XXXXX: Important Instructions To Examiners

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
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Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code: 22605
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Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
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1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
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understanding level of the candidate.
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3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
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subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
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5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Sub Mark
Q. No. Answer
Q. N. Scheme
1 Attempt any Five of the following 10 M
a) Define solid waste and list different types of solid waste generated from 2M
community
Ans Definition.- Solid waste are all the wastes arising from human and animal 1M
activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
Types of solid waste- 1M
1. Garbage, Ashes and residues (any
2. Combustible and non-combustible wastes two)
3. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes
4. Construction and demolition wastes
5. Agricultural waste
6. Industrial Waste
7. Biomedical Waste
8. E waste
9. Municipal Soild Waste wastes
10. Hazardous wastes and Non hazardous waste
b) List the vehicle which may be used for transportation of solid waste 2M
Ans 1. Tractors and Trailers 2. Auto vehicle 3.Trucks. 4.Container 2M
5. Dumper 6.Handcarts 7. Compactors vehicles 8.Animal carts (any 4)
c) State the necessity of Transfer station 2M
Necessity of transfer stations: Transfer stations are necessary due to following 2M
reasons Any two
1. They prevent the scattering of MSW.
2. They ease in proper storage and collection of MSW from different locations.
3. They prevent nuisance due to scattered solid waste to nearby area.
4. They reduce the haul distance.
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d) State the concept of composting of solid waste XXXXX 2M
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Ans 1. Composting is a process by which organic wastes are broken down by 2M
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microorganisms, generally bacteria and fungi, into simpler forms. The Any two
microorganisms use the carbon in the waste as an energy source.
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2. Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically and
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anaerobically.
3. Composting converts organic waste such as food waste, leaves, grass
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trimmings, paper, wood, agricultural residue, etc. into beneficial organic
fertilizer called as humus
e) State the importance of legal aspect in solid waste management 2M

Ans
The legal aspects of solid waste management are important because it set
the rules and regulations for the proper disposal of different types of solid 2M
waste. This includes regulations on how waste is collected, transported,
and disposed of, as well as regulations on the types of waste that can be
disposed of in certain ways. These regulations are put in place to protect
the environment and public health, and to ensure that waste is disposed of
in a way that is safe and sustainable. Additionally, legal aspects of solid
waste management may also include penalties for non-compliance and
enforcement mechanisms to ensure that regulations are being followed.
f) Define Hazardous and Non-hazardous solid waste 2M
Ans Hazardous waste: The waste which is potentially dangerous to human, animal 1M
and the environment is called as Hazardous waste. e.g radioactive waste, bio
medical waste
Non Hazardous waste: The waste which is not potentially dangerous to human, 1M
animal and the environment is called as Hazardous waste. e.g Agriculture
waste, Municipal and solid waste
g) Define Biomedical waste and list the sources of generation of this type of 2M
waste.
Defination: "Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during
the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or 1M
research activities.
or
“The waste generated by hospitals, nursing or maternity homes, clinics,
dispensary, veterinary institutions, pathological laboratory, blood banks which
is potentially infectious to human health and the environment is called as 1M
Biomedical waste. Any two
Sources of biomedical waste
➢ Hospitals
➢ Health Clinics
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➢ Nursing Homes XXXXX
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➢ Medical Research laboratories
➢ Blood banks
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➢ Office of physicians, dentists and veterinarians
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➢ Pharmacies
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Q-2 Attempt any THREE of the following. 12 M
a) Explain solid waste management hierarchy with neat sketch 4M
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2M
For fig
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For
explanat
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy: ion
1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which
produces maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then
minimize the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing
different techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are
repeatedly used again and again for same purpose.
The following measures are therefore proposed to be taken to Reduce,
4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and
then they are manufactured into new products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which
includes activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other
possible actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration,
dumping.
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b) State the methods of solid waste collection and explain any one 4M
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Following are the methods of collection of solid waste.
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A) Door to door collection
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1. Curb or Kerb System. 2M
2. Alley System.
3. Set out set back services
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4. Set out system
5. Back yard system.
B) Community Bin Collection System
1. Hauled container system.
2. Stationary container system.
A) Door to door collection 2M

