CPCCLSF4001 Advanced Scaffold

Breight Education – RTO #45006
CPCCLSF4001 Licence to erect, alter and

dismantle scaffolding - advanced level
Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide

BT-ADV-LG-001 Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1 Advanced Scaffolding ................................................................................................................................ 9
1.2 Hung Scaffolding ........................................................................................................................................ 9
1.3 Suspended Scaffolding .............................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Course Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2 National Standard for High-Risk Work ...................................................................................................... 11
2.1 High-Risk Work Licence (HRWL) ........................................................................................................ 11
2.2 HRWL Card ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.3 Receival of your HRWL card .............................................................................................................. 11
2.4 Renewing your HRWL ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.5 If your HRWL is expired ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 High Risk Work Licences ............................................................................................................ 12
2.5.2 Renewal of expired licence ........................................................................................................ 12
2.6 Responsibility of a HRWL Holder ....................................................................................................... 12
2.7 Regulators Power .............................................................................................................................. 13
2.8 Scaffolding High Risk Licences ........................................................................................................... 13
2.9 Acts and Legislation ........................................................................................................................... 13
2.10 Regulations ........................................................................................................................................ 14
2.11 Codes of Practice ............................................................................................................................... 14
2.12 Australian Standards ......................................................................................................................... 14
3 Key Elements of The Workplace Health & Safety Legislation ................................................................... 15
3.1 Documented Workplace safety information: .................................................................................... 15
3.2 Working at Heights Legislation .......................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Duty of Care ....................................................................................................................................... 16
5.3.1 Duty of Care – Workers .................................................................................................................... 16
5.3.2 Duty of Care – Employers ................................................................................................................. 17
3.4 Workplace information (Technical and Safety Information) ............................................................. 17
3.5 Workplace information includes: ...................................................................................................... 17
5.6.1 Site details ........................................................................................................................................ 17
5.6.2 Task details ....................................................................................................................................... 18
5.6.3 Hazard details ................................................................................................................................... 18
5.6.4 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) / Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS).............................................. 18
5.6.5 Permits and Certifications ................................................................................................................ 18
3.5.1 Signage....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.6 Information about equipment: ......................................................................................................... 19
Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 2

Version: 2 Authorised by: Linda Holmes
Released Date: 17/11/2022
Next Review Date: 17/11/2023
5.7.1 Service and Maintenance checklists and records............................................................................. 19

3.7 Workplace procedures, including emergency plans and incident reporting. ................................... 19
5.8.1 Workplace policies and procedures ................................................................................................. 19
3.8 Emergency plans and Incident reporting .......................................................................................... 20
3.9 Obtain and interpret information ..................................................................................................... 21
3.10 Site Information................................................................................................................................. 21
3.11 Scaffold Information .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.12 Plan Work .......................................................................................................................................... 23
3.12.1 Planning Scaffold Work ............................................................................................................. 23
3.13 Task related hazards .......................................................................................................................... 24
3.14 Workplace Communications ............................................................................................................. 24
5.18 Communication Methods ...................................................................................................................... 25
5.19 Communication Equipment................................................................................................................... 25
5.20 Written Communication ........................................................................................................................ 25
4 Risk Assessments ....................................................................................................................................... 26
4.1 Hazard Risks and Controls ................................................................................................................. 27
4.1.1 Hazard ........................................................................................................................................ 27
4.1.2 Hazard Identification ................................................................................................................. 27
4.1.3 Hazards commonly encountered in scaffolding activities ......................................................... 27
4.1.4 Hazards commonly encountered with hung, suspended scaffold and cantilever hoist ........... 27
4.2 Risk..................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.2.1 Assess the risk to persons, environment and equipment ......................................................... 28
4.3 Control ............................................................................................................................................... 28
4.3.1 Controlling Hazards and Risks ................................................................................................... 28
4.3.2 Risk Controls to reduce the risk of falling from height. ............................................................. 28
4.3.3 Reviewing and updating your risk assessment.......................................................................... 29
5 Hazard identification and mitigation strategies incl. Hierarchy of Control ............................................... 29
5.1.1 Eliminating the Risk (Level One) ................................................................................................ 29
5.1.2 Substituting the Risk (Level Two) .............................................................................................. 29
5.1.3 Isolate the Risk (Level Three)..................................................................................................... 29
5.1.4 Engineering Controls (Level Four) ............................................................................................. 29
5.1.5 Administrative Controls (Level Five).......................................................................................... 29
5.1.6 Personal Protective Equipment (Level Six) ................................................................................ 30
7.4 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) / Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) ...................................................... 30
7.6.6 Electrical Hazards.............................................................................................................................. 32
6 Working Near Electricity ............................................................................................................................ 32
6.1 Minimum clearance distance from powerlines and electrical equipment ....................................... 32

8.3 Visual indicators to identify overhead electric power lines .................................................................... 33

8.3.1 Markers of different colours ............................................................................................................ 33
8.3.2 Tiger Tails .......................................................................................................................................... 33
8.3.3 Power line marker balls .................................................................................................................... 33
8.3.4 Safety warning / danger signs .......................................................................................................... 34
9.8 Working Around Machinery and Moving Parts ....................................................................................... 34
9.12 Tools & Equipment at Height - Dropped Objects .................................................................................. 35
9.13 Safety Equipment .................................................................................................................................. 35
9.14 Safety equipment includes: ................................................................................................................... 35
9.14.1 Safety harness ................................................................................................................................ 35
9.14.2 Energy absorber (Shock Absorber) ................................................................................................. 36
9.14.3 Lanyard ........................................................................................................................................... 36
9.14.4 Inertia reel ...................................................................................................................................... 37
10 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) .......................................................................................................... 37
10.1 General PPE ........................................................................................................................................... 37
10.2 Scaffolding PPE ...................................................................................................................................... 38
10.3 Working at Heights PPE ......................................................................................................................... 38
11 Application, Limitation, Operation, Load Capabilities & Safety requirements of:..................................................................... 38
11.1 Cantilevered hoists ................................................................................................................................ 38
11.1.1 Minimum horizontal clearance ...................................................................................................... 39
11.1.2 Prevent material or people entering the path of the hoist ............................................................ 39
11.1.3 Platform and landing are greater than 100mm ............................................................................. 39
11.2 Hoists ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
11.3 Hoist Ropes ............................................................................................................................................ 40
11.4 Hoist Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 40
11.5 Load Limiting and Data Plates ............................................................................................................... 41
11.6 Suspended Scaffolds .............................................................................................................................. 41
11.7 Compliance Information ........................................................................................................................ 41
11.8 Risk Control Measures ........................................................................................................................... 42
11.9 Load Limits ............................................................................................................................................. 42
11.10 Hung scaffolds, incl. Scaffolds hung from tubes, wire ropes or chains ............................................... 42
11.11 Platform ............................................................................................................................................... 44
11.12 Edge Protection ................................................................................................................................... 44
11.13 Access .................................................................................................................................................. 44
11.14 Hung Scaffold Supports ....................................................................................................................... 45
11.15 Erecting Hung Scaffold ........................................................................................................................ 45
11.15.1 Standards that can be used in the erection of a hung scaffold are; ............................................ 46

11.16 Erecting Hung Scaffold Instructions .................................................................................................... 47

11.17 Hung Scaffold Requirements ............................................................................................................... 49
11.18 Positioning System .............................................................................................................................. 49
11.19 Suspended Scaffolds ............................................................................................................................ 50
11.20 Suspended Scaffolds – Swing Stage..................................................................................................... 50
11.21 Erect Swing Stage ................................................................................................................................ 51
11.22 Suspended Scaffold Requirements...................................................................................................... 51
11.23 Spigots ................................................................................................................................................. 53
11.24 Support Possibilities ............................................................................................................................ 53
11.25 Cradle / Platform ................................................................................................................................. 54
11.26 Control Box .......................................................................................................................................... 54
12 Dimensions of scaffold, maximum capacities and types of loads: ............................................................... 55
12.1 Static load .............................................................................................................................................. 55
12.2 Live loads ............................................................................................................................................... 55
12.3 Dead loads ............................................................................................................................................. 55
12.4 Dynamic load ......................................................................................................................................... 56
12.5 Environmental load ............................................................................................................................... 56
12.6 Wind load .............................................................................................................................................. 56
12.7 Load capacities and minimum dimensions for: ..................................................................................... 56
12.7.1 Duty Live Load ................................................................................................................................ 56
12.7. 2 Light duty ....................................................................................................................................... 56
12.7.3 Medium duty .................................................................................................................................. 56
12.7.4 Heavy duty ...................................................................................................................................... 56
12.7.5 Special duty scaffolds ..................................................................................................................... 57
12.8 Engineering and supplier specifications ................................................................................................ 57
13 Mathematical processes for estimating and measuring loads for scaffolds. ............................................... 57
13.1 Calculations ........................................................................................................................................... 57
13.2 Measuring .............................................................................................................................................. 57
13.3 Tolerance - Measurements and Calculations ........................................................................................ 58
13.4 Confirmation.......................................................................................................................................... 58
13.5 Dimensions ............................................................................................................................................ 58
13.6 Load Calculations ................................................................................................................................... 58
13.7 Calculating the Live Load ....................................................................................................................... 58
13.9 Equipment Quantities............................................................................................................................ 59
13.10 Equipment Requirements.................................................................................................................... 59
13.11 Calculating Forces and Loads .............................................................................................................. 59
13.12 Calculate the Dead Load of the Scaffold ............................................................................................. 59

13.14 Calculate the Design Load (combined dead load and the live load) ................................................... 60
13.16 Working Load Limit.............................................................................................................................. 60
13.21 Calculations for Suspended Scaffolds.................................................................................................. 61
13.22 Calculating maximum rope tension for an electric hoist. ................................................................... 61
13.24 Calculating rope minimum guaranteed breaking load of the suspension rope .................................. 61
13.26 Calculating counterweight requirements for needle stability. ........................................................... 62
62
14 Design of tube and coupler scaffolding ........................................................................................................ 62
14.1 Tubes ..................................................................................................................................................... 62
14.2 Couplers ................................................................................................................................................. 63
15 Selection, inspection, care, handling, application, storage, and limitations of............................................ 64
15.1 Selecting and Inspecting Scaffold Equipment and Components ........................................................... 64
15.4 Counterweights ..................................................................................................................................... 65
15.5 Prefabricated Needles or Suspension Rigs ............................................................................................ 65
15.5.1 Prefabricated Needles .................................................................................................................... 65
15.5.2 Suspension Rigs .............................................................................................................................. 65
15.6 Reveal Propped Needle Suspension Rig ................................................................................................ 65
15.7 Needle or Supporting Beam .................................................................................................................. 66
15.8 Swinging Stages ..................................................................................................................................... 66
15.24 Scaffolding associated equipment ...................................................................................................... 66
15.25 box spanners ....................................................................................................................................... 66
15.26 Hammers ............................................................................................................................................. 66
15.27 Spirit levels .......................................................................................................................................... 67
15.28 Tape measures .................................................................................................................................... 67
15.29 Scaffold belts ....................................................................................................................................... 67
15.30 Podgers ................................................................................................................................................ 68
15.31 Wire nips.............................................................................................................................................. 68
15.32 Wrenches............................................................................................................................................. 68
15.33 Torpedo levels ..................................................................................................................................... 69
15.34 Spanners .............................................................................................................................................. 69
15.35 Cutters ................................................................................................................................................. 69
15.36 Hammer drills ...................................................................................................................................... 69
16 Stability equipment and processes: ............................................................................................................. 69
16.11 Tracks and Trolleys .............................................................................................................................. 69
16.12 Beam Clamps ....................................................................................................................................... 70
16.13 Accessories .......................................................................................................................................... 70
16.13.16 Tube Caps ................................................................................................................................... 70

16.13.2 Coupler Caps ................................................................................................................................. 70

16.13.2 Scaff Pad / Scaff foam ................................................................................................................... 70
17 Relevant persons .......................................................................................................................................... 70
17.3 Engineers and Designers ....................................................................................................................... 71
17.4 Supervisors ............................................................................................................................................ 71
18 Load bearing capacity of supporting beams or structures ........................................................................... 71
19.4 Scaffold Tag ........................................................................................................................................... 71
19.5 Unauthorised Access Controls............................................................................................................... 72
19.6 Isolate Defective Equipment ................................................................................................................. 72
19.7 Handover Certificate ............................................................................................................................. 72
19.9 Modifying or Inspecting a Scaffold ........................................................................................................ 73
19.10 Dismantling scaffolds and equipment ................................................................................................. 74
19.10.1 Dismantle the scaffold according to the correct procedures....................................................... 74
19.11 Clear the Work Area and Store Tools and Equipment ........................................................................ 75
19.11.1 Clearing the Work Area ................................................................................................................ 75
19.11.12 Checking and Storing Tools and Equipment ............................................................................... 75
19.11.13 Reporting All Faults .................................................................................................................... 75
19.12 Manufacturer requirements for scaffolding ....................................................................................... 75

Disclaimer
This resource has been developed after extensive consultation with industry partners. It is a collaborative view and does not
necessarily represent the view of any specific body. For the sake of being concise, it may omit factors that could be pertinent
cases. This product is meant for educational purposes only and is not a substitute or replacement for the workplace’s existing
policy and procedures.
While care has been taken in the preparation of this resource, Breight Education (BE) does not warrant that any licensing or
registration requirements specified here are either complete or up to date for your State or Territory. BE does not accept
liability for any damage or loss (including indirect and consequential loss) incurred by any person as a result of relying on the
information contained in this resource.
Breight Education does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or the use of such information or
advice) which is provided in this resource or incorporated into it by reference. The information is provided on the basis that
all persons (responsible RTO, trainers, and assessors) accessing this material accept responsibility for assessing the relevance
and accuracy of its content. No liability is accepted for any information or services which may appear in any other format. No
responsibility is taken for any information or services which may appear on any linked websites.

1 Introduction
This training course is based on the Nationally Recognised unit of competence CPCCLSF4001 Licence to erect, alter
and dismantle scaffolding advanced level.
This unit specifies the skills and knowledge required to safely perform advanced scaffolding
work.
Scaffolding work involves erecting altering or dismantling a temporary structure to support a
platform from which a person or object could fall more than four metres.
It applies to those working in operational roles. They generally work under supervision to
undertake a prescribed range of functions involving known routines and procedures and
take responsibility for the quality of work outcomes.
Scaffolding is a high- risk activity, that has the potential to lead to falls from heights and falling objects, it can be
dangerous if everyone is not correctly trained. This Scaffolding course is part of the strategy to raise the current
industry standards and maintain them to keep everyone safe.
Any person who is scaffolding and working at heights needs training, clear work instructions and must use fall
prevention and safety equipment. If there is any uncertainty about the use of any piece of equipment or
uncertainty about your task, you need to seek clarification from your assessor or onsite you need to seek
clarification from your supervisor or a working at heights specialist.
This guide outlines the competency-based skills needed to carry out advanced scaffolding safely.
1.1 Advanced Scaffolding

Those qualified in advanced scaffolding must know how to carry out work associated with all basic and
intermediate scaffolding competencies and:
• Erection of hung scaffolds
Erection of suspended scaffolds
1.2 Hung Scaffolding

Hung Scaffolds are temporary structures suspended by tubes, wire ropes or chains
from a permanent structure and are used to access areas that would otherwise be
difficult or unsafe to access by other means.
They are usually made from steel, aluminium, or timber components.
Hung scaffolds cannot be raised or lowered when in use. Some can, however, travel
horizontally with the aid of girder trolleys or mobile suspension rigs.
1.3 Suspended Scaffolding

A suspended scaffold incorporates a suspended platform capable of being raised or
lowered when in use. These types of scaffolds are commonly associated with window
washers.
Other terms often used are ‘suspended cradle’ and ‘swing-stage’ scaffold. They are
typically prefabricated modular units or permanently fabricated units although they
can be assembled from scaffolding.

