ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CITRUS (RUTACEAE) AND

CARROT (APIACEAE) DRIED PEELS MIXTURE ON THE GROWTH

OF CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. CAPITATA): AN
EXPERIMENTAL QUERY

_________________________

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

Department of St. Mary’s College of Tagum, Inc.,
Tagum City

_________________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for

Practical Research 2
(RSCH 2)

JONATHAN EROLON

November 2020
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

The most used commodities of all horticultural crops are fruits and

vegetables. Thanks to their nutrients and health-promoting chemicals, they

are eaten fresh, minimally cooked, as well as processed. The production and

processing of horticultural crops, in particular fruits and vegetables, has risen

very dramatically with the growing population and evolving eating preferences

to satisfy increasing demands. Major losses and pollution are becoming a

significant food, economic, and environmental issue in the fresh and

manufacturing sectors (Pareek et al., 2018)

In ASEAN perspectives, Malaysia is one of the countries with strong

economic growth and large numbers of population. Malaysia produced

various varieties of vegetables and fruits during the development of the

industry. The vegetables and fruits that are grown in Malaysia are also subject

to some industrial processing, such as canned fruit production, fruit juice, and

flavoring. Fruit waste such as watermelon rind, mango peel, rambutan skin,

and other fruit residues, mainly peels, and seeds, are produced in large

quantities due to high consumption and industrial processing of the edible

parts of the fruit, especially in the food industry and in large cities such as

Kuala Lumpur. Fruit waste, which has become a highly troubling

environmental problem, is currently one of the prominent factors of urban

solid waste (MSW) (Ibrahim et al., 2017).

In the Philippines, fruit and vegetable consumption is usually low, and

significant post-harvest fruit and vegetable losses not only decrease growers'
returns but also lead to high prices. The goal of this project was to minimize

losses and maintain the quality of fruit and vegetables after harvesting while

raising farmers incomes and facilitating increased customer purchases.

Mechanical disruption from improper handling and non-rigid wrapping

during transport and high temperatures were the major causes of post-harvest

losses in the vegetable supply chains. Post-harvest mango losses were mostly

due to fruit bruising while processing, and decreasing shelf-life above

optimum ripening temperatures (Eksman et al.,2019).

Locally, Mango prices have fallen at the Bangkerohan Public Market in

Davao District. Davao's over-supply of mangoes causes producers to panic

because they do not realize what to do with surplus mango. Ricardo Onate,

director of the Davao Area Department of Agriculture (DA), stated that over-

supply of mangoes is present at that season, added that if not sold on the

market, mango supply would be put to waste and the current waste in Davao

city will be increased (Cusamayor, 2019)

For some analyses, the researchers' theory and the research itself are

considered as a void in the Philippines. For the growth of cabbage (brassica

oleracia var. capitata) in their respective houses, the investigator in this study

uses the components that are the Citrus(Rutaceae) enzyme and carrot

(Apiaceae) extracts. The researcher does not go outside due to lockout during

quarantine but continues to do our parts. This analysis was carried out to

determine the effectiveness of Citrus (Rutaceae) enzyme and Carrot

(Apiaceae) extract as organic cabbage manure (Brassica oleracia var. capitata)

relating to the above paragraphs, together to make waste reusable.

Statement of the Problem

The main drive of this study is to discern the effects of Citrus

(Rutaceae) and Carrot (Apiaceae) mixed minced peels to Brassica oleracia var.

capitata plant, particularly its property.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of each group 's pro gress after twenty-

four (24) hours of action with:

1.1 Water

1.2 Loam soil

1.3 Citrus (Rutaceae), Carrots (Apiaceae) dried minced peels

2. Is there any significant difference in the measure of the growth of the plant

between the negative control group (treated with water) and the experiment

group (treated with Citrus (Rutaceae), Carrots (Apiaceae) dried minced

peels)?

3. Is there a significant difference in the measure of the growth of the plant

between the positive control group (treated with loam soil) and the

experimental group?