1. Curb (Kerb-side) Any two
Kerb side collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste. House
owner is responsible for placing solid waste containers at the curb on scheduled
day. The work man come, collect and empty the container and put back at the
curb. House owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to
his house.
2. Alley Service
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by
workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.
3. Set out Set Back Service
Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse
vehicle. Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.
4. Backyard Service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the
yard and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then
taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.
B) Community Bin Collection System

1. Hauled Container System
An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage
site to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the
processing point,transfer station or disposal site.
2. Stationary Container System
In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of
collection. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers,
and collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection
vehicles and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.
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c) Draw a neat lebelled sketch of composite liner system for leachate control XXXXX4 M
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2M
For neat
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sketch
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For
Label
d) Explain Indore method of composting with neat a lebelled sketch 4M

Indore method
Procedure:
1. Initially, a layer of coarse municipal solid waste is placed at the bottom of a pit 3M
to a depth of 15 to 25cm and is made 7.5cm thicker for 25cm width towards
both the edges of the pit. Night soil is put in the depressed portion to a
thickness of 5cm and the elevated edges prevent it from draining to the side.
2. A layer of solid waste is put on top so that the night soil layer is sandwiched
between the two layers of municipal solid waste. Solid waste and night soil are
put in alternate layers till it rises to a height of 30cm above the pit edge.
3. To ensure aerobic condition the material is turned at specific intervals for which
a 60cm wide strip on the longitudinal side of the pit is kept vacant.
4. The first turn is manually given using long handed rakes 4 to 7 days after
filling. The second turn is given after 5 to 10 days. Further turning is normally
not required and the compost is ready in 2 to 4 weeks. 1M
For Fig
Any one
or
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Q-3 Attempt any THREE of the following 12M
(a) Suggest and justify the criteria adopted for the execution of vermicomposting 4M
process.
Ans. Criteria: In the process of composting using various worms, usually red wigglers,
creates a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing i.e. break down of organic
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material like vegetables or food waste, bedding materials into vermicompost
Vermicomposting- Concept.
➢ Take a small wooden box or dig a small pit.
➢ Spread a net on box.
➢ Also spread 1 or 2 cm thick layer of sand.
➢ Put some cow dung and kitchen wastes such as peels of fruits etc., to cover
the sand.
➢ Use green leaves to cover over the sand.
➢ Sprinkle some water to make this layer wet.
➢ Get some red worms and put them on the upper layer of bed.
➢ Feed vegetable and fruit wastes as food. 3M
➢ After 3 to 4 weeks we get loose, soil like material in the pit.
➢ Remove the material from the box, dry it in the sunlight.
➢ Use this as manure.
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(b) State the importance of segregation and recycle of waste in solid waste 4M
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management practices.
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Ans. The waste segregation and recycling are importance in solid waste management
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practices for
1) Reducing the quantity of solid waste.
2) As the quantity of solid waste is reduced, less area required for landfilling. 1M
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3) Less waste means less insects, bad smells, diseases.
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4) Recovering different types of Materials
5) Conservation of natural resources. (Any
6) Reducing pollution of water, ground water & air .
Four)
7) Preventing items suitable for recycling from being thrown away with
general waste.
(Note: Student may Write any appropriate explanation for Any factor so
credit may be Given accordingly.)
(c) Explain various health related problems during handling and processing of 4M
solid waste.
Ans. Health problems associated with handling and Processing of solid waste: 2M
1. Infections- Skin and blood infection due to direct contact with solid waste.
Eye and respiratory infections due to infected dust.
Various diseases due to bites of animals feeding on waste.
Intestinal infection transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.
1M
2. Chronic diseases- The incinerator operators are at the risk of chronic
respiratory diseases including cancer due to exposure of incinerated
products and hazardous Compounds.
3. Accidents – During handling of heavy containers, it causes bone or muscle
disorders.
1M
Cutting caused due to sharp objects present in the waste.
Burning caused due to hazardous chemicals mixed in the waste.
(d) Suggest the situations’ for adopting a specific method of land filling for solid 4M
waste disposal.
Ans. 1) Area method:-
Suitability:
i. It is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of trenches in
which to place the solid wastes.
ii. Where the water table is near the ground surface.
2) Trench method: -
Suitability: 2M
i. The trench method is suited to areas where an adequate depth of cover
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material is available at the site.
ii. Where the water table is not near the ground surface. (Any
two)
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3) Slope Method: - XXXXX
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Suitability:
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In hilly regions it is not possible to find flat ground for land filling, in such
situation waste is placed along the sides of existing hill slope.
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4) Valley Method: -
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Suitability:
At locations where natural or artificial depression exists, it is often possible to use
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them effectively for land filling operations. e.g Depressions, low-lying areas,
valleys, canyons, ravines, dry borrow pits etc
Q-4 Attempt any THREE of the following 12M
(a) Define E-Waste. List the components of E-Waste. 4M
Ans. Definition:
E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic devices and components as 1M
well as substances involved in their manufacture or use.
Components of E-waste:
i. Computers,
ii. Office electronic equipment,
iii. Entertainment device electronics, 3M
iv. Mobile phones, (Any
v. Television sets, three)
vi. Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) & LCD Monitors
vii. Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)
viii. LED Bulbs
ix. Cables
x. Refrigerators etc.
(b) Explain the disposal methods for industrial solid waste 4M

