secondary foundation species enhance biodiversity. Non Conventional
Sources of Energy (Solar, Hydro, Wind, Biogas, Geothermal, Ocean thermal, Tidal
energy).
Unit III
Ecological succession – Seral and Climax communities – Hydrosere,
Xerosere. Bog succession, sand dune succession. Ecosystem components – energy
flow, food chain, food web and ecological pyramids. Biogeochemical cycle – water
cycle, carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle.
Unit IV

47
 Pollution : types – Pollutants, air, water, soil, thermal, radiation and noise
pollution and their impact in environment and control measures. Global
environmental changes; biodiversity status, monitoring and documentation; major
drivers of biodiversity change; - biodiversity management approaches; Green
house effect and its consequences. Waste recycling. Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA). Disaster management: Floods, earthquake, Cyclone and
landslides and Tsunami – Ozone depletion – Invasive species – Global warming and
glaciers.
Unit V
Phytogeography – major biome in world and India. Continental drift -
hypothesis - Gondwana land factors involved in distribution., Introduction to IUCN
criteria - Red data, rare, endangered species Endemism - Age and Area hypothesis.
Hot spots, Plant exploration. Invasion and introduction. Remote sensing-
introduction and its principle
References: `
Text Books:
 Anathakrishnan,T.N. (1982)-Bioresource Ecology-Oxford & IBH
Publ.Co.,Inc.,Belmont.
 Ambasht, R.S. (1974) - A text book of plant ecology (3rd Edn.) Students’
Friends. & Co., Varanasi, India. • Agarwal, K.C. (1987) - Environmental
biology- Agro-botanical publications, India.
 Chawla, S. 2011. A text book of Environment & Ecology. Tata Mc Graw-Hill,
New Delhi.
Reference Books:
 Billings, W.B.(1965)- Plants and the ecosystem - Wardsworth Publ.Co.,Inc.,
Belmont.
 Conard, H.S. Plant Ecology - Iowa state Press., Iowa.
 Odum E.P. Gray, W. Barrelt 2004. Fundamentals of Ecology. 15th edition.
Thomas Asia Pvt. Ltd.

48
 Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1999. Ecology; Principles and Applications. II
Ed. Cambridge University Press. New York.
 Putman, R.J. and S.D. Wratten. 1984. Principles of Ecology. University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angels.
 Schulze, E.D., Beck, E. And K. Muller-Hohenstein. 2005. Plant Ecology.
Springer. New York.
 Odum, E.P. 1978. Basic principles of ecology.
 Polunin, N. 1992 Principles of Plant Geography.
 Velentin. 1978. Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution.

49
 Paper Code 18PBOTCT06
Semester II
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Core Course – VIII Credits 04
Cell Biology, Genetics and Molecular Hours/Week 04
Biology

Course Outcomes:
The course will facilitate the adequate knowledge about the cell biology and
basic concept of genetics, structure of organisms and advanced molecular
techniques.
Unit – I
The plant cell: Structure and function of cell wall, membrane, chloroplast,
mitochondria, ribosomes, peroxisomes, golgi apparatus, nucleus, nucleolar
organizer and ER. Structure and functions of biomolecules, stablizing interaction -
Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction. Cell
division – crossing over – synaptonemal complex and cell cycle –cytokinesis.
Unit - II
Organization of gene and chromosomes: Morphology and chemistry of
chromosome; molecular organization of centromere and telomere. Karyotype.
Polytene, lampbrush and B- chromosomes,. Structural and numerical alteration of
chromosome (Eu and polyploidy) and its significance. Detection of molecules using
immunoprecipitation, flowcytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. In –situ
hybridization – FISH and GISH.
Unit – III
Mendalian principles – Laws of inheritance - monohybrid, dihybrid, test cross,
back cross. Alleles, Epitasis, Interaction of genes, complementary genes,
dominance, segregation, independent assortment - Gene mapping methods,
Linkage maps - Sex determination. Extra chromosomal inheritance involving

50
chloroplast and mitochondria. Mutation types, causes and detection, mutant types,
insertional mutagenesis.
Unit – IV
Chromatin organization – DNA replication, repair, recombination, C- value
paradox, Operon concept, transposans. Transcription, RNA splicing – post
transcriptional modification. Enzymes involving in replication and transcription.
Translation – targeting of proteins to different cellular compartments.
Unit – V
Plastome – structure and function. Transcription and processing of chloroplast
RNA. Gene knock out and knocking in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Isolation,
separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules. Gene expression
analysis micro array based techniques.
References
Text Books
 Gupta P.K 2013 Genetics and Cytogenetics. 7th Edition.
Rastogi Publications.
 Ahluwalia K.B 2005 (First Edition). Genetics. New Age International
Private Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi.
 Sariu C 2004 (Sixth Edition) Genetics. TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi.
 Pawar C.B 2003 (First Edition). Genetics Vol. I and II.
Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
Reference Books
 Derobertis E.D. and De Robertis E.M.F. 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology 8th
Edition. Lee and Fab International edition, Philadelphia.
 Cooper G. 1996. The cell – A molecular approach. ASM Press, Washington
 Buchanan B.B. Gruissem W., Jones R.L. (2008). Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. American Society of Plant Physiologist, Maryland, USA.
 Sheeler P and Binachi D 2004. Cell and Moecular Biology, Third edition, Wiley
New York, USA.

51
 Hartk D.L and Jones, E.W 1998 Genetics: Principles and Analysis (Fourth
Edition). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.
 Khush, G.S 1973. Cytogenetics of Aneuploids. Academic Press, New York,
London.
 Karp, G. 1999. Cell and Molecular Biology : Concept and Experiments. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.
 Lewin, B. 2000. Gene VII. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
 Lewis, R. 1997. Human Genetics: Concepts and Application (Second Edition).
WCB McGraw Hill, USA.
 Paul Khurana, S.M and Machiavelli Singh 2015. Biotechnology: Progress &
Prospects. Studium Press USA.
 Robert, F and Weaver. 2012. Molecular biology -5th ed. The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. New York.
 Kar D.K. 2011. Cell Biology Genetics & Molecular Biology .New Central Book
Agency (P) Limited.
 David Clark Nanette Pazdernik 2012. Molecular Biology 2nd Edition.
Academic Cell
 David P. Clark, 2009.Molecular Biology. Elsevier
 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition 2017. Bruce Alberts, Alexander
Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter
Walter. Garland Science.

52
 Paper Code 18PBOTCT07
Semester II
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Core Course – IX Credits 04
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Hours/Week 04

Course Outcomes:
The subject provides to understand fundamentals of Physiological aspects of
plants and their different biochemical pathways.
Unit I
Water relations of plants – Structure and Physicochemical properties of water,
Solute transport and photo assimilate translocation – uptake, transport and
translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells,
across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of
loading and unloading of photoassimilates. Stomatal physiology; source and sink
relationship.
UNIT II
Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; Photophosphorylation -
photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Respiration
and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and
ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway.
UNIT III
Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid
biosynthesis. Plant hormones – Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport;
physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Sensory photobiology - Structure,
function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and
phototropins; stomatal movement; responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stress -
photoperiodism and biological clocks – vernalization – seed dormancy.
UNIT IV

53
 Biomolecules of the cell: Classification of Carbohydrates - Monosaccharaides-
Disaccharides – Polysaccharides – Homopolysaccharides - Heteropolysaccharides-
Protein – Structure - Glycoproteins. Lipids- Fatty acids- Essential fatty acids-
Triglycerides - Phospholipids - Glycolipids- Lipoproteins- Steroids - Aliphatic Lipids.
UNIT V
Enzyme as catalysts – kinetics, classification, nomenclature, properties and
mechanisms of enzyme action. Vitamins – general characters – classification –
structure and properties – fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. Secondary
metabolites: Classification, biosynthesis, and functions of terpenoids, alkaloids,
phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins.
REFERENCES:
1. Jain, V.K. (2007). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New
Delhi.
2. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology.Wadsworth Publishing
Company, Belmont, California, USA.
3. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology.Sinauer Associates, India. 9.
Verma, S.K. (1999). Plant Physiology. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
4. Pandey, S.N. and Sinha, B.K. 2010. Plant Physiology, Vikas Publishing, New Delhi.
5. Nelson,D.L and M.M.Cox. Lehninger.2005 Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition,
W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.
6. Sathanarayana, U.2002 Biochemistry, 2nd Edition, Books & India Co Ltd, Kolkata.
3. Berg,J.M., J.L.Tymolzko& L.Stryer.2002 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company,
New York.
7. Moore, T.C. 1979. Biochemistry and physiology of plant hormones.Narosa book
Distributors, New Delhi. M.Sc. Botany (UD)-2017-18 onwards Annexure No: 51A Page
16 of 37 SCAA Dated: 03.07.2017
8. Roberts, E.A. 1987. Plant growth regulators.Kluwer Academic publishers, London.

