11

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Simple Separation
Techniques
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Simple Separation Techniques
First Edition, 2020

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 11

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4
Simple Separation
Techniques
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Simple

Separation Techniques!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Simple

Separation Techniques!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
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competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

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check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

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into real life situations or concerns.

3
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

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to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

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this module.

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module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
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5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Heredity: Inheritance and Variation. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is about:

 Lesson 4 – Simple Separation Techniques

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the difference between pure substances and mixture
2. Explain the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture
3. Describe methods or techniques used to separate components of mixtures

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the correct order for obtaining salt from a mixture of salt and sand?
a. Filtration –Dissolving in water - Evaporation
b. Evaporation – Filtration – Dissolving in water
c. Dissolving in water – Filtration -Evaporation
d. Dissolving in water – Evaporation -Filtration

2. Which method is usually used to separate colored substances from each

other?
a. Simple distillation c. Evaporation
b. Chromatography d. Filtration

3. Pure water can be separated from inky water by simple distillation because:
a. Ink evaporates leaving the water behind
b. Water and ink have different boiling points
c. Water and ink have different freezing point
d. Water evaporates leaving the ink particles behind

4. Which is the best way to get salt from salty water?

a. Chromatography c. Filtration
b. Evaporation d. Chromatography

5. What is the name of the piece of paper at the end of chromatography

experiment?
a. Chromatogram c. Iron fillings
b. Filtrate d. Residue

6. If Reggie knows the components of a mixture and the boiling points of the
components, which is a possible method to isolate the components in the
mixture?
a. Make use of distillation
b. Make use of evaporation
c. Make use of magnetic attraction
d. Make use of paper chromatography

7. Evaporation is a process which is suitable in separating a soluble solid from

a ______________.
a. Distillate c. Solute
b. Filtrate d. Solvent

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8. Which of the following separation processes uses boiling to separate mixture?
a. Centrifuge c. Filtration
b. Distillation d. Sublimation

9. If you want to separate iron fillings from sand, you would use a ___________.
a. Colander c. Funnel
b. Filter d. Magnet

10. Evaporation means going from liquid to a ________________.

a. Gas c. Residue
b. Liquid d. Solid

11. Crude oil can be separated into several liquids that have different boiling
points. What is the name of this process?
a. Chromatography
b. Evaporation
c. Fractional distillation
d. Simple distillation

12. When can filtration technique be used?

a. to crystallize salt
b. to separate a solid from a liquid
c. to separate two liquids
d. to separate a mixture of different colored dyes

13. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

a. Mixtures are hard to separate.
b. Mixtures have a fixed composition.
c. Mixtures do not have fixed composition.
d. Mixtures’ atoms or compounds are joined together.

14. After filtration of a sand-water mixture, sand is left in the filter paper. The
sand is the ___________.
a. Chromatogram c. Solvent
b. Filtrate d. Residue

15. What property does paper chromatography make use of to separate its
components?
a. Absorption rate of the chemicals
b. Components of a liquid mixture will travel at different rates
c. Solubility of the solvent in the filter paper
d. The end product can be very pretty

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 Lesson
Simple Separation
4 Technique
Mixture can be separated by physical means and through various techniques.
Which will be discussed later one by one.

What’s In

Great job Chemist! You have successfully answered the questions above. In this part,
let us try to become a good consumer in our own way by doing this simple activity.

Activity 1: Where do I belong?

Directions: Match Column A with Column B and Column C. In writing your answer,
copy the number, letter, and numerals that corresponds to your answer. Use a
separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B Column C

Purpose for which we do the What do we do with the
Separation process
separation separated components?
(1) Churning milk to (b) To remove non-useful (ii) We threw away the
obtain butter. components. impurities.
(2) Separate tea (c) To remove impurities or (iii) We use both the
leaves harmful components. components.
(3) Separate stones (a) To separate two different (i) We throw away the solid
from rice. but useful components. component.

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module is composed of different activities about various
simple separation techniques. Utilization of different resources is
suggested.