Hypotheses

1. There is no significant difference in the measure of the growth of the plant

between the negative control group (treated with water) and the experimental

group ( treated with Citrus (Rutaceae), Carrot (Apiaceae) dried minced peels )
2. There is no significant difference in the measure of the growth of the plant

between the positive control group (treated with loam soil) and the

experimental group.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This part includes the review of related literature and studies that have

bearing on this study. This presents articles about the use of Citrus (Rutaceae)

and Carrot (Apiaceae) dried minced peels to the growth of cabbage . However,

only those literatures that are directly related to the present study shall be

discussed herein.

Self-Regulated Learning

Citrus (Rutaceae) Peels. According to Miller (2020) Organic Citrus

Fertilizer Combination provides a well-crafted combination of nutrients

needed for fruit trees. Purely healthy and organic, this fertilizer contains no

harmful chemicals, growth stimulants, or synthetic materials. Not only does

this make plant food an excellent choice for promoting citrus growth, but it is

also sustainable for the climate. Gardeners will find that their citrus plants are

healthier, grow more berries, and have a greener, lusher leaf using Down to

Earth fertilizer.

In citrus, under organic fertilization based on either poultry manure

and compost plus humic acid compared to mineral fertilizers, improvements

in physical growth characteristics (trunk and shoot diameter, shoot weight,

tree canopy, and leaf area) have been reported. Plant biomass was also

increased in peach trees by the provision of various organic fertilizers. The

hormone-like effect that humic acids present in organic fertilizers play on the
Entire plant and particularly on root growth is the consequence of biomass

stimulation (Alcántara et al., 2016).

According to Schipani (2019), Citrus peels will provide the nutritional

boost they need to plants that need a little extra acidity. Grind dried peels and

spray the powder over acid-loving plants such as nasturtium, blueberries, and

radishes in a food processor

The adequate use of dried orange waste as fertilizer will partly address

the environmental issues associated with the citrus fruit processing industry

and is a low-cost source of organic matter for poorly fertile Mediterranean soil

(Tuttobene.,2009).

It is essential to map out how peels and fruit impact the photosynthesis

and development of plants and how dried fruits peels were also used as

fertilizers. The pH of the four extracts was tested first, finding the grapefruit to

be the most acidic and the grapefruit peel the most simple ( Zhao et al.,2005)

Citrus peels are a great source of phosphorus and potassium, all of

which are of interest to the vine. Phosphorus aids the plant with

photosynthesis, breathing, Storing and transmitting electricity, cell division,

cell enlargement, And several such procedures. It is critical for phosphorus to

Plants; plants can theoretically be allowed without adequate phosphorus The

stems end up becoming thin, older leaves will turn into older leaves. Bluish-

green-dark ( Lee et al., 2019 ).

Using citrus peels in the greenhouse has a lot of advantages. As well as

being a waste commodity, they are non-toxic and green. They contribute to

the soil nutrients and drive away pests (Dana, 2020 ).

Citrus fruits are abundant in various nutrients that include vascular

protection, minimize inflammation, enhance gastrointestinal function and

wellbeing, and play a role in the prevention of conditions such as diabetes,

cancer, neurological illness, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, and fiber ( Nekrich,

2020).

Instead of either throwing them out or composting them, citrus peels

can be used in myriad ways. Making use of the peels will save you money and

yield some great results in a household that absorbs many oranges, lemons,

grapefruit, tangelo, and another citrus ( Louise et al., 2020 ).

According to Avola et al (2009), Organic fertilization with citrus peels

in durum wheat and sunflower has multiple effects on growth and

productivity. In both crops, it induced crop growth, but excessive vegetative

growth hurt the wheat grain yield. On the opposite, beneficial effects have

been found in the sunflowers. In the above example, even though the

Agronomic Productivity Index of organic fertilization was higher with the

minimum dose of citrus peel supplied, the yield increased with the rise in the

dose supplied. In conclusion, the present research demonstrates that the re-

use of dried orange peel as a soil fertilizer may be a viable low-cost technique

for wheat and sunflower in organic or traditional farming in regions where its

disposal has environmental and economic costs.

Carrots (Apiaceae) Peels. According to Seregelj et al (2020), Carrot

peels contain high concentrations of residual bio-actives with poor

commercial prices at present. For the fortification and production of

nutritional foods, pharmaceuticals, and medications, these phytochemicals

could be profitably used. This analysis discusses carrot peels, with health-

promoting properties and possible uses in the food and pharmaceutical

industries, as a source of natural bioactive compounds.