54
 Paper Code 18PBOTCT08
Semester II
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Core Course – X Credits 04
Biological Techniques Hours/Week 04

Course Outcomes:
On successful end of this course, students will talented to
 understand much knowledge about different separation techniques of
biomolecules, structure, function and application of basic equipments and
advanced equipments used in biology and molecular biological techniques
Unit I
General Principles of Biochemical analysis – Principles and Methodology of
Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry, pH meter and Centrifugation techniques.
Unit II
Chromatographic techniques: principles and methods (Paper. Thin layer,
Column, Adsorption, Partition, Ion-Exchange, Gas-liquid, chromatography and
HPLC). Electrophoretic techniques – Principles, Methodology, Types of
Electerophoresis (Agarose gel electerophoresis, SDS-PAGE).
Unit III
Principles and applications of FTIR, XRD, LCMS, NMR, MALDI-TOF – PCR
(Thermocycler and Real Time PCR) – ELISA – Flow Cytometry - AAS
Unit IV
Structure, function and application of basic equipments used in biology
experiments - Rotary evaporator, Autoclave, Laminar air flow chamber, Laboratory
freezer, Hot air oven, Incubator, Magnetic stirrer, Water, Refrigerated, thermostatic
and Plasma thawing bath, Shakers (Orbital, Rotary, Vortex, Gyratory sieve shaker
and rotary flask shaker) – Distillation Unit – Photo flame meter, Ultrsonicator –
Transilluminator – Soxhlet apparatus – Lyophilizers.

55
Unit V
Immunological techniques: structure of antibodies and its types – Antigenicity
and immunogenicity – generation of antibody – production of polyclonal and
monoclonal antibody – Antigen Antibody interaction – Immunoprecipitation –
Epitope mapping - immunodiffusion – Agglutination.

References:
 Jeyaraman, J. 1981. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Mumbai.
 Plummer, D.T. An Introduction to practical biochemistry. Tata MC Graw Hill
Co. New York.
 Keith Wilson and John Walker. 1995. Practical biochemistry. Univ. of
Cambridge., New York.
 Chawla, H.S. 2000. Introduction to biotechnology. Oxford and IBH publishing
Co., New Delhi.
 Johansen, D.A. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. MC Graw Hill Co., New York.
 Nagarajan, P. and Senthilkumar, N. 2001. Molecular biology principles and
methods a practical approach, Sree Narmatha Printers, Coimbatore.
 Sharma, R.K. and S.P.S. Sangha. 2009. Basic Techniques in Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
 Keith Wilson and John Walker.2010. Principles and Techniques of
Biochemistry and Molecular biology. Cambridge University Press, New York.
 Palanichamy, S. and M. Shunmugavelu. 1997. Research methods in Biological
Sciences. Palani Paramount Publications, Palani.
 P.R. Yadav and Rajiv tyagi, 2006. Biological Technicques, Discovery
Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Susan carson, Heather B. Miller and D. Scottwitherow, 2012. Molecular
biology techniques, Elesiver.

56
 Bajpai P.K. 2006. Biological instrumentation and Methodology. S Chand
Publishers, New Delhi.
 Annadurai. B. 2011. A textbook of immunology and immunotechnology.
S.Chand Publishers, New Delhi.
 Ananta Swargiary. 2017. Biological tools and Techniques. Kalyani Publishers,
New Delhi.
 Sabari Ghosal and Srivastava A. K. 2009. Fundamentals of Biological
Techniques and Instrumentation. PHI Learning Private Ltd. New Delhi.
 Gurumani. N. 2006. Research Methodology for biological sciences. MJP
Publishers, Chennai.
 Skoog, Holler and Crouch.2007. Instrumental Analysis. Cengage Learning
Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.

57
 Semester II
Paper Code 18PBOTCP03
Core Course – XI
Marks 40 +60 = 100
Practical – 03 Credits 02
Plant Ecology, Phytogeography, Cell Hours/Week 04
Biology, Genetics and Molecular Biology

PLANT ECOLOGY:
 Determination of linear changes in vegetation by using line and belt transect
methods.
 Determination of frequency, density, abundance, dominance, FICC,
dominance index, similarity index and diversity index by using quadrat
frame.
 To find out the bulk density of a given soil sample
 To study soil density and porosity
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY:
 To determine the vegetational cover in a given area
 To prepare list of Endangered, Endemic and Threatened species in a selected
areas.
CELL BIOLOGY
 Phase Contrast Microscope
 Fluorescence Microscope
 Karyotyping of monocot (mitosis)
 Karyotyping of dicot (mitosis)
 Induced aberration of chromosomes
GENETICS
 Genetic cross analysis monohybrid and dihybrid
 Test cross and back cross
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 Isolation of plant genomic DNA and RNA

58
  Analysis of nuclear DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis
 Demonstration of PCR
Semester II
Paper Code 18PBOTCP04
Core Course – XII
Marks 40 + 60 = 100
Practical – 04
Credits 02
Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Hours/Week 04
Biological Techniques

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

 Extraction and estimation of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in C3 and C4
plants by Arnon (1949).
 Leaf anatomy of C3 and C4 plants
 Preparation of buffers – Phosphate and Citrate buffers.
 Preparation of the standard curve of protein (BSA).
 Estimation of reducing and non reducing sugars by Nelson’s method (1994).
 Estimation of soluble starch by Hansen and Moller (1975).
 Estimation of soluble protein by Lowry’s method (1951).
 Estimation of free amino acids by Bates and Waldren (1973).
 Estimation of lipid by volumetric method.
 Determination of catalase and peroxidase activity by Chance and Maehly
(1955).
 Separation of amino acids by Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography.

BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
 Hands on experience in the use of instruments like Calorimeter,
Spectrophotometer, pH meter, Centrifuge, Thin layer chromatography,
Agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE and PCR
 Demonstration of Rotary evaporator, Autoclave, Laminar air flow chamber,
Laboratory freezer, Hot air oven, Incubator, Magnetic stirrer, Water bath,

59
 Shakers, Distillation Unit, Photo flame meter, Ultrsonicator, Transilluminator,
Soxhlet apparatus and Lyophilizers
 Analysis the data from FTIR, XRD, LCMS, NMR, MALDI-TOF – PCR
(Thermocycler and Real Time PCR) – ELISA – Flow Cytometry

60
 Semester - III
Core Course - Theory

 Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Economic Botany

 Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
 Nanobiotechnology

Core Course - Practical - 05

61
 Semester III
Paper Code 18PBOTCT09
Core Course – XIII
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Economic Credits 04
Botany
Hours/Week 06

Course Outcomes:
To learn the major patterns of diversity among plants, and the characters and
types of data used of classify plants.

Unit – I

Systems of classification: Artificial system: Linnaeus: Natural system: de

Candolle, Bentham & Hooker: Phylogenetic system: Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson
and Takhtajan and Dahlgren. ICBN, types and typification – Principles of priority and
their limitation– problems in nomenclature, Herbarium and its potential role in
teaching and research. Preparation of key, Flora, Monographs – Botanical Gardens,
Botanical survey of India- –and it’s role, Taxonomical hierarchy.

Unit – II

Chemotaxonomy – micromolecules - primary and secondary metabolites.

Macromolecules – protein, nucleic acids, polysaccharides. Numerical Taxonomy –
cladistics. Biosystematics - Taxonomy relation to anatomy, embryology, palynology,
ecology, cytology and serology. Molecular taxonomy – RFLP – APG.

