BS EN 1004-12020

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Mobile access and working towers

made of prefabricated elements

Part 1: Materials, dimensions, design loads, safety and performance requirements

bsi.
 BS EN1004-12020
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1004-1
NORME EUROPEENNE
EUROPAISCHE NORM Navember 2020

ICS 91.220 Supersedes EN 1004:2004

English Version

Mobile access and working towers made of prefabricated

elements - Part 1: Materials, dimensions, design loads,
safety and performance requirements
Echafaudages mulants en éléments préfahfiqués - Fahrhare Arheitsbfihnen aus vurgefertigten Bauteilen -
Partie 1 : Matériaux. dimensions, calculs de charge, Werkstuffe, Mafia. Lastannahmen und
exigences de performance at de sécurité sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen

This European Standard was approved by GEN an 1 4 March 2020.

GEN members are bound t0 comply with the CENfCENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard withuut anyr alteratiun. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
cunterning such national standards may he obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any.Ir GEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French. German]. A versiun in anyF nther language made by
translation under the responsibility {If a GEN member into its own language and nutified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

GEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary. Iceland. Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands. Numay,
Puland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Rumania, Serbia, Slnvakia, Sluvenia. Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkeyr and
United Kingdnm.

EURDPEAN COMMITTEE FDR STANDARDIZATION

CDMITE EUROPEEN DE NDRMALISATIDN
EUROPEISCHES KOMITEE FUR NDRMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, 8-1040 Brussels

@ 202i] GEN All rights of exploitation in an].r form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1nn4-1:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN1004-12020
EN1004-12020 (E)

R?
Contents

an
h fl:
European foreword
Introduction

m
1 Scnpe

m
2 Normative references

m
3 Terms and definitions

q
4- Clasmficatmn
4.1 Load classes

e
4.2 Access classes

e
4.3 Height classes

H-
G
5 DESIgnatwn

H H H H H H H H H H Hr—I
m m m m m a w w w : c c :
6 Materials
7 General requirements
7.1 General...
7.2 Dimensions;
7.3 Openings within platforms
7.4 Side protection“
7.5 Castor wheels
7.6 Access to platforms
7.7 Means for stablllzmg
7.8 Connections. ..
7.9 Working and access platfunnuuunits...
7.10 Erection and dismantling... ...
7.11 Requirements for muhile access towers less than 2-.-m" w o r k i n g platform height 19
8 Requirements for structural dealgn 20
8.1 General... 20
mthe
8.2 Characteristic actlansmon complete structure mcludmg its parts 20
8.3 Characteristic actions on parts of the structure" 21
3.4 Deflections 24
9 Structural design 24-
9.1 Basic design pnnclple 24
9.2 Structural analysis 25
9.3 Verification 28
9.4 Positional stability 30
10 Tests 31

11 Instruction manual 31
12 Marking 31
12.1 Components 31
12.2 Manufacturer's label 32
13 Assessment 32
Annex A [normative] Stiffness test on complete tnwer structure 33
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Annex B (infurmative) A—deviations 36

Annex C [informative] Reduction of the wind load to equal members being upwmd 37
Bibliography 4D
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

European foreword

This document [EN 1004-12020] has been prepared by WG4 "Mobile access towers" under the
direction of Technical Cummittee GEN/TC 5 3 "Temp(In-51115!r works equipment”, the secretariat of which is
held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text u r by endorsement, at the latest by May 2021, and conflicting national standards shall b e
withdrawn at the latest by November 2021.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may b e the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not b e held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 1004:2004.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
follnwing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Lahda, Lithuania, Luxembuurg, Malta, Netherlands, Nurway, Poland, Purtugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdnm.
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Introduction

The development of mobile access and working tnwers systems is from the following two rants:
— scaffold manufacturers placed prefabricated unanchnred scaffolds o n four legs and castors;

— ladder manufacturers began to construct mobile access towers with light-weight ladders using
aluminium frames and castnrs.

Taking this into account, CEN/TC53 decided in 1980 to standardize the manufacture of mobile access
and working towers in parallel with the European standardization of prefabricated service and working
scaffnlds EN 12810-2 and EN 12811-3.
For materials, this document refers only to valid documents. However, a large stock of equipment made
of materials conforming to documents no longer valid is i n use. This document does not cover this
equipment.
Attention is draw to the requirements of the European Council Directive 2009/104/EC [pruvisions
concerning the use of work equipment pmvided for temporary work at a height).
The average height of people continues to increase and that consideration will have to be given i n later
revisions to altering vertical dimensions.
The wind load requirements 0f this standard (0,1 kN/mz).
Consider the fact that mobile access towers are generally intended for shorter duration tasks and may
b e re-located o r quickly dismantled. Attention is drawn to 3.1, Note 2 and to the requirements of
EN 1 2 9 3 regarding information relating to wind conditions.
Mobile access and working towers are not anchor points for personal fall arrest equipment unless they
are specifically designed in accordance with relevant European standards by the manufacturer for that
purpose.
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

1 Scope
This document applies to the design of mobile access and working towers made of prefabricated
elements with dimensions which are fixed by the design and with a height up to 1 2 m (indnnrs) and up
tn 3 m [uutdoors]. This document applies to mobile access and working towers used as temporary work
equipment.

This document:

— gives guidelines for the choice of the main dimensions and stabilizing methods,

— gives safety and performance requirements, and

— gives infnrmatinn a n complete tnwers.

This product standard does not apply to scaffolds according to EN 12310-1 and EN 12811-1.

2 Normative references

The following dumments are referred tan in the text in such a way that same o r all uf their content
constitutes requirements of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies. Fur
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced dncument (including any amendments] applies.
EN 131-2, Ladders — Part 2: Requirements, testing, marking

EN 1298, Mobile access and working towers — Rules and guidelines for the preparation of an instruction
manual

EN 1 9 9 1 4 - 4 2 0 0 5 , Eurncade 1: Actfnns an structures — Part 1 -4: General acfinns - Wind fictional]

EN 1993-1-1, Eurocude 3: Design nfsteef structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rulesfor buildings

EN 1995-1-1, Eurocade 5: Design of timber structures — Part 1-1: General — Common rules and rufesfar
buildings

EN 1999-1-12), Eurncade 9: Design of aluminium structures — Part 1 -1: General structural rules

EN 12810-22003, Fapade scafl'alds made of prefabricated components — Part 2: Particular methods of

structural design

EN 1281 1-1, Temporary works equipment — Part I : Scafiafds — Perfnmance requirements and general
design

EN 1281 1-2, Temporary works equipment — Part 2: Information on materials

EN 1281 1-3, Tempormy works equipment — Part 3: Load testing

EN ISO 2081, Metallic and other inorganic matings — Electmpfated coatings afzr'nc with supplementary
treatments on iron or steel (ISO 2031}

1] This document is impacted by the amendment EN 1991-1-4:2005{A1:2010.