 Carrot peels contain some excellent nutrients such as vitamin C, beta-

carotene, and niacin, they are not only in the peel, they point out. "For

example, vitamin C is most abundant in the peel, but "appreciable quantities"

can be contained in the carrot's intermediate layer (phloem). There is also

beta-carotene in the peel, a source of vitamin A, but the phloem has similarly

high levels. Finally, the carrot's inner center (xylem) has the bulk of the

calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and potassium of the vegetable. You're not

going to peel out any nutrients. And all the carrot layers are a decent source of

fiber (Holland, 2019).

The peel of the carrot includes concentrated vitamin C and niacin, but

only under the peel, along with vitamin A, The next layer, the phloem also has

these vitamins. Most calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus are

found in the heart of the carrot, the xylem (Examiner,2018).

However, the yields of carrots produced by these farmers are low and of

poor quality. To supply nutrients to vegetables, farmers use organic fertilizers

such as chicken or kraal manure and also compost, because it is more

affordable than inorganic fertilizers. While carrots are known as medium-

sized feeders, they also require fertile soil that helps plants to grow normally.

The use of too much organic fertilizer encourages unsustainable growth of

leaves and rough, coarse, and forked carrot roots (Ceronio et al.,2014).

According to Mont (2009), will assume it has no impact to dump your

carrot peelings and apple cores into the garbage since they would decompose

anyway. But when it's sealed in a plastic bag and tossed into a landfill, even

natural plant matter will last for years. As a perfect example of collective

accountability, all residents are given free composting bins by the city of

Seattle, WA. This holds out of their landfills over 800 million pounds of waste!
If it's an acre or an old wine barrel on your patio, not only can you help divert

your own kitchen waste from the landfill, but you can produce rich, nourishing

humus for your garden.

Organic fertilizer. According to Han et al (2016), The soil pH and

amounts of nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium,

and magnesium were greatly increased by organic manure. Organic fertilizers,

on the other hand, lowered the soil pH and exchangeable calcium

concentration did not affect soil nitrogen and magnesium concentrations and

increased the available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium

concentrations

Microbial composting of conventional agricultural and residential waste

has been used to produce organic fertilizer. In terms of vegetative growth, fruit

yield, and quality characteristics, organic fertilizer application for eggplants

was found to appear superior to chemical fertilizers. In most of the cultivars

studied, organic fertilizer marginally reduced the days from planting to

flowering and increased the components of harvest and overall marketable

fruit yield. In all cultivars, especially local cultivars, the fruit dry matter

content was higher and the taste was better in organic care. As a complete

replacement for chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of eggplants, organic

fertilizer may be suggested (Vu,2008).

A variety of studies have reported the possible benefits of organic

fertilizers, observed an improvement in soil microbial activity, which in turn

increased crop growth and limited pests and diseases. There are a vast

number of microbial species and other organisms in the soil that together

form a highly diverse ecosystem ( Lin et al.,2019).

 According to Skytales (2019), Those organic fertilizers should do about

chemical fertilizers is also evident in the farming industry. Therefore the

former is a much better choice for growing healthy crops. Organic fertilizers

foster a greener, cleaner world and to prevent disastrous developments in the

delivery of toxic products for use. As awareness of the harmful effects of the

use of chemical fertilizers is well recognized, more farmers have become aware

and aware of this notion, which has culminated in the patronage of organic

and natural fertilizers over chemical fertilizers. The organic choice is noted,

and this provides positive news for the agriculture and agricultural sectors. It

means ending the reign of organic fertilizers over the years and starting to

grow healthy and non-toxic crops, reducing financial investment in

agriculture, improving soil fertility and environmental consciousness.

Organic fertilizers help over time to enhance soil structure and nutrient

content. Although chemical fertilizers merely add water-soluble chemicals

that are either ingested or leached out by the plant roots, possibly polluting

the water supply, organic fertilizers add organic matter that allows the soil to

preserve nutrients and moisture. In particular, sandy soils may benefit from

the addition of organic fertilizers or the use of organic matter, such as well-

rotted compost and manure, as an additive for soil fertility or mulch. The

additional value of these latter organic matter fertilizers is that they are mostly

free from dairy farms, poultry farms, or wood-processing plants that recycle

their unused bedding and wood chips ( Summer, 2020).