Unit – III

Study of diagnostic characters of the following family Magnoliaceae,

Menispermaceae, Polygalaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Oxalidaceae, Meliaceae,
Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Sapindaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Aizoaceae.
Portulacaceae and Tiliaceae

62
Unit – IV

Study of diagnostic characters of Oleaceae, Gentianaceae, Boraginaceae,

Bignoniaceae, Casuarinaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Podestemaceae, Loranthaceae,
Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Commelinaceae, Musaceae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae and
Poaceae.

Unit – V

Economic importance of Cereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum, Barley.

Legumes: Black gram, Red gram, Chick pea, Pigeon pea. Fruits: Banana, Grapes,
Citrus, Mango. Spices and Condiments: Ginger, Pepper, Cardamom, Clove.
Beverages from plants: Tea, Coffee and Cocoa. Fibres- Cotton, Jute, Sun hemp.
Timber: Teak, Rosewood, Ebony, Sal and Mahogany. Vegetable Oil: Sun flower,
Peanut, Palm Oil, Coconut and Sesame. Plants used as avenue trees for shade,
pollution control and aesthetics.

References

Text Books

 Nalk, V.N.., 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Ltd., New Delhi. 304pp.
 Singh, G 1999. Plant Systematics – Theory and Practice. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd., New Delhi. 35pp.
 Sharma, O.P. 1958. Plant Taxonomy. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Ltd., New Delhi. 482pp.
 Gurucharan Singh. 2008. Plant Sytematics – Theory and Practices. Oxford and
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Td. New Delhi.
 Michael G. Simpson. 2010. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. USA.
 Pandey S.N. and Mishra. S.P. 2009. Taonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.

63
  Pandey, B.P. 2012. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. S.Chand and Company Ltd.,
New Delhi.
 Rajkumar Gupta. 2006. Text book of Systematic Botany. CBS Publishers. New
Delhi.
 Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1995. Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Gurucharan Singh. 2010. Plant Sytematics – An Integrated Approach. IIIrd ed.
Science Publishers. US.
 Plant Systematics. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York.
 Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Arnold, London. STUESSY, T. F.
2002.
 Pandey.B.P. (1987) – Economic Botany.
 Verma. V (1984) – Economic Botany.
 Porter.C.L., 1982 – Taxonomy of Flowering Plants, Eurasia Publications House,
New Delhi

Reference Books

 Bensen, 1957. Plant Classification. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
 Cronquist, A. 1968. Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Thomas &
Nelson (Pvt.) Ltd., London.
 Davis, P.H. and Heywood , V.M.1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy.
Oliver & Boyed – London.
 Henry, A.N. and Chandra Bose, 1980 . An aid to the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature, Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, Delhi.
 Lawerence, G.H.M. 1961, Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. MacMillan and Co.,
New Delhi.
 Street, H.E., 1978. Essay in Plant Taxonomy, Academic press, London.
 Bentham, G. 1988. Handbook of British Flora. (7th Ed., revised by A.B. Rendle
in 1930). Ashford, Kent.

64
 Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. (2nd
Ed.) New Delhi. 482pp.
 Darlington, C.D. and A.P.Wylie. 1955. Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants.
Allen and Unwin, London.
 Hutchinson, J. 1973. The Families of Flowering Plants. (3rd Ed.) Oxford Univ.
Press.
 Lawerence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. MacMillan, New York.
 Rendle, A.B. 1904. Classification of Flowering plants. Cambridge , England.
2nd. Vol.1 930.
 Stace, C.A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd Ed.). Edward
Arnold. London.
 Takhtajan, A.L. 1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants.
Columbia Univ. Press. New York, 642 pp.
 Woodland , D.W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Systematics. Prentice Hall. New
Jersey.
 Pullaiah, T. 2007. Plant Taxonomy. Regency Publications, New Delhi.

65
 Paper Code 18PBOTCT10
Semester III
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Core Course – XIV
Credits 04
Plant Biotechnology and Genetic
Hours/Week 06
Engineering

Course Outcomes:
The subject provides knowledge about different techniques of biology and
Gene level.
Unit I

Biotechnology as Inter and Multidisciplinary approach -Plant Tissue Culture –

Introduction - Objectives and Goals – Laboratory organisation – Nutrient medium –
Sterilization Techniques – Types of Cultures (seed, embryo, Root, callus, organ, cell,
protoplast and axillary bud cultures) – Cell suspension culture, types and in-vitro
secondary metabolites production and application - Plant micropropagation -
Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis – Protoplast Isolation and Fusion.

Unit II

Application of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and

Conservation of plant genetic resources – Application in development of Genetically
Modified Crops (Fruits, Vegetables, Crops and Cereals) – recent trends in
Genomics and Genetics of Arabidopsis thaliana – Biofertilizers – Cultivation and
applications of Biofertilizers (Nitrogeous and phosphatic biofertilizers) – Organic
farming (Vermicompost)

Unit III

Intellectual Property (IP) - Definition – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) –

Intellectual Property Protection – Plant Genetic Resources – Patent Systems –

66
Sources of patent Information – Patenting Methods – Patenting of higher plants,
genes and DNA sequences – Plant Breeders Rights and Farmers Rights – A brief
account on Geographical Indication (GI).

Unit IV

Tools of Genetic engineering – Restriction Enzymes (Exo and Endo nucleases)

–Enzymes used in Genetic engineering (Methylase, SI nuclease, Ligase, Alkaline
Phosphatse, Reverse transcriptase, T4 kinase, Terminal transferase, adopters and
Linkers) – Vectors and their types – Plasmid (pBR 322, pUC Vectors), Agrobacterium
based Plasmids, Bacteriophage vectors, Cosmids, Phagemids, YAC, CaMV, Gemini
Virus, Shuttle and Expression vectors.

Unit V

Gene transfer methods - Cloning Strategies – rDNA technology – Genomic

and cDNA library construction – Hybridization techniques – Labeling methods –
Nucleotide sequencing methods – Application of genetic engineering in various
fields.

References:

 Dubey, R.C. 2008. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S.Chand Company Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi.
 Singh, B.D. 1998. Biotechnology. Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana.
 Primrose, S, R. Twynman and P.Old. 2005. Principles of gene manipulation.
Blackwell Science Ltd., New Delhi.
 Smith, R.H. 2000. Plant tissue Culture – techniques and Experiments.
Academic Press, New York.
 Dwivedi, P. 2004. Plant Tissue culture. Scientific publishers, New Delhi.
 Reinert, J, Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1997. Plant Cell and Organ Culture. Narosa publishing
House, New Delhi.

67
 Chawla, H.S. 2000. Introduction to biotechnology. Oxford and IBH publishing
Co., New Delhi.
 Harry Levine. 2006. Genetic Engineering: A Reference Hand book. ABC –
CLIO, Inc, California.
 Arie altman and Paulmichael hasegawa, 2012. Plant biotechnology and
agriculture prospects for the 21 st centuary, Academic Press.
 C.M. Govil, Ashok Aggarwal and Jitender Sharma. 2017. Plant Biotechnology
and Genetic Engineering, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Suresh Kumar Gahlawat, Raj Kumar Salar, Priyanka Siwach, Joginder Singh
Duhan, Suresh Kumar, Pawan Kaur. 2017. Plant Biotechnology: Recent
Advancements and Developments Springer.
 C. Neal Stewart, Jr. 2016. Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles,
Techniques, and Applications John Wiley & Sons.
 Isil Aksan Kurnaz, 2015. Techniques in Genetic Engineering. CRC Press.
 Huang .P.C., 2012. Genetic Engineering Techniques: Recent Developments.
Elsevier.

68
 Paper Code 18PBOTCT11
Semester III
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Core Course – XV
Credits 04
Nanobiotechnology Hours/Week 06

Course Outcomes:

The student should be able to on completion of the course:

 Understand the basic concepts of nanotechnology principles and

applications
 Know different biomedical applications of nanoparticles

Unit I

Nanobiotechnology: Definition – History, Scope and Recent scenario in

nanotechnology – Nanoparticles and its significance – Challenges and Future
Prospects of Nanoparticles.