2 ] This document is impacted by the amendments EN 1999-1-1:2007/A1:2009 and EN 1999-1-1:2007,’A1:2013.
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and [EC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the fallnwing addresses:
— [EC Electropedia: available at http:( [www.electmpedianrgg

— ISO Unline bruwsing platform: available at https:Z[www.iso.urg(nbp[

3.1
mobile access and working towers
temporary free-standing structures consisting of prefabricated elements, having dimensiuns fixed by
the design and four legs with casters, providing one o r more platforms

Note 1 to entry: Mobile access and working towers can have uutriggers o r stabilizers. They can b e stabilized by
supports an the ground o r wall struts against a stable structures or ballast.

Note 2 to entry: Mobile access and working towers have castor wheels. Mobile access and working towers can
be removed immediately, in case of arising wind greater than equivalent dynamic pressure 0,1 kl“~L,+'m2 or at the
end of the work shift.

3.2
height [h]
distance from the ground to the upper surface of the uppermost platform

3.3
caster wheel
swivelling wheel secured to the base of a mobile access and worldng tower to enable the tower to b e
moved

3.4
adjustable leg
component incorporated into the structure of a mobile access and working tower at its base used for
the purpose {if levelling the structure when situated o n uneven o r sloping ground

3.5
platform unit
prefabricated unit which forms the platfnnn or part of the platform, that supports a load units own and
might form a structural part of the mobile access and working tower

3.6
bracing member
means used to stiffen the structure

3.7
outrigger
component that increases the effective base dimensions o f a tnwer. with provision fur the attachment of
a castor

3.8
stabilizer
component that increases the effective base dimensions of a tower, without provisions for the
attachment of a caster
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

3.9
ballast
weights placed at the base of the tower to increase its resistance to overturning

3.10
wall strut
means for providing compressive restraint to prevent a tnwer overturning

Nate 1 to entry: It is normally a horiznntal tubular member, one end of which is connected to the tnwer, while
the other and rests against a wall o r other structure.

3.11
stairway
means of access intended for persons carrying tuuls or materials

3.12
stairladder
means nf access intended for person's not carrying tools 01' materials

3.13
inclined ladder
means 01"access intended for persons not carrying tools or materials with an inclination from 60° to 75°

3.14.-
vertical ladder
means of access intended for persons nut carrying tools Dr materials with an inclination of 90°

3.15
platfnrm
one or mare platform units placed side by side at the same level

3.16
platfnrm length (I)
greater of the two plane dimensions at the platform level

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

3.17
platform width [w]
lesser of the two plane dimensions at the platform level

Nate 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

0 O

U U
-l
I I—

Figure 1 — Width and length of a platform

 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

3.18
indoors
place where the tnwer will nut be exposed to wind loads

3.19
outdoors
place where the tower might be expused to wind loads

3.20
side protection
components forming a barrier to protect people from the risk of falling and to retain materials

3.21
working platfnrm
platform i n a mobile access and working tower from where the work will b e carried out

3.22
intermediate platfurm
platform i n a mobile access and working tower that i s not a working platform

3.2 3
positive locking device
mechanical locking device not relying on friction which prevents unintentional disconnection

EXAMPLE A pin, bolt o r protrusion.

4- Classification
4.1 Load classes

The classes of uniformly distributed load are given in Table 1.

Table 1 — Classes o f unlfnnnlyr distributed load

Load class Uniformly distributed load q

kN/m 2
7- 1,50
3 2.00

4.2 Access classes

Four options for access to the platform are described in 7.6.

4.3 Height classes

Two options for minimum clear height between platforms are described in 7.2.
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

5 Designation
The following data are required fur the designation uf all prefabricated mobile access and working
towers:
a] class of uniformly distributed load [see 4.1]:

b] maximum height outdoors/indoors:

0] access classes [see 4.2);

(I) clear height classes [see 4.3].

0.1
Example Tower EN 1004 2 112 AB XX 1

Load class 2

maximum height
outdoors B m
indoors 1 2 m

access through
stairway and stairladder

Clear Height
Class 1

6 Materials

Materials shall fulfil the requirements given i n European standards, where design data are provided. If
European standards d o not exist, ISO standards can be applied.
Materials shall b e sufficiently robust and durable to withstand normal working conditions.
Additional requirements for some materials are given in EN 12811-2.
When materials are used, whose properties in relation to the intended application [3.3. temperature,
ageing. UV-degradation] are not given in any available standard an adequate assessment is required.
Steel shall b e protected by one of the methods given in EN 12811-2, or zinc plated to the level required
for the design service environment stated in EN ISO 2081.

7 General requirements

7.1 General

A mobile access and working tower shall only consist of a single-bay structure.
The mobile access and working tower shall b e designed such that it can b e assembled, altered and
dismantled without the need fur personal fall protection equipment
Only one platform shall be a working platform at one time.
The mobile access and working tower shall be designed in such a way that the uppermost platfarm is a
working platform and lower platforms are intermediate platfnnns.
NOTE An intermediate platform can be changed to be the working platform if it is equipped with side
protection, including toe boards.

10
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

The vertical distance between platforms shall be nu greater than 2,25 m.

The vertical distance between the ground and the first platform shall b e no greater than 3,40 111.
However, if a platfnrm is placed 5 0,6 m from the ground, it is alluwed to have a vertical distance no
greater than 3,40 In between that platform and the next platform. See Figure 2.
If the mobile access and working tower cannot b e entered from the inside of the structure, the
requirements of 7.1 1 shall apply.

I.

T
I

V £ 2

2...

a...

'I'
I.
a»;

1"
KB?

A: 5 0,6 m
y s 3.40 m
z s 2.25 m
1 first platform
2 second platform

NOTE Stabilizers are omitted from this figure for clarity.

Figure 2 — Maximum distance between platforms

11
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

7.2 Dimensions

The minimum width, w, of the platform shall be 0,60 m and the minimum length, I, shall be 1,00 111. See
Figure 1.
The minimum clear width between the toe boards shall be 0,5 m.

The minimum clear height between platforms H shall be in accordance with Table 2.
Table 2 — Clear height classes

Clear height class Minimum clear height H in :11

H1 1,85
H2 1,90

7.3 Openings within platfurms

7.3.1 Access openings

Access openings i n platfurms through which the user will climb shall have a minimum clear opening of
0,40 m wide x 0 , 6 0 m long.

Access openings i n platforms shall b e provided with a means to prevent falling through. The trapdoor
shall b e fastenable i n the closed position.
7.3.2 Apertures

Apertures in platforms or between platform units shall not exceed 25 mm in width. This does nut apply,'
to apertures like hand holes in hatches.
7.4- Side prutectinn

7.4.1 General

Dimensions for side protection shall be in accordance with Figure 3.