A suspended scaffold must be designed by a competent person and must be erected by a person holding an
advanced scaffolding or advanced rigging high risk work licence. Operators do not require a licence but must be
competent.
Designer specifications should be followed when installing, erecting, altering and operating a suspended scaffold.
1.4 Course Overview

This training resource covers the skills and knowledge required to safely perform advanced scaffolding work. Pre-
requisite Unit for this course is CPCCLSF4 001 Licence to erect, alter and dismantle scaffolding intermediate level.
Scaffolding work involves erecting, altering, or dismantling a temporary structure to support a platform from which
a person or object could fall more than four metres. This unit applies to scaffolding work involving:
• cantilevered hoists
• hung scaffolds, including scaffolds hung from tubes, wire ropes or chains
• suspended scaffolds.
Scaffolding work is undertaken in construction and other industries where temporary structures are erected,
altered and dismantled. Successful completion of this training will help you to undertake the assessment required
to obtain a High-Risk Work Licence for Advanced Scaffolding.
The resource contains information that will help you to:
• Plan task
• Select and inspect plant and equipment
• Set up task
• Undertake advanced scaffolding activities
Complete task
1.5 Assessment
You will complete both a theory and a practical assessment.
NOTE: Use this resource in conjunction with the manufacturer or supplier instructions for the tools and
equipment you will be using, and always follow your site's procedures.

2 National Standard for High-Risk Work

The national standard for high-risk work sets out the training and assessment requirements for a person
performing high risk work. Under WHS Regulations, scaffolding requires a high-risk work licence (HRWL) unless the
person is:
• Enrolled in a registered training organisation course for the relevant high-risk work; AND
• Being supervised by a person with the relevant high-risk work licence.
2.1 High-Risk Work Licence (HRWL)

Western Australia Regulations requires all HRWL holders to have sufficient knowledge
of the English language, both written and oral, to safely do work of that class.
You must be at least 18 years of age to obtain a HRWL.
After successfully completing the relevant training and assessment you will receive a
Statement of Obtainment (SoA) issued by an RTO and a Notice of Assessment (NOA) is
issued by a Worksafe Accredited Assessor, following successful completion of an
assessment for a high-risk work licence class. You will then have:
• 60 days to apply for the High-Risk Work licence (HRWL) with Worksafe.
The Notice of Assessment is valid for 60 days and is used as a temporary HRWL until
your high-risk work licence card is issued by Worksafe WA.
You must keep the Notice of Assessment on you at all times when performing high risk
work for that class while waiting for your high-risk work licence card to be issued
2.2 HRWL Card

You will be required to provide the following information:
• Your name
• Current address
• Evidence of identity, e.g., driver’s licence or passport
• Passport-sized photograph to be used on the HRW photo licence
• Copy of the SoA for the relevant unit of competency for the HRW licence you are applying for
• Details of any convictions for any offence under the WHS Act or Regulations in Australia
• Whether or not you have previously had an equivalent HRWL refused, suspended or cancelled.
2.3 Receival of your HRWL card

A high-risk work licence is issued by Worksafe WA and may take between 3 – 7 weeks to be issued and posted. On
receival of your high-risk work licence card, you must sign the back of it.
Ensure you have provided to Worksafe your current and correct postal address.
Notice of change of address:
The licence holder of a high-risk work licence must notify the regulator of a change of residential address, within
14 days of the change occurring.
Penalty:
a) For an individual, a fine of $1,450
b) For a body corporate, a fine of $7,000

2.4 Renewing your HRWL

• All High-risk work licences are valid for 5 years.
• It is the HRWL holder’s responsibility to monitor the expiry date.
• Adding a new class to your existing HRWL does not extend the expiry date by another 5 years.
2.5 If your HRWL is expired

If your HRWL is expired and has not been renewed:
• You are unlicensed, and therefore you are not permitted to do any work for the classes listed on your
HRWL until your licence has been renewed.
• If you do any High-Risk work for the classes listed on your licence, you can be prosecuted as you are
unlicensed.
2.5.1 High Risk Work Licences
Work Health and Safety (General) Regulations 2022
High Risk Work Part 4.5
Licensing of High-Risk Work Division 1
2.5.2 Renewal of expired licence
A person whose high-risk work licence has expired may apply for a renewal of that licence –
a) Within 12 months after the expiry of the licence; OR
b) If the person satisfies the regulator that exceptional circumstances exist – within any longer period that
the regulator allows.
If you have not renewed your HRWL within 12 months of its expiry date
Notes for this Regulation
1. As the licence has expired, the applicant cannot carry out the work covered by the licence until the licence
is renewed. An application made after a period referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) [above], would be an
application for a new licence under regulation 87.
2. See section 268 of the Act for offences relating to the
giving of false or misleading information under the Act,
including these regulations
If a person fails to renew the licence and 12 months have passed
over the expiry date:
• Then the licence cannot be renewed.
• The person will need to complete another high-risk work
training course to become competent again.
• If they want to continue the high-risk work, they must enrol
with an RTO and be supervised in the workplace by someone
who holds that specific class of high-risk work.
• If your Interstate licence is due for renewal and you want to
obtain a WA licence (renew up to 3 months before expiry, or
up to 12 months after expiry);
2.6 Responsibility of a HRWL Holder

The legal duties of a HRWL holder are:
• Must take reasonable care of their own health and safety,
AND

• Ensure their acts or omissions do not adversely affect the health and safety of others
An employer may request to see evidence before you can commence work that requires a HRWL.
The written evidence that you can provide for the class of work can be either:
• Hold the relevant HRWL; OR
• Are undertaking a registered training course of HRWL training.
2.7 Regulators Power

Failing to work safely when performing high risk work can lead to the
licence holder being penalised under WHS regulations:
1. Their licence may be suspended or cancelled.
2. The regulator may refuse to renew the licence. (if the matter is raised at the time of renewal).
3. The regulator can direct a person to go for reassessment to determine competency. (do the course again)
4. The regulator may prosecute.
2.8 Scaffolding High Risk Licences

A person with an advanced scaffolding licence is legally allowed to carry out the following tasks:
• All basic scaffolding tasks, all intermediate scaffolding tasks, erection of hung scaffolds, suspended scaffolds,
and cantilevered hoists.
A person who has obtained their High-Risk Work Licence, before you can undertake unfamiliar
scaffolding work an employer must provide:
• Information
• Training
• Instruction
• Supervision
WHEN IS A SCAFFOLD LICENCE NEEDED?

A Scaffold Licence is needed where working platforms are at a height where a person or
object could fall more than four (4) metres.
Note: Under no circumstances may an employer /PCBU allow a person to conduct high risk work if they
are not competent to do so unless the person is enrolled in a course of HRW training and is supervised
at the workplace by a person with a current HRW licence for the work.
Every workplace must follow laws, rules and compliance documentation to keep everyone safe. Safe work
requirements for scaffolding under Australian Standards, Commonwealth and state or territory work health and
safety (WHS) legislation, regulations and codes of practice, and local government regulations, there are 4 main
types:
2.9 Acts and Legislation

Acts and Legislation
These are laws that you must follow to protect the health, welfare and safety of persons at
work. Acts can be enforced when breached and need to be consulted with when working at
heights.
Examples of the Acts:

• Work Health and Safety (WHS) Acts

• Environmental Protection Act
• Mines Safety and Inspection (MSI) Acts
• Aboriginal Heritage Act
2.10 Regulations
Regulations
These explain what the Acts mean with more details and explanatory information and must be
followed. The Regulations can be enforced when breached.
Examples of the Regulations:

• WHS Regulations
• MSI Regulations
• Environmental Regulations
• Heritage Protection Regulations
2.11 Codes of Practice

Codes of Practice
These are instructions on how to follow the law, based on industry standards. These are also
more prescriptive about specific areas of working at heights.
Examples of the Codes of Practice:

• Code of Practice for Working at Heights (Australian) is Managing the Risk of Falls at Workplaces.
• Code of Practice for Working at Heights (Western Australian) is Prevention of Falls from Height at Workplaces.
These codes of practices can be found by searching the Internet, WorkSafe WA (DMIRS) website:
https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/worksafe.
Codes of Practice define and provide guidance to organisations where

activities containing some elements of risk are encountered. Industry
Codes of Practice must be consulted and kept up to date.
2.12 Australian Standards

Australian Standards
These tell you what the minimum requirements are for a job, product or hazard and are very
prescriptive and explanatory. These can be enforced if referred to in the Acts, Regulations or
Codes of Practice.
There are many Australian standards that impact scaffolding, but these are the key areas:
Australian Standards applicable to scaffolding:
• AS/ NZS 1576.1: Scaffolding - General Requirements;
• AS/ NZS 1576.2: Scaffolding – Couplers and Accessories;
• AS/ NZS 1576.3: Scaffolding - Prefabricated and Tube and Coupler Scaffolding;
• AS/ NZS 1576.4: Scaffolding – Suspended Scaffolding;

• AS/ NZS 1576.5: Scaffolding – Prefabricated Split-heads and Trestles;

• AS/ NZS 1576.6: Scaffolding – Metal tube and coupler scaffolding;
• AS/ NZS 1577: Scaffold Decking Components;
• AS/ NZS 1657: Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders – Design, Construction and Installation;
• AS/ NZS 2865: Confined Spaces; and
• AS/ NZS 4576: Guidelines for Scaffolding.
Acts & Legislation, Regulations, Cope of Practice and Australian Standards form the basis of all policies, procedures,
and safe work practices within a company and/or workplace. It is important that you are aware of the requirements
relating to your work.
3 Key Elements of The Workplace Health & Safety Legislation

The following key elements of the WHS legislation will impact the way you do your job,
and the responsibilities of your workplace, the legislation also outlines requirements
for:
• The reporting requirements for notifiable incidents
• Licences, permits and registrations (e.g., for persons engaged in high-risk work or
users of certain plant or substances)
• Provision for worker consultation, participation and representation at the
workplace.
• Provision for the resolution of health and safety issues.
• Protection against discrimination.
Many specific details relating to WHS will be negotiated within the workplace in accordance with the legislation. It
is important that you speak with your Health and Safety Representative or supervisor for more information on
how these elements will affect your day-to-day operations, or if you have any concerns relating to health and
safety.
3.1 Documented Workplace safety information:

• Legislation and regulations • Management plans • Code of practice
• Relevant Australian standards • WHS/OHS policy • Manufacturer’s instructions
• Operations manual • Safe working or job procedures
3.2 Working at Heights Legislation

The legislative definition of Working at Heights includes any situation where “risks to health and safety associated
with a fall by a person from one level to another that is reasonably likely to cause injury to the person or any other
person”. Work Health and Safety (General) Regulations 2022 Part 4.4 — Falls 78. Management of risk of fall
Any work that must be conducted at heights requires adequate training, instruction, and the employment of a
system of fall protection.
A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must manage, in accordance with Part 3.1, risks to
health and safety associated with a fall by a person from one level to another that is reasonably likely to cause
injury to the person or any other person.

3.3 Duty of Care

Work health and safety (WHS) laws say that all companies and
workers need to keep themselves and other people safe while
they work. This is called a duty of care.
When working at heights tasks are allocated, all persons have a
duty of care to follow company and site policies and procedures.
These must be reviewed prior to accessing heights tasks.
Company and site procedures must meet the current legislation
as a minimum and can exceed these legislative requirements.
It is essential to comply with heights safety systems legislation,
codes of practice and standards because you are required to by
the law and there are penalties for not complying and they help
to keep everyone safe in the workplace.
5.3.1 Duty of Care – Workers
Section 28 Duties of workers - While at work, a worker must:
a) take reasonable care for his or her own health and safety;
b) take reasonable care for the health and safety of others who may be affected by their acts or omissions;
c) co-operate with any reasonable request the employer makes to comply with WHS/OHS requirements.
d) Not ‘intentionally or recklessly interfering with or misusing’ anything provided at the workplace for
WHS/OHS.

5.3.2 Duty of Care – Employers
Section 19 Primary Duty of Care. Employers (summary) - A person conducting a business or undertaking, an
employer must ensure the health and safety of a worker:
a) Provide and maintain a work environment without risks to health and safety;
b) Provide and maintain safe plant and structures;
c) Provide and maintain safe systems of work;
d) Provide adequate facilities for the welfare at work of workers and ensuring access to those facilities;
e) Provide information, training, instruction or supervision for the work to be undertaken safely;
f) Make arrangements to ensure the safe use, handling and storage of plant, structures and substances;
That the health of workers and the conditions at the workplace are monitored for the purpose of preventing illness
or injury of workers.
3.4 Workplace information (Technical and Safety Information)

Like laws and rules, technical and safety information is an important part of all procedures and practices for
working safely. Before starting your work, you need to make sure you have all technical and safety information,
access the relevant documentation and plan your work for the job. This will help you to do your work in the safest
way.
You will be provided with the elements and performance criteria to safely erect, alter and dismantle scaffolding at
advanced level. To keep yourself and other workers safe you need to:
• Follow your instructions.
• Follow all workplace rules.
• Make sure all equipment is safe to use.
• Carry out your work safely.
• Report any problems.
• If you think something is dangerous, tell your boss or supervisor as soon as possible.
Your worksite will also have instructions including:
• Emergency procedures, including using firefighting equipment, first aid and evacuation.
• Rescue procedures, especially for workers who have fallen and are hanging in their harness.
• Controlling hazards.
• Handling hazardous materials and substances.
• Safe operating procedures.
• Personal protective clothing and equipment.
• Safe use of tools and equipment
3.5 Workplace information includes:

5.6.1 Site details
The information and safety requirements of the workplace environment (where you will be working), How to
access this legislative, manufacturers and site information?
• Contact your Supervisor
• Contact your HSE Advisor
• Access the Internet i.e. Manufacturer’s web page, WorkSafe and State Library
• Access the Intranet i.e. Breight Share point

5.6.2 Task details

Instructions of what the work is or what you will be doing (this can include diagrams or plans). Also, instructions
on how to safely do the job, for example manual handling techniques. Before starting any advanced scaffolding
task, make sure that you have the necessary information and resources to do the job safely and efficiently.
You will need to consider and plan for the following (as a minimum) before starting a scaffolding task:
• Task plans • Equipment required for the task
• Access and egress • Availability of equipment
• Location of task • Ground conditions and suitability
• Height and width of scaffold • Weights and / or any other information that will allow the scaffolder to plan the job
• Load scaffold is to support • Safe work method statements or procedures for the task
• Equipment required for the task • Hazards and risk assessment for the site and task.
• Site induction • Other equipment being used on site
• Plant required for the task • Any legislative or regulatory requirements
5.6.3 Hazard details

Any hazards in the work area or related to the work at heights. This could also include instructions on how to
handle dangerous or hazardous materials.
5.6.4 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) / Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS)
JHA / SWMS must be in writing and, as far as practicable, set out:
• each high-risk construction work activity that is or includes a hazard
• the risk of injury or harm to a person resulting from any such hazards
• the safety measures to be implemented to reduce the risk, including the control measures which are genuinely
based on the hierarchy of controls
• a description of the equipment to be used in the work activity
• the qualifications and training (if any) required for persons doing the work
5.6.5 Permits and Certifications
Must be completed and approved before any services and work is undertaken, all sections must be completed to
ensure safety and injury protection resulting from falls. This permit must be accompanied with JHA or SWMS
before consideration for approval of works.
3.5.1 Signage
Site signage tells you what equipment you need to have, or areas that are not safe to be in.