According to Behrens (2018), State that From powdered form to oils

and even dried grass clippings and cow dung, organic fertilizers come in

several forms and substances. The truth remains that a plant gets its nutrients

from the soil by the natural phase and the plant undergoes improved growth
when you apply organic fertilizers filled with all necessary plant nutrients such

as phosphates and nitrogen. As a result, in a small period, farmers can

produce significantly greater yields.

A stable plant has the potential to ward off certain cases of disease

biologically. Owing to the lack of nutrients, when a plant is exhausted, its

development slows. It weakens its capacity to ward off disease-carrying

bacteria and fungi. Natural fertilizers help stop diseases by fulfilling the

nutrient requirements of the plants. A severe cause of tension is eliminated by

this intervention ( Rogers, 2017).

In the current scenario, organic fertilizer inputs in agricultural fields

have major environmental advantages over the usage of chemical fertilizers,

and the activity has become extremely essential. The anaerobic digestion

process, which has been documented to be an efficient method in controlling

enteric pathogens, decomposes organic matters such as animal manure,

sewage sludge, and food waste, including the peel ( Horan,et al.,2015).

According to Pandey (2020), Organic fertilizers contain organic matter

that, after it is added to it, keeps the soil together. This tends to strengthen the

components of the soil. It helps to develop useful soil microbes that establish

healthy and fertile soil for crops. Organic fertilizers will boost soil productivity

in the long run,

Organic fertilizers are readily bio-degradable and do not add damage to

the environment. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, contaminate both

soil and water, which is a major cause of human diseases and is the force

behind the extinction of a variety of species of plants, animals, and insects

(Patil,2020)
 Synthetic fertilizer. According to Gilani (2020), Synthetic fertilizers

supply the soil with consistent quantities of precise nutrients. They act

immediately on the soil. This immediate effectiveness is particularly beneficial

for plants that are dying or severely malnourished. It is quick to use synthetic

fertilizers and their results are almost instantaneous. In gardening shops,

synthetic fertilizers are easy to use and readily available

Synthetic fertilizers usually deliver more specific nutrient mixes than

you'll find with organic fertilizer for different plant needs and uses. Synthetic

fertilizers can contain acidic additives that can degrade over time and induce

soil compaction. Compacted soil prohibits water from adequately accessing

the soil, prohibiting sufficient water from being supplied to plants. (Tharp,

2019).

In developed countries, the use of synthetic fertilizer is generally

limited, since very few smallholder farmers have access and ability to buy

fertilizer. In these smallholder food systems, much of the detrimental impacts

of cropping on the ecosystem can be due to nitrogen mining and consequent

soil destruction and not the use of synthetic fertilizer. In the coming decades,

the role of synthetic fertilizer in crop production systems in developing

countries faces major challenges in reconciling the need to increase food

production to feed a rising population without dramatically expanding the

area of agricultural production (Nyamangara et al., 2020).

According to Kumar et al (2019) stated that the chemical fertilizer

increases the growth and vigor of the plant, it thus meets the world's food

security, but the plants produced in this way do not produce good plant

characteristics such as good root system, shoot system, nutritional

characteristics and may not have time to expand and mature properly.
 According to Engel (2018), fertilizers have advantages, their usage,

especially concerning synthetic fertilizers, also has drawbacks. In lakes and

ponds, phosphorus from fertilizer can cause algae to accumulate and destroy

fish by taking oxygen from them. With an overabundance of phosphates and

nitrates, fertilizers can also contaminate water, rendering it unhealthy for use.

Smog, which may be linked with higher incidences of lung disease and

asthma, is often exacerbated by oxidized nitrogen, a byproduct of synthetic

fertilizers.

Groundwater pollution is the main problem facing the use of organic

fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers break down and travel quickly into the soil

through nitrates. Since it is water-soluble and can persist for decades in

groundwater, there is an accumulative impact of adding more nitrogen over

the years. One common fertilizer, urea, creates ammonia emanation, leads to

acid rain, pollution of groundwater, and depletion of ozone due to the

denitrification phase release of nitrous oxide. With its expanded usage and

potential use estimates, this topic will increase many times in the coming

decades. Gastric cancer, goiter, birth malformations, and hypertension were

associated with groundwater contamination; testicular cancer, and cancer of

the stomach (Staff, 2016).