Ans. Following are the methods of disposal of Industrial waste:
1) Manual separation or salvage: It is a process to recover and reuse of
industrial waste separated manually before disposal.
2) Mechanical volume reduction: After separation industrial waste
compressed using compactors to reduce volume.
3) Thermal volume reduction or Incineration: Combustion of combustible
waste and residue as a ash.
4) Open dumping/Land filling: It is simplest and economical method of
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disposal. In this industrial waste are dumped in low laying areas.
each
5) Controlled tipping: The industrial waste spread in layers and each layer is
(Any 4)
properly covered by a layer of soil.
6) Destructive distillation: In this method industrial waste are heated under
anaerobic condition.
7) Land farming: The biodegradable industrial wastes are treated by biological,
physical and chemical process on the land.
8) Biodegradation: In this method composting process is applied on organic
industrial waste.
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(c) Explain the major provisions in Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016. XXXXX4M
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Ans. The ministry of environment and forests notified the bio medical waste rules,
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2016. In accordance with these rules following provisions are made
1) It is the duty of every occupier i.e. a person who has the control over the
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institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is
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handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment.
2) Duties of the operator of a common bio-medical waste treatment and disposal
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facility are clearly mentioned. -It shall be the duty of every operator to take all
necessary steps to ensure that the bio-medical waste collected from the
occupier is transported, handled, stored, treated and disposed of, without any
adverse effect to the human health and the environment.
3) The hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, pathological laboratories
etc. are therefore required to set in places the biomedical waste disposal &
1M
treatment facilities as per schedule V & VI respectively.
Each
4) Segregation, packaging, transportation and storage of BMW according to
(any 4)
schedule1, Schedule 2 & 3, Schedule 4 respectively.
5) For the effective BMW management the state government shall establish
prescribed authority for granting authorization to concern occupier/operator;
who are required to maintain the annual & accident records of the facility.
6) Occupier more than 1000 beds are required to obtain authorization.
7) Every occupier including health camp or Ayush requires to have
authorization.
8) Biomedical waste is divided into 10 categories.
9) Biomedical waste is divided into 4 color coded categories.
10) A format for annual reporting has been included.
11) Provision of Bar code system for BMW bags and container with GPRS
enabled system.
(d) Explain the importance of public involvement and participation in solid waste 4M
management.
Ans. Public involvement and participation in SWM are very important because of
following points:
1) To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people.
2) To promote the principles of Reduction, Reuse, Recycling & Recovery.
1M
3) To reduce littering of waste on streets, drains & open spaces etc
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4) To plan segregation of hazardous, non-hazardous; dry waste -wet waste, E
each
waste, BMW & industrial waste.
(Any 4)
5) To increase efficiency of planning & implementation of SWM
6) To improve management strategies with local municipal authorities.
7) To encourage composting & recycling initiatives in public & agencies
8) To understand the planning importance and significance of SWM
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Q-5 Attempt any TWO of the following 12M
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a Draw organization pattern of solid waste management. State the pattern 06M
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for a city having population more than 1 million.
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Ans.
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The pattern for a city having population more than 1 million.