12
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Dimensions in millimetres

535”
530 :30
:30 l | ___| 58!] 51200
|‘—’|

1—0

O
C)
O

/
(5
3‘?!
5LTD
w
m

5 {+70
a
a

Key
hGR
distance between uppermost surface of the platform and uppermost surface of the principal guardrail
rcanst
corner radius of side protection consisting of a frame to be constant [see 7.4.3]

Figure 3 — Dimensions for side protection

D

Side protection is composed of a principal guardrail, intermediate side protection and a toe board. The
principal guardrail, intermediate side protection, and toe-board may be combined.
7

Side protection components shall be incapable of removal except by direct intentional actiun.
It shall be possible to erect protection at platform edges comprising:
L

a] both a principal guardrail and intermediate side protection;

5

b) tue-buard.

Tue boards may be omitted an intermediate platforms. 3]

7.4.2 Principal guardrail

The principal guardrail shall be fixed so that its uppermost surface is a minimum of 1 000 mm above the
uppermost surface of the platform it is protecting, measured vertically [dimension h G R in Figure 3]. A
minus tolerance of 5 0 mm i s acceptable.
7.4.3 Intermediate side protection

Intermediate side protecfion shall be fixed between the principal guardrail and the tare-board.
Intermediate side protection may cansist 0f:
— one or more intermediate guardrails, o r

— a frame, or

3) See A-deviatiuns in Annex B.

13
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

— a frame nf which the principal guardrail forms the top edge, o r a fencing structure.

Openings i n the side protection shall b e s o dimensioned s o that a sphere with a diameter of more than
471] mm will not pass through them.
7.4.4 Tue-board

I t shall b e pussible to fix a solid toe-board such that its top edge is at least 1 5 0 mm above the adjacent
platform level. Apertures in toe boards shall not exceed 2 5 m m i n width. This does not applyr to
apertures like hand holes.
7.5 Castor wheels

7.5.1 General

Castor wheels shall be fixed to the tower in such a way that the}!r cannut be unintentionally detached.
The caster wheel shall nut detach from the frame due to the action of its self-weight.
7.5.2 Brakes

All casturs shall have wheel brakes. Theyr shall have swivel brakes if the wheels are eccentric when
lucked.
The brake mechanism shall be designed in such a way that it can only be unlocked by a deliberate
action. The brake mechanism shall effectively prevent any rotation of the wheel when a horizontal force
of 0,30 kN is applied through the vertical swivel axis of the castnr as close as possible above the caster
housing and in the rolling directinn of the castor. The full value of the specified service load per castur
wheel is to be applied when testing the caster brakes. A minimum of five control tests shall b e carried
out.
7.5.3 Test loads

The test shall be carried out on the complete caster wheel.

The vertical service load per wheel given by the manufacturer of the mobile access and working tower
shall b e verified by a minimum of five tests.
The test load shall be three times the service load per castur wheel derived from the most unfavourable
load combination from Table 3.
When the brakes are locked, a n initial vertical load of 0,50 kN shall be applied. The plate of thsc.I fork shall
be taken as the origin for measurements of vertical displacement, dc, and the residual defurmatiun, d”

The load shall be increased to the maximum test load, maintained for one minute and the vertical
deformation, dc, shall b e measured. The load shall b e returned to 0,5!) kN. After 3 0 min, the residual
deformation, (in shall b e measured.

The test shall meet both of the following requirements:

— residual deformation, dr, after 3 0 min shall not b e more than 3,00 mm;

— total deformation, dc. shall not be more than 1 5 mm.

The service load is verified if all five tests meet the test requirements.
7.5.4 Wheels

Wheels shall b e of puncture less type.

14
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

7.6 Access to platforms

7.6.1 Access types

The access type is classified by a letter A, B, C or D as follows:

— Access type A: Stairway;

— Access type B: Stairladder;

— Access type C: Inclined ladder;

— Access type D: Vertical ladder.

Where a range of access types is provided, a combined classification is used.

EXAMPLES

Type AXCX means that Stairways and inclined ladders can b e provided.

Type ABC!) means that all four types o f access can he provided.

NOTE The X in the designation means that those types of access are not provided.

7.6.2 General requirements

Access to the platforms 2 2 m height in an assembled tower shall be within the main structural supports
using one of the access methods specified i n 7.6.1 and shall:
— b e secured against unintentinnal loosening;

— not rest on the ground;

— have a distance from the ground to the first step or mug of 4 0 0 mm maximum taldng intu accnunt
adjustable legs. If the first step is a platform, 600 mm is allowable;

— have steps frungs with constant spacing and a slip resistant surface.

7.6.3 Additional requirements

7.6.3.1 Stairway and stairladder

The outside of stair flights shall be provided with a handrail which runs approximately parallel to the
stairs. Where a flight of stairs is provided in a continuous dog-leg style, a handrail shall also b e provided
on the inside. When flights of stairs are interrupted by platforms a t s 2,25 m intervals, the inside
handrail may b e omitted.
Flights of stairs in a continuous dog-leg style shall have landings. Each of these stairs shall have a
minimum of one landing and this shall have a minimum length of 3 0 0 mm.
The minimum clear height for access measured between the steps and the supporting structure of the
stairway o r stairladder above shall not be less than1,75 In.

15
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

7.6.3.2 Access type A - stairway (see Figure 4]

Stairways shall conform with the following geumetric requirements:

Inclination a 35° 5 a: 5 55°;

Vertical step rise :1 190 mm 5 t1 5 2 5 0 mm;
Minimum step depth d d = 1 2 5 mm;
Minimum clear width wdm wdmr = 400 mm;
Horizontal gap between steps 9 0 5 g s 5 0 mm.

Stairways shall be designed in accordance with 8.3.3.

/ ff tear

Figure 4 — Dimensions uf stairway

7.6.3.3 Access type B - stairladder [see Figure 5)

Stairladders shall conform with the following geometric requirements:

Inclination a: 35° 5 a: s 55”:

Vertical step rise at; 1 5 0 m m 5 t1 5 2 5 0 mm;
Minimum step depth d d = 80 mm;
Minimum clear width Wciear Wdear = 2 8 0 mm;

Horizontal gap between steps 9 O s g s 1 6 0 mm.

Stairladders shall be designed in accordance with 3.3.3.

5' d
" 'l‘ '1

«1 tear In-

Figure 5 — Dimensions of stairladder

16
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

7.6.3.4 Access type C - inclined ladder [see Figure 6]

Inclined ladders shall confonn with the following geometric requirements:

Inclination a: 6 0 “ s a s 75”;

Step spacing t; 2 3 0 mm 5 t3 5 3 0 0 mm;

Step depth d d :- 8 0 mm:
Rung spacing t: 2 3 0 mm 5 t2 5 3 0 0 mm;
Rung diameter d 2 0 mm s d 5 80 mm;
Minimum clear width Wclmr Wdear = 2 8 0 mm.