3.6 Information about equipment:

Service and Maintenance checklists can be used to better track records of actions performed for quality and safety
purposes. An effective service maintenance schedule avoids equipment failure, which can represent not only
decreased productivity but also workplace safety risks to workers.
5.7.1 Service and Maintenance checklists and records
In addition, a maintenance checklist reduces human errors and contains important safety instructions that
minimize the chance of injury. What to do if you find faulty equipment - Isolation procedures to follow or forms to
fill out.
Service and Maintenance checklists and records are developed to highlight safety issues in tools and equipment,
repair and maintenance in workplaces and provide information on how to best manage those risks to minimise
workplace injuries and comply with occupational safety and health legislation. Checklists apply where any
inspection, cleaning, repair, maintenance and alterations are carried out.5.7.2 Manufacturer and Supplier
specifications and manuals
Manufacturers have a duty of care to build safety equipment to Australian Standards to be used in Australia. They
also have a duty of care to supply operating instructions on the safe operation of the equipment and must come
with the purchase of the equipment Manufacturers’ guidelines and specifications - how to use and maintain tools,
equipment and safety devices and systems.
3.7 Workplace procedures, including emergency plans and incident reporting.

5.8.1 Workplace policies and procedures
Integrated Management Systems are developed by the company to comply with
legislation. They provide overarching governance for all site activities including Safety,
Environment, Quality and HR.
Under health and safety legislation, all sites must develop and put in place a Safety
and Health Management System to ensure the safety and health of people on site. The
Safety and Health Management System includes the organisation's policies and site
procedures.
You will be introduced to your workplaces policies and procedures as part of your induction. Make sure that you
know how to access the policies and procedures that apply to all personnel and those that are specific to your

work. Access will usually be through your supervisor or the company's Intranet. You must read and understand the
information and apply it to your work.
Policies typically include:
• Health and Safety Policy • Drug and Alcohol Policy
• Environmental Policy • Injury Management Policy
• Quality Policy • Fatigue Management policy
Procedures are part of the legislative requirement for employers to provide safe systems of work. They are
developed on site by persons with comprehensive knowledge of the task and are based on a risk assessment.
They may take the form of Standard Operating Procedures or Work Instructions.
Procedures are easy to understand, step-by-step instructions for carrying our tasks safely and in an
environmentally sustainable way.
Procedures may include:
• Following the manufacture's guidelines for the safe use of tools and equipment
• Establishing exclusion zones using signage and barricades
• Identifying hazards and assessing risk control measures for the work site and task
• Accessing, moving within, and leaving the work site
• Moving and placing tools, equipment and materials
• Selection and use of PPE
• Emergency procedures such as use of basic firefighting equipment
• Storage and disposal of waste and debris according to environmental protection requirements.
3.8 Emergency plans and Incident reporting

Whenever there are risks from working at height, emergency plans must be established
and first aid equipment provided.
An emergency plan must be prepared and maintained so it remains
effective for the workplace. The emergency plan should provide for
emergency response, evacuation procedures, medical treatment and
assistance, and communication with emergency service organisations
and others at the workplace. For example, emergency contact numbers
should be displayed where they can be easily seen.
Workers must be provided with information and training on the
emergency procedures for the workplace and the procedures must be
tested. Responses to an emergency should be coordinated. The
scaffolding contractor should consult with the principal contractor who
prepares the broader workplace emergency plan, so unexpected
incidents, for example scaffold collapse or people falling from height are included in the broader emergency plan.
Emergency arrangements for evacuating an injured worker from, for example a multilevel perimeter screened
scaffold should consider how to safely remove an immobilised or unconscious person. This may include creating
emergency access points through screens and decks.
You must ensure that workers have access to first aid equipment and facilities for the administration of first aid.
Purpose of the training is to help the workforce respond to an emergency incident on site.
In the event of an incident or emergency, follow site procedures. These can be accessed from your assessor
or supervisor and are usually stored on the company's Intranet. Evacuation procedures and are often
positioned as posters on the walls (as they are at Breight).
Your response may include, but is not limited to, the following:

1. Stop work
2. Resolve the issue if possible
3. Seek advice and assistance as required
4. Report the incident according to legal and site requirements
Considerations when establishing emergency plans for falls:
• Relevant consideration • Capabilities of rescuers
• Location of the work area • First aid
• Communications • Local emergency services—if they are to be relied on for rescue.
• Rescue equipment
3.9 Obtain and interpret information

Obtain and interpret information, including safe work method statements (SWMSs),
required to ensure that activities are performed in compliance with workplace-specific
and safe work requirements.
Most of the required information will be discussed at a pre-start meeting or
shift briefing given by the supervisor or the person in charge of the work.
These meetings are conducted according to site policy and typically include
the following information:
• What tasks each person will be doing and where?

• Known hazards in the work area, including other workers and equipment and the required controls
• Exclusion zones
• Events that will occur during the work such as road closures and shutdowns.
A toolbox talk or short safety discussion may also take place during the briefing. A record of the briefing and those
who attended will usually be recorded and kept on file.
Be an active participant in shift briefings. Ask questions to clarify instructions you do not understand and offer
feedback or suggestions if you have an idea that can improve safety or efficiency of the task. Everyone involved in
the task must be familiar with the plan and understand what they are required to do. By the end of the shift briefing
make sure that you know the job specifications, site information and relevant procedures and work method
statements to use.
3.10 Site Information

Confirm the location of the site and check with the relevant personnel that the site has been prepared and is ready
for scaffolding operations to start. The site may need clearing, levelling, or removal of debris. Perform a work site
inspection.
• Check site conditions, including ground conditions and suitability for the size and type of scaffold to be erected.
• Confirm access and exits to the work area, for both personnel and vehicles bringing equipment to the site.
• Identify hazards on site, including overhead and underground services and other people and equipment
working at the site.
3.11 Scaffold Information

Check that you have all the scaffolding details required to complete the task. You should be given, or develop a
scaffold plan that includes details such as the:

• Purpose of the scaffold

• Scaffold location
• Scaffolding specifications and configuration, including distances from existing structures
• Load that the scaffold must support
• Types and quantities of scaffolding components required
• Other materials, equipment and tools required for the task
• Equipment availability and how equipment will be transported to the work site
• Ground and weather conditions
• Duration of the job
• Job method and sequence

You may also receive a location map of the work site showing the location of the work, site access and exit points
and the location of services, buildings, and other structures in the work area. Areas of environmental significance
may also be marked on the map, and you may need to refer to the site environmental management plan.
3.12 Plan Work

Once you have all relevant information, read and interpret it in relation to the work site. Consult with the person
in charge of the site, your supervisor and the safety officer before starting work so that you are aware of the
relevant workplace policies, site-specific procedures and any hazards. You should do a Site Induction for each work
site you work on.
Orientate the plans to the work site and read through the job specifications. Discuss the task with other personnel
who know about the job, consulting with the following before you start:
Who What Information

Safety officers • Site-specific hazards
• Site-specific hazard controls
• Workplace policies
Authorised Managers and Supervisors • Job specifics
• Site requirements
• Local knowledge
Workplace engineers (where applicable) • Plans and drawings
• Load bearings
Other Workers / Scaffolders • Workplace hazards
• Types of communication (e.g., signals) to be used during the task
If you find any differences between the information you have been given and the conditions on site, discuss this
with the person in charge of the project before starting the task.
It is essential that all people involved with the task understand the work plan, their tasks and responsibilities and
how their actions will affect others during the work.
3.12.1 Planning Scaffold Work
There may be other factors that you need to consider when planning out the task that are not necessarily safety
or site hazards, but hazards relating to the way the task is carried out. When planning out the task, some things
you may consider are:

Task Plans Components Height and

Access and
and location and width of
Egress
of task Equipment scaffold
Availability Induction Scaffold

Weights
of equipment and Training Loading
Risk
SWMS
Assessment
3.13 Task related hazards

These task related hazards may include:
• Lack of information about the task or site
• Poorly planned task
• Conflicting task schedules
• Lack of availability of equipment
• Hazards associated with the required plant and equipment
• Hazards associated with the height, width or weight of the scaffold
• Lack of access and egress to the work site
Poor communication.
3.14 Workplace Communications

Communication and consulting with others are an important part of the risk
management process and should take place at all stages. Identifying risks and hazards
and coming up with ways of controlling them includes talking to the people with
knowledge of the situation, or who are directly affected by any action you may take.
Controlling a hazard can be a team effort and it’s important that everybody knows what
they need to do and how/if they need to change their work process to suit.
You should never work alone at heights. If you fall there would be no one to help you
so it is very important that you have good communication with the other workers
around you at all times. It is important to communicate with workplace personnel
/workers and safety officers before starting on a worksite to:
• To identify any workplace-specific hazards/ground conditions
• To make sure that the scaffold team is aware of any workplace policies, site specific procedures and hazards.
• In the planning stage of the task, talk to relevant personnel, e.g. supervisor, workmates or manager, to
determine the best method for communication during the task.
Plan out your work and make sure you all understand what each person will be doing and where. To be as safe as
possible you need to have clear and direct contact with other workers.
Try to use clear, basic language so that nobody gets confused or misunderstands.

5.18 Communication Methods

Communication methods include:
• Verbal communication, Written communication and Using signs and signals.
5.19 Communication Equipment

If using communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile phones:
• Make sure that you know and follow your site's procedure for using the equipment
(For example, mobile phones may not be allowed on site)
• Know the frequencies and channels used for your site and task
• Check for an interference on the channel.
• Inspect equipment for correct operation before taking it on site
• Tag out and report faulty equipment
• Have spare batteries and a backup method of communication if travelling in a remote area.
• Make sure you can see and hear each other. If you can’t, you should use hand signals or some other way to
communicate.
5.20 Written Communication

Written communication includes:
• Manufacturer's manuals
• Site procedures and work instructions
• Pre-start meetings
• Reports
• Log books
• Safety bulletins, alerts and notices
• Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
• Handover certificates
• Checklists
• Take 5s and JSAs
• Maps and drawings.

Work instructions will tell you the safest way to do the job, and the safety equipment that you will need to use.
4 Risk Assessments
A risk assessment is mandatory under the WHS Regulations. Risk assessment is conducted by a competent person
and recorded in writing.
A risk assessment will determine the measures that should be implemented to control risks. It will help to:
1. identify which workers are at risk of exposure
2. determine what sources and processes are causing that risk
3. identify if and what kind of control measures should be implemented, and
4. check the effectiveness of existing control measures.
Risk management is a systematic process to eliminate or minimise the potential for harm to
people.
To identify hazards, risks and controls effectively, you need look around the site to determine
the physical condition of the equipment to be worked on, the tooling used, the weather
conditions, and the workplace in general.
This is to effectively conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify real hazards and implement
suitable controls to eliminate or minimise the risks.
Have a good look at the layout of the area and the condition of any buildings or structures that you will be working
on. Once you have an idea of what the job and site look like you can start to think about any potential hazards and
work out what equipment you’ll need to do the work.
The risk assessments are to be conducted on site in the work location to ensure all relevant hazards are identified
and appropriate controls selected.
You must be able to recognise a hazard before you can manage the risk.

4.1 Hazard Risks and Controls

4.1.1 Hazard
A HAZARD is a situation or thing that has the potential

to harm a person.
A hazard is a source of potential harm or a situation
with a potential to cause loss, that can affect people,
equipment, the environment and/or the organisation.
4.1.2 Hazard Identification

The first step in risk management is to identify workplace hazards. This means looking for those things that have
the potential to cause harm. Harm can be short or long term and may adversely affect the health and safety of
personnel, property, the environment, and community relationships.
Hazards can be identified through one or more of the following activities:
• routine hazard and housekeeping inspections and audit activities
• study of information provided by manufacturers and suppliers of equipment and substances
• investigation of incidents and accidents
• accessing learnings from external safety alerts, including the department’s significant incident reports and
safety bulletins
• as part of the change management process for introduction of new equipment or processes, and changes to
existing equipment or processes
• as part of the review process for existing plans and procedures.
Once hazards have been identified, it is important that they are documented appropriately in order to manage the
controls effectively over time.
4.1.3 Hazards commonly encountered in scaffolding activities
Hazards that are relevant to scaffolding activities are:
• instability of work areas • wind and other adverse weather conditions
• damaged or poor-quality equipment • traffic
• overhead and underground hazards • pedestrian traffic
• electrical items • hazardous manual tasks
• mobile plant • falling objects
• insufficient lighting • falls from heights
• machinery and moving parts • explosive atmosphere
4.1.4 Hazards commonly encountered with hung, suspended scaffold and cantilever hoist
Hazards associated with hung, suspended scaffold and cantilever hoist:
• Falling from heights • Insufficient lights
• Falling objects • Mobile Plant
• Hazardous manual tasks • Electrical Items
• Pedestrian traffic • Overhead and Underground hazards
• Traffic • Damaged or poor-quality equipment
• Wind and other adverse weather conditions • Instability of work areas
• Working at heights • Plant and equipment
• Overhead service lines • Underground services

4.2 Risk
A RISK is the possibility that harm (death, injury or illness)

might occur when exposed to a hazard.
A risk is the chance of something happening that will
have an impact on operations. Negative risk is usually
the result of a hazard.
4.2.1 Assess the risk to persons, environment and equipment

From the list of hazards identified, you need to consider the likelihood and the consequences of these hazards
causing damage to the environment, equipment and / or injuries to persons. Injuries could be grazing, cuts, bruising
through to broken bones and potentially a fatality.
4.3 Control
Hazard and risk control should always be put into place
BEFORE starting the task or AS SOON AS the hazard is
identified during the operation.
If you can remove or at least control a HAZARD you can

reduce the RISK involved.
A control is any action taken to reduce exposure to
hazards and lower the level of risk for personnel,
equipment and the environment.
4.3.1 Controlling Hazards and Risks

The hazards need to be controlled to as low as reasonably practicable
and to do this you need to use and apply the hierarchy of controls. This
is a legal requirement to apply the hierarchy of controls because it is an
effective tool to assist in eliminating or minimising the exposure to the identified hazards and risks.
4.3.2 Risk Controls to reduce the risk of falling from height.
• Install temporary platforms • Fall arrest system
• Working at heights training • Exclusion zones
• Safe work procedures • Establishment of safe and adequate access and egress
• Edge protection • Adequate lighting