Unit II

Basic introduction of Biomaterials – First, Second and Third generation of

Biomaterials – in Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology – Microfabrication and
Microtechnology - Nanofabrication and Nanotechnology.

Unit III

Synthesis routes of Nanomaterials – Synthesis of different Nanoparticles -

Unique properties and characterization of Nanoparticles.

Unit IV

Applications of Nanomaterials: Nanoelectronics – Micro and Nano

Electrochemical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) – Nano sensors and catalyst. Biomedical,

69
Food and Agricultural applications of Nano particles – Nanomedicine and Novel
drug delivery systems – Health and Environmental impacts of Nanotechnology.

Unit V

Nanostructured materials with high application potential: Quantum Dots –

Carbon Nanotube – GAN Nano wires – Nanocrystalline – Zinc Nitrate, Non
Crystalline - Titanium Oxide and Multilayered Films – Role of Nanotechnology in
plant science research.

References:

 Murty BS, Shankar P, Baldev Raj, Rath BB and James Murday. 2013. Textbook
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Springer. University Press (India) PVT
LTD.
 Subbiah Balaji. 2010. Nanobiotechnology. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
 Jeremy Ramsden, 2016.Nanotechnology: An Introduction. William Andrew.
 Geoffrey Hunt, Michael Mehta, 2013. Nanotechnology: Risk, Ethics and Law
Taylor & Francis.
 Jo Anne Shatkin, 2012. Nanotechnology: Health and Environmental Risks,
Second Edition CRC Press.
 Jesus M. de la Fuente, V. Grazu. 2012.Nanobiotechnology: Inorganic
Nanoparticles Vs Organic Nanoparticles Elsevier.
 Michael R. Hamblin, Pinar Avci, Tarl Prow, 2016. Nanoscience in Dermatology.
Academic Press.
 Makio Naito, Toyokazu Yokoyama, Kouhei Hosokawa, Kiyoshi Nogi 2018.
Nanoparticle Technology Handbook, Elsevier.
 Monique A. V. Axelos, Marcel Van de Voorde, 2017. Nanotechnology in
Agriculture and Food Science, John Wiley & Sons.
 Claudia Atavilla, Enrico Ciliberto, 2017. Inorganic Nanoparticles: Synthesis,
Applications, and Perspectives CRC Press.

70
 Paper Code 18PBOTCP05
Semester III
Marks 40 + 60 = 100
Core Course – XVI
Credits 03
Practical - 05
Hours/Week 06
Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Economic
Botany, Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Nanobiotechnology

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS:
 Study the taxonomical descriptions for all plant parts Root, Stem, Leaves,
Flowers, Fruits and seeds.
 Study of the morphological and floral characteristic and economic importance
of Magnoliaceae, Menispermaceae, Polygalaceae, Caryophyllaceae,
Oxalidaceae, Meliaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Sapindaceae,
Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Aizoaceae, Rubiaceae, Oleaceae, Gentianaceae,
Boraginaceae, Bignoniaceae, Podestemaceae, Loranthaceae, Orchidaceae,
Liliaceae, Commelinaceae, Musaceae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae.
 Preparation of Artificial keys
 Herbarium techniques, preparation and submission of 50 herbarium
 Floristic studies of selected area

ECONOMIC BOTANY
 To study the economic importance of Cereals, Legumes, Fruits, Spices and
Condiments, Fibres, Timber and Vegetable Oil.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY:

 Preparation of basal media for plant tissue culture

 Sterilization, inoculation and incubation of explants
 Isolation of protoplasts
 Isolation of nitrogen fixing bacteria from soil

71
  Callus induction
 Preparation of vermicompost/vermiwash
 Study the effect of biofertilizer on different crop cultivation
 Collection and preparation of table regarding different Geological Indication
of India

GENETIC ENGINEERING:

 Isolation of DNA from Plants

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY:

 Synthesis of silver/gold/Zinc/Titanium nanoparticles from plant extract

 Study the characterization of nanoparticles with UV, FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM,
EDAX and ZETA

72
 Semester - IV
Core Course - Theory

 Research trends in Botany

73
 Paper Code 18PBOTCT12
Semester IV
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Core Course – XVII
Credits 04
Research Trends in Botany Hours/Week 06

Course Outcomes:

On the successful completion of this course students will able to know recent
trends in plant science and its applications.

Unit I

Plant Genomics and Proteomics – Introduction – Plant Genome - Structural

genomics - genome sequencing strategies - Functional genomics – genome
annotation, gene expression study using microarrays functional annotation of genes
– Introduction to proteomics – Applications to plant biology – General view of
proteomics – Analytical tools in proteomics – subcellular proteomics – plant with
biotic and abiotic factors interaction with proteomics.
Unit II
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology – Introduction, aim and importance
of bioinformatics – Database and Mining – Genomics, Transcriptomics and
Metabolomics - primary and secondary databases - DNA sequence databases - Gen
bank: a practical approach – Phylogenetic analysis (PHYLP, TREE) DNA databank,
Nucleotide sequence databank (EMBI Bank) -Sequence alignment.
Unit III
Phytochemistry– Introduction to Phytochemicals – Antioxidants – Alkaloids –
Anthocyanins – carotenoids – flavonoids – Hydroxycinnamic acids – Xanthophylls –
plants with phytochemicals – Production of Phyto chemicals from medicinal plants –
Extraction of phytochemicals – Developing new drugs from Ethnomedicines -
Molecular docking.

74
Unit IV
Pharmacognosy – Introduction – history – Indian System of medicine – natural
sources of Drugs – Crude drugs – Classification of crude drugs – Collection and
Processing of crude drugs – Phytoconstituents of therapeutic value – Histochemical
tests for phytochemicals – Drugs containing
carbohydrates/glycosides/lipids/Volatile oils/Resin/Alkaloids/Tanninis – Analytical
pharmacognosy – Anatomical features of selected medicinal plants (Senna leaf,
Datura leaf, Cinchona bark, Nuxvomica seed).
Unit V
Biostatistics - Methods of collection and classification of data; Primary and
secondary data, qualitative and quantitative data. Frequency distribution, graphical
representation, normal distribution - Mean - Median and Mode - Mean deviation,
Standard deviation, variance (ANOVA), standard error, co-efficient of variation -
Linear regression and correlation (simple and multiple) – t-test – X2 test – Chi-square
test. Role of software in Biostatistics (SPSS)
References:

 RanjithaKumari, B.D. 2008. Plant Proteomics. APH Publishers, New Delhi.

 Sanaj.J. and Thelen, J.J. 2007. Plant proteomics. Springer, New York.
 Agarwal, G.K. and Rakwal, R. 2008. Plant Proteomics Technologies; Strategies
and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, USA.
 Balaji, S. 2010. Nanobiotechnology. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
 Roseline, A. 2011. Pharmacognosy. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
 Thiagarajan, B. and Rajalakshmi, P.A. 2009. Computational biology. MJP
Publishers, Chennai.
 Middha, S.K., Usha, T. And H.P. Prashanth Kumar. 2012. Bioinformatics.
College Book House, Bangalore.
 Shah.B. and Seth.A. 2010. Text book of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.
Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

75
 Harborne, J.B. 1973. Phytochemical methods – A Guide to modern technique
of plant analysis. Thomsan Publications Pvt. Ltd. UK.
 Mahajan. B.K. 1997. Methods in Biostatistics. Jay Pee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi.
 Bernard Rosner. 2010. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Brooks/cole, Boston,
USA.
 Agarwal, B.L. 1988. Basic Statistics. New Age International Publishers. New
Delhi.
 Sahu, P.K. 2013. Research Methodology: A Guide for Researchers in
Agricultural Science, Social Science and other related fields. Springer, New
Delhi.
 Arthur Lesk, 2012. Introduction to Genomics, OUP Oxford.
 John M. Archibald, 2018. Genomics: A Very Short Introduction Oxford
University Press.
 Dhavendra Kumar, 2012. Genomics and Health in the Developing World.OUP
USA.
 Richard M. Twyman, 2013. Principles of Proteomics, Garland Science.
 Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, 2015. Genomics and
Proteomics: Principles, Technologies, and Applications, CRC Press.
 Supratim Choudhuri, 2014. Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes,
Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools, Elsevier.
 Michael Agostino 2012. Practical Bioinformatics, Garland Science.
 Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons, Elizabeth M. Williamson
2012. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Elsevier Health
Sciences.
 Biren Shah, Avinash Seth 2012. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
 A.N.M. Alamgir, 2017 Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts:
Volume 1: Pharmacognosy, Springer.