Inclined ladders shall he designed in accordance with 3.3.4.

Wclear

Figure 6 — Dimensions of inclined ladder

7.6.3.5 Access type D -vertical ladder [see Figure 7]

Vertical ladders shall conform with the following geometric requirements:

From the front edge of the step o r from the centre of the rung to any obstacle behind the
stairway/ ladder, there shall b e a horiznntal distance of s = 150 mm minimum [see Figure 7].

Rung spacing t: 2 3 0 mm 5 t2 5 3 0 0 mm;

Rung depth o r diameter d 2 0 mm s d 5 51 mm;
Minimum clear width Wale-m- Wdear = 2 8 0 mm.

Vertical ladders shall be designed in accordance with 8.3.5.

1'?
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

W clear

a] Separate ladder b] Integral ladder C] Wang”

Figure 7 — Dimensions of vertical ladder

7.7 Means for stabilizing

7.7.1 Stabilizers and uutriggers

The stabilizers and outriggers of a tower shall b e designed as components of the main structure and
shall provide means of adjustment tn ensure contact with the ground.
The method of fixing the stabilizer o r outrigger tn the tuwer shall have adequate strength and shall b e
such that the reaction loads in the stabilizer or outrigger are transferred to the tower without slip,
rotation, o r other movement of the stabilizer or outrigger.
7.7.2 Ballast

If ballast is necessary, it shall b e securely positinned to prevent unintentional movement or removal.

Ballast shall be made of rigid materials such as steel or concrete. Alternatively, liquids or granular
materials may b e used if they are in containers supplied by the manufacturer.
The containers shall have the following characteristics:
— they shall b e closable and lockable to prevent escape of the filling material;

— they shall b e impact resistant tn prevent loss of the filling material:

— their filling level shall be clearly visible:

— the filling material shall b e specified by the manufacturer.

7.8 Connectiuns

7.8.1 General

Each connection device shall be effective, easy to monitor and the components shall be easy to
assemble. The securing of components forming part of the structure of the mobile access tower and
working tower and side protection components shall make them incapable of removal except by direct
intentional action.

18
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

7.3.2 Vertical spigot and socket connection

When assembled, the hurizontal mavement [slack or play] between upper and lower components shall
not exceed 4 m m o r a movement away from the centre lintI of 2 mm.
In all cases, it shall not b e possible to discnnnect an upper component laterally until the upper
component has been lifted more than 8 0 m m .
When the spigot and socket connection acts over a distance less than 1 5 0 mm, the connection shall b e
provided with a positive locking device, such as a cross pin, to prevent the upper component from being
lifted unintentionally and provide additional structural stiffness.
The pnsitive lacking device shall b e designed in such a way that its positive action can be monitored
visually.
7.8.3 Other vertical connections

There shall be equivalent provisions related to 7.8.2 to limit the risk of accidental disconnections and
provide structural stiffness.
7.9 Working and access platform units

Components of platforms shall be durable and shall have a slip-resistant surface. Platform units shall be
secured at both ends s o that turnn or removal by wind is not possible.
7.10 Erection and dismantling

The tower shall remain stable and resist all loads imposed o n the components during erection and
dismantling.
7.11 Requirements for mobile access towers less than 2 In working platform height

7.11.1 Requirements for access

Access to the platform in an assembled tower shall:

— b e an integral component or components of the tower;

— b e secured against unintentional loosening;

— have a distance from the ground to the first step or rung of 4 0 0 mm maximum taking into account
adjustable legs;

— have steps f rungs with constant spacing and a slip resistant surface;

— shall comply with the requirements of 7.6.

There is no requirement for access if the working platform height is s 600 mm.
Access to working platforms in an assembled tower may be from the outside of the structure.
The structure may b e provided with access openings in the side protection provided that:
— it shall b e possible to close access openings i n the side protection after access a t egress;

— access openings in the side protection shall be provided with a means to prevent unintentional
opening;

— access openings in the side protection shall have a minimum clear width 2 4 0 0 mm:

— the access to the platform shall b e aligned with access openings in the side prutectiun;

19
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

— access openings in the side protection shall be designed in such a way that {ml}:r one hand is
required to opening.

NOTE Attention is drawn to national regulation regarding work at height when considering side protection
for mobile access towers less than 2 In working platform height.

7.11.2 Requirements for positional stability when accessing from outside

7.11.2.1 General

This luad case shall only b e applied when a mobile access tower has an access provided from outside
the structural supports, i n accordance with 7.11.1.
7.11.2.2 Safety factor

The safety factor against overturning shall b e S a 1,5.

7.11.2.3 Vertical loads

— Self-weight;

— a vertical load of Either:

— for access types A, B and C; 0,75 kN applied to the first step or rung, or

— for access types D: 0.75 kN applied 0,5 m outside o f the vertical plane 0f access.

8 Requirements for structural design

8.1 General

A tower structure shall be able to resist the combination of loads, taking from one line from each of the
five groups given in Table 3, in their worst cambinatiuns.
All loads are taken to b e static loads.

Eccentricities of castur wheels, in their must unfavourable position, shall b e taken into account
Adjustable legs shall b e extended tn their maximum extension.
Platfurms shall b e assessed with respect tn self-weight and the most unfavourable design load
according tn Table 4.
8.2 Characteristic actions on the complete structure including its parts

8.2.1 Verticals luads

8.2.1.1 Tower nominal self-weight as given by the manufacturer

The self-weight of the tower including all parts and ballast [if applicable) shall be taken into account.
8.2.1.2 Uniformly distributed load on the topmost platform

— Load class 2: 1,5 kN/mz;

— Load class 3: 2,0 kN/mfi.

3.2.1.3 Load resulting from an inclination cf 1 %

Vertical loads It) be taken into consideration are:

20
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

— nominal self-weight as given [see 8.2.1.1];

— vertical service loads as given [see 8.2.1.2).

8.2.1.4 Minimum vertical service load an the structure. equally distributed on 4 legs

P = 5,0 kN;
NOTE P can be larger than 5.0 kN in accordance with the uniformly distributed loads as given in Table 3.

8.2.2 Hurizuntal loads

8.2.2.1 Horizontal service load on the topmost platform

0 n the level of the platfnnns with length I:

— I54,0m:0,3kN;

— I : 4 , 0 m : 2 x0,3kN.
NOTE 0,3 kN is taken from EN 12311-1.

8.2.2.2 Horizontal loads on all cumpunents to simulate wind

0,1 kl‘J/rn2 multiplied by the appropriate aerodynamic force cuefficients Cf.