1.Civil Engineer of the level of Executive Engineer to be in-charge of SWM
department.
2. Civil Engineer of the level of Assistant Executive Engineer per 5 lakh
population.
3 Civil Engineer of the level of Assistant Engineer per 2.5 lakh population.
4.One experienced Junior Engineer, per 2.5 lakh population. 02M
5.Qualified sanitation diploma holder Chief Sanitary Inspector or Sanitation
Officer 1 per 1 lakh population or part thereof; or 1 per 2 Sanitary Inspectors,
whichever is less.
6. Qualified sanitation diploma holder Sanitary Inspector: 1 per 50,000
population or part thereof; or 1 per 80 sweepers, whichever is less.
7. Qualified sanitation diploma holder Sanitary Sub-inspector: 1 per 25,000
population or part thereof; or 1 per 40 sweepers, whichever is less.
8. Sanitary Supervisors: 1 per 12,500 population or part thereof; or 1 per 20
sweepers, whichever is less.
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Suggest various management technologies of biomedical waste for its safe XXXXX06M
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disposal.
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Ans. Biomedical waste management technologies are as follows:
1. Deep Burial
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2. Autoclaving
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3. Microwaving
4. Chemical disinfection
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5.Mutilation/Shredding
6. Incineration
7. Secured Sanitary landfills
8. Encapsulation
Deep Burial: It is a pit 2 m deep half filled with waste and remaining with lime
within 50 cm of the surface before filling the rest with soil. On each time when
biomedical wastes are added to the pit a layer of 10 cm of soil should be added
to cover the waste. The deep burial site should be relatively impermeable, away 2M
from residential area, vicinity of drinking water to avoid risk of pollution. The
institute should maintain the record of all sites of deep burial.
Autoclaving: It involves sterilization with steam at 120⁰ C temp under 15 psi
pressure for 60 to 90 min. Autoclaves are used for disinfection of surgical
instruments. Infectious waste can be autoclaved by exposing it to 160-degree
Celsius temp at 6 bars pressure for about 20 min. (Any two explanation of 2M
above 8 methods)
(Student may explain any two appropriate methods so credit may be given
accordingly)
c “Rag pickers- media of cleanliness for the society”. Justify the statement 06M
with examples.
Ans. “Rag pickers- media of cleanliness for the society”
1. A ragpicker is a person who collects wastes in a bag from the street and
locality such as polythene bags, toothbrushes, used plastic items, empty
tins, bottles, paper, etc.
2. The removal of waste material from roads and other localities makes a
clean neighbourhood. 6M
3. These wastes can be reused for other purposes, or they can be melted
and recycled into something new.
4. Ragpickers checks on the accumulation of wastes in an area, thus
making sure that they do not become the breeding ground for disease-
causing vectors such as mosquito, flies, etc.
5. Rag-pickers properly separate the biodegradable and non-
biodegradable wastes.
6. Due to their initiative, a locality is generally free from the disease that
can be caused by increasing waste in the environment.
(Student may Write any appropriate explanation so credit may be given
accordingly)
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Q-6 Attempt any TWO of the following XXXXX12M
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a) (i) State the advantages and disadvantages of landfill method of solid waste 06M
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disposal.
(ii) List of products of incineration process and also state their uses.
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Ans. (i)Advantages and disadvantages of landfill method of solid waste disposal:
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Advantages of landfill method.
1. Applicable for large verities of waste.
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2. Economical build to operate.
3. Low energy requirement. 1½M
4. Jobs will be created for local people. Any 3
5. Filled land can be reused for other community purpose.
Dis -advantages of landfill method.
1. Require large area of land.
2. Difficult to operate in rainy season. 1½M
3. Produced leachate which may cause contamination of ground water. Any 3
4. Air contamination due to gases, litter, dust, bad odour
5. Trucks delivering the waste to site may causes noise pollution.