76
 Simone Badal McCreath, Rupika Delgoda, 2017.
Pharmacognosy: Fundamentals, Applications and Strategies, Academic
Press.
 Belavendra Antonisamy, Prasanna S. Premkumar, Solomon Christopher, 2017.
Principles and Practice of Biostatistics Elsevier India.
 Merrill, 2012. Fundamentals of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jones & Bartlett
Publishers.
 Clemens Posten, Christian Walter, 2013. Microalgal Biotechnology: Potential
and Production, Walter de Gruyter.
 Peter Castro, Michael Huber, 2015. Marine Biology, McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.

77
Elective Courses

78
 Herbal technology
 Fungal Biotechnology
 Mushroom technology
 Cytogenetics and Plant breeding
 Biofertilizer Technology
 Marine Botany
 Photobiology

79
 Paper Code 18PBOTE01
Elective Course - I
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Herbal Technology
Credits 03
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

 Be able to navigate the current healthcare environment, empower clients to

make informed choices and refer when appropriate.
 To create a comprehensive assessment of health inputs and processes.
Unit I

Historical background, Present status, Scope of Medicinal Botany –

Indigenous medical system – Bioprospecting, Indigenous Knowledge system,
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Tibetian and Folklore system of medicine.
Pharmacopeia- Indian and WHO’s Pharmacopoeia

Unit II

Distribution of Indian medicinal plants; Introduction, Important medicinal

plants, ecodistribution, mapping distribution in different biogeographic zones.
Diversity hot spots – Endemism – rare, endangered and threatened species.

Unit III

General methods of phytochemical and biological screening – Natural

sources – Extraction – Purification and isolation of plant constituents – Alkaloids –
Flavonoids- Phenols - glycosides – Volatile oils – Study of some herbal formulation
techniques as drug cosmetics. Economic Importance of herbal Food and Medicine.

Unit IV

80
 Post harvest technology of medicinal plants: Importance of post harvest
technology in medicinal crops: factors responsible for deterioration of medicinal
produce – pre and post harvest factors. Maturity indices for harvesting medicinal
plants and pre harvest treatments. Systems of storage of harvested produce –
packaging principles and methods of processing. Important medicinal products –
essential oils, volatile and non volatile oils, oleo resins – active principles.

Unit V

Conservation of medicinal plants – in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Centers of

medicinal plant conservation in India – IBPGRI, CIMAP, CDRI, NBGRI, MSSRF, KFRI,
TAMPCOL, TBGRI, TKDL and FRLHT.

References:

 Natesh, S. 2001. The changing scenario of herbal drugs: Role of Botanists.

Phytomorphology. (Golden Jubilee Issue)., Pp.75-97.
 Jonne Bernes – Herbal Medicines, Pharmaceutical Press, London.
 Sushil Kumar – Medicinal Plants in Skin care, CIMAP, Lucknow.
 Swaminathan, M.S. and Kochar, S.L. 1989. Plants and Society. McMillan
Publishers, London.
 Muthchelian, K. 2013. Yuirvirimam. Monisha Publishers, Madurai. (Tamil
Version).
 Swain, T. 1963. Chemical Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press, London.
 Stace, C.A. 1985. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Edward Arnold,
London.
 Akerele, O.O. Heywood,V. and Singe, H. 1991. Conservation of medicinal
plants. Cambridge University Press, U.K.
 Cutler, S.J. and Cutler, S.H.G. 2000. Biologically active natural Products –
Pharmaceuticals. CRC Press, USA.

81
 

Paper Code 18PBOTE02

Elective Course - II
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Fungal Biotechnology
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

At the end of the course, students will be able to

 Introduce the students to the various concepts of fermentation.

 Introduce the students to the role microorganism (Fungi) play in fermentation
process.
 Provide the students with the skills to produce some foods and drinks
resulting from either alcoholic or acidic fermentation processes.
 Get aquainted with the industrial aspect of the field of Fungal Biotechnology
and also learn about growth pattern of microbes in different industrial
systems.
 Acquire experimental know how of microbial production of various industrial
products such as alcohol, antibiotics, enzymes, etc.
 Develop an understanding of process control, upstream and downstrem
process.
 Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic fermentation
 Understand the growth of microorganism and their role in producing foods
and agricultural Biotechnology

Unit-I

Fungi a inimitable kingdom – Fungal taxonomy and phylogeny – Fungal

nutrition, growth and nutrition - Architecture of fungal cell – Reproduction of fungi –
Pathological agents in plants, animals and man Fungi History of Biotechnology –
Scope of fungi in Biotechnology.

82
Unit-II

Fermentation technology – Bioprocess technology – Introduction to

bioreactors - Batch and Fed batch bioreactors – Continuous bioreactors –
Immobilized cells – Media Design and sterilization – aseptic inoculation –
Downstream processing.

Unit-III

Fungi in Medical Biotechnology - Production of antibiotics (Penicillin,

Cephalosporin, Streptomycin) - Other medically useful products - Antitumour and
antiviral agents from fungi - Immunoregulators - Ergot alkaloids - Fungal
transformations of steroids - Biotransformations - Medical applications of fungal
enzymes – Biosensors - Medicinal value of higher fungi.

Unit-IV

Industrial production of Alcohols, Ethanol (Fuel), acetone, Butanol, Methane

Organic Acids, Citric acid. Production of industrial enzymes – Cellulase, Amylase -
Amino acids, Polysaccharides, Lysine, Vitamins, Lactic acids, Glutamic acid.

Unit-V

Role of fungi in Agriculture and environment – Bioremediation - Fungi as

agents of biodeterioration and Biodegradation – Biodegradation of lignin – Biomass –
Biofertilizers – Biopesticides from fungal sources – Recent applications of Fungal
Biotechnology.

REFERENCES (FUNGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

1. Michael Shuler and FikretKargi. “Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts”, 2nd

Edition, Prentice Hall, and Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2002.

2. Pauline Doran. “Bioprocess engineering principles”, Academic Press, 1995.

83
3. Colin Ratledge, Bjorn Kristiansen, “Basic Biotechnology”, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
University Press, 2001.

4. Roger Harrison et al., “Bioseparation Science and Engineering”, Oxford

University Press, 2003.

5. Harrison R.G. Todd P., Rudge S.R. “Bioseparation Science and Engineering”,
Oxford Press 2003.

6. Biochemical Engineering by S Aiba, A E Humphery and N F Millis, University of

Tokyo Press

7. Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts by M.L. Shuler and F. Kargi, Prentice Hall

8. Bioprocess Engineering by B.K. Lydersen, K.L. Nelson, B.K. Lyderson and N.

D’Elia, John Wiley and Sons Inc.

9. Kelvin Kavanagh, 2011. Fungi: Biology and Applications. John Wiley & Sons,
London.

10. Biotechnology. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology by W. Crueger and a.

Crueger, Sinauer Associates.

11. Principles of Fermentation Technology by P.F. Stanbury and A. Whitaker,

Pergamon Press

12. Tkaez, J.S. and Lange, L. 2004. Advances in Fungal Biotechnology for Industry,
Agriculture and Medicine. Academic/ Plenum Publications, New York.

13. Arora, D.K. 2004. Hand book of Fungal Biotechnology. Marcel dekker Inc., USA.

14. Wainwright. 1992. An introduction to fungal biotechnology. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.

84
 Paper Code 18PBOTE03
Elective Course - III
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Mushroom Technology
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

 To able to produce of spawn.

 To know the marketing level and self-help entrepreneurship.

Unit –I

Introduction – History – scope of edible Mushroom cultivation – Types of

edible mushroom available in India – Medicinal and other uses, Different parts of a
typical mushroom & variations in mushroom morphology. Key to differentiate Edible
from Poisonous mushrooms. Calocybe indica, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus
citrinopileatus, Agaricus biosporus.