Aerodynamic force coefficients, 6;, appropriate for some cross sections of components [If mobile access
tuwers, are given i n EN 1991-1-4.
The value for the aerodynamic force coefficients c; may b e taken as 1.3 for all projected areas including
platforms and toe boards.
MUTE

0,1 km2 relates to the peak velocity pressure, qp, according to EN 19914-42005, 4.5.

0,1 LIN/m2 refers to a wind velocity ofvp = 45.5 Ian/h = 12,? m/s.

The wind affected area shall include the required side prutectinn components at the working level and
the intermediate levels.
Shelter effects for more than one component being upwind may b e taken int-:1consideration by the
application of EN 1 9 9 1 4 - 4 2 0 0 5 , 7.9 and 7.11, a s appropriate.
Alternatively, shelter effects may b e taken into cansideratinn, according to Annex C.
8.3 Characteristic actions on parts of the structure

8.3.1 Loads on platform units

Platform units and the supporting structure shall be designed for cancentrated loads and unifunnly
distributed loads in accordance with Table 4.

The requirements fur concentrated loads and uniformly distributed loads shall be fulfilled separately.
8.3.2 Load on side protection

8.3.2.1 Downward load

Any principal guardrail or intermediate guardrail, regardless of its method of support, shall b e able to
resist a point load 0f 1,25 kN. This also applies to any uther side protection component, such a s a
fencing structure, which has a potential foothold of 5 0 mm wide o r greater.

21
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

This load shall be considered as an accidental load and applied in the most unfavourable position in a
downward direction within a sector of i 10" from the vertical.
8.3.2.2 Horizontal load

All components of the side protection, except toe-boards, shall b e able to resist a horizontal load of
{1,3 kN i n each case in the must unfavourable position. This load may b e distributed over an area of
300 mm x 300 mm, 6.3. when applied to the grid of a fencing structure. For toe-boards, the horizontal
[Gad is 0,15 kN.
Table 3 — Service loads on the whole structure

Group Line Kind of load Value of Subclause

load
1 Self-weight including ballast if as given 8.2.1.1
applicable
2 Vertical service load on the
topmost platform
2.1 Uniformly distributed load 3.2.1.2
2.1.1 for load class 2 1’5 kN/mz
2.1.2 for load class 3 2’0 kN/mz
2.2 minimum service load on the 5,0 kN/4
structure legs
3 Horizontal service load on the 3.2.2.1
topmost platform
3.1 Is4,0ma 0,3kN
3.2 I>4,0ma 2::0,3kN
4 Hnrizuntal loads to simulate 3.2.2.2
wind
5 Loads resulting from an 8.2.1.3
inclined position of 1 %

3 I : length of the platform

22
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Table 4 — Service lands a n parts uf the structure

Line Element Type of load Value of Subclause

loads

1 platform
Uniformly distributed 8.2.1.2
1.1
o n the whole area

1.1.1 Load class 2 1,5 kN/mz

1.1.2 Load class 3 2,0kN/m2
Concentrated on an 1,5 kN 8.3.1
area of
5 0 0 m m x 5 0 0 m m in
the most unfavuurable
position on the
1.2 platform
If the width of the
platform unit is less
than 5 0 0 mm, the load
shall not b e reduced.
Concentrated on an 1,0 kN 8.3.1
area nf
2 0 0 mm x 2 0 0 mm in
1.3
the must unfavourable
position on the
platfnrm
2 guardrail
A downward point load 1.25 kN 8.3.2.1
o n the guardrail in the
2.1
must unfavourable
position
A horizontal point load 0,3 kN 8.3.2.2
o n the guardrail in the
2.2
most unfavuurable
position

Toe hoard A hnrizontal paint load 0,15 kN 8.3.2.2

o n the toe board in the
must unfavourable
position

8.3.3 Load on stairways and stairladders

{if
Each tread and landing shall be designed to support the more unfavourable either:
a] a single load of 1,5 kN in the most unfavourable position, assumed to b e uniformly distributed over
a n area [if 2 0 0 mm x 200 m m or over the actual width if it i s less than 2 0 0 mm, or

23
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

b] a unifnnnly distributed load of 1,0 kN/mz.

The structures of Stairways and stair ladders shall be capable of supporting a uniformly distributed lnad
0f 1,0 km-2 an all treads and landings.
8.3.4 Load an inclined ladders

Inclined ladders shall be designed in accordance with the test for torsion and vertical luad a n rungs in
EN 131-2.
8.3.5 Load an Vertical ladder

Vertical ladders shall b e verified either by;

— structural analysis for the following characteristic vertical load, always acting in the must adverse
position (If Fm = 1,5 kN acting on 200 mm, or

— in accordance with the test fur torsion and vertical load a n rungs in EN 131-2.

8.4 Deflections

8.4.1 Elastic deflection of platform components

When subjected to the concentrated loads specified i n Table 4, line 1.2, the elastic deflection of any
platform component shall not exceed 0,01 of the span of that platform component
In addition, in the case of platform components with spans of 2,5 m o r greater, when the appropriate
concentrated load is applied, the maximum difference i n levels between adjacent loaded and unloaded
platform components shall not exceed 2 5 mm.
3.4.2 Elastic deflection at" side prutectinn

When subjected to the load specified i n Table 4, line 2.2, the maximum deflection of any principle 01'
intermediate guardrail, regardless of its span, shall not exceed 3 5 mm. When subjected to the load
specified in Table 4; line 3, the maximum deflection of any toe-board, regardless of its span shall not
exceed 3 5 mm. These are measured with reference to the supports at the points where they are
connected.

9 Structural design
9.1 Basic design principle

9.1.1 Introduction

Mobile access and working tuwers shall be designed for load bearing capacity, serviceability and
resistance to overturning. Unless otherwise stated i n this clause, the Eurocndes for stmctural design
shall b e applied.
The strength of joints and connections (2.3. welded joints, compressed connections, hollow type rivet
connections) shall be verified.
Cnncepts relate to the limit state method.
Full scale o r detail testing may be undertaken in accordance with EN 12811-3 to supplement
calculation.

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EN 1004-12020 (E)

9.1.2 Structural design of components

9.1.2.1 Steel

The structural design shall be in accordance with EN 1993-1-1 taking into account EN 12811-2.
9.1.2.2 Aluminium

The structural design shall he in accordance with EN 1999-1-1 taking into account EN 12811-2.
9.1.2.3 Timber

The structural design shall b e i n accordance with EN 1995-1-1 taking into account EN 12311-2.
9.1.2 .4 Other materials

European standards shall b e applied for the stmctural design. If European standards do not exist, [80
standards o r other International documents may be applied.
9.1.3 Limit states

The limit states are classified into:

— ultimate limit states;

— serviceability limit states.