4.3.3 Reviewing and updating your risk assessment

Conditions may change during your work task. The risk
assessment needs to be reviewed and updated to ensure
that no new hazards have risen and if additional controls
need to be implemented. Weather conditions could
change, other work groups come into your area, or your
job scope could change.
5 Hazard identification and

mitigation strategies incl.
Hierarchy of Control
When you start a new task, move to a new work location
or if there are any changes to the task or work site, you
must conduct a personal hazard identification and risk
assessment.
When utilising the hierarchy of controls, you must look
for ways to first eliminate the hazards, then if not, can
you use a substitution control. If not, can you have the
hazard isolated to prevent you from being exposed to
the hazard / energy source. You must follow this process and the last choice to control you from being exposed to
the hazard and risk is PPE.
The Hierarchy of Control pyramid is a sequence of steps that should be considered when evaluating ways to
remove or reduce a risk.
5.1.1 Eliminating the Risk (Level One)
Our highest level is complete risk elimination, and it is always the preferred option when available as it means
there is zero chance of the incident reoccurring. While removing the risk altogether may not be possible, it should
always be the first control measure explored (in most cases).
5.1.2 Substituting the Risk (Level Two)
The next level down in the hierarchy is risk substitution. Risk substitution is the process of removing risk by
replacing it with another that is either less likely to occur or less severe in its potential damages. Substitution is
less preferred as it still leaves a risk present, even in a reduced form.
After the substitution is complete, it’s important to conduct a new risk assessment to identify any new risks created
by the substitution process.
5.1.3 Isolate the Risk (Level Three)
The third level in the hierarchy is risk isolation. Risk isolation is performed by placing some form of barrier between
the worker and the risk factor to provide protection. The key difference between this level and risk elimination
(level one) is that the risk is still present, but a barrier shields the worker. If the barrier were to fail or require
bypass, the risk would return to being uncontrolled.
5.1.4 Engineering Controls (Level Four)
Engineering risk control is the process of designing and installing additional safety features to workplace
equipment. Safety features could be installing guardrails on a raised walkway.
5.1.5 Administrative Controls (Level Five)
Level five of the hierarchy is administrative controls. These measure the management and chain-of-command can
implement to reduce the likelihood of a risk occurring. Measures could include providing dedicated training
targeted at the risk or arranging work schedules to limit exposure times in hazardous environments.

5.1.6 Personal Protective Equipment (Level Six)

The final level in the hierarchy of risk control is the use of PPE. This level will likely be utilised regardless of what
other levels are also being used to control risk. However, it remains at the bottom of the hierarchy as it doesn’t
remove or reduce the risk itself. Instead, this level is designed to assume an incident will occur and protect the
worker from harm when/if it does. PPE includes items such as hard hats, noise-reducing ear protection, cut-
resistant gloves, and more.
Most Effective
Elimination Least Person Dependant
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering
Administration
Personal Protective Equipment
Least Effective
Mostly Person Dependant
•
•
7.4 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) / Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS)
Many worksites require a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) or Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) before any work can
start. The JHA can also be completed as part of preparing a Safe Work Method Statement which is a written
procedure for the high-risk construction work.

A Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) or Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) details how specific hazards and risks, related
to the task being completed will be managed.
JHA/SWMS fulfil several objectives by:
• Outlining a safe method of work for a specific job
• Provide an induction document that workers must read and understand before starting the job.
• Assist in meeting legal responsibilities for the risk management process, hazard identification, risk assessment
and risk control.
• Assist in effectively coordinating the work, the materials required, the time required, and the people involved
to achieve a safe and efficient outcome.
• They are a quality assurance tool.
We have a duty of care to prevent workplace injuries and illness and to provide safe systems of work an effective
way to accomplish this is to ensure that JHA / SWMS’s, are properly established and all workers are currently
trained to obtain, complete, interpret and confirm prior to working at heights.
A JHA / SWMS is a list of steps that outlines how a job will be done.
It also includes any hazards that occur at each step, and what you.
need to do about them.
These statements can also be known as a Safe Operating Procedure (SOP).

When you start checking for hazards, make sure you look everywhere.
When you have completed your JHA /SWMS you will need to get it
reviewed and authorised by your Supervisor.
Advanced Scaffolder may be required to facilitate a JHA and
Sign Off (may require further authorisation depending on risk level)
• in hot conditions

7.6.6 Electrical Hazards

Check for the presence and location of electrical conductors
and power lines while you are erecting a scaffold, moving
materials and using tools.
Ensure that there is adequate clearance for anyone working on
the scaffold. Conduct a risk assessment to ensure that the work
area is safe. Check for:
• Overhead power lines

• Cables and conduits
• Earth leakage boxes
• Trip hazards from electrical cables.
Always assume that overhead power lines are live. The best method to determine the voltage of power lines is to
contact the local electrical authority for advice. You may need to contact the electricity supply company to arrange
insulation or have the power disconnected.
Work outside the recommended minimum safe distances from electrical conductors. The distances will vary
depending on the state or territory that you are in and whether the power is low voltage or high voltage.
6 Working Near Electricity

Electric lines whether overhead or underground can be a significant hazard. Construction work carried out on or
near energised electrical installations or services is high risk construction work and a SWMS must be prepared
before this work starts.
6.1 Minimum clearance distance from powerlines and electrical equipment

Minimum clearance distance for scaffolding work from powerlines and electrical equipment:
• In Western Australia the minimum safe distance is 3m for power lines less than 33,000 volts (household
supply), and 6m for over 33,000 volts (high voltage).
• The rules relating to power line distances in Western Australia, this falls under Regulation 166A in the WHS
Legislation Regulations and states the following as the minimum distances:
Power Line Type Distance
Up to 1kV (insulated) 0.5m
Up to 1kV (uninsulated) 1.0m
Above 1kV and up to 33kV 3.0m
Above 33kV 6.0m
If you are working on a Mine site, it is best to ask what the clients nominated distance to maintain clear of
powerlines as it may be more than above nominated
Refer to the local electrical authority for information and advice to determine the voltage of electric / power lines
in your work area.
Generally, if you are required to work closer than the prescribed safe work distance you must:
• Get an access permit from the relevant local electrical/power authority.
• Where possible, have the electrical power disconnected or the electric
lines appropriately insulated by contacting the relevant electrical supply

authority. If the electric/power lines are being insulated, the insulation must
extend at least 5 metres past each end of the scaffold.
Use a guide/observer/spotter, within the exclusion zone may also be appropriate, dependant on
legislation within the state or territory. This is to ensure that powerlines are not contacted.
8.3 Visual indicators to identify overhead electric power lines
Include:
• Markers of different colours (e.g. White and orange alternated)
• Tiger tails
• Power line marker balls
• Safety warning / danger signs
Warning markers can also include signage, marker balls and flags.
8.3.1 Markers of different colours
Warning Markers have been specifically designed for installation on either an overhead
power line to provide a high visibility aerial warning, or on a pole to provide a high
visibility ground warning.
Provide an excellent visual warning. This can be for; low flying aircraft, mining sites or
construction sites where accidental contact or collision is at risk and are ideal for visual
identification of low hanging electrical conductors, overhead wires and cables.
8.3.2 Tiger Tails
Approved power line warning systems such as tiger tails may be used on low voltage
power lines. Tiger tails are black and yellow striped tubes that hang off power lines.
Tiger tails are used as a visual aid to identify the location of overhead
electric / power lines.
It is important to note that tiger tails are a warning device only DO
NOT insulate the electric / power lines so exclusion zones and safe
operating distances must still be maintained, even when tiger tails are
present.
8.3.3 Power line marker balls

Marker balls are highly durable, permanent aerial warning markers suitable for
powerlines and guy wires.
The marker balls are colourful, spherical markers placed on power lines for the safety
of low flying aircraft and to protect the electrical infrastructure, you will often find them
near hills, gorge areas, near major freeway crossings and around airports.
They allow the electrical wires to be noticeable (especially during times of low visibility or inclement weather)
thanks to their bold colours. The most used colour is orange, but you may also see red, yellow and even white
marker balls, usually colour selection is based around what best contrasts with the surrounding environment &
compliance with relevant aviation warning standards.

8.3.4 Safety warning / danger signs

Working outdoors can often mean working alongside the electricity
network. Appropriate safety controls are vital to help keep you and your
co-workers safe.
Warning signs to indicate the location of the overhead electrical lines
and defined work areas and supervising work to ensure safe work
procedures are followed.
Warning Signs
Indicate a possible threat to Safety indicate areas where severe injury
or death MAY happen.
Danger signs
Indicate when a hazard or a hazardous condition is likely to be life threatening.
Indicate a zone where injury or death is VERY LIKELY to occur unless proper precautions are taken.
A danger zone is a specific area surrounding live electrical apparatus that ordinary persons, equipment, and
materials must not enter. The size of the danger zone is determined by the voltage of the electrical apparatus.
9.8 Working Around Machinery and Moving Parts

If the scaffold is being erected on, over or inside items of plant (e.g. conveyors, turbines, crushers), BEFORE starting
work you must make sure that all fail-safe and lock-out procedures are carried out to prevent the equipment from
being started up while the scaffold is in place.
Do a risk assessment before starting the work.
Follow the site's Isolation Procedure (Lock Out Tag Out) to make sure that all energy sources have been successfully
isolated and tested for dead.
Do not remove machinery guards unless authorised and ensure they are replaced according to the manufacturer
specifications before the equipment is operated again.

9.12 Tools & Equipment at

Height - Dropped Objects
Some key controls to prevent dropped
objects we can use may include:
• Approved buckets
• Tool bags with shoulder straps
• Back packs
• Chin straps
• Stack away from the kick boards
• Infill mesh or encapsulation on the
guardrails
• Long items stacked horizontally (i.e. scaffold tubes)
• Drop sheets on grid mesh
• Dropped object checklist
• DO NOT throw objects up or drop objects down
Drop zones are only a control to prevent personnel entering drop area but are a requirement as a secondary
control.
9.13 Safety Equipment

Depending on the requirements of the job, you may need to use safety equipment to reduce the risk to an
acceptable level. All safety equipment should be selected at the planning stage, for example fall arrest harness it’s
important that you consider the following:
• The anchorage point strength
• Maximum fall distance
• Sharp Edges
• Obstructions below
• Safe access to the anchor point
• Rescue options in place
9.14 Safety equipment includes:

9.14.1 Safety harness
When working at heights you should have a full body harness on. The full
body harness comprises a single assembly of interconnected shoulder and
leg straps, which may incorporate a waist strap and other horizontal straps
to evenly distribute the load and keep the wearer from falling out during a
fall. The full-body harness shall be used in any situation where a free fall of
more than 600 mm is possible.
The harness should be worn and must be correctly fitted properly to make
sure it will keep you safe if you fall. The harness should be connected to an anchor or static line using the
connection point on the front or the back of the harness, depending on the work you are doing.
To ensure that the worker does not wear a harness that gives a lower standard of protection than required in a
particular case, the worker should only use approved full body harness, gear and equipment with an energy
absorber certified to Australian Standard AS/NZS 1891.1 with any fall arrest system.
Harnesses, lanyards, and anchor slings have a life span of 10 years from the date of manufacture. As the operator
you must check the manufacture’s label for this date of manufacture and remove from service by the expiry date
regardless of whatever the condition of the harness is in.

If a person has a fall in a harness the harness and all associated equipment must be tagged out of service and
inspected by a height safety inspector and then removed from service, removed from the equipment register, and
destroyed by the height safety inspector.
9.14.2 Energy absorber (Shock Absorber)
In the context of Fall arrest, an energy absorber is a device that limits the energy of a falling body. A material or
device to disperse and dissipate impact energy.
This device is a component of lanyard systems that ensures the force on the body does not exceed 6 kN if the
operator is involved in a fall. To reduce injuries caused by a fall, energy absorbers slows down your fall by taking
the impact of your weight and stretching as the lanyard is pulled by your body weight.
Once an energy absorber has been deployed or partially deployed in a fall, it must be tagged out of service,
quarantined and removed from service. Your supervisor needs to be notified.
9.14.3 Lanyard
The purpose of a lanyard is to connect a harness to an anchorage point, horizontal lifeline or rail, or other
acceptable form of anchorage. A lanyard must have a shock (energy) absorber incorporated in its construction
to limit the force during a fall arrest, to no more than 6 kN.
Lanyards cannot be choked or back hooked around structure unless the manufacturer has designed the lanyard
for that purpose. There should not be too much slack in the lanyard between you and the anchor point or static
line. The lanyard should be the right length for the situation.
This will depend on the work you are doing, and how far from an unprotected edge the anchor point/s or static
line is. As a guide it should be a length that doesn’t let you fall more than 2 metres before the fall arrest system
takes effect.
You should not work above the anchor point. If you do, you have further to fall before the safety system kicks in
and stops your fall. The further you fall, the more likely you are to be injured.
Constantly monitor the length of the adjustable lanyard to ensure you cannot reach any open edges
(restraint technique) or to reduce your free fall distances when working in fall arrest, and adjust as
required to prevent or reduce a fall
There are three different types of lanyards:
Fixed Length • a single line of a fixed length of rope or webbing with a
Lanyard shock absorber
• non-adjustable with a potential to allow an operator to
reach an open edge if the edge is less than lanyard
length
• These cannot be used in restraint technique
Adjustable • incorporating a shock absorber, length of rope or
Lanyard webbing with an adjustable component to allow the
lanyard length to be shortened.
• Benefit- can be used for restraint technique to prevent
a fall over an edge, and can be shortened to reduce fall
arrest distances

Twin Tail • a lanyard having a shock absorber and two tails. It is

Lanyard appropriate for use when transferring between anchor
points so that the user is always connected to the
anchor by at least one or both tails. Also used for
traversing along a horizontal lifeline and used to pass
intermediate anchors
• Do not connect the unused tail anywhere on the harness
• Do not exceed 120 degrees between lanyard tails
9.14.4 Inertia reel

Inertia reels are used to give you a free range of movement or extra reach compared to a lanyard. In the event of
a fall, an inertia reel will lock up the same way a seatbelt in a car does if you stop quickly.
Inertia reels should NOT be used in the following situations:
• While working on a sloped surface (e.g. a steeply pitched roof) or any other surface where a fall may not be a
quick vertical one.
• Locked as a constant support for a worker during normal work.
• At the same time as a lanyard.
• Missing, illegible or unreadable tag
Inertia reels must comply with AS 1891.3 Fall-arrest devices.
10 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Selection and types of PPE are regulated under Australian Standards and detailed in site procedures and on signage
at the workplace.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is clothing and equipment designed to lower the chance of you being hurt on
the job. Most worksites require workers to wear PPE before they enter the site. It’s important you select and wear
PPE appropriate to the site and task you are doing.
PPE needs to be kept in good condition, inspected to ensure it is safe to use prior to use and replaced if it becomes
damaged or defective. It is the last line of defence for protecting the individual from workplace hazards and risks
but will only be effective if it is worn correctly, adjusted to fit the individual and properly maintained.
10.1 General PPE

General PPE includes:
• Head protection – hard hats and helmets.
• Foot protection – non-slip safety work boots.
• Hand protection – gloves.
• Sight protection – goggles, visors or glasses.
• Hearing protection – plugs or earmuffs.
• Breathing protection – masks or respirators.
• High-visibility clothing – clothing that makes you stand out and
lets other people know where you are.
• Weather protection – clothing that protects you and your skin
from the sun, rain or from the cold.