According to Heft (2013), The long-term adverse impacts of inorganic,

synthetic fertilizers on soil, water, and environment are a well-established

fact. Hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific articles have documented the

environmental degradation caused by the use of these chemicals to cultivate

food and other plants, but nitrogen and phosphorus-heavy fertilizers still

occur in home gardens and farms. The irony is that in gardening, conventional

methods are much superior and in the case of agriculture, can achieve
comparable yields. But advertisements targeted at homeowners and the

corporate stranglehold on the farm sector are drowning out the message.

As a temperature stabilizer, the argument for synthetic N goes like this.

Synthetic nitrogen dousing agricultural fields helps plants grow larger and

faster. They draw carbon dioxide from the air as plants expand. Any of the

plants is harvested as a seed, but the majority persists in the field and

gradually becomes dirt. The residue In this way, in the ground and out of the

atmosphere, some of the carbon absorbed by such N-enhanced plants remains

(Philpott, 2010).

These possible mineralization effects of Synthetic fertilizer have led to

uncertainty about the precision of methods for calculating fertilizer using

production methods that are important for improving the sustainability of

cropping systems based on cereals. A significant parameter for estimating

nitrogen use efficiency of cropping systems is usually defined as the

percentage of fertilizer N recovered in overground plant biomass. Two

approaches are currently used to assess, but they reliably yield distinct

outcomes (Mahal et al., 2019).

They work more efficiently than organically, making them a good

option to support plants in extreme nutrient shortage distress. These

fertilizers, which come as dry, granular pellets or items that are water-soluble,

even have reliable, also feeding (Rewards, 2020).

Soil nutrients. According to Stewart & Hill (2014), Soil nutrient

content is an essential factor affecting the propagation and bioactivity of

fungi-promoting plant growth. In soils where nutrient and/or mineral content

is low, growth promotion is highest. In some cases, nitrogen has been

determined to be the limiting factor in crop yield.

 In Central Croatia, the spatial heterogeneity of available plant

phosphorus, available plant potassium, soil pH, and soil organic matter

content was investigated using geostatistical methods and a geographical

information system to produce nutrient maps and to provide useful

information for the implementation of inputs, which will also be used to

design an effective soil sampling system (Bogunovic et al., 2014).

According to Moser et al (2009), Means and differences of soil

nutrient/element concentrations were contrasted between wetlands produced

and standard, and disked and non-disked wetlands produced. At natural sites,

there was higher and more volatile soil moisture, higher extractable P and Fe,

lower Mn than wetlands provided, and comparatively high variability in

nutrient concentration.

To analyze the long-term impacts of land use on the spatial distribution

and availability of soil resources, we analyzed nutrient heterogeneity trends in

the mineral soil (0-15 cm depth) of 13 southern Appalachian forest stands in

western North Carolina >60 years after abandonment from pasture or timber

harvest. To determine variations in mean values, variation at different scales,

and fine-scale spatial structure, we assessed soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N),

acid-extractable phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium

(Mg) concentrations and reservoirs, and possible net N mineralization and

nitrification speeds (Fraterrigo et al., 2005).

Differences in patterns of soil nutrients contribute to habitat variability

and therefore drive the distribution of species. Soil-disturbing species also

contribute greatly to the growth of vegetation heterogeneity in deserts by

modifying soil nutrients (Decker et al., 2019).

 According to Schlegel et al ( 2017) The application to cropland of cow

manure and swine effluent produces nitrogen ponds, affects the condition of

the soil, and increases the productivity of crops. The goal of the present study

was to determine the rate of change in soil nutrient content and chemical

properties of the soil due to the application of cattle manure and swine

effluent.

According to Han et al (2016) Severe soil erosion has reduced the

concentration of soil nutrients to low levels around the Loess Plateau. Soil

biochar modifications are an effective means of improving soil nutrients, but

the impact of biochar modifications on the various soil forms in the Loess

Plateau is not well known.

Nitrogen is the soil mineral most often quoted in drylands as reducing

production. Precipitation and soil humidity are associated with the supply of

nitrogen (Whitford & Duval, 2020).