What’s New

Great work chemist! You can still recall your previous lessons. This time, in relation
to our new lesson please answer below the activities prepared for you.

Pure Substances and Mixture

Pure Substances are substances that are made up of only one kind of particles and
has a fixed or constant structure. They can be either element or compound. Example,
Gold is a pure substance composed only of gold atoms, while water is pure substance
composed of only hydrogen and oxygen atoms chemically bonded together to form
water molecule.

Mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances that can be separated

physically. Example, Air is also a mixture, composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide and other gases.

Activity 2: Pure Substances vs. Mixture

Direction: List five (5) things around your home or school that you think might be a
pure substances and mixture. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Pure Substances Mixture
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

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Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixture
We can further classify mixture as Homogeneous and Heterogeneous.
Homogeneous mixture is uniform in appearance. The distribution of substances is
equal all throughout. This is also called solution, where a solute is dissolved in a
solvent. Air is an example of homogeneous mixture of many gases (Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Carbon dioxide, and water vapor).

Heterogeneous mixture on the other hand has non-uniform appearance. The

distribution of substances in the system is not equal. Sand and water is an example,
if we mix sand to water we can easily distinguish sand from water, and it can be
separated physically.

Activity 3: Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous

Direction: Check if the mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous. Copy the table.
Answer it on a separate sheet of paper.

Mixture Homogeneous Heterogeneous

1. Water and Sugar
2. Coffee + Milk + Sugar
3. Milk
4. Paint
5. Water and Powdered chalk
6. Juice
7. Air
8. Salt and water
9. Pepper and salt
10. Vinegar and salt

What is It

How is pure substances differ from Mixture?

Pure Substances are substances that are made up of only one kind of particles and
has a fixed or constant structure. They can either be element or compound, while
Mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances. Mixture can be further
classify into homogeneous (solution) which is a uniform mixture of substances and
heterogeneous mixture (colloid and suspension) which have unequal distribution of
substances resulting to a non-uniform mixture.

Mixtures can be separated into their different pure substances components through
their physical properties. Pure substances have their own unique physical properties
such as density, state of matter, melting point, boiling point and solubility. Scientists

5
needed to have understanding of these physical properties to separate them. The
following are examples of methods or technique in separating components of a
mixture.

Filtration can be used to separate insoluble solids from water. It uses filter to
separate the solid from water.

Materials required for separating solids from liquids include: a large beaker (bottles
can be an alternative), glass funnel (plastic funnel in your home can be an
alternative), a piece of filter paper (paper towel or napkins can be use as an
alternative), and a container filled with mixture.

Procedure:
1. Fix the funnel over the beaker.
2. Fold the piece of filter paper into shape of a cone and place it inside the
funnel.
3. Moisten the filter paper with water.
4. Slowly pour the mixture over the funnel
5. You will observe that the solid remains, while the liquid passes through the
filter paper and is accumulated in the beaker.

A liquid containing solid particles is called suspension. When a suspension is

filtered, the solid that remains on the filter paper is called residue. Filtrate, on the
other hand is the term for the liquid that passed through the filter paper. A mixture
of two solids can be separated if only one of them is soluble in a particular solvent
and the other is not. An example of such a mixture would be a salt-sand mixture,
in which salt is soluble in distilled water while sand is not.

Figure 1: Filtration Diagram

Source: https://keystagewiki.com/index.php/Filtration

Filtration using filter paper is time-consuming. An electronic instrument called

centrifuge can be used for filtration quickly for commercial purposes. Filtration is
employed in vehicles in the form of air and oil filters.
 An air filter traps dirt particles that enter in the engine, protecting the
engine’s cylinder, walls, pistons, and piston rings.

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  An oil filter cleanses oil that passes through the filter element.

Human Nose acts also as filter, and other household utensils like strainer and coffee
sock.

Distillation involves separating a liquid (solvent) from a solution. Two processes are
involved in distillation: boiling and condensation.
 The solution is heated in the distillation flask so that the solvent
evaporates and becomes vapour.
 The vapour then rises, and is directed to the condenser and where it is being
cooled.
 The vapour then condenses into a liquid called the distillate.