• Fall prevention – safety harnesses, lanyards and other equipment that stops you from falling from height.
10.2 Scaffolding PPE

For scaffolding operations, PPE will include both mandatory site PPE and task-specific PPE. Ensure that you have
been trained in the correct fitting and use of PPE before conducting any task.
After work, clean PPE and store it in the designated area. Tag out damaged PPE, and have consumable PPE stocks,
such as dust masks and ear plugs, replenished as necessary.
10.3 Working at Heights PPE

Information, training, instruction provided to workers exposed to potential falls from working at any height should
include: the proper use, wearing, storage and maintenance of PPE and personal protective equipment (PPE)
appropriate for the tasks being undertaken is used, for example:
Fall prevention
safety harnesses, adjustable lanyards, inertia reels (type 2, 3, and 4 fall arresters), rope grabs, type I fall arresters,
kernmantle ropes, anchor slings, karabiners, and other equipment that stops you from falling from height.
Drop prevention
chin strap on helmets and tool lanyards
11 Application, Limitation, Operation, Load Capabilities & Safety requirements of:

You need to have the knowledge or expertise about the application, specifications, limitations, operational and
safety requirements of cantilevered hoists, hung scaffolds and suspended scaffolds in line with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Consult the manufacturer’s information and follow all necessary safety and
workplace procedures to ensure that hazards and incidents are avoided, and
operations are carried out safely
11.1 Cantilevered hoists

Cantilever Hoists are ideal for a wide variety of industrial heavy-lifting
applications, cantilever Hoists have a simple design that reduces strain on
cables, increased stability and generally makes them fairly easy to maintain
in good working order. They make use of leverage to raise load and
controlled lowering.
Before using a hoist or item of equipment (e.g. safety, communication) you
will need to check that it is in safe working order and is suitable for the
task.
Routine checks include:
• Visual and pre-operational checks (checks done before the hoist is
started up).
• Operational checks (checks made after the hoist is started up).

11.1.1 Minimum horizontal clearance

• The minimum horizontal clearance between the moving platform of a
material hoist and the landing floor is 25mm and the maximum is
150mm.
11.1.2 Prevent material or people entering the path of the hoist
The landing gate for the platform is to prevent material or people entering the path of the hoist and must be a
minimum of 1.8m high.
11.1.3 Platform and landing are greater than 100mm
If the clearance between the platform and the landing is greater than 100mm a fold down flap or bridging flap
must be provided.
Consult the manufactures specifications for the maximum distance between lateral braces.
11.2 Hoists
Scaffolding hoists must be designed,
manufactured and tested in accordance
with Australian Standard AS 1418.2 –
Scaffolding Hoists.
Scaffold hoists must have legible data plates
attached that display the following
information:
• Type
• Model
• Serial number
• Manufacturer's name and
identification details
• Details of the required FSWR
• Rated load or WLL
• Reeving requirements
• Power supply requirements.
Powered scaffold hoists should have a device to limit the lifting capacity of the hoist to a maximum of 1.25 times
the rating of the hoist. Whatever the hoist stall capacity is, the suspension system and the cradle should be
designed to withstand the stalling load applied by every scaffold hoist in use. This feature is designed to prevent
failure in the event of the cradle snagging on an obstruction.
A secondary protective device must be provided for each scaffolding hoist to operate on the suspension wire rope
above the hoist or on a secondary wire rope. This device, which is often incorporated into the hoist, provides an
emergency brake to hold the cradle if the hoist or wire rope within the hoist fails, some types may also prevent an
over-speed decent.
NOTE: A double rope suspension scaffold does not need a protective device for each scaffold. Damage
can be caused to the cradle or hoisting systems if certain activities, such as welding, water or pressure blasting or
demolition activities, are carried out without protective measures being in place. Use a purpose-made
weatherproof cover to prevent construction materials and debris contaminating the hoist and affecting the
working mechanism. If there is a chance that debris will fall from above the cradle, install suitable overhead
protection.
You must use a safe, suitable means access, which may incorporate a fall protection system when accessing a
suspended scaffold from anywhere other than the ground or a protected landing.

11.3 Hoist Ropes

Suspension and secondary ropes must meet the requirements of the scaffold. These include the following.
• Suspension and secondary ropes should be the correct size and construction for the hoist or protective device
used. They should have a swaged and thimble eye at one end.
• There should be at least 1m of spare rope when a climber-type scaffolding hoist is at its lowest point. Excess
rope should be protected from damage by coiling and tying or by being placed around a rope winder.
• When a drum type scaffolding hoist is at its lowest point, three full turns of rope should stay on the drum.
The drum flange should extend 2 rope diameters beyond the built-up rope on a fully loaded drum-type
scaffolding hoist.
• When replacing the FSWR on a climber hoist it is important that the same FSWR construction and size as
specified by the manufacturer. If not the following could occur; The FSWR could fail completely and drop the
platform. The wire rope can be seriously damaged. The sheeves may destroy and/ or sever the rope.
• Maximum rope tension allowed on a shackle used to support a suspension rope is 80% of rated capacity or
WLL.
• Maximum rope tension allowed on a choked sling used to support a suspension rope is 40% of rated capacity.
Do not use bulldog grips to terminate a suspension rope as they can cause damage to the rope.
• Secondary wire ropes should be attached to the suspension rigging independent of the main suspension rope.
11.4 Hoist Requirements

• Maximum rope tension allowed on a shackle used to support a suspension rope is 80% of rated capacity or
WLL.
• Maximum rope tension allowed on a choked sling used to support a suspension rope is 40% of rated
capacity.
• There should be at least 1m of spare rope when a climber-type scaffolding hoist is at its lowest point.
• When a drum type scaffolding hoist is at its lowest point, three full turns of rope should stay on the drum.
• To prevent:
o damage at the anchor point;
o the rope from disconnecting and the cradle
falling; and
o to reduce the tension on the anchor point
on the drum.
• The drum flange should extend 2 rope
diameters beyond the built-up rope on a fully
loaded drum-type scaffolding hoist. To prevent
the rope jumping over the drum flange.
• Scaffolding hoists should be fitted with a
purpose made cover to prevent materials
getting into the hoist mechanism and
causing damage.
• Tie attachments fitted to a scaffolding hoist
ensure:
o Maintain the tower in a fixed position
o Prevents distortion
o Prevent lateral movement of the tower/mast

11.5 Load Limiting and Data Plates

Electric hoist should be fitted with Load
limiting device to stop the hoist damaging
the suspension rope or toppling the
suspension rig if the scaffold becomes
jammed.
The Load limiting device stops the hoist rope
needles and suspension rig from overload.
All scaffolding hoists should have legible

data plates with the following information:
• Type
• Model
• The working load limit (WLL)
• Serial number.
• Manufacturer’s name
• Manufacturer’s identification - mark of the manufacturer
• Details of FSWR - Size, maximum length, grade and construction of flexible steel wire rope required
• Reeving requirements.
• Power supply requirements
• The type of hoist mechanism used.
11.6 Suspended Scaffolds

There are two main types of suspended scaffolds:
• Swinging Stage (or Swing Stage)
• Hung Scaffold.
A suspended scaffold must be designed by a competent person and must be
erected by a person holding an advanced scaffolding or advanced rigging HRWL.
A detailed design plan will be prepared and supplied that includes details such as:
• Design specifications of the scaffold
• Any limitations of the support structure
• Rigging requirements including the number, size and positioning of the
counterweights
• Environmental factors, e.g., wind speed or lateral forces the scaffold may be
exposed to during erection or operation.
Suspended scaffolds and suspension rigs must be erected, altered and dismantled
in accordance with engineering specifications and designer or manufacturer
instructions.
11.7 Compliance Information

All suspended scaffolds and suspension rigs must meet the relevant compliance
requirements including:
• Engineering specifications.

• Manufacturer’s specifications.
• AS1576.4 Suspended scaffolding.
These compliance requirements are relevant when erecting or altering

an existing scaffold.
Suppliers of suspended scaffolds must provide written confirmation of the following:
• Suspended scaffold system has been designed in accordance with AS/NZS 1576.1: Scaffolding – General
requirements and AS 1576.4: Scaffolding - Suspended scaffolding.
Couplers supplied for use with suspended scaffold have been designed, tested and marked in accordance with
AS 1576.2: Scaffolding – Couplers and accessories.
• Scaffold hoists have been designed, manufactured and tested in accordance with AS 1418.2: Cranes (including
hoists and winches) – Serial hoists and winches.
• The supplier must also provide written operating and safe use instructions and warning tags to users of the
equipment.
• Manufacturers of the cradle and hoist must provide structural verification and information on the WLL.
11.8 Risk Control Measures

Risk control measures that should be implemented for a suspended scaffold include:
• Checking the location of overhead electric lines to ensure that no part of the suspended scaffold will be closer
than the minimum safe clearance.
• Establishment of an exclusion zone including catch platforms, barricades and signs.
• Where cranes operate near a suspended scaffold, there is a risk of the load snagging the scaffold or
endangering people on the platform, check and follow site procedures to minimise this risk.
• Providing safe entry to and exit from the cradle.
• Consulting with, and providing specific training and instruction for, workers on the correct procedures for
using and working on suspended scaffolds including instructions on safety features like:
o The emergency stops, load limiting device and rope lock device
o Rescue or emergency evacuation devices or equipment
o Raising and lowering operations particularly in the event of an emergency e.g. a power failure
• Developing and implementing a rescue and retrieval procedure before starting work including gathering all
necessary equipment
• Inspecting components for damage, wear and cracks before use and at pre-determined intervals
• Using lateral restraints (lanyards, tensioned wire ropes, removable ties, etc.) to prevent instability of the
platform from work procedures or wind, as required. Every restraint must be removed when no longer
required.
11.9 Load Limits

A competent person, such as an engineer with experience in scaffolding structural design / analysis and knowledge
of the relevant Australian Standards must do the assessment of the intended loadings on a supporting structure
for a suspended scaffold.
11.10 Hung scaffolds, incl. Scaffolds hung from tubes, wire ropes or chains
Hung scaffolds are suspended from another structure using tubes, wire ropes or chains.
They cannot be raised or lowered when in use, but some can travel horizontally along a girder or along a mobile
suspension rig.
The 2 main types of hung scaffold:

1. Fabricated Hung Scaffold

2. Tube and Coupler Hung Scaffold.
Type Features
Fabricated Hung Scaffold Purpose built temporary structure attached to a permanent structure
such as a building or transmission tower.
Tube and Coupler Hung Scaffold Constructed from tubes to create a scaffold that is designed
specifically for the structure it is attached to, and the work to be
carried out.
The building or structure to which a hung scaffold is to be mounted must be able to support the scaffold as well as
all loads placed upon it (e.g. dead loads, live loads, wind loads). The supporting structure must be assessed by a
competent person before the hung scaffold is erected.
Any structural changes made to the hung scaffold must be recorded on a design plan and reviewed by a competent
person.
Make sure that all components of the scaffold are appropriate for the job and in safe working order. Check the:
• Platform
• Edge protection
• Access
• Supports
• Positioning system.

11.11 Platform
Place boards/decks as soon as possible to provide a safe platform from which to work. The platform of a hung
scaffold should be evenly decked, slip resistant and free from trip hazards. Boards should be secured safely to
prevent movement.
Generally, the platform should be horizontal, but a slope of 3° in all
directions is allowable (tolerance). Although sloping platforms may
be designed for certain purposes.
11.12 Edge Protection

As with all scaffolds, edge protection is required where a person or
object can fall more than 2m. Requirements are the same for all
types of scaffolds:
• Scaffold tube, purpose designed component or hardwood may
be used for a guardrail. Fibre rope, flexible steel wire rope
(FSWR) and chain must never be used as a guardrail.
• Guardrail must be positioned between 900mm and 1100mm
from the work platform surface.
• Toe boards must extend at least 150mm above the surface of
the working platform.
• Midrails, infill, brick guards or mesh must be positioned
between the toe board and the guardrail.
11.13 Access
Access requirements are the same for all types of scaffolds:
• Single industrial grade ladders may be used to access working
platforms. Domestic grade or extension ladders must not be used.
Ladder access should be fixed in a position between 6:1 and 4:1 vertical to
horizontal.
• The minimum height that a portable access ladder must extend above the landing is 900mm.

11.14 Hung Scaffold Supports

A hung scaffold can be fixed to a supporting structure in a number of ways.
Shown here is an example of a hung scaffold that is supported by steel beams. The supports shown in the example
are tubes, however it is possible for a hung scaffold to be supported using beam clamps and chains or FSWR.
Hung scaffolds can also be erected with supports that pass through a supporting structure such as a grating or
suspended concrete floor, as shown in the following graphic.
Observe the following requirements when
selecting and using supports:
• Trolleys, beam clamps and shackles must
have a WLL of at least 500 kg.
• FSWR used to support a hung scaffold must
have a minimum construction of 6x24 and be
at least 11mm in diameter.
• Chain must be at least Grade T and not less
than 8mm in diameter when used to support
a hung scaffold.
• The maximum load placed on FSWR or chain
must not be more than 1/6 of its minimum
breaking strain.
The WLL of FSWR can be estimated using the
formula: Diameter squared x 8.
Beam chaffers, half rounds and split tubes can be used to
protect a FSWR from damage when it is placed around the
sharp edges of a beam.
• Shackle pins should be moused, and a locking device used to stop them from accidently unwinding.
• Do not use speed thread or multi-start thread coupler bolts for fixing hung standards.
Couplers should be fixed on a ledger on either side of the eye of a sling to
stop it sliding.
• Rigid tie bars and plan bracing is used to stop girder trolleys from moving
out of alignment.
When erecting a hung scaffold DO NOT:

• Use open-ended hook rods
• Extend its length by fixing scaffold tubes with
end-to-end couplers.
11.15 Erecting Hung Scaffold

The following is a typical procedure for erecting a hung scaffold from a
permanent structure:
• Always follow the scaffold plan and site procedures.
• Plan the task and coordinate requirements with others who may be
impacted by the work.
• Prepare the site and equipment.
• Wear fall protection equipment and connect to suitable anchor / static
line.

Where possible complete measurements and mark scaffold tubes while on a solid
platform, before suspending them.
11.15.1 Standards that can be used in the erection of a hung scaffold are;
• Scaffold tubes in single lengths
• 6 x 24 steel wire slings with a nominal diameter of not less than 11mm
• Grade T chains with nominal diameter of not less than 8mm
• Prefabricated modular standards with suitable connections to transfer the applicable
tension forces.
When using Scaffolding tubes for hung standards, check couplers should be located
immediately above the suspension points and immediately below the lowest ledgers.