Arit (2016) A significant source of nutrients in the soil for plant growth.

Nutrients that are formed by the soil are called mineral nutrients. Non-

mineral carbohydrates, including carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O),

are derived from air and water during photosynthesis. Both groups are

classified into the macro and micronutrients of soil mineral nutrients.

Furthermore, the macronutrients, the primary, and the intermediate nutrients

are classified into two groups.

According to Stack (2012) Soil is a complex three-dimensional material

occupying part of the surface of the world's soil. In addition to the five

variables that shape it varies from location to place: temperature, topography,

species, the parent rock below the soil, and time.

 According to Morgan & Connolly, (2013) The combination and
concentration of mineral nutrients present in the soil primarily depend on
plant growth and production. Because of their relative immobility, plants
frequently face major challenges in achieving a sufficient supply of these
nutrients to satisfy the demands of essential cellular processes. A deficiency of
either of them will lead to decreased productivity and/or fertility of the plant.
Nutrient deficiency symptoms can include stunted growth, death of plant
tissue, or yellowing of the leaves due to decreased development of the
photosynthesis-needed pigment chlorophyll. Nutrient shortages may have a
huge effect on agriculture, contributing to a decline in crop production or a
drop in plant quality. As plants act as the producers that sustain most food
chains, nutrient deficiency can also contribute to decreased overall
biodiversity.
 Preparation of Cabbage ( Brassica
oleracea var. Capitata ),Citrus and
Carrot peels.

(Positive Control Group) (Experimental Group

(Negative Control)
Cabbage
 Loam Soil  Water only  Citrus (Rutaceae)
Peel
 Carrots
(Apiaceae) Peel

Observation of the Plant

Data collection and gathering

Analysis on the efficacy of the mixture of

citrus and carrot peels on cabbage
( Brassica oleracea var. Capitata )

Figure 1. The Flow Chart of the Study

Significance of the study

This study aimed to give benefits to the following groups of individuals.

Cabbage‘ Farmers. The results of this experimental analysis will help

ensure the plant's health and growth. It allows them to keep chemicals away

from their property.

Agricultural Engineers. The results of this study will help us identify ways

to achieve sustainable and environmentally friendly farming that will help

increase measurable productivity and long-term priorities for change.

Researchers. The results of this experimental research will help them dig

further and show that an organic fertilizer consisting of fruit peels is

productive and healthier for the soil to a great degree.

Students. The result of this experimental study will encourage and inspire

them to go further and perform further studies into how soil enrichment can

be helped by organic materials such as fruit peels.

Definition of terms

The terms used in this study are defined conceptually and operationally.

Organic fertilizer Any fertilizer derived from an organic source, including

fruit and vegetable peels, fish extracts, manure and compost, is called organic

(Pavlis, 2020). In this study, it is about the derivation of organic sources into a

substance used to make soil more fertile.

Citrus peel. These compounds of citrus fruit can serve as potential

nutraceutical tools, which are considered waste as environmental waste. Such

waste is able to provide major low-cost dietary supplements due to its

simplicity and wide access. (Rafiq et al., 2018). In this study, Citrus peel is the

main subject used will utilize as fertilizer for the growth of the plant.
Rutaceae. Rutaceae is a flowering plant genus that also includes flowering

plants with about 160 plant species, commonly known as the citrus family.

(Tamokou et al., 2017). In this study, Rutaceae serve as the family of citrus

fruits that will be used as the main subject of the experiment.

Carrots peel. They are one of the main vegetables produced in KwaZulu-

Natal by small-scale farmers because they are easy to grow and have a modest

demand for nutrients compared to other vegetables (Allemann and Young

2002) .In this study, Carrots peel is the main subject used will utilize as

fertilizer for the growth of the plant.

Apiaceae. In contrast to a parasol-shaped cluster, the plant family

Umbelliferae is distinguished by the shape of the flowers. The Latin word

Umbellula means "little shade," and hence the flowers appear like umbrellas.

(Arcadian Archives, 2000). in this study, Apiaceae serve as the family of

Carrots vegetable plant that will be used as the main subject of the

experiment.