At ultimate limit state, the design value for the effect of actions, that is the design value of an internal
force or moment, Ed, shall not exceed the design value of the corresponding resistance, Rd, in accordance
with the expression:
EJSRJ

The design value, Ed, for the effect of actions is calculated from the characteristic values of the actions
specified in 3.2 and 8.3 by multiplying each by the corresponding partial safety factor, 11:.
The design value of the resistance, Rd, i s calculated from the characteristic resistance values specified i n
9.3 by dividing by a partial safety factor, 3/“.
At serviceability limit state the design value for the effect of actions specified in the serviceability
criterion, Ed, shall not exceed the limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterion, Cd.
Ed 5 Cd

9.2 Structural analysis

9.2.1 Choice of a model

The models adopted shall be sufficiently accurate to predict the structural behaviour level taking into
account the imperfections given i n 9.2.2.
If the analysis is carried out by checking separate planar systems, their mutual interaction shall b e
considered.
In the nonlinear structural analysis of the mobile access and working tower, the support points tn the
ground, shall be free to uplift.

25
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

9.2.2 Imperfections

9.2.2.1 General

The effects of practical imperfections, including residual stresses and geomeflical imperfections, such
as out of vertical, out of straight and unavoidable minor eccentricities shall b e taken into accnunt by
suitable equivalent geometrical imperfections.
The method of application shall b e in accordance with the respective specifications of the relevant
design documents, e.g. for steel EN 1993-1-1, fur aluminium EN 1999-1-1. Deviating from these
specifications, the assumptions concerning imperfections in global frame analysis shall (2131111313,,r with
9.2.2.2
The equivalent geometric imperfections need not be geometrically compatible.
9.2.2.2 Inclinatinns between vertical components

Frame imperfections by angular deviations at the joints between vertical components shall be taken
into account

Figure 8 — Angle of inclination between vertical components

For a joint in a tubular standard. the angle of inclination, ll], between a pair of tubular components
connected by a spigot permanently fixed to une of the components [see Figure 8) may be calculated
from Formula [2]:

26
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1 0 0 4 - 1 2 0 2 0 (E)

Di. — do
tan 9:: = I but not less than tan (p = 0,01 [2]
n

where
Di
is the nominal inner diameter o f the tubular component;

do i s the nominal outer diameter of the spigot:

In i s the nominal uverlap length.

NOTE This clues not cover the use of loose spiguts where the inclination is likelyr to b e twice o r much o r the
use of expanding joint pints, where it can be much less.

In the case of a clnsed frame of prefabricated tower, the value of tan ll! i n the plane nf the frame may b e
taken to 0,01 if the overlap length is at least 150 mm and tn 0,02 if the overlap length is less, but in
minimum 30 mm.
The requirements of 9.2.3.1 also apply.
9.2.3 Rigidity assumptions

9.2.3.1 luints between tubular members

The joints between tubular members may b e assumed to b e rigid connections if the spigot is
permanently fixed to one tubular member and if:
— the overlapping length of the spigot is at least 150 mm; and
— the play between the numinal inner diameter of the tube and the nominal outer diameter of the
spigot is not greater than 4 mm;
01‘

— the overlapping length nfthe spigot is at least 8 0 mm; and

— the playr between the nominal inner diameter of the tube and the nominal nuter diameter of the
spigot is not greater than 2 mm.

This assumption applies to tubular members with external diameters not exceeding 6 0 mm.
If one of these requirements is not met, e.g. if spigots according to the EN 7 4 series are used, the joints
shall be modelled as an ideal hinge. Alternatively, a detailed check on the spigot and the standard may
b e made [see 9.3.3.2).
9.2.3.2 Connecting devices

The realistic load-deformation behavinur of the connecting devices shall he incorpnrated in the model
for the analysis. Alternatively, joints may b e modelled by assumptions which are a n the safe side. Fur
example, semi rigid rotation connections may b e modelled as free hinge cunnections. When suitable
calculation models are not available then testing shall b e undertaken.
For the required tests for stiffness and resistance for semi-rigid connecting devices in prefabricated
towers, see EN 1 2 8 1 0 - 2 2 0 0 3 , 4.3 and Annex A. The required tests shall b e evaluated in accordance
with EN 12811-3.
Where the connections to standards are made by prefabricated joints, e.g. in a modular system, the
design moment-rotation characteristic 0f ledger-to-standard or transam-ta-standard connections shall
b e determined.

2'?
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

9.2.4 Resistance

9.2.4.1 General

The characterisfic values of the resistances shall b e calculated using the characteristic values of the
mechanical properties 02.3. the yield strength fink], which are given in EN 12811-2 01' may b e taken from
relevant documents.
9.2.4.2 Connecting devices

T o establish the characteristic values o f resistances for:

a] connections covered by the scope of structural engineering regulations: s e e relevant design
ducuments;
b] semi-rigid connection devices for prefabricated towers: see EN 12810-2 and EN 12311-3;

12] other cunnectiun devices which do not comply with a document: test shall be carried out. See, e.g.
EN 12810-2.

9.3 Verification

9.3.1 General

Fur the detenninatiun uf internal forces and moments, the theory of elasticity shall b e used.
The influence of the deflections on the internal forces and moments shall b e taken into accuunt; the
equilibrium of the displayed system shall be calculated by the use (if a semnd-urder analysis o r by the
use of a first-order analysis with amplification factors.
9.3.2 Partial safety factors

9.3.2.1 Partial safety factors for actiuns. Yr

Except when stated otherwise, the partial safety factor, FF: shall b e taken as follows:
a] ultimate limit state

1n: = 1,5 for all permanent and variable [03:15;

n: = 1,0 for accidental loads;

b] serviceability limit state

r1:= 1,0.

9.3.2.2 Partial safety factors for material resistances, 1'"

For the calculation of the design values of the resistance of steel o r aluminium components the partial
safety factor, m, shall be taken as 1.1. For components of other materials the partial safety factor, m.
shall b e taken from relevant documents.
For the serviceability limit state, 1’”, shall b e taken as 1.0.
9.3.3 Ultimate limit state

9.3.3.1 General

At ultimate limit state, it shall be verified that the design values of the effects o f actions do not exceed
the design values of the corresponding resistances.

28
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EN 1004-12020 (E)

9.3.3.2 Tubular members

For the combination uf actinns, the interaction Fnrmula [3] may b e used:

M s cus|:£
Mpi,l’,d
N J
NpI,V,d
(3]
2

where
2
V
N I,V,d= pm: 1— —
p 7M [Vk / 3’14 J

i s the design value of the resistant axial force with respect to the acting shear force V;
2
_ FM: 1 V
M pi,V,d ‘ — _ —
7M m / 3’34

i s the design value of the resistant bending moment with respect tn the acting shear force V.
and
Npl,k
is the characteristic plastic resistance of the axial farce N;
Mpl,k
is the characteristic plastic resistance of the bending moment M;

Vpl,k
is the characteristic plastic resistance of the shear force V;

M i s the design value of the actual bending moment;

N i s the design value nf the actual axial farce;

V i s the design value of the actual shear force.