(ii) Products of incineration process and also state their uses:
1. Products of incineration process are Residual ash, clinker and heat.
2. Residual ash: It can be used for making bricks or block, as filler material or
blending in cement.
3M
3. Clinker: It can be used as aggregate for Preparation of low-grade concrete
or even sometimes it can also be used as Road metal. (1M for
4. Heat: Heat can be used to produce steam generation which is used for
Each)
producing electricity by running the turbines
b) Suggest the various control measures for industrial solid ways to reduce 06M
environmental pollution.
Ans. 1. Optimization of resources: Waste reduction at individual and institutional
level goes side by side with the utilization of raw materials.
2. Using again the Scrap Material: This is the process in which individual and
industry reuses the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it
from becoming a waste material.
3. Quality control improvement and process monitoring: This technique is to 6M
ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is increased by (Any 3)
the inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection.
4. Exchanging Waste: This is the technique in which the waste product, which
comes out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is
another way for reducing waste.
5. Point of use from ship: To maintain and making deliveries for the raw
materials to be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of assembly
with less packages and wrappings can save from the waste production.
6. Zero waste: This is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at
the source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of
producing no waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste
prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste management.
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c Discuss various recycling techniques of E waste. Explain in brief about the XXXXX06M
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methods of disposal of e-waste.
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Ans. Recycling of E-waste is done by following method:
1. Recycling of e-waste: Monitors and CRT, keyboards, laptops, modems,
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telephone bards, hard drives, floppy drives, compact disk, mobiles, fax
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machines, printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires and cables can be
recycled. Recycling involves dismantling and recovery of valuable materials
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and metals by acid bath.
3M
2. Re-use: It is commonly used for electronic equipment’s like computers, cell
phones etc. It constitutes direct second hand use or use after slight
(1 ½ M
modification to the original functioning equipment. It also includes donation
each)
of second hand used electronics item to needy person. This method also
reduces the volume of e-waste generation.
3.
Disposal of E-waste is done by following method:
1. Land filling: In land filling, trenches are made on the flat surfaces. Soil is
excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is
covered by thick layer of soil. Now a day’s secure land filling are provided
with some facilities like impervious liner made up of plastic or clay, leachate
collection basin that collect and transfer the leachate to wastewater treatment
3M
plant. Environmental risk from land filling of e-waste cannot be neglected
because the condition of land filling site are different from a native soil,
(1 ½ M
particularly concerning the leaching behavior of metals.
each)
2. Incineration: It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the
waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high
temperature. Advantages of incineration of E-waste are the reduction of
waste volume and utilization of the energy content of combustible materials.
Disadvantages of incineraion are the emission to air of substances escaping
flue gas cleaning and the large amount of residue from gas cleaning and
combustion.
Page 13 of 13

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

e) State the importance of legal aspect in solid waste management 2M

A) Door to door collection 2M

B) Community Bin Collection System

d) Explain Indore method of composting with neat a lebelled sketch 4M

(b) Explain the disposal methods for industrial solid waste 4M

The pattern for a city having population more than 1 million.

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