Plant growth. may be defined as the increase in the volume and/or mass of

plants with or without New structures such as organs, tissues, cells, or

organelles of cells are created (Brukhin & Morozova, 2011 ). In this study, the

growth of the Cabbage plant will be observed.

 Chapter 2

Method

Presented in this chapter are the research design, research subject,

research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatments that

were used during the conduct of the study.

Research Design

This experimental study will use Posttest Only Control Group Design.

The Post-test only control group design is a study design in which there are at

least two groups, one of which is not undergoing care or intervention, and

evidence is obtained during the treatment or intervention on the outcome

variable. The monitoring group is the group that does not undergo medication

or interference of concern. ("Posttest-Only Control Group Design", 2018).

Figure 2 shows the model of Posttest Only Control Group Design which

will be adopted in this research, where the positive control group and

experimental control group will be exposed to treatments, while the negative

control group will be only treated with water. Posttest will be conducted

through data gathering of the measurement of the growth of cabbage plant

after the intervention of the experimental group and control groups.

 (Posttest)

Experimental Group 1 2 3
E E E

Control Groups
1 2 3
N N N

1 2 3
P P P

Figure 2. Model Design of the Study

Treatment and their Application

The treatments indicated below will be done in three (3) replications

to identify the average growth of subjects through measuring the height of

cabbage.

NC – applied with water (negative control)

PC – applied with loam soil (positive control)

ET1 – applied with 100% Citrus (Rutaceae) peel

ET3 – applied with 100% Carrots (Apiaceae) peel

EC1 EC1 EC1

PC1 PC1 PC1

NC1 NC1 NC1

Figure 3. Experimental Layout of the Study

Figure 3 shows the experimental layout of the study, with three (3) pots

with cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) seed that will be used in this

study. All three (3) cabbages were divided into three (3) divisions. Each

cabbage was introduced with one (1) pot with water as negative control, one

(1) pot with loam soil as positive control, and 1 (one) pot citrus (Rutaceae) and

carrots (Apiaceae) peels as experimental control, a total of three (3) negative

controls, three (3) positive controls, and three (3) experimental controls. The

growth of the cabbage will be measured on the 14th day after intervention,

thus there will be an everyday documentation.

Research Subject

The subject of this study is the growth of cabbage (Brassica oleracea

var. Capitata), It is vulnerable to cold so that it can not be planted outdoors,

because excessive nitrogen promotes leafy growth rather than large tubers,

they do not need a lot of fertilizer.

Research Locale

The experimental research is conducted in the respective home of the

researcher. It is located in Purok Talisay Zafra Compound, Magugpo East,

Tagum City. This experimental study will determine the application of Citrus

(Rutaceae) and carrots (Apiaceae) peels as organic fertilizer on the growth of

cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) palnts.

The citrus and carrots used in the experiment is purchased in Tagum

City Public Market, The organic fertilizer Citrus (Rutaceae) and carrots

(Apiaceae) peels are gathered at the respective home of the researcher located

at Purok Talisay Zafra Compound, Magugpo East, Tagum City.

Figure 4. Location of the Study
(Source: Google Maps)

Figure 5. Location of the Study

(Source: Google Maps)
Research Material

This study will utilize materials before, during, and after the

experimental study. In preparation for the experiment, the materials used

were protective gears (lab gowns, gloves, mask, lab eyewear). To conduct the

experiment for the test subject,the following materials are used: citrus peels,

carrots peels, cabbage, loam soil, gardening boots and garden trowel.

In the preparation of the peels , knives are utilized. A 2 L pitcher, water, and

trowels were used to take charge of the test subject. The following are used

during the experiment for the preparation of bacterial infection, waste

defilement, and sharp objects: safety gears, paper towels, and rugs. Chart

paper and markers were used in collecting and tracking the information. The

defensive gears and the chart paper are used during the experiment.

Experimental Procedure

These scientific processes were followed accordingly during the

conduct of the research:

A. Pre-Intervention

Preparation of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) palnts and the place

of experimentation

The researcher will ask permission to his parents in accommodating

their own residence, specifically the the kitchen and the garden area where the

execution of the future intervention and in utilizing the necessary or back-up

materials that will be used throughout the systematic experimentation

processes of determining the effectiveness of Citrus (Rutaceae) and carrots

(Apiaceae) peels as a fertilizer in growing cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.