Unit – II

Pure culture – preparation of medium (PDA and Oatmeal Agar medium)

Sterilization – preparation of test tube slants- mother spawn in saline bottle –
cultivation of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Breeding conditions of
mushroom strains: temperate conditions, Isolation of spawn, growth media nuclear
behaviour and ultra structural changes during the development of the mushroom
fungi.

Unit – III

Morphological and Microscopically identification of mushrooms. Cultivation

of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus
spp.) with details of bed and spawn preparation, cultivation and harvest. Low cost
mushroom farm design of production. Diseases of Mushrooms: Brown black disease,

85
yellowing of oyster mushrooms, Bacterial soft root, fungal brown blotch, wet bubble,
dry bubble, cob web, green blotch.

Unit – IV

Storage and nutrition: short-term storages, long term storages, drying,

storages in salt solution, Nutrient Profile of Mushroom: Protein, aminoacids, calorific
values, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins & minerals. Identification of Mushroom
compounds: Antimicrobial, Flavonoids, Pharmaceutical compounds. Separation and
Purification of Compounds. TLC analysis of amino acids, UV – spectrophotometric
analysis of DNA and protein samples. GC & HPLC analysis.

Unit – V

Insects and pest attacking mushroom – fungal, bacterial, viral diseases. Food
preparation from mushroom; soup, cutlet, omelette, somasa, pickles, curry. Cost
benefit ration – marketing in India and abroad, export value. Processing and
preservation of mushrooms and Economic importance of Mushroom -
Pharmaceutical application and in industries.

References

 Handbook of cultivation, Processing and packing, published by Engineers

India Research Institute, 4449, Nai Sarah, Main Road, Delhi 110006.
Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor S.C. 1988. Mushroom cultivation. Mittal Publicatiion,
New Delhi.
 Nita Bhahi 1984-1988. Hand book of Mushrooms, II editioin, Vol-1 and II.
Atkinson G.F. 1961. Mushroom, edible, poisonous, et., Hafner Publishers, New
York.
 Pandey, B. P. 1996.
A textbook of fungi. Chand and Company New Delhi.
 Pathak, V. N. and Yadav, N. (1998). Mushroom Production and Processing
Technology. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

86
 Mushroom Production and Processing Technology, Pathak Yadav Gour (2010)
Published by Agrobios (India).
 Kannaiyan, S. Ramasamy, K. (1980). A hand book of edible mushroom, Today
& Tomorrows Printers &Publishers, New Delhi.
 Tripathi, D.P. (2005.) Mushroom Cultivation. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt.Ltd,NewDelhi.

87
 Paper Code 18PBOTE04
Elective Course - IV
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Cytogenetics and Plant breeding
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

The course is to provide increased practical knowledge of plant breeding

theories, chromosome techniques, crop improvement and its techniques and
advanced molecular breeding technologies.

Unit I

Introduction to Cytogenetics. Mitotic and meiotic cell division. Meiosis: modes

of meiosis, chromosomes disjunction. Mechanism and theories of crossing over,
Synaptonymal complex.

Unit II

Structural variations in chromosomes, their cytological consequences, Gene

mapping and other uses, Structural hybrids, B-chromosomes its orgin and
consequences. Numerical variation in chromosomes, sources and consequences,
euploidy and aneuploidy, classification, natural and induced polypoids.

Unit III

Cytogenetics of wheat, Cotton, Tobacco, Triticale (Karyotyping)

Incompactibility and male sterility, their types, mechanisms and applications in plant
breeding.

Unit IV

Genetic diversity in plants, importance of genetic diversity in crop

improvement and its erosion. Hybridization: inter and intra varietal crosses.

88
Heterosis, Apomixis: types of apoxmies in higher plants, significance in plant
breeding.

Unit V

Concepts, classification of mutation, physical and chemical mutagens, their

mechanism of action , molecular of action, molecular basis of gene mutations, Role of
mutations in plant breeding.

References

Text books

 Ram J.Singh. 2017. Plant Cytogenetics. Third Edition. Traylor and Francis
group, CRC Press.
 Hank W. Bass and James A. Birchler .2012. Plant Cytogenetics, genome
structure and chromosome function .Springer New York Dordrecht
Heldelberg London. ISBN: 978-0-387-70868-3.
 Mahabal Ram. 2010. Fundamentals of Cytogenetics and Genetics . Published
by PHI Learning Private Limited , New Delhi.
 Gupta P.K. 1999. Vytogenetics. Rastogi Publication Meerut.
 Prasad G. 1998. Introduction to cytogenetics. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi
 Sinha U and Sinha S. 1998. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution . Vikas
Publishing house Pvt.Ltd.New Delhi.
 Swaminathan M.S., Gupta P.K and Sinha U 1974. Cytogenetics to Crop Plants .
MacMillan Ltd. New Delhi.

Reference books

 Khush G.S. 1973. Cytogenetics of aneuploides. Academic Press New York.

USA

89
 Burnham C.R. 1962. Discussion in Cytogenetics. Burgess Publishing
Co.Minnesota.
 Harti D.L and Jones E.W. 1998 Genetics: principles and analysis . 4th Edition .
Jones and Barew Publishers Massachusetts. USA.
 Karp G. 1999. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts andExperiments, John
wiley and Sons inc USA.
 Fikui K. and Nakayama S. 1996. Plant chromosomes: Laboratory Methods .
CRC Press Boca Ration Florida.
 Swanson C.P., Merz T and Young J. 1973. Cytogenetics. Prentice Hill of India
Private Ltd. New Delhi.

90
 Paper Code 18PBOTE05
Elective Course - V
Marks 25 + 75 = 100

Biofertilizers Technology Credits 03

Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

The course provides knowledge about different biofertilizers and their

applications, involving microorganisms, Soil fertility, fermentation, organic farming
and organic fertilizers.

Unit I

Biofertilizers – Introduction – Types of Biofertilizers – Applications of

Biofertilizers - Nitrogen fixation – Nitrogen fixing microorganisms (symbiotic and
asymbiotic) – Phosphate solubilising microorganisms -Fungi, Mycorrhizae (AM
Fungi).

Unit II

Application and Evaluation techniques of crop response to biofertilizers –

Simplified anaerobic digester for Biofertilizers – Modified anaerobic Fermenter for
Biofertilizer – Operation condition for anaerobic digestion of Biofertilizers.

Unit III

Soil fertility and fertilizers – Soil Microbiology and Biofertilizers - Biogas

production from organic biofertilizers – Biogas from liquid biofertilizers derived
from Banana and Coffee processing

Unit IV

91
 Vermiculture and Vermitechnology – Introduction – Advantages of
vermicomposting – Earthworms – Ecological types of Earthworms –
Vermicomposting and their application in organic culture – Compost making.

Unit V

Organic farming – Organic manures – Methanogenesis – Pest and disease

management systems in agriculture – Biopesticides – Sustainable agriculture –
Production – marketing of Biofertilzers.

References:

 The Complete technology book on biofertilizers and organic farming. NIIR,

New Delhi.
 Somani, L.L., P. Shilpkar and D. Shilpkar. 2011. Biofertilizers commercial
production technology and Quality control. Agrotech Publishers Academy,
Udaipur.
 The complete technology book on Vermiculture and vermicompost. NIIR, New
Delhi.

92
 Paper Code 18PBOTE06
Elective Course - VI
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Marine Botany
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

On the successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

 understand marine plants especially marine angiosperms and their

physiology, biochemistry, applications and conservation strategies

Unit I

Marine plant groups and Organisms – Brief account on Marine Phytoplankton

– Seaweeds, Seagrasses and Mangroves – Marine fungi, Actinomycetes, Lichens,
Bacteria, Corals and Fossil Mangroves.

Unit II

Marine Ecology – Abiotic factors ( Chemicals, Physical and Geological) –

Biotic factors – floral and faunal components- Types of coasts and Estuaries – Impact
of climate Change in marine ecosystem – Algal blooms – Red tide. Ecological
significance of Algae (Seaweeds), Mangroves, Seagrasses and Corel reefs.

