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    1.interior of THR Earth

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    Sakshi Bhalewadikar
    The document discusses the importance of studying Earth's interior to understand various geological phenomena. It describes direct and indirect sources of information about the interior, including seismic waves. It then outlines the internal structure of Earth in detail, describing the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core.

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    1.interior of THR Earth

    Uploaded by

    Sakshi Bhalewadikar
    6 views31 pages
    The document discusses the importance of studying Earth's interior to understand various geological phenomena. It describes direct and indirect sources of information about the interior, including seismic waves. It then outlines the internal structure of Earth in detail, describing the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core.

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    1.interior-of-thr-earth

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    The document discusses the importance of studying Earth's interior to understand various geological phenomena. It describes direct and indirect sources of information about the interior, including seismic waves. It then outlines the internal structure of Earth in detail, describing the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views31 pages

    1.interior of THR Earth

    Uploaded by

    Sakshi Bhalewadikar
    The document discusses the importance of studying Earth's interior to understand various geological phenomena. It describes direct and indirect sources of information about the interior, including seismic waves. It then outlines the internal structure of Earth in detail, describing the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    Topic Name

    D
    The Study of Earth’s Interior is Essential:
    ● To understand the earth’s surface.
    ● To understand the geophysical phenomenon like volcanism,
    earthquakes, etc.
    ● To understand the earth’s magnetic field.
    ● To understand the internal structure of various solar system
    objects.
    ● To understand the evolution and present composition of the
    atmosphere.
    ● For mineral exploration.
    Earth’s Surface:
    Direct Sources of Information about the Interior:
    ● Mining and drilling.
    ● Mponeng gold mine (deepest mine in the world) and
    TauTona gold mine (second deepest mine in the
    world) in South Africa.
    Indirect Sources of Information about the Interior:
    Indirect Sources of Information about the Interior:
    Meteorites-
    Indirect Sources of Information about the Interior:

    Gravitation-
    ● Gravity anomaly.

    Magnetic field
    Indirect Sources of Information about the Interior:
    Seismic Waves-
    ● More elastic and denser the material is, the higher is
    the velocity.
    ● Undergo reflection or refraction.
    How are Earthquake Waves Produced?
    Types of Seismic Waves or Earthquake Waves:
    Types of Seismic Waves or Earthquake Waves:
    ❖ Body waves -

    ➢ Move in all directions.


    ❖ Types of body waves:
    Types of Seismic Waves or Earthquake Waves:
    P- waves or Primary Waves-

    ➢ Fastest amongst the seismic waves.

    ❖ P- waves are also called as:

    ➢ Longitudinal waves

    ➢ Compressional waves- compression and rarefaction

    ➢ Pressure waves
    Types of Seismic Waves or Earthquake Waves:
    P- waves or Primary Waves-
    ❖ Least destructive
    ❖ They can travel in all mediums.
    ❖ Solids > Liquids > Gases.
    ❖ Take the form of sound waves
    Types of Seismic Waves or Earthquake Waves:

    Why do P-waves travel faster than S-waves?

    S-waves are transverse waves or shear waves (motion of the


    medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the
    wave) and are hence less easily transmitted through the medium.
    Types of Seismic Waves or Earthquake Waves:
    Secondary Waves (S-waves)-
    ❖ Slightly higher destructive power.
    ❖ Cannot pass through fluids (liquids and gases).
    Types of Seismic Waves or Earthquake Waves:

    Love waves-
    ❖ It's the fastest surface wave and moves the ground
    from side-to-side.
    Rayleigh waves-
    ❖ Up and down and side-to-side.
    ❖ Most of the shaking and damage from an
    earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave.
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:
    How do Seismic Waves help in Understanding the Earth’s
    Interior?
    Shadow Zones of P- Waves and S- Waves:
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    The Crust-
    ❖ Volume- crust is the outermost layer making up 0.5-
    1.0 percent of the earth’s volume and less than 1
    percent of Earth’s mass.
    ❖ Density- 2.7 g/cm3
    ❖ Thickness- 5-30 km in case of the oceanic crust and
    as 50- 70 km in case of the continental crust.
    ❖ Outer covering- sedimentary material.
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    The Crust-
    ❖ Continents are composed of lighter silicates- silica +
    aluminium (also called sial) while the oceans have
    the heavier silicates- silica + magnesium (also called
    sima).
    ❖ Continental crust composed of - sodium potassium
    aluminium silicate rocks, like granite.
    ❖ The oceanic crust- iron magnesium silicate igneous
    rocks, like basalt.
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:
    The Crust- Approximate % by
    Element
    weight
    ❖ Most abundant
    Oxygen (O) 46.6
    elements of Earth’s
    Silicon (Si) 27.7
    Crust-
    Aluminium (Al) 8.1

    Iron (Fe) 5.0

    Calcium (Ca) 3.6

    Sodium (Na) 2.8

    Potassium (K) 2.6

    Magnesium (Mg) 1.5


    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    The Crust-
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    Lithosphere-
    ❖ Thickness - 10 - 100 km
    ❖ Crust and the upper part of the mantle.
    ❖ Tectonic plates (lithospheric plates).
    ❖ Primordial heat.
    ❖ Radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and
    potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    The Mantle-
    ❖ 83 percent of the earth's volume and holds 67% of
    the earth’s mass.
    ❖ Density upper mantle- 2.9 g/cm3 and 3.3 g/cm3
    ❖ Density lower mantle- 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.7 g/cm3
    ❖ Composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and
    magnesium.
    ❖ Constituent elements- 45% oxygen, 21% silicon, and
    23% magnesium (OSM).
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    Asthenosphere-
    ❖ Just below the lithosphere extending up to 100 - 350
    km.
    ❖ Highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile.
    ❖ Aid in plate tectonic movement and isostatic
    adjustments.
    ❖ Main source of magma.
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    The Outer Core-


    ❖ Outer core is composed of iron mixed with nickel.
    ❖ Not under enough pressure to be solid.
    ❖ Density of the outer core ranges from 9.9 g/cm3 to
    12.2 g/cm3.
    ❖ Convection in the outer core, combined with the
    Coriolis effect - gives rise to Earth's magnetic field.
    The Internal Structure of the Earth:

    The Inner Core-


    ❖ Composed of iron (80%) and some nickel.
    ❖ Core rotates slightly faster.
    ❖ The density of the inner core ranges from 12.6 g/cm3
    to 13 g/cm3.
    ❖ 16% of the earth's volume but 33% of earth’s mass.
    ❖ Crushing pressure caused by gravity prevents it from
    becoming liquid.

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