11.16 Erecting Hung Scaffold Instructions

Instructions
1. Construct the base and secure it to the structure. Check that the base
is square, level and plumb.
2. Attach T-bars to 4 standards and lower to the appropriate height
3. Secure to the base and add check couplers for support
4. Slide down standards, using T-bar for support.

5. Add tubes to form work platform at correct/marked height.
6. Place boards as soon as possible to create a safe work platform.
7. Square the base and check that standards are positioned as per the
plan and are level and plumb.

8. Add diagonal braces in a 'chasing' pattern. Make sure that all

couplers are the right way to brace the structure in tension (not
compression). Couplers should be bolt to bolt, not band to band on
the standards.
9. Check structure is square, level and plumb. Add plan brace under
work platform.
10. Continue construction as per plan, including completing work

platform, face bracing, toe boards and handrails.
11.17 Hung Scaffold Requirements

Accessing hung scaffold when erecting or dismantling can be done using:
• Use of fittings on the standard
• Installing temporary platforms
• Use of an elevating work platform
• Use a Ladder
Single industrial grade ladders to provide access to a hung scaffold platform.
Hung Scaffolding can slope three (3) degrees in all directions.
11.18 Positioning System

Hung scaffolds are usually positioned in a static location, but depending on the work being conducted, may be
hung from girder trolleys or mobile suspension rigs so they have limited horizontal (sideways) movement.
Hung scaffolds are not capable of being raised or lowered while in use.

Observe the following requirements if moving a hung scaffold:

Trolleys must have a WLL greater than the total load they are to support.
• Rigid tie bars and plan bracing may be used to help the
standards to remain vertical and prevent girder trolleys from
moving out of alignment
• Through bolted stops are used to stop trolleys from overrunning
or running off the end of the girder.
11.19 Suspended Scaffolds

A suspended scaffold incorporates a suspended platform capable of being raised or lowered when in use. Other
terms often used are ‘suspended cradle’ and ‘swing-stage’ scaffold. They are typically prefabricated modular units
or permanently fabricated units although they can be assembled from scaffolding.
11.20 Suspended Scaffolds – Swing Stage

Swing stage scaffolding is exactly what it sounds like: a platform stage that swings from a building. A platform that
is suspended by either ropes or cables connected to stirrups located at each end of it. It is used to transport
workers, their tools and materials at an appropriate height to perform a job.
A swing stage provides a suspended work platform for multiple personnel / workers that is able to be raised and
lowered using manual, pneumatic or electric hoists.
NOTE: Installation of electric hoists will require
coordination with electricians or electrical contractors.
11.21 Erect Swing Stage
If the scaffolding task requires you to erect a swing stage, you will
need to identify and select the following:
• Type and size of platform
• Method of sideways (lateral) movement Hoist type and
capacity
• Method of fixing needles/rigs
• Any other job or site requirements that require specific
equipment
(e.g. overhead protection in platform).
Make sure that all components that make up the swing stage
are appropriate for the job and in safe working order.
Check for signs of damage or wear on:

• The cradle/ platform
Control box
• Hoists
• Hoist ropes
• Safety or limiting devices
• Suspension rigs.
If anything looks unsafe or out of order do not use it.
11.22 Suspended Scaffold Requirements

Suspended scaffolds may be used for short term work on the
sides of tall buildings or structures where access by other means
is limited by the height of the work being carried out.
Suspension and secondary ropes must meet the requirements of the scaffold. When replacing a wire rope it is
important to use the correct rope as specified in the
manufactures' specifications as the incorrect rope can:
• Fail completely and drop the platform
• The wire rope can be severely damaged
• The sheaves may destroy and/or sever the rope.
Trolleys, beam clamps and shackles used to support a
suspended scaffold should have a working load limit (WLL) of at
least 500 kg.

Where 2 trolleys are used to support a swing stage, connect them

with a spacer tie or spreader bar to stop them from moving out
of alignment.
Shackle pins should be moused to stop them from unwinding.
Only use counterweights specially designed, manufactured and approved for the erection of suspended scaffolds.
Do NOT use sand or containers of liquid as counterweights for a needle. Only use approved design counterweights.
Counterweights must be labelled with their mass in kilograms (kg) and should be secured directly on the needle or
innermost support in such a way that they cannot be removed or displaced without the use of tools.
• Always refer to the Design Specifications for the erection and alteration of suspended scaffolds and
suspension rigs.
A Competent Person (such as an engineer) must assess the intended loadings and a supporting structure.

Suspended scaffolds can be suspended in a variety of ways:

• Suspension from ceilings or other structural components is possible using wall-plugs,
• Suspended scaffolding couplers, clamping couplers, beam grippers and chains.
Load capacity of the support systems must always be verified separately.
11.23 Spigots
All round Scaffolding has three types of spigots:
• Crimped in spigot (older style)
• Bolted spigot
• Embedded spigots (in lightweight system).
Embedded spigots can transfer tension forces, particularly useful
in suspended scaffoldings.
When you create a suspended scaffold, where people walk and
work on it, it is essential that the construction is safe. Only use
bolted spigots or lightweight embedded spigots for suspended
scaffolds. Crimped in spigots become loose over time, from the
stick on and stick off procedure, and are not able to transfer
tension forces.
For suspended scaffolds use a bolted spigot with 2 bolts in each
standard or use the lightweight standards. The bolted spigot can
transfer tension forces up to a characteristic value of 55.9kN. The
lightweight standards can transfer forces up to 61.5kN.
A single standard lock can be used to bridge joints when moving a
scaffold using a crane, or for suspended scaffolding. The load
capacity is 18.8kN.
11.24 Support Possibilities

There are different ways to attach a scaffolding to support points:
• Clamp couplers
• Support couplers
• Chains or rope
When using clamp couplers, the load depends on the slipping of
the rigid coupler which is connecting the lattice girder to the beam.
For this arrangement, the characteristic value of the coupler is
9kN. By using two couplers this goes up to 18kN.
When using support couplers, you need 2 hooks per coupler. This
coupler arrangement can transfer 15 kN. CAPTION: Support
Couplers
A scaffold unit can also be supported with chains or ropes,
although these require extra care and the capacity of the
attachment point to the building must be proved. Chains must be
attached and tightened adequately. The graphic shows the chains
attached to a beam gripper and a hook is attached to the chain.
Chains must be tested and graded for the load and forces. The chain member must be attached and is not allowed
to be bent.
Ropes must be fixed with a minimum of 5 fixers per loop and the hook should be on the dead end of the rope.

11.25 Cradle / Platform

Cradle/platforms may include:
• Swing stage
• Double rope suspended platform
• Suspended work cage.
All scaffold cradles must meet basic safety and construction requirements. The cradle width requirements for
different scaffolds are:
Type Minimum Cradle Width Maximum Cradle Width

Swing Stage 450mm 900mm
Double Rope Suspended Scaffold 900mm 1700m
Suspended Work Cage 700mm 1500m
• Working load limit signs must be attached on the inside of the cradle.
• If there is a risk of debris falling from above the cradle suitable overhead protection must be installed.
The rated capacity or WLL should be clearly marked inside the cradle and in each bay of a multi-tiered cradle. The
WLL depends on a number of factors including:
• Length
• Type of Construction
• Material type
To prevent overloading, swing-stage operators should verify the mass of the load to be carried by the cradle
(including people) and ensure that materials loaded into the cradle are evenly distributed and not concentrated in
one area. Like any other working platform, the cradle must be fitted with guardrails, mid rails and toe boards.
Other cradle requirements include the following:
• The working deck must be safely secured to prevent movement, slip resistant with adequate drainage holes
and free from trip hazards.
• Up to a 3°-degree slope in all directions is allowable in the scaffold platform, unless otherwise specifically
designed.
• Access between levels of a multi-tiered cradle should be fitted with:
o Protective mesh
o Hinged trapdoors or sliding hatches.
o The scaffold should be operable from any level if there is no access between levels.
• If netting is fitted to prevent materials falling from the cradle, it should:
o Be constructed of galvanised wire mesh, at least 1.5mm thick
o Have wires spaced at least 20mm apart.
o Be fixed between the toe-board and guardrail on all sides.
• Overhead protection may need to be installed above a cradle if there is a likelihood of debris falling onto the
scaffold.
11.26 Control Box

Control boxes should be fully enclosed, lockable and protected from shock or environmental damage. When in use
the control box should preferably be attached to the inside of the guardrails away from the working face.
The control box should be fitted with:
• Socket outlets for hoists
• A residual current device (RCD)

• A power on light indicator

• An emergency stop button
The control box must be labelled showing the operational function of the controls and a legible data label attached
to the inside of the detailing:
• The rating load in amps
• Residual tripping current
• Power supply in volts.
Electrical cables from the control box to the hoists should be enclosed for protection from mechanical damage and
securely attached to the cradle. Any electrical cables installed in the cradle should not be excessive in length, to
prevent mechanical damage occurring to the cables and to limit voltage drop.
Control boxes should be removable so they can be secured safely when not in use. If this is not possible, the
electrical energy supply must be effectively isolated when not in use to prevent unauthorised operation.
12 Dimensions of scaffold, maximum capacities and types of loads:

Each standard is designed to hold at least one fourth of the duty live load per bay.
When constructing a scaffold there are a range of forces and loads you may need to consider:
12.1 Static load
A load that is not moving (consistent load).
Static loads are objects or materials that do NOT move, and the weight is applied
consistently.
This includes items such as: bricks, mortar and sand placed on the working
12.2 Live loads

The weight of the equipment and personnel / workers on the scaffold (in each bay).
The load of persons and materials supported by a scaffold platform in each bay.
The live load on the scaffold includes the weight of:
• Personnel
• Materials and debris
• Tools and equipment
• Impact forces
12.3 Dead loads

The weight of a scaffold or hoist and its components before it is loaded.
The combined weight of the scaffold structure components (before it is loaded). Dead weight
includes the weight of:
• Working platforms • Sheeting
• Catch or access platforms • Platform brackets
• Stairways • Ropes
• Ladders • Tie assemblies
• Screens • Hoists

12.4 Dynamic load

Force made by a moving load on a resisting structure or component.
Dynamic load is caused by movement of scaffold against the supporting structure, for
example when boards or building materials are being hoisted up to the working platform
the scaffold framework may move due to the dynamic forces.
12.5 Environmental load

The weight of environmental factors such as water, dust and debris that may be on the scaffold.
The weight of any environmental factors, such as water (ice, snow, rain), dust and debris on
the scaffold.
12.6 Wind load

The force made by wind on a structure or its components.
Wind load is the force acting on the scaffold from the impact of wind. The higher the wind
speed, the greater the load. Screens, shade cloth and signs attached to the scaffold act
as sails and increase the load in windy conditions.
• Consider the amount of exposure to wind at the work site.
• Stagger the joints in standards to reduce the risk of scaffold collapse.
12.7 Load capacities and minimum dimensions for:

• Light duty
• Medium duty
• Heavy duty
• Special duty scaffolds
12.7.1 Duty Live Load
Scaffold working platforms, including suspended platforms, should have duty classifications and dimensions
complying with the manufacturer’s information on loadings. Scaffold working platforms are generally rated as
light, medium or heavy duty.
The load specifications required for each bay of a working platform are given in the table below.
Platform Minimum Width Maximum Examples of Use

Light duty 450mm 225kg (2.2 kN) Window cleaning, painting, electrical work, carpentry
(2 boards) tasks and other light duty work
Medium duty 675mm 450kg (4.4 kN) General trade work including tiling, plastering, glazing,
(3 boards) light steel framing, service installation
Heavy duty 900mm 675kg (6.6 kN) Concrete block laying, bricklaying, concrete work,
(4 boards) demolition, heavy or high-impact loads
12.7. 2 Light duty
Up to 225 kg per platform per bay. Platforms should be at least two traditional scaffold planks wide - approximately
450 mm.
12.7.3 Medium duty
Up to 450 kg per platform per bay. Platforms should be at least four traditional scaffold planks wide - approximately
900 mm.
12.7.4 Heavy duty
Up to 675 kg per platform per bay. Platforms should be at least 1000 mm wide.

12.7.5 Special duty scaffolds

Has a designated allowable load as designed. Each scaffold should be designed to carry the required number of
working platforms and to support the dead and live loads. Where tools or materials are to be used or stored on
working platforms, an unobstructed access width of at least 450 mm should be maintained.
A special duty scaffold differs from other scaffold working platforms which are generally rated as light, medium or
heavy duty and have a standardised maximum load rating and minimum dimensions. Special duty scaffolds are
scaffolds that have a specified design load for that scaffold only. The following are some examples of common
special duty scaffolds:
• Cantilever Scaffold - This is a scaffold that’s supported by cantilevered load-bearing members.
• Hanging Bracket Scaffold - The hanging bracket scaffold is a system that’s supported by a frame on a
building or another structure.
• Spur Scaffold - This is a scaffold that’s supported by inclined load-bearing members.
• Tube and Coupler Scaffolding - Tube and coupler scaffolding is built from tubing and fixing or joining
components that are fixed together to create the desired scaffold design.
• Prefabricated Scaffolding - Prefabricated scaffolding is best defined as an integrated system of
prefabricated components with a pre-determined geometry of assembled scaffolds. This form of scaffolding
may include suspended (swing-stage), cantilever, tower, modular, and hung scaffolds.
12.8 Engineering and supplier specifications

The specifications of the designer, manufacturer or supplier should be followed for the maximum loads of the
scaffold. The dead and live loads should be calculated during the design stage to ensure the supporting structure
and the lower standards are capable of supporting the loads that will be applied at the workplace.
If the scaffold is to be altered at the workplace, consider any new loads that may apply and consult the scaffold
designer. For example, wind and rain loads may increase if perimeter containment, shade cloth or signs are
attached to the scaffold. Staggering the joints in standards may help control the risk of scaffold collapse from
additional environmental loads.
Scaffolds should not be used to support formwork and plant, for example hoist towers and concrete pumping
equipment unless the scaffold is specifically designed for this purpose.
13 Mathematical processes for estimating and measuring loads for scaffolds.

13.1 Calculations
Scaffolding requires knowledge of basic mathematical calculations for tasks
such as:
• Determining equipment requirements
• Calculating loads
• Calculating load limits
• Estimating load forces
This section describes the mathematical formulas you are likely to use.
13.2 Measuring
Take care of measuring instruments such as tapes and spirit levels, as any
damage can affect your ability to measure accurately.
The convenience and versatility of steel tape measures make them the most
widely used measuring tool on a construction site. Metal tapes can stretch and must
be checked regularly against a measuring block to verify their accuracy. Dirt and

moisture can damage the face of the tape making it difficult to read. Check the steel
end-hook for wear and stability and make sure that the locking and retraction
mechanism is working.
13.3 Tolerance - Measurements and Calculations

The nature of the work requires that measurements must be accurate. However, when performing estimates and
calculations, slight variations may be acceptable. These variations are called tolerances. Tolerances may be the
result of rounding a number up or down to the nearest whole number or the ability of equipment to exactly
measure materials. Measurements and calculations must be kept within tolerance levels that are defined in the
job specifications, drawings, industry standards and other quality control documents.
Use measuring instruments that conform to tolerance expectations. Do not estimate widths, lengths or other items
that can be measured.
13.4 Confirmation
Check the accuracy of your measurements. If in doubt measure again. A small measuring error on the ground will
be amplified as the scaffold goes higher and is much more difficult to address than adjusting at ground level. When
doing calculations, use a calculator.
For critically important measurements, check with a second person to confirm the result. Record measurements
and calculations correctly before starting the next task.
13.5 Dimensions
Scaffold components come in various sizes, and you will need to do various basic calculations to ensure that the
finished scaffold meets the required dimensions.
13.6 Load Calculations

Before moving any personnel, materials, or tools onto the scaffold, calculate the maximum live load.
13.7 Calculating the Live Load

Calculate the maximum live load by adding the weight of:
• Personnel
• Materials (including the weight of any pallets, boxes and drums)
• Tools and equipment.
The weight of materials may be:
• Marked on the materials or packing
• Written in the consignment note, delivery docket or other paperwork
• Indicated in the manufacturer specifications
• Determined by weighing the materials if you have the correct equipment.