For the value of the partial safety factnr, y“, see 9.3.2.2.
9.3.3.3 Joints between tubular members

When the requirements of a rigid connection between tubular members according to 9.2.3.1 are met,
the spigot only needs to b e verified for the design bending moment at the joint.
When the overlap is less than 1 5 0 mm - respectively 80 mm - and the joint is not treated as an ideal
hinge, see 9.2.3.1, the detailed structural design check shall include the bending stresses, shear stresses
and local bearing stresses.
9.3.3.4 Side protection

Components of the side protection shall withstand the accidental load specified i n 8.3.2.1 without failing
or disconnecting. A displacement from the original line of more than 3 0 0 mm at any point is tn be taken
as failure.
Where necessary the displacement may b e calculated by assuming a plastic hinge, which transfers the
plastic bending resistance of the component.

29
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

9.3.4 Serviceablllty limit state

I t shall be verified that the deflection requirements specified in 8.4 are met.
9.4 Positional stability

9.4.1 General

The structure as a whole shall be stable in all canditions. This applies to overturning of free-standing
towers.
Eccentricities of castur wheels, in their most unfavourable position, shall b e taken intn account

Overturning may b e resisted by self-weight, added ballast, stabilizers and outriggers o r combinations of
these.
9.4.2 Load cases

9.4.2.1 General

The following load cases shall apply. Both load directions [parallel and perpendicular to the tower)
shall b e evaluated for each load case.
When a tower which requires stabilizers or outriggers is used against a wall, wall struts may b e used to
provide stability. There should b e a minimum o f one wall strut o n each vertical of the tower close to the
wall. The wall struts should always be fitted at a level equal to or higher than the upper attachment
point of the stabilizer o r outrigger.
9.4.2.2 Load case 1

9.4.2.2. 1 Safety factor

The safety factor against overturning shall b e S a 1,5.

9.4.2.2 . 2 Vertical loads

— Self-weight:

— vertical service load an a position of 1 0 0 m m from the most unfavourable edge of the top platform.
The vertical service load to be taken into account is:

— for platform length I s 4 m : 0,75 kN;

— for platform length I > 4 m : 2 x 0,75 kN.

9.4.22.3 Horizontal loads

— Horizontal service load on the top platform. The horizontal service load to be taken into account is:

— for platform length I s 4 m: 0,3 kN;

— for platform length I > 4 m: 2 x 0.3 W .

NOTE 0 , 3 kN is taken frnm EN 12311-1.

— Wind load 0,1 kN/m2 on structure [see 8.2.2.2] and persons:

— for platform length I s 4 m: 1 person;

30
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

— fur platform length I > 4 m: 2 persons.

For the wind 103:] a n persons:

— projected area of one person: 0,? m2;

— shape factor of: 1,0;

— centre of area: 1 m abnve the tap platform level.

The horizontal service load and the wind load shall not be combined. Only the most unfavuurable of
these hnriznntal loads shall be taken into account
9.4.2.2.4Additional loads

Loads resulting frum an inclined position of 1 %.

9.4.2.3 Load case 2

9 . 4 . 2 . 3 . 1 General

The safety factor against overturning shall b e .S' a 1.3.

9.4.2 3.2 Vertical loads

— Self-weight.

9 . 4 . 2 . 3 3 Horizontal loads

— Wind load 0,1 kN/mz on structure [see 3.2.2.2).

9.4.2.3.4Additinnal loads

Loads resulting from an inclined position of 1 %.

10 Tests

Being part of the structural design, additional stiffness tests of a complete tnwer shall be made. These
tests shall be carried out in accordance with Annex A.

11 Instruction manual

For each type of prefabricated equipment, the manufacturer shall pruduce an instruction manual fur
use on site. The instruction manual shall include at least the data according ta EN 1298.

12 Marking

12.1 Components

Each component shall be marked with:

a] a symbol or letters to identify the mobile access and working tower and its manufacturer;

b) the year of manufacture, using the last twn digits. Alternatively, a code for tracing the year of
manufacturer may b e used.

31
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Marking shall be so arranged that it will remain legible for the life (If the campunent. The size uf the
lettering may take account of the size of the component.
12.2 Manufacturer's label

A manufacturer's label showing the information below shall b e displayed and visible from the ground
level an all mobile access and working towers:
a] manufacturer's name:

b] designati on;

c] "Read the instruction manual", which can b e shown as a symbol i n accordance with EN ISO 7010, or
text written in the official languages of the country where the product is placed on the market.

13 Assessment

An assessment shall be carried out by a person o r an organization different from the designing person
and organization. On completiun of a successful assessment a statement to that effect shall be given by
the assessor. This statement shall identify the reference number of all examinations and the tests report
shall include:
— identification of the particular set of components examined;

— identification o f the evaluated configuration;

— structural data for components and cunnectinns as resistances and stiffnesses evaluated by tests.

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 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Annex A
(normative)

Stiffness test on complete tower structure

11.1 General requirements (see Figures 11.1 and A2)

The object of the test is to ensure that towers do nut exceed the maximum permitted displacement
when erected to their maximum platform height and subjected to horizontal loads. This includes elastic
stiffness, plus any take up of slack or play in the structure.

A2 Test structure

The tests shall be carried out on complete tower structures with a minimum height of 6,0 m. The tower
shall be built in accordance with the manufacturers manual instructions. When the self-weight of the
structure is insufficient to prevent overturning during the test, sufficient ballast may b e added to the
base to prevent this.
If the maximum platform height, i n accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, i s less than 6.0 m
the test structure shall b e erected to at least 6.0 m height with additional components as prescribed by
the manufacturer. This extra height will enable (11 to be measured. The stiffness may not be adversely
affected by doing this. Tests shall be carried out in the arrangement envisaged by the manufacturer,
which is:
— either: with or without stabilizers, or

— with or withuut outriggers.

As the stiffness of the tower is not affected by ballast only one t e s t i s necessary, where ballast is the only
means (If stability.
Adjustable legs, if fitted, shall b e extended to 5 0 % of their maximum extension. Castor wheels shall b e
turned in their most unfavourable orientation and shall b e locked.

As adjustable legs are normally fitted to level the tower, this represents a working condition.

113 Test method

The horizontal test luad shall b e 5 0 0 N.