Unit III

Photosynthesis of algae (Micro and macro) in sea – algal plastids –

Photosynthetic pigments – carbon fixation – Photosynthetic rate – C3 and C4
characters in algae. Photosynthesis of mangroves – carbon fixation – Photosynthetic
enzymes – accumulation of free aminoacids – photorespiration – Nutrition – Salinity
regulation and Metabolism of Seaweeds and Mangroves and their methods of
regeneration – Biogeochemical role of algae.

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Unit IV

Seaweed Polysaccharides – Commercial and economical products of

Seaweed (Agar, Algin and Carrageenan) and Low molecular weight compounds in
algae – Methods of collection and preservation of Marine algae – Commercial
cultivation of seaweeds (Traditional and Recent methods) – Application and uses of
Seaweeds - Economic importance of seaweeds.

Unit V

Seaweed, Seagrasses, Mangroves and Coral reefs research in India and

World. Marine Pollution – human Impact - Conservation strategies of Marine
vegetation - Use of Remote sensing techniques in mapping of marine vegetation with
GIS.

References:

 Laura Barsanti and Paolo Gudtier. 2006. Algae- anatomy, Biochemistry and
Biotechnology. CRC Taylor and Francis, New York.
 Jackson, D.F. 1972. Algae and Men. Plenum Press.
 Kannupandi, T. 1998. Coral reefs of India. State of Art report. ENVIS
Publication Series 2/98.
 Krishnamurthy, V. 1985. Marine Plants. Seaweed Research and utilization
Association, madras.
 Stein, J.R. 1973. Hand book of Phycological methods. Cambridge University
Press.
 Swaminathan, M.S. 2003. Bioresources status in Selected Coastal Location.
DBT.
 Chapman, V.J. 1976. Coastal Vegetation. Pergamon press. New York.
 Daves, C.J. 1985. Marine Botany Physiology and Ecology of Seaweeds.
 Dawson. 1960. Marine Botany.

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 Naskar, Kumundrajan and Rathindranath mandal.1999. Ecology and
biodiversity of Indian mangroves. Vol.I and II.

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 Elective Course - VII Paper Code 18PBOTE07
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Photobiology Credits 03
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

The subject provides knowledge about photosystem of plants and their

physiology and ecology. In addition, light responses in leaf morphogenesis, Energy
production and their significant factors.

Unit I

What is light – Principles of photochemistry – What is photobiology – Plant

photosensory biology – Plants and their light environment – the light signals – The
photoreceptors – Cellular transduction chains – Whole plant responses to light –
Plant populations and their ecology.

Unit II

Photosynthesis as Energy conversion – Energy conversion in chloroplast –

Pigment systems of Red and BGA – Photosynthetic Electron Transport –Protection
Mechanisms Against Photo-Oxidative destruction of the Photosynthetic Apparatus –
Mechanism of Photophosphorylation – Biochemical process – Anoxygenic
photosynthesis of phototropic bacteria.

Unit III

The leaf as photosynthetic system - Measurement of the Rate of Photosynthesis

- Gross and Net Photosynthesis - Limiting Factors of Net Photosynthesis - Ability of
Leaves to Adapt Photosynthetically - Temperature Dependence of Net

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Photosynthesis - Influence of Oxygen on Net Photosynthesis - Regulation of CO2
Exchapge by Stomata

Unit IV

Photomorphogenesis - Action Spectra – Pigments - Phytochrome - Mode of

Action of Phytochrome in Photomorphogenesis - Four Case Studies on the Effects of
Phytochrome - Cooperation Between Photosensors - A Positive UV-B Effect:
Synthesis of Flavone Glycosides in Cell Suspension Cultures - Photomorphogenesis
of Fungi.

Unit V

Effects of Ionising Radiation - Exciting and Ionising Radiation - Types of

Ionising Radiation - Process of Ionisation - Some Thoughts on the Target Theory -
Effect of Ionising Radiation on Cell Components - Repair of Radiation Damage in
DNA - Effect of Ionising Radiation - on Higher Level Organisation in Cells.

References

 Pedro J. Aphalo, Andreas Albert, Lars Olof Björn, Andy McLeod, T. Matthew
Robson and Eva Rosenqvist. 2012. Beyond the visible A handbook of best
practice in plant UV photobiology. Europian Coopoartion in Science and
Technology.
 Hans Mohr and Peter Schopfer. 1995. Plant Physiology. Springer, UK.
 Pedro J. Aphalo. 2006. Light signals and the growth and development of plants
– a gentle introduction. University of Helsinki, Finland.
 Mukjerjee S. and Ghosh A.K. (2009) Plant Physiology. New Central Book
Agency; 3rd Revised edition edition.
 Jain, A. K. (2003), “Textbook of Physiology”, Arichal Publishing Company.
New Delhi.

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 Salisbury F.F. and Ross C.W. 1992. Plant Physiolgy. (IV edition) Wordsworth
Publishing Company. California, USA.
 Hopkins W.G. 1995. Introduction to plant physiology, John Wiley and Sons,
new York, USA.
 Moore T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and physiology of plant hormones, Springer
Verlag. New York, USA.
 Taiz L. And Zieger E. 1998. Plant physiology, Sinauer Associates Inc. and
publishers, USA.

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 Supportive Courses

 Bioremediation and Phytoremediation

 Biodiversity and Forest Ecology

 Horticulture and Gardening

 Marine Natural Resources

 Phytochemistry

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 Paper Code 18PBOTS01
Supportive Course - I
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Bioremediation and
Hours/Week 03
Phytoremediation

Course Outcomes:

This course provides knowledge about different bioremediation methods of

water and metal contamination

Unit I

Bioremediation – In-situ and Ex-situ bioremediation – Constraints and

priorities of bioremediation – evaluating bioremediation – Biodegradation – Factors
affecting process of biodegradation – Methods in determining biodegradability –
contaminant availability for biodegradation.

Unit II

Bioremediation of surface soils – biodegradation in soil ecosystems – types of

soil treatments – bioreactors – Subsurface aerobic bioremediation – Bioremediation
in fresh water and marine systems – Anoxic and anaerobic bioremediation –
bioremediation of hydrocarbons, Phenols and Heterocyclic compounds.

Unit III

Biological treatment of sewage – Environmental pollution control –

Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation – Biofilms in treatment of waste water – Aerobic
biofilms – bioreactors for waste water treatment – reactors types and design – Waste
water treatment using aquatic plants – Root zone treatment – Development of waste
water biotechnology using new biocatalysts.

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Unit IV

Sources of heavy metal pollution – microbial interaction with inorganic

pollutants – microbial metal resistance – microbial transformation – accumulation
and concentration of metals – Biosorption – Biotechnology and heavy metal pollution
– Oil field microbiology – Hydrocarbon degradation.

Unit V

Pathway construction – Biochemical background – Operon regulation –

Vectors – hybrid path ways and enzymes – Non-catabolic genes for catabolic
pathway construcutions. – Molecular probes – Bioluminescencec – fingerprinting –
T-RLFP – PCR – Immunological techniques – Hybridization techniques – plasmid
mediated Bioaugmentation.

References:

 Alexander, M. 1999. Biodegradation and bioremediation. Academic Press.

 Baker, K.H. and Herson, D.S. 1994. Bioremediation. Mc Graw Hill Inc, New
York.
 Bitton, G. 1999. Waste water Microbiology, Wiley – Liss.
 Crawford, R.L. and Crawford, D.1996. Bioremediation: Principlea and
Applications. Cambridge University Press, UK.
 Singh, A. and Ward, O.P. 2004. Applied Bioremediation and
Phytoremediation. Springer.
 Wainwright, M. 1999. An introduction to Environmental Biotechnology, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Boston.

101
 Paper Code 18PBOTS02
Supportive Course - II
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Biodiversity and Forest Ecology
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes

The course will enable to understand the biodiversity in the environment, its
structure, forest ecology and conservation.

Unit – I

Biodiversity – Introduction, Definition and concepts, types, significance of

biodiversity: ecological, economical and aesthetic importance. Climate zone and
biodiversity, Biodiversity in world megatrends: threats, identification, management,
conservation and preservation as approaches to biodiversity.