13.9 Equipment Quantities

Before starting to assemble the scaffolding, use the scaffold plan to:
• Determine the equipment requirements
• Calculate the total weight of the scaffold components (the Dead Weight)
• Calculate the forces and loads that impact on the components.
13.10 Equipment Requirements

To construct the scaffolding shown in the drawing, you need the following quantities of each component.
13.11 Calculating Forces and Loads

When planning to erect a hung scaffold, the
design load needs to be calculated. The
design load is the load that will be
suspended or supported from the
cantilevered needles or the overhead
beams.
The calculations will include:

• Total weight of all scaffold components
(Dead Load of Scaffold)
• The live load that will be applied to the
scaffold based on the duty rating of the
scaffold.
• The number of scaffold bays
13.12 Calculate the Dead Load of the Scaffold

The Dead Load of the scaffold is the sum of all the scaffold components. Calculate the Dead Load of the scaffold
by multiplying the quantity of scaffold equipment by the component weight and adding all the components
together.
Formula: Dead Load of Scaffold
Component quantity x Component weight
Below is an example of what needs to be completed to determine the dead load of the hung scaffold. Here is a list
of all the scaffold equipment broken down into individual items with individual weight. Multiply each required
scaffold item’s weight by the quantity required for the hung scaffold to get the composite weight of that item.
Then add all the figures to obtain the total composite weight.

For example from the table; timber boards 1.8 metres. They are 12.0 kgs each and 14 are required for the scaffold
build. Multiply 12.0 x 14 gives a composite weight of 1.8 metre scaffold boards at 168 kgs. Repeat that process
for each item’s composite weight. Then add all the composite weights together to obtain the total composite
weight.
What ever the answer is, always round it up to the nearest kilogram. For example, if the answer was 769.2 kgs,
then round the total weight to 770 kgs.
13.14 Calculate the Design Load (combined dead load and the live load)
The Live Load is the maximum Live Load that an individual bay can support.
This will depend on the duty rating of the scaffold.
• Light = 225kg
• Medium = 450kg
• Heavy = 675kg
The example in the formula below will be based on a heavy duty scaffold
(Live load) 675kgs + (Dead load) 770 kgs = 1445 kgs
Formula: Design load
Design load = Live load + dead load
Live load = Duty of the scaffold x number of bays
13.16 Working Load Limit

The Working Load Limit (WLL), is the maximum load that any scaffold component or lifting device can safely
support, lift or lower. You can find the WLL for scaffolding components:

• In the manufacturer’s specifications

• Marked on the component, such as the hoist or gin wheel.
NOTE: The WLL of the scaffold or any lifting assembly is the lowest
rated WLL of all the components.
13.21 Calculations for Suspended Scaffolds

Using the following information for the below scenario as an example:
The scaffold is an individual cradle supported from two needles with one
suspension rope and one electric scaffolding hoist per needle.
The specifics are:
• The needles have an outboard of 1.0M and an inboard of 5.0 M
• The counterweights weight 20kgs each
• The rope is 75.0 M long and weighs 37kgs per 100.0M
• The stall capacity is set at 125% of the MRC of the scaffold hoist and the MRC of the hoist is 400kgs
• Each stabilizing weight is 10 kgs.
We need to calculate the maximum rope tension?
13.22 Calculating maximum rope tension for an electric hoist.

(DL = Dead Load)
Formula
Rope tension = (Hoist rated capacity x 1.25) + rope weight + stabilising weight
(Scaffold hoist weight is incorporated within the hoist rated capacity (MRC) of the rig, therefore
there is no need to add it to the formula)
Workings
Rope Tension = (400 x 1.25) + (75/100 x 36 x 2) + (10 x2)
Rope Tension = 500 + 54 + 20
Rope Tension = 574kg
Answer = 574kg
13.24 Calculating rope minimum guaranteed breaking load of the suspension rope
Minimum guaranteed breaking load = Safety factor x rated capacity

Minimum guaranteed breaking load = (10 x 400kgs) = 4000kgs
Answer 4000kgs

13.26 Calculating counterweight requirements for needle stability.
Formula
No. of Counterweights = (rope tension x outboard ÷ inboard) x safety factor
mass of counterweight
Workings
No: of Counterweights = (574 x 1 ÷ 5) x 3
20
No: Counterweights = 344.4
20
No: Counterweights = 17.22 Answer = 18 Counterweights
14 Design of tube and coupler scaffolding

Tube and coupler scaffolds are built from tubing (tube) and joining or fixing components (couplers) fixed together,
to form a required scaffold design. They are frequently used on structures with unusual design, shape or function.
The versatility of tube and coupler scaffolds means they can be assembled in a wide variety of different
configurations. This also means erecting tube and coupler scaffolds can be complex when compared to
prefabricated scaffolds.
14.1 Tubes
Tubes are the foundation of a tube and coupling scaffold. They are used as standards, ledgers and bracing.
Scaffold tubes are usually made of ggalvanised

steel or aluminium. They come in various lengths
ranging from 0.3m to 6.3m.
The minimum outside diameter of a scaffold tube

is 48mm.
The minimum wall thickness of a steel scaffold

tube is 4mm.
The minimum wall thickness of an aluminium

scaffold tube is 4.4mm
Inspect each scaffold tube for defects and do not use it if any of the following conditions apply:

• Outside less than 48mm

• Steel wall thickness less than 3.6mm
• Aluminium wall thickness less than 4.2mm
• End cut not square to the axis
• End of tube has been flame-cut
• End is mushroom-headed
• Unduly pitted
• Distorted or twisted tubes
• Bent or split tubes
• Heavy corrosion.
14.2 Couplers
The following table describes the common couplers (also called fittings) used to connect components of a tube
and coupler scaffold.
NOTE: Couplers used to prevent movement (rather than connect scaffold tubes) are called 'Check
couplers'. These include right angle couplers, swivel couplers and parallel couplers that are fixed
hard up against a load bearing coupler to increase the slip resistance along the tube caused by
compression or tension.

Couplers must fit the scaffold tube and are designed for the particular type of scaffold being used. Do not mix
couplers from different scaffold manufacturers. They may not fit properly and may have different safe working
loads and failure characteristics.
Inspect each coupler for defects and do not use it if any of the following conditions
apply:
• No manufacturer or supplier mark
• Distorted
• Stretched
• Cracked
• Damaged hinges
• Bent or stretched rivets or pins
• Threaded blind holes
• Stripped threads on bolts or nuts
• Seized bolts or nuts
• Excessive oil, grease or paint.
15 Selection, inspection, care, handling, application, storage, and limitations of

15.1 Selecting and Inspecting Scaffold Equipment and Components
This section describes the selection and inspection process for scaffold equipment and tools suitable for advanced
scaffolding. Before you start work, follow the site procedure and use the scaffold plan to identify the equipment
and tools you will need.
If required, consult with other appropriate personnel, such as other Scaffolders,
Supervisor and the Structural Engineer.
The equipment you select must:
• Meet all regulatory requirements (e.g. AS/NZS 1576.1 Scaffolding - General
Requirements)
• Have been inspected by a competent person according to regulatory
requirements and manufacturer guidelines and show evidence of such
inspection (e.g. coloured inspection tag)
• Be inspected before and after each use to ensure that it is in serviceable
condition
• Be the most appropriate for the task.

15.4 Counterweights
A counter weight is used to provide a balance against something of equal weight, helping to make lifting loads
easier and more efficient. Counterweights must be secured to prevent accidental removal while scaffold is in use.
Only use counterweights specially designed, manufactured and approved for the erection of suspended scaffolds.
Many types of equipment require balancing or counterweights to allow the system work properly. Counterweights
can be simple steel plates or they can be designed with complex geometrics because of the compartments in which
they need to be placed.
Material that should be used as the counterweight for a needle is a durable material where the weight remains
constant under working conditions and as approved by the manufacturer.
CAUTION: Do NOT use sand or containers of liquid as counterweights for a needle. Only use approved
design counterweights.
Counterweights must be labelled with their mass in kilograms (kg). this information MUST be permanently
displayed on the counterweight and should be secured directly on the needle or innermost support in such a
manner that they cannot be displaced or removed without the use of a tool. This helps prevent the counterweights
from slipping for being removed by accident.
Counterweights should not be used to stabilise a needle attached to two or more suspension ropes.
15.5 Prefabricated Needles or Suspension Rigs

15.5.1 Prefabricated Needles
Needles and spurs should be considered where ground conditions are very unstable.
• When it is not possible to fix standard into the ground
• When construction is done on the side of a busy street
• When construction work is carried out at very high level in case of tall building
In this type of scaffolding instead of fixing the standard into the ground, it is placed at some height above the
ground level. The platform on which stands are placed is called needle. To prevent lifting up of the needle, the
inside end of the needles are supported by struts wedged between the needles and the head pieces.
15.5.2 Suspension Rigs
Purpose built to support a suspended scaffold and a specific amount of weight.
May be mounted to a rail allowing lateral (sideways/horizontal) movement. Often used
in conjunction with purpose designed counterweights that help support a suspended
scaffold that is attached to a prefabricated needle or suspension rig.
The suspension rig must be adequate for the scaffold and must remain rigid and stable
under working conditions. The design should consider all forces and load (e.g. wind
loads).
15.6 Reveal Propped Needle Suspension Rig

A reveal propped needle suspension rig:

• Should have at least two rows of uprights fixed with ledgers and transoms as well as longitudinal, transverse
and plan bracing systems
• Needles can be fixed onto or under the reveal props
• Close fitting U-heads may be used with rolled steel joists or universal beams.
15.7 Needle or Supporting Beam

The needle or supporting beam:
• Should always be mounted with the greater vertical dimension.
• The outboard end of a needle should never be lower than the inboard end.
• A beam spanning between only two supports should always be horizontal.
15.8 Swinging Stages

A Swing Stage is a suspended platform that is commonly used when conducting work on the sides of high-rise
buildings or other hard to reach areas.
Swing stage scaffolds are the most common type of suspended platforms, and they're generally used in high-
elevation.
Swinging stages are attached to an anchor on the roof of the building and suspended via steel cables. These cables
controlled by a winch, allowing the platform to move up and down the face of the building and providing easy
access.
15.24 Scaffolding associated equipment

Before starting scaffolding work, the worker needs to ensure they have the proper tools in order to accomplish the
job safely and effectively. There are many different tools and maintenance equipment you can use for the various
tasks needed to construct a scaffold, below are some of the tools required:
15.25 box spanners

A scaffold spanner usually has a box-shaped or ‘socket’ head on one (single-ended) or
both ends (double-ended) of the shaft (or handle). Scaffold spanners are essential tools
for all builders who erect scaffolding for building work.
The socket heads of scaffold spanners are flexible, which is useful in obstructed spaces. Some have a double head
on one end which spins within a stirrup. Hole for Safety Lanyard and Fully Rotational Ring for Safety Lanyard on
Box Head.
Most scaffold spanner heads are made from steel but some are made from titanium, a much harder, lighter metal.
It is more expensive than steel but well worth the investment if you are erecting scaffolding every day.
15.26 Hammers
A hammer is required to firmly drive large sets of steel, pins or other materials and
components into place. This could be used on planks, or the locking wedges.
A non-slip grip handle with shock reduction would be beneficial and can reduce the risk
of injury.
In the scaffolding, the hammer is swung in many directions. This ranges from below the
knees, to above the head, to across the body. Therefore, it is important to find the right
balance between a strong hammer that is heavy enough that the worker does not need to
swing multiple times to drive the same piece into place but also a hammer that is light enough
that it can be swung from many positions and to carry around all day.

15.27 Spirit levels

The scaffolding needs to be level, and the best way to ensure it is level is by using a
level. The important thing is to ensure that the level works, and that your scaffolding
can be installed properly.
Spirit levels are a vital tool when working with scaffolding. The level ensures that the
surface being used or installed is flat. If a scaffolding is not level, there is a risk of the
whole scaffolding system tipping over, or a risk of the users slipping and falling.
There is also a risk that any tools or materials used during the project could roll off the
scaffolding and fall to the ground below. This could result in injury to personnel working
below, or damage to the property.
Scaffolders tend to use a smaller level which they use while they are installing the
scaffolding and are able to attach to themselves using a lanyard, and use a larger level
to perform spot checks or when installing crucial components of the scaffolding.
Another useful feature which many levels offer is the ability to stick to the piece of
scaffolding. Many levels have magnets, which can stick to many steel surfaces. This is
of particular interest if the worker needs to adjust the scaffolding.
15.28 Tape measures

A measuring tape will be used for various reasons. It will measure distances between
planks, distances between buildings, and the length of a plank of wood that needs to
be cut. The measuring tape must be easy to use, and must not jam.
When you need precise measurements in scaffolding, the tape measure is invaluable.
It’s also easy to carry as many have belt clips that allow it to be secured to a belt or
pocket opening. Plus, many tape measures have both standard and metric, so you can
use the one best suited for your needs.
15.29 Scaffold belts

A scaffold belt can be used to carry hand tools while working. A toolbelt is also an
important tool because it will ensure that the workers have their tools when they need
them. The toolbelt needs to be comfortable to wear, and also needs to allow the
workers to take and put back their tools with ease.
The tool belt uses the strength of a double-prong belt and an adjustable Velcro strap
to secure the belt to your waist and support the weight of your tools.
Always check that all tools and equipment are functioning correctly and that they do not show any signs of damage
or wear. This may also require attaching tool lanyards to restrain tools from being dropped.
All tools and equipment used for the erection, alteration and dismantling of scaffolds must be used in accordance
with the manufacturers specifications, organisational policies and procedures and safe work practices. Read the
operators manual before using any equipment for the first time.
Do not exceed the limitations of the equipment – it could be extremely dangerous and could damage the equipment.