It shall be applied at the first convenient node paint abuve 6,0 111 level. It may be adjusted to give
equivalent moment above the base level of the tower because of this.
The luad shall b e applied perpendicular to one face of the tower and acting through the centroid. The
load shall be applied i n one direction and then the opposite direction, and the total displacement of; [in
mm] shall b e measured at the exact height of 6,0 111[see Figure A l ) .
This test shall be repeated at 90° tn the first face [see Figure A.1].

AA Result of test (see Figure A Z )

The total displacement measured as described in the above test shall b e correlated by linear calculation
to give a value of displacement d: for the maximum permitted platform height of the tower, with or

33
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

withuut stabilizers, uutriggers o r ballast. This total displacement d2 shall not exceed 200 mm and may
limit the maximum platform height
The maximum height of platform, limited by stiffness, is given in Formula [A1]:

6m x d2 6m x 200
max =
d1 =
d1 (
A'1
)

h m [:11]

d1 [mm]

9'; [mm]

NOTE The measured value, If], enables the limit of height to be calculated. For example:

a) if the measured value d1 is 100 mm, then:

_ 6:113: 2 0 0
hm “
100

the maximum permitted platform height hmax = 1 2 m.

b) if the measured value d1 is 3 0 0 mm, then the maximum permitted platform height hmax = 4 m.

The linear formula is not precisely correct but over the range of towers that this document covers,
calculations and practical tests have shown that a linear relafinnship is acceptable.

2 l 500 N

500 N l——| 50D N

|_—|
'1' '1'
2 V 5M M

Key
1 first test in two apposite directions
2 second test in two opposite directiuns

Figure A.1 — Horizontal loads for stiffness tests on a complete tower structure

34
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

d:

+_ _

_“.—
l‘fl’l . , ._".— _
1
i — fi

l
0'2

E (
E
4::
43:

1’
777777 ///////‘/// /7L77 4
Key
hula: maximum permitted height measured i n meters
d1 measured total displacement an the test height of 6,0 11] measured in millimetres
(1': maximum permitted total displacement o n the maximum permitted platform height measured in
millimetres

Figure A2 — Measured and permitted displacements of towers

35
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Annex B
[informative]

A—deviations

A-defiation: National deviation due tn regulations, the alteration of which is for time being outside the
competence of the CEN-CENELEC national member.
This European Standard does not fall under the Directive of the EU. In the relevant CEN-CENELEC
countries, these A—deviations are valid instead of the provisions uf the European Standard until they
have been removed.
9 . 1 1 . l l ' l ' l "
Austrian National deviation for side protection: According to BauV BGBl. Nr. 340/1994 @513 in
connection with § 8) shall b e observed. Toeboards shall not b e omitted by risk of falling [with the
exception of stairs and stairladders]. This especially concerns intermediate platforms.
This requirement refers to 7.4.1 of this document.

Frgnch National deviation for side protection

According to Article R233—13—20 from decree of 15" September 2004 shall b e observed. Toe boards
shall nut b e omitted a n intermediate platfnrms. This requirement refers tn 7.4.1 of this document.

Swedish National deviations

According to Annex 1 i n the mandatory Provisions [AFS 2013:4] of the Swedish Work Environment
Authority o n Scaffolding, the height class shall b e H2. This requirement refers to 7.2 of this document
According to Annex 1 i n the mandatory Provisions [AFS 2013:4) of the Swedish Work Environment
Authority o n Scaffolding, the principal guardrail shall be fixed s o that its uppermost surface is a
minimum of 9 5 0 mm above the uppermost surface of the platform it is protecting everywhere.
measured vertically [dimension h i n Figure 3). The right part o f Figure 3 is not valid for Sweden. This
requirement refers to 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 of this document.
According to Annex 1 and 3 3 § in the mandatory Provisions [AFS 2013340 of the Swedish Work
Environment Authority o n Scaffolding, vertical ladders may not be the only access type for mobile and
access towers if its maximum height is mare than 2,5 m. At least one of the other access types must be
available for the tower. This requirement refers to 7.6.2 of this document.
According to Annex 1 i n the mandatory Provisions [AFS 2013:4] of the Swedish Work Environment
Authority o n Scaffolding, the friction coefficient between the stabilizers o r nutriggers and the
supporting surface may not b e presumed to be greater than 0.2. This requirement refers to 9.2.4 and
9.4 of this document.

36
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Annex C
(informative)

Reduction of the wind load to equal members being upwind

The tntal wind force acting to members situated in a row is smaller than the sum of the single wind
forces. The reduction of the total force is determined by reducing the reference area A according to
Formula [(3.1]. The shelter factor I] is given in the Tables {3.1 and C.2.
The reduction applies for almnst equal poles, boards and lattice structures if the reference area A is
determined by taking a s a base for A1 the reference area of the biggest single member.
In case of different distances 3:between the members, the biggest distance can b e taken approximately
as a base for a uniform distance.
The reference area A for a total system consisting from 11members is shown in Formula (C.1]:

A=[1+q+(n—2)*q2]*A1 [(3.1]

where
A1 is the reference area of one member;

I: :2 2 i s the number of the single members;

7? i s the shelter factor as a function of [x/h]and (p, s e e Tables (3.1and (3.2;

h i s the height of the member;

2: i s the distance between the members;

13’
is the solidity ratiu as per Formula [(2.2).

g: = A1] An [C2]

where

A0 i s the area which is surrnunded by the perimeter of the structure as per formula:
An = h * L [(3.3]

3'?
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Figure (2.1 — A1, h and L of a lattice structure

Table (2.1 — Shelter factor n for members affected by unrestricted incident flow

Typical members Shelter factor n for the sum of the wind forces to
equal members in a row depending on the ratio 3/}:
and the solidity ratio go
[solid members: (,0 = 1 ]

”1 I”: = 25

K\ 20
fl9 \
{\\ 16
0 fl
Pnles 12 5
0.? '
“.5 10

\§ + 0.5

0,1.
{1.3

\ 0,2
/ §
D

\ 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 {1.1+

#5 0,6 0.1 [LB Ga? 1 (9

Lattice structures

38
 BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

{3.2
Table — Shelter factors 11for solid members situated on an even surface or under an even
lower surface

Typical members Shelter factor

Spacing 4 6,3 8 10 12,5 16

x/h
Tue boards a 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Spacing 2 0 25 32 40 50
AW:
1} 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0

The shelter factor can b e calculated by

interpolation when the spacing x/h is
between 2 values

Web members of platform components

NOTE An even surface or even lower surface affects the incident flow and causes a higher
sheltering effect than unrestricted incident flow.

39
BS EN 1004-12020
EN 1004-12020 (E)

Bibliography

EN 74- (all parts],Couplers, spigot. pins and baseflatesfar use infafsewnrk and scafialds

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ND COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMI'ITED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

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