Capitata) palnts.
 The preparation of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) Plants.

and the place of experimentation will be done by the researcher along with

the assistance of his parents. The procedures will be the following:

a. Protectiveness gears such as laboratory-based and gardening-based

will be properly used for safety purposes.

b. Materials such as gardening bags, watering can and garden trowel

will be prepared.

c. Using suitable procedures to prevent rusting, the requisite

instruments were thoroughly sanitized.

d. Each peel of citrus and carrots will be separated into a clean

plastic bag.

e. Soil was sifted to remove unnecessary debris.

f. The plastic pot was filled with 7 inches level of loam soil from

bottom to top.

g. The soil was dug 3 inches deep, enough for the crop to be planted of

cabbage.

h. The cabbage seed were carefully planted in their designated pots

using trowel.

i. After the plant was watered, it was covered with black plastic to

keep the soil warm and promote strong growth.

Preparation of peels of Citrus and Carrots

The researcher will ask permission to utilize the tools needed for the peeling

processes of the citrus (Rutaceae) and carrots (Apiaceae). The researcher also

asked for assistance of his parents to prepare the materials needed in the

experimental study. The procedures will be the following:

a. Kitchen materials will be prepared and protective gears will be used.

b. The fresh citrus (Rutaceae) and carrots (Apiaceae) (treatments) will be

peeled-off by the researcher in a clean area.

c. Separated peels will be cleansed to maintain the freshness of the peels.

d. Each peel of the fruits will be separated into a clean plastic bag.

e. Every bag will be labeled accordingly for effective purposes.

f. The peels of Citrus and Carrots will be cut into smaller pieces.

g. The peels of Citrus and Carrots will be place under the sun for (2) two

days.

h. The collected dried peels of Citrus and Carrots will be crushed separately

by the grinding machine

i. The researchers will label the plastic bag namely; Citrus peel and Carrots

peel.

B. Intervention

a. All the protective equipment will be worn properly

b. The materials needed such as water, citrus and carrots peels, plant

crops,top water and materials like gloves and trowel will be prepared

c. The labeled plastic bag of the negative control group, positive control group,

and the experimental treatments will be prepared for the experimentation.

d. The powdered peels of citrus and carrots will be mixed thoroughly.

e. Six (6) grams of the organic fertilizer will be applied in the soil.

f. In the positive control group, six (6) grams of Loam soil with organic

fertilizer will be applied to the three (3) pots of cabbage (Brassica oleracea

var. Capitata) plants . with the use of measuring trowel and gloves.

g. In the experimental control group, sic (6) grams of organic fertilizer out of

utilized peels of citrus and carrots will be applied to the other set of three (3)
pots of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) plants with the use of

measuring trowel and gloves.

h. In the negative control group, one (1) cup of water will be applied to the last

three (3) sets of pots cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) plants with

the use of measuring cup and gloves.

i. Researcher will mark each pot in accordance with their control groups.

j. The nine (9) pots of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) plants will be

put in the small garden area which will the plants receiving sunlight.

k. The enumeration of the plant growth process will be monitored every day

for two (2) weeks.

C. Post-intervention

a. After two (2) weeks of genuine watering, applying and handling the

cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) plants with the compost

peels, growth will occur and small shoots will push through the surface

of the soil and the height will be measured using a ruler for data

analysis.

b. The researcher will record all the data using his laboratory notebook.

c. Materials and other substances that are used in the experiment will be

disposed with the help of his parents after gathering all the data needed

in the research.

Data Treatment

The data will be interpreted through the following mathematical tools.

These statistical treatments will function to quantify the results and establish

relationship between variables.

Mean. The mean is a parameter that determines the central position of

random variable distribution and is an important statistical figure frequently

mentioned in the scientific literature (Salkind,2010). In this study, this

statistical treatment was used to determine the average results of the

measured growth of the cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) plants

that is applied with the organic fertilizer after Two (2) weeks.

T-test. A t-test is a type of inferential statistic that is used to assess if there is

a meaningful difference between the two-group means that can be attributed

to such characteristics (Kenton,2020). It is used in this research to distinguish

important variations between control groups and experimental groups.

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