15.30 Podgers
The term ‘scaffold spanner’ is also used to refer to Podgers. Podger tools are hand tools
usually used for erecting scaffolding and other steel structures. Podger spanners can
have a ring, open-ended, ratchet or box profile head as well as the tapered spike.
The spanner head is then used to tighten the fastener.
The most traditional design is of a short bar, that is often tapered spike (called a ‘drift
pin’), with a wrench at the other end although most modern products have a
reversible socket for securing and loosening nuts.
The tapered end is pushed through bolt holes of scaffolding, or other metal
workpieces such as event staging, to line them up, so bolt can fit through aligned holes without being forced and
damaged.
Some drift pins are straight while others have a bend in them known as ‘cranked. Cranked Podger drift pin has a
bent end to make it easier to use.
Podgers have a hole going through the shaft for attaching a lanyard, so it stays on your person even if you drop it.
15.31 Wire nips

Industrial wire nips or cutters: A flat ended set of wire cutter also used to grip, twist
and tension wire. These are useful for cutting lashing for planks also cutting and
tensioning wire for screening.
Narrow head of cutting nippers are designed to provide optimised movement when
steel fixing with tie wire with cutting edges for soft and hard wire also suitable for
twisting and cutting binding wire.
15.32 Wrenches
This is another essential item when putting scaffolding together. The scaffold wrench
will not only tighten the fasteners but loosen them if needed as well. This is particularly
handy when the scaffolding itself needs to be adjusted or replaced when on the job
site.
Having a scaffold wrench handy is not only useful for scaffolding, but for any bolts or
nuts that are used on the site. This means having a two-in-one wrench, so you can carry
fewer tools. The fewer tools you have to carry on your belt, the safer you are when
working on scaffolding.
Adjustable Wrenches, crescent or shifter is normally used where an obstruction
prevents the use of a scaffold spanner. This can be quite handy when working on
scaffolding. Especially when you need to hold the nut when tightening the bolt with
your scaffold wrench or scaffold ratchet. It does make the job considerably easier and
faster, so you can get on with your other work. Plus, the adjustable wrench can be used
to tighten or loosen other fasteners when working on the job.
You can also use an impact wrench for scaffolding especially for disassembling the
structure.

15.33 Torpedo levels

A torpedo level is a type of spirit level that is an essential tool for any professional
working in tight spaces. The body of the level is made of either metal or plastic and
contains two or three tube vials. These tubes, or vials, contain yellowish or yellowish-
green additives and are used to determine the surface level.
15.34 Spanners
A scaffold spanner is a hand tool used for tightening and loosening fasteners used in
the construction of scaffolding. Its primary use is to put together scaffolding, the
spanner can be open or closed and quickly applied to nuts of different sizes depending
on the size of the scaffold.
Scaffold spanners are obtainable in stainless steel, plated steel, anodised aluminium or
titanium.
They are unique in their handle style and handles also come in various lengths depending on the leverage required
for the job.
15.35 Cutters
Although scaffolding material generally comes ready to assemble, you will have to
make some cuts in the pipes to get the right size. This is because the area in which you
are working is arguably unique. This means that to have the scaffolding fit properly,
you will need to have a good pipe cutter handy.
15.36 Hammer drills

A hammer drill, also known as a percussion drill or impact drill, is a power tool used
chiefly for drilling in hard materials. It is a type of rotary drill with an impact mechanism
that generates a hammering motion and make holes in tough materials.
16 Stability equipment and processes:

The structural members of a supported scaffold used to increase the base width of a scaffold in order to provide
support for and increased stability of the scaffold:
16.11 Tracks and Trolleys

Traversing tracks are hung beneath needles or supported by beams. The ends should
be fitted with through bolted stops to stop trolleys running off the track. Tracks and
trolleys should meet the following requirements.
• Used with suspension rope to secure a scaffold to a beam or girder flange, the
trolley supporting a suspension rope should have a Working Load Limit (WLL) of at
least 500 kg, also in conjunction with FSWR, chains and shackles. This allows the
scaffold to move laterally (side to side).

• The minimum rated capacity for a trolley is 500kg or the load limiter setting, whichever is the greatest.
• Where 2 trolleys are used to support a swing stage, connect them with a spacer tie or spreader bar this is to
prevent movement to stop them from spreading (moving apart).
• Trolleys supporting a double rope suspended scaffold should be rigidly connected with plan brace to stop
twisting.
• Ropes used for horizontal movement of a suspended scaffold should be a minimum 12mm diameter fibre
rope.
16.12 Beam Clamps

Beam clamps are used to attach slings that are supporting a hung scaffold to a steel
beam (RSJ), in conjunction with FSWR, chains and shackles.
16.13 Accessories
16.13.16 Tube Caps
Bright yellow caps that fit on the ends of tubes as a visual warning and to protect
personnel from running into a protruding edge. May also be called cubby caps, end
caps, Scaff caps, yellow caps.
16.13.2 Coupler Caps

Small bright yellow caps that fit on the ends of coupler bolts as a visual warning and to
protect personnel from running into a protruding edge.
16.13.2 Scaff Pad / Scaff foam

High visibility foam protection that is attached to scaffold tubing as a visual warning
and to protect personnel from running into scaffold.
17 Relevant persons
Consultation with other relevant persons who you will interact with or cross paths when you are performing your
scaffolding work is imperative to ensure that any workplace policies and workplace-specific procedures are
adhered to identify (or be aware of) any site-specific hazards / ground conditions.
It’s important to ask and find out from your workers about any problems they encounter or anticipate at your
workplace when constructing or interacting with scaffolds and scaffolding work–consider operation, inspection,
maintenance, repair, transport and storage requirements.
People you should consult with about workplace before starting scaffolding work, include:
• other scaffolders

• doggers and riggers

• engineers and designers
• supervisors
17.3 Engineers and Designers

In preparing a scaffolding plan the person should consult with a range of other people relevant to the work and
workplace, for more complex scaffolds a scaffolding plan should be prepared by a competent person, for example:
• the engineer to discuss the design loads and the capability of the structure to support extra loadings.
• the designer to discuss a design specifying an unusual base structure that has to be erected to support the
scaffold may introduce unique hazards and risk controls.
17.4 Supervisors
A person with management or control of a scaffold at a workplace has a responsibility to ensure a scaffold is
inspected and maintained so it is safe to use. This includes inspections at hand-over and post-handover and after
scaffold repairs, modifications or additions.
18 Load bearing capacity of supporting beams or structures

Supporting structures, the scaffold needs to be designed to ensure that the load placed on the supporting structure
under the most adverse circumstances does not adversely affect its structural integrity or the serviceability of the
scaffold during the period of its service.
Where necessary, the supporting structure needs to be strengthened to ensure it has sufficient strength and rigidity
to accommodate the imposed loads. Provision may be required to prevent damage to the supporting structure.
Where soleplates are used they have to be designed to have sufficient strength and rigidity to distribute the load
to the supporting structure.
19.4 Scaffold Tag

A Scaffold tag is a system used to record scaffold inspections. During erection of the scaffold, an empty Scaff tag
holder must be attached near each access point to advise persons that the scaffold is under construction and must
not be used.
When the scaffold is complete the senior scaffolder involved with the erection of the scaffold must complete an
inspection of the scaffold and fills in the Scaff tag (front and back).
The Scaff tag details:
• Brief description of scaffold
• Location
• Reference Number (work order number or plan/drawing number)
• Duty (light, medium, heavy)
• Last inspection by Competent Person (date, time and signature)
• Requested by (usually the team leader/ work area coordinator, etc)
• Built by
• Date erected
• Signature
• Contact details (name of competent person and telephone number).
If the scaffold requires modification, the Scaff tag must be removed until the
alterations have been completed. The senior scaffolder (competent person) will
update the Scaff tag, sign it and place it back in the holder.

19.5 Unauthorised Access Controls

When an incomplete scaffold will be left overnight or unattended,
the risk controls to prevent unauthorised access is:
1. The Access should be removed, isolated or barricaded off.
2. Signage/tags indicating that the scaffold is incomplete and
must not be used.
19.6 Isolate Defective Equipment

If you identify any defective, damaged or faulty equipment, remove
it from use and mark the item to stop anybody from
accidentally using it.
Follow site procedures and use the lock and tag system (if
applicable) to isolate damaged or faulty equipment.
• Tag out the faulty equipment with a Danger or Out of
Service tag.
• Separate the defective equipment from the usable
equipment (quarantine it).
• Report the defective equipment to an authorised person
as soon as practicable so that it can be repaired or
disposed of as appropriate.
• Make sure that your report is concise and accurate.
Provide enough information about the fault or damage so that the relevant person (inspector, maintenance, etc.)
can make an informed diagnosis of the repairability / usability of the item.
• Some damaged items cannot be repaired for safety reasons. These must be labelled and disposed of or
returned to the manufacturer for repair depending on the type and severity of the fault.
• Use a checklist to record equipment inspections and report the results, either verbally or in writing according
to the site procedures. Inspections may be recorded in the scaffold inspection logbook, equipment checklist
or defect report.
19.7 Handover Certificate

You will need to complete a handover certificate when the scaffold is complete. It should contain the following
information:
• The name of the client that the work has been done for.
• Address of the worksite where the tasks were completed.
• The location of the scaffold in the worksite.
• The type of scaffold that was erected (e.g. modular, mobile).
• The height and length of the scaffold.
• The number of lifts and bays in the scaffold.
• The duty category of the scaffold (e.g. light, medium, heavy, special).
• The type of access available (e.g. ladder, ramp, stairway).
• Design reference number.
• Date and time of handover.
• Name and signature of the responsible person.

When a hung scaffold is fully completed, inspected and deemed safe to use, a handover certificate
will be required to be completed.19.8 Altering a scaffold
When altering a scaffold, you should:
• consult the scaffold designer before making alterations
• ensure scaffold alterations are in accordance with the scaffolding plan
• ensure alterations do not compromise the structural integrity of the scaffold, and
• ensure systems are in place to identify unauthorised interference with the scaffold e.g. regular inspections.
19.9 Modifying or Inspecting a Scaffold

Where practicable, the licensed scaffolder who erected the scaffold, and whose name appears on the inspection
record, is to be the person to perform scaffold modifications and inspections.
Prior to modifying scaffold, the scaffolder is to:

• Remove the inspection record; and
• Replace with a notification inspection record detailing the date and time of the modification or inspection, the
name of the person performing the modification or inspection and the reason for the alteration where
relevant.

19.10 Dismantling scaffolds and equipment

Once you have finished the work at heights you need to check your work instructions to make sure everything has
been done, and to see if there are any other tasks that need to be completed.
When the work is finished, you can dismantle any safety systems and clean up the work area.
The following safe work practices should be used when dismantling a scaffold:
• Safety systems that are not needed anymore should be dismantled in line with site
procedures and the manufacturer’s instructions and removed from the work area.
• Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when disassembling equipment to
ensure the safety of all personnel / workers in the area, to maintain stability during
the process and to prevent any damage to the plant and equipment.
• Edge protection and a way to enter the scaffold can be removed as the scaffold is
dismantled, provided it is removed at the last possible stage.
• During the removal of safety systems make sure you are never in a position where
you could fall from an unprotected edge.
• Where possible a platform of at least 450 mm wide at the level the dismantling has
reached should be in place.
• Ensure when dismantling the scaffold, the platform immediately below the level
the worker is standing on has a full set of planks across its width and is no lower
than 2 metres.
• A section of the scaffold may be left open to allow the lowering of planks or other scaffolding between levels.
• Scaffolding should never be dropped in an uncontrolled way when dismantling the scaffold.
Once they are no longer needed, safety systems such as static lines, fall-arrest harnesses and safety nets should
be dismantled according to the correct sequence and procedures. They should then be removed from the work
area.
19.10.1 Dismantle the scaffold according to the correct procedures
• Work safely at heights utilising safety equipment such as fall-arrest systems (e.g. harness and lanyard).
• Start from the highest lift and dismantle the scaffold downwards one lift at a time.
• Only remove ties and braces from the lift you are dismantling.
• Do not remove all the ties and braces first.
• Clear the platforms of all equipment and loose material.

19.11 Clear the Work Area and Store Tools and Equipment
When your work is finished (job completed or just finished for the day) you need to make sure the area is tidy
before you leave.
19.11.1 Clearing the Work Area
Follow worksite procedures and wear the right PPE when recovering and removing tools, equipment and materials
from your work area.
Rubbish and other building debris can be a tripping hazard for workers and may have a negative impact on the
environment. You need to make sure all rubbish is collected, sorted and removed or recycled correctly. Check the
site environmental requirements to make sure everything is done in a safe way.
19.11.12 Checking and Storing Tools and Equipment

Tools and equipment need to be cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in
line with the manufacturer’s instructions and site or company procedures.
All tools and equipment should be cleaned after use to remove all dirt, mud
moisture or other contaminants that can damage it.
Check tools and equipment for damage or other faults. If anything is wrong you
need to report it and carry out any repairs if you can.
Most tools and equipment will have specific storage instructions to make sure,
they will not be damaged and they can be easily found next time somebody
needs to use them.
19.11.13 Reporting All Faults
Any damaged or faulty tools and equipment must be tagged and removed from
use (isolated) to stop anyone else using them.
The problem should be written down in a logbook, checklist or other form. You
also need to tell your supervisor or other authorised person about the problem.
19.12 Manufacturer requirements for scaffolding

Manufacturers of scaffolding or scaffolds must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the plant or structure
they design, manufacture, import or supply is without risks to health and safety. This duty includes carrying out
analysis, testing or an examination and providing specific information about the plant. Information must, so far as
is reasonably practicable, be passed on from the manufacturer to the end user.
reduce the risk of a fall from height.
(a)
(b)



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Breight Education – RTO #45006

CPCCLSF4001 Licence to erect, alter and

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 2

5.7.1 Service and Maintenance checklists and records............................................................................. 19

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 3

8.3 Visual indicators to identify overhead electric power lines .................................................................... 33

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 4

11.16 Erecting Hung Scaffold Instructions .................................................................................................... 47

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 5

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 6

16.13.2 Coupler Caps ................................................................................................................................. 70

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 7

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 8

1.1 Advanced Scaffolding

1.2 Hung Scaffolding

1.3 Suspended Scaffolding

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 9

1.4 Course Overview

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 10

2 National Standard for High-Risk Work

2.1 High-Risk Work Licence (HRWL)

2.2 HRWL Card

2.3 Receival of your HRWL card

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 11

2.4 Renewing your HRWL

2.5 If your HRWL is expired

2.6 Responsibility of a HRWL Holder

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 12

2.7 Regulators Power

2.8 Scaffolding High Risk Licences

WHEN IS A SCAFFOLD LICENCE NEEDED?

2.9 Acts and Legislation

Examples of the Acts:

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 13

• Work Health and Safety (WHS) Acts

Examples of the Regulations:

2.11 Codes of Practice

Examples of the Codes of Practice:

Codes of Practice define and provide guidance to organisations where

2.12 Australian Standards

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 14

• AS/ NZS 1576.5: Scaffolding – Prefabricated Split-heads and Trestles;

3 Key Elements of The Workplace Health & Safety Legislation

3.1 Documented Workplace safety information:

3.2 Working at Heights Legislation

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 15

3.3 Duty of Care

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 16

5.3.2 Duty of Care – Employers

3.4 Workplace information (Technical and Safety Information)

3.5 Workplace information includes:

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 17

5.6.2 Task details

5.6.3 Hazard details

Advanced Scaffolding Learner Guide Uncontrolled once printed Page 18

3.6 Information about equipment:

3.7 Workplace procedures, including emergency plans and incident reporting.