Distillation can also be used to separate miscible liquids with different boiling points
(that is, liquids that dissolve in each other). Liquids that do not mix are said to be
immiscible while the liquids that mix completely are called miscible.
 When separating two miscible liquids, the liquid with the lower boiling point
will evaporate and is collected first.
 During the evaporation and collection, the temperature remains constant at
the boiling point of the liquid.
 The conical flask will be removed once the temperature starts increasing
again. To prevent the previous liquid to be contaminated by the other one.
 The other liquid will remain in the distillation flask.
Example:
Distillation may be used to obtain pure water from seawater. Seawater is
evaporated and the water vapour that escapes condenses into pure water. This is
however a very expensive process, and it requires a lot of fuel as a huge amount of
water has to be heated.

Fractional distillation on the other hand is used to separate two miscible

liquids with different boiling points. Fractional distillation has industrial application
of these is to obtain petroleum fractions from crude oil in oil refineries. This
process is also applied in making alcoholic beverages.
Figure 2: Simple Distillation Diagram

Source: https://chemistrynotesblog.wordpress.com/seperation-
techniques/introduction-to-separation-techniques-2/

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 Figure 3: Fractional Distillation Diagram

Source: https://www.topperlearning.com/answer/a-what-is-fractional-
distill/1rx1w9xtt

Chromatography is an analytical method of isolating the coloured components of a

mixture. Chromatography comes in many forms: paper chromatography, liquid
chromatography, gas chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography.

Paper chromatography is used to separate the components of a mixture by treating

the mixture with a solvent. When a spot of ink is put on to the chromatography
paper, the dyes in the ink are absorbed unto the surface of the paper.
 As the solvent is soaked up by the paper, it dissolves the dyes.
 A dye that is not very soluble and is strongly adsorbed onto the paper travels
the slowest, while a dye that is highly soluble and weakly adsorbed is carried
the farthest through the paper.
 Chromatogram is the term used to refers to the chromatography paper with
the separated components of a mixture.

Example:
1. Paper chromatography is commonly used to find colours in dyes and
coloured substances used in food products such as sweets and canned
vegetables.
2. It can also be used to identify poisons or drugs, detecting traces of banned
additives in foodstuffs.

Figure 4: Paper Chromatography Diagram

Source: https://byjus.com/chemistry/paper-chromatography/

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 Note: You can also learn more about paper chromatography through YouTube.
https://youtu.be/uOhefwQBAbI

In addition to the techniques and methods we can used in separating mixtures are
the following:

Evaporation refers to the process in which there is a gradual change of state from
liquid to gas. It is a technique used to separate out homogeneous mixtures where
there is one or more dissolved salts. The method drives off the liquid components
from the solid components. The process typically involves heating the mixture until
no more liquid remains. Prior to using this method, the mixture should only contain
one liquid component, unless it is not important to isolate the liquid components.
This is because all liquid components will evaporate over time. This method is
suitable to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.

Magnetic attraction uses the basic principle of magnetism to separate a mixture of

magnetic and non-magnetic substances by using magnets. Magnetic separation
takes advantage of differences in the magnetic properties of minerals. Minerals fall
into one of three magnetic properties: ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic.

Desalination also called desalting, removal of dissolved salts from seawater and in
some cases from the brackish (slightly salty) waters of inland seas, highly
mineralized groundwater (e.g., geothermal brines), and municipal wastewaters. This
process renders such otherwise unusable waters fit for
human consumption, irrigation, industrial applications, and various other purposes.
Existing desalination technology requires a substantial amount of energy, usually in
the form of fossil fuels, and so the process is expensive. For this reason it is generally
used only where sources of fresh water are not economically available.

Crystallization is a technique used for the purification of substances. A separation

technique to separate solids from a solution. It can also be defined as the process
through which the atoms/molecules of a substance arrange themselves in a well-
defined three-dimensional lattice and, consequently, minimize the overall energy of
the system. When a substance is subjected to crystallization, its atoms or molecules
bind together through well-defined angles.