Unit – II

Global biodiversity – major biodiversity areas of the world, biodiversity

hotspots. Indian Biodiversity – Vegetation Zones, major protected areas and their
importance. Forest ecosystem- distribution and types of forests, major tropical forest
formations- vegetation dynamics- species richness of tropical forest- covers types.
Forest soils: Physical and chemical properties, organic matter, nutrient dynamics,
moisture, site index .

Unit – III

Forest environment: Effects of landform position, aspects, climate and

hydrology. Strategies and adaptation of forest species; Forest development – natural
regeneration: flowering and seed production, dispersal and seed predation,
germination patterns, seed dormancy and seed Bank

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Unit – IV

Holistic and Sustainable approach of eco-system management and

conservation of biological diversity and its significance. Role of forests in protection
of species regulation of climate and production of various produce. Depletion of
biodiversity from forest and the world forest conservation policies. Molecular tools
for developing disease resistance trees.

Unit – V

Conservation: principles, conservation strategies and legislation – Forest

and Environment protection Acts, Wildlife protection Acts (1972), Indian Forest Acts,
Biodiversity Act 2002 & 2004, Biosphere reserves, National parks and Wildlife Action
Plan, Man and Biosphere programmes, Remote sensing application in measuring
biodiversity. Forest genetic resources and gene conservation.

References

 Dan Binkley and Richard F.Fisher (2013). Ecology and Management of Forest
Soils. Published by John Wiley and sons limited.
 Prabodh K Maiti and Paulami Maiti (2011). Biodiversity- Preception, Peril and
Preservation. Published by Asoke K.Ghosh,PHI Learning Private Limited
Delhi.
 John M.Fryxell and Anthony R.E. Sinclair (2014). Wildlife Ecology,
Conservation and Management. Published by John Wiley and sons limited
 Fred Van Dyke (2008).Conservation Biology – Foundation, Concepts and
Applications. Published by Springer Science and Business Media B.V. ISBN:
978-1-4020-6890-4
 Biodiversity conservation in managed and protected areas Katwal/Banerjee
Agrobios, India 2002.

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 Paper Code 18PBOTS03
Supportive Course - III
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Horticulture and Gardening
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes

Appreciation and conservation of wildflowers, wildlife, forests, wilderness

areas, and other natural resources and cooperate with other agencies promoting
these interests.

Unit – I

Importance and scope of horticulture – Divisions of horticulture – climate, soil,

nutritional needs – water irrigation – plant propagation method- cutting, layering,
grafting , budding, stock-scion relationship. Frame work of marketing management-
concept of marketing, management and analysis of marketing.

Unit – II

Fruit crops – Induction of flowering, flower thinning fruit setting, fruit

developments – cultivation of important fruit crops – Mango, lime, and Guava –
Veritable crops: classification, cultivation of important vegetable crops: Tomato,
Brinjal and Dolichos lablab.

Unit – III

Storage of fruits and vegetables – preservation of fruits and vegetables

nursery – micro propagation – Hardening and translation – Germ palm maintenance
of sweet potato. Propagation of bulb plants: Scaling, Scooping, Bulbils, Division,
Cutting

Unit – IV

Principles and methods of designing a flower garden badges, sedges, fence,

tress, climbers – rookeries, terrace garden lawn making and maintenance, water
garden – cultivation of water plants

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Unit – V

Garden desingn- scope, objective, types of garden,features, and

ornamentation, Indoor gardening – house plant, light, humidity, watering, designing
Bonsai plants, watering, pruning, dwarfing. Landscaping – principles, types of park.
Elements and principles of flower design.

References

 Manibushan Rao. K. (1991). Text book of horticulture. McMillan publication.

References
 Kumar. N. (1986). Introduction to horticulture. Rajalakshmi publication
 Subbha Roa, N.S,1997. Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry. Inda Book
House Limited.
 Trivedy . P.P. 1987. Home gardening. ECA Publication. New Delhi.
 Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, Millennium edition, New Delhi,
Prentice Hall of India.
 Bose T K and Mukerjee D 1987, Gardening in India, Oxford Book House
 Manibhushan Rao 1991. Text book of Horticulture, Macmillan Publications.

105
 Paper Code 18PBOTS04
Supportive Course - IV
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Marine Natural Resources
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

This course provides knowledge about various marine natural resources and
their biochemical compounds and applications.

Unit I

A brief account on Marine Environment – Biotic and Abiotic factors of marine

Ecology – Types of coasts - Marine Natural Resources – Wild Bioresources - food,
feed, fodder, fire wood. Timber, medicinal products, potential genetic resources –
Ornamental – Domestic Bioresources – Crops, Cereals, pulses, oil crops,
horticultural crops, live stock, aquaculture and apiculture.

Unit II

Bioactive Metabolites of Marine Algae, Fungi and bacteria – Introduction –

Secondary metabolites of marine algae (Macro and Micro) – Bacteria and Fungi.

Unit III

Bioactivity of Marine Organisms – Introduction – bacteria and Fungi –

phytoplanktons – Seaweeds and Seagrasses – Actinomycetes – Utilization and
applications of seaweeds and seagrasses in livelihood activities.

Unit IV

Biosynthesis of Bioactive metabolites of marine organisms – Introduction –

problems of biosynthesis studies – Biosynthesis of metabolites of algae, BGA and
macro algae.

Unit V

Bioactive marine toxins – toxins from micro algae – dinoflagellates – bacteria

and macro algae – Biological, toxicological and clinical evaluation of marine natural

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resources – types of screening – screening models and activity – Anticancer
screening – testing methods – toxicity evaluation – uses of animals in experiment –
clinical trials.

References:

 Bhakuni, D.S. and Rawal, D.S. 2005. Bioactive marine natural products.
Springer, New York.
 Marco Colazingari, 2013. Marine Natural Resources and Technological
Development: An Economic Analysis of the Wealth from the Oceans,
Routledge.
 Karyn Morrissey, 2018. Economics of the Marine: Modelling Natural
Resources, Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd.

107
 Paper Code 18PBOTS05
Supportive Course - V
Marks 25 + 75 = 100
Credits 03
Phytochemistry
Hours/Week 03

Course Outcomes:

This supportive course is exposure knowledge about important chemicals of

medicinal plants and their significant role in drug discovery.

Unit I

Introduction to Phytochemicals – Types – Phytoconstituents and their

therapeutic value – Polysaccharides in plants - Secondary metabolites in plants -
Pharmaceutical proteins in plants – Plant hormones.

Unit II

Production of phytochemicals from medicinal plants – Histochemical studies

for medicinal plants - Biopharmaceuticals in plants – Extraction, Isolation and
purification methods of phytochemicals – Developing new drugs from
ethnomedicines – Drug industries from India.

Unit III

Traditional herbal medicine – Natural sources of drugs – Classification of

Crude drugs – Quality control of the crude drugs - Standaridization and Evaluation of
herbal drug formulations – Pharmacognosy of medicinal and aromatic plants.

Unit IV

Indian Traditional Medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents; Aloe vera,

Withania Somnifera, Rowolfia serpentina, Emblica officinalis, Saroca asoca, Aegle

108
marmelos, Tinospora cordifolia, Gloriosa superba, Solanum nigrum, Catharanthus
roseus, Tribulus terrestris, Adhatoda vasica, Gymnema sylvestre, Andrographis
paniculata, Momardica charantia, Syzygium cuminii and Pterocarpus marsupium.
Unit V

Marine phytochemistry – Definition – Marine plant products and their

phytochemicals – Bioactive compounds – Isolation and purification methods –
Seaweed and Seagrasses phytochemicals and their pharmacognosy.

References

 Evans W.C. and Trease E. 2009. Pharmacognosy. Elsevier, New York.

 Jarald E.E. and Jarald S. E. 2009. Text book of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi
 Nitin Suri. 2010. Phytochemical Techniques. Oxford Book Company,
Rajasthan.
 Atul Roy. 2012. Herbal Drug Industry. Oxford Book Company, Rajasthan.
 Roseline. A. 2011. Pharmacognosy. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
 Mishra. S.R. 2010. Plant Biochemistry. Discovery Publishing House, New
Delhi.

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