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 What’s More

Excellent work scientist! Now that you already know the different techniques in
separating mixtures, you can easily do the next activity.

A. Directions: Make a concept map of the terms you have encountered in the
previous discussions. Give its definition and connect it to the main concept in
a box.

Separating
Techniques

What I Have Learned

Summarize what you have learned from the very start by answering the questions
below.

1. Differentiate pure substance from mixture. Cite an example.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture. Cite
an example.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Cite two (2) industrial application of fractional distillation.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Give three (3) techniques or methods we can used in separating mixture. Cite
an example in each technique or method.
1.

2.

3.

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 What I Can Do

Job well done scientist! You are close completing your work. Now is the time you
apply what you have learned in this module.

Directions: Read the questions carefully and answer it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Explain what method you would use to obtain:

a. Pure water from a mixture of ink and water.
b. Petrol (boiling point 20 60 C) from a mixture of petrol and
kerosene (boiling point 180 220 C)

2. A student used a pen to draw a line across a piece of chromatography

paper. He then placed a sample of dye on the drawn line for analysis. Is the
student doing the right thing? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is an industrial application of fractional distillation?

a. Identifying poisons or drugs, detecting traces of banned additives in
foodstuffs
b. An air filter trapping dirt particles entering the engine.
c. Making alcohol beverages
d. Sewage treatment

2. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

a. During distillation, hot water is used to run along the condenser.
b. During distillation, water vaporizes and changes into steam.
c. During distillation, in the condenser, the water evaporates.
d. During distillation, the thermometer is not necessary.

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3. Grace accidentally poured a blue liquid into a beaker of water in the
laboratory. The blue liquid is immiscible in water and is denser than water.
What did she use to separate the liquid?
a. Displacement can
b. Distilling flask
c. Filter funnel
d. Separating funnel

4. To separate mud from muddy water we can use filtration. The mud
collected in the filter paper is known as ________________.
a. Crystals
b. Filtrate
c. Mixture
d. Residue

5. Which of the following method is most suitable for separating a mixture of

dissolved solid in water?
a. Crystallization
b. Filtration
c. Sublimation
d. Simple distillation

6. Which of the following factor is the basis of the separation of simple

distillation?
a. Boiling point
b. Freezing point
c. Melting point
d. Temperature

7. Which of the following tool will you use if you want to separate iron fillings
from sand?
a. Colander
b. Filter
c. Funnel
d. Magnet

8. The following are the precautions we need to consider in carrying out

distillation Except:
a. The thermometer should be placed at the side arm of the flask, and
should not dip into the solution.
b. The condenser slopes downward so that the pure solvent formed can
run into the receiver.
c. If the distillate is volatile, the receiver can be put in a large container
filled with ice to keep the temperature of distillate low.
d. The conical flask must be put over the top of tripod and carried by
clamp.

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9. Suspensions are best separated by which process?
a. Crystallization
b. Distillation
c. Filtration
d. Chromatography

10. Crystallization exploits difference in which factors?

a. Specific heat
b. Boiling point
c. Melting Point
d. Bubble point

11. Which of the following methods are to be applied to separate Oxygen rich
components and Nitrogen rich components?
a. Crystallization
b. Distillation
c. Magnetic attraction
d. Zone melting

12. How is oil and Hexane separated?

a. Crystallization
b. Electrophoresis
c. Distillation
d. Separating funnel

13. What does the term 'filtrate' mean?

a. The liquid that evaporates from a solution.
b. Solid particles that decompose upon heating.
c. The liquid that passes through the filter paper.
d. Solid particles that are left behind after filtration on the filter paper.

14. When do we use evaporation to separate components?

a. A solid-solid mixture when one of the components sublimes.
b. A solid-liquid mixture when solid particles are dissolved.
c. A liquid-liquid mixture when one of the liquids has lower boiling point.
d. A liquid-solid mixture when solid particles can be seen in the mixture.

15. What is Solute?

a. It is the dissolving medium.
b. It is the substance being dissolved.
c. It is the particle that is left behind during filtration.
d. It is the result when one substance is dissolves into another.

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 Additional Activities

Congratulations! You’ve come this far. I know you’ve learned a lot about simple
techniques used in separating mixture. Now for your additional activities, read the
article below and answer the guide question. Use a separate sheet of paper.

Article Title: Inside Syria – the search for sarin.

It’s not often that scientists have to go to the front line of a war zone, but
that’s what happened recently in Syria.

The government there, which is fighting in a civil war, had used poisonous gas
against the rebels. But before the United Nations could demand that Syria give up
its chemical weapons it had to prove what was in them. That’s where the scientists
came in.

Travelling in very dangerous areas where they could be shot at any time, the chemists
moved through the war zone collecting samples from where the gas had been used.
Fortunately they did so safely and got the samples back to the lab.

The next job was to analyze the samples to see exactly what gas had been used.

They used a two-step technique called gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The

first step separates the sample into its components. The second step identities the
components by identifying signature chemical properties.

The scientists proved that the poisonous gas sarin had been used and so the United
Nations was able to force Syria to destroy its chemical weapons.

(Note: If you want to read the full article, you can read it at
https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/chemistry/inside-syria-the-search-for sarin)

Guide Question:

Based on the article you have read, how important it is for us to have the
knowledge about these methods and techniques in separating mixtures?

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 15
What I Know What’s In What’s New
2. C Activity 1: Activity 2:
3. B
4. D 1. 2 – a - iii
Pure Substances –
5. B 2. 3 – b - i
6. A Gold, Water,
3. 1 – c - ii
7. A Table Salt,
8. B Diamond, Silver
9. D
10. A
11. C Mixtures – Air, Mud,
12. C Sea Water, Soil,
13. B Blood
14. C
15. B
16. B
W What’s New What I Can do Assessment
Activity 3: 1. a – Simple 1. C
distillation 2. B
1. Homogeneous b – Fractional 3. D
2. Homogeneous Distillation 4. D
3. Heterogeneous 5. D
4. Heterogeneous 2. The student is not 6. A
5. Heterogeneous doing the right 7. D
6. Homogeneous thing. The 8. D
7. Homogeneous components 9. C
8. Homogeneous present in the ink 10. C
9. Heterogeneous of the pen will be 11. B
10. Homogeneous separated upon 12. D
being dissolved by 13. C
the solvent. 14. B
15. B
Answer Key
References
Lewis, Rob, D., Waynne Evans, 2006. Chemistry. 3rd ed. New York: PALGRAVE
MACMILLAN pp.350-364

“Chromatography, Distillation and Filtration: Methods of Separating Mixtures.” Study.com. June 8,

2012. http://study.com/academy/lesson/states-of-matter-and-methods-of-separating
mixtures.html.

Bond, Thomas., Hughes, Chris., Singapore Lower Secondary Science Critical Study Notes Book
AA (Yellowreef). Yellowreef limited, 2013.http://www.yellowree.com

“Separation Techniques.” Located at

http://cosmosfroschools.com/PDFs/Lesson_033_handout.pdf

Methods for Separating Mixtures, Chem.libretext.org. Updated October 17, 2019,

http://chem.libretext.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_
chemistry_(CK12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.08%3A_Methods_for_Separating_Mixt
ures

Methods for Separating Mixtures, Chem.libretext.org. Updated August 10, 2020,

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Che
mistry_(CK12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.08%3A_Methods_for_Separating_Mixtures#:~:text
=to%20one%20another.-,Evaporation,until%20no%20more%20liquid%20remains.

“Magnetic Separation” Located at http://epsc.wustl.edu/geochronology/frantz.htm

Desalination, 2019, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Date accessed August 22, 2020 at
https://www.britannica.com/technology//desalination

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 DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for
and addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were
based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-
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encourage feedback, comments, and recommendations.

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