Rejection of Natural Sciences Model: Differs from

the quantitative approach, challenging the idea of

INTRODUCTION TO FIELD RESEARCH
METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY an objective, unbiased scientist.
Subjectivity Recognition: Acknowledges
researchers' subjectivity as a strength, bringing
A. FIELD METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY
personal views and perspectives into the research
Qualitative research
process.
● uses words as its data to analyze and
Conclusion: Qualitative paradigm offers a
interpret in different forms.
different research world, responding and
● More broad framework, more reliable
challenging the perceived limits of the traditional
since the processes, structure, and
quantitative model.
approaches are well organized.
The Emergence of a Qualitative Research
● If you have a good research framework
Paradigm (In Psychology)
you won’t lose your path or paradigm
● inception in the late 19th century.
about the point of view of the subject, its
● However, behaviorism, and cognitive Such
beliefs, values, and understanding in
approaches were situated in opposition to
specific situations.
more subjective, interpretative introspective
● Big Q uses large, wide, or broad data
(qualitative) techniques of early psychology,
● Small Q has a smaller set of data and the
which became classified as ‘unscientific.
techniques are not necessarily going to
apply within the paradigm.
B. OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE
Why we love qualitative research
AND MIXED METHODS
Rich, Exciting, Challenging, Recognized different
The Selection of a Research Approach
problem in real world, Answers how and why
Under this is the construction of research
things made to happen like it used to be, Eye
problems where the study will circulate or
opener
problems that the researchers want to address.
Qualitative research paradigm
Research method which tackles how the data is
1. Fundamental Principle- Rejects the
being gathered, how researchers choose their
assumption of a single version of reality,
respondents. Research Designs that helps the
embracing multiple versions linked closely
researchers to assess and resolve the problem
to context.
that they chose.
2. Contextual Knowledge- Emphasizes
understanding within the context of data
The Three Approaches to Research
generation, interview settings, and broader
1. Qualitative- interpreting, understanding, the
sociocultural and political contexts.
meanings of people inside the observed situation.
Key Elements of Qualitative Paradigm:
2. Quantitative- it measures the relationship of
● Qualitative data and analysis of non-numeric
variables using statistical techniques to test the
words.
theories constructed.
● Use of naturally occurring data collection
3. Mixed Methods - combination of numerical and
methods resembling real-life situations.
qualitative data that allows the study to have
● Focus on meanings rather than behavior or
more understanding about the issue being
internal cognitions.
studied.
Inductive, Theory-Generating Research:
Prioritizes generating theories over hypothesis
Philosophical Worldviews
testing.
According to Guba, 1990. The word worldviews
means “a basic set of beliefs that guides action”.
We refer to worldviews as a wide philosophical 8 Stages to have Deep Relationship with
worldview that researchers tend to study about Participants
the world and nature of research. 1. pakikitungo
Four Worldviews 2. pakikisalamuha
1. Postpositivism - uphold a deterministic 3. pakikilahok
worldview in which events or outcomes are 4. pakikibagay
defined by causes. 5. pakikisama
2. Constructivism - seek for perspective of an 6. pakikipagpalagayang-loob
individual 7. pakikisangkot
3. Transformative - align in politics, justice 8. Pakikiisa
4. Pragmatic - involves consequences out of
action Evaluating review of some Indigenous studies-
The indigenous research paradigm, particularly
C. FIELD RESEARCH METHOD IN PHILIPPINE explored through the Modelo ng Pananaliksik,
PSYCHOLOGY offers a unique lens for understanding.
Appropriateness, suitability, and a better fit is the publication in 1976
common denominator of why psychological ★ Santiago's Study on "Pagkalalake" and
researchers move away from traditional "Gepigon":
approaches into new ones. ➔ understand the various meanings of
Recent Research Trends Psychological research masculinity
in the US is moving away from the lab approach, ➔ Modelo ng Pananalthath
toward the field approach as it is believed to be ➔ captured different interpretations of
more appropriate and suitable. masculinity.
★ Francisco's Study on "Mamumulot ng Basura"
In The Philippines (Scavengers):
● Filpsych research is moving away from western ➔ He seeks to examine how their
paradigm and orientation. circumstances affect their daily lives.
● Modelo ng Pananaliksik by Carmen Santiago The Modelo ng Pananaliksik made by
and Virgilio Enriquez Santiago and Enriquez is indeed suitable to
Modelo ng Pananaliksik the cultures and qualities of Filipinos.
Modelo ng Pananaliksik is made up of two scales:
1. Iskala ng Mananaliksik - Getting information Challenges in Applying the Modelo ng
through an unobtrusive and obtrusive way Pananaliksik:
where we get data by not having direct Execution Discrepancies:
contact or relationship with participants. ● Not all studies executed the Modelo ng
● Unobtrusive Observation - pagmamasid, Pananaliksik with the same level of precision.
pakikiramdam, pagmamatyag, Methodological Rigor:
pagsubaybay ● Indigenous approaches, despite their
● Obtrusive Observation - apparent simplicity, demand meticulous
pagtatanung-tanong, pagsubok, planning.
padalaw-dalaw, pakikialam, Selective Remembering:
2. Iskala ng Pagtutunguhanng Mananaliksik at ● Studies using indigenous methods face
Kahalok - acknowledge and take full use of challenges in accurately recording
gradual building up of a research-participant spontaneous responses.
relationship Subjective Respondent Selection:
● The selection and elimination of respondents Many traditional methods don't consider the
without clear criteria raise questions. cultural sensitivities of Filipino communities.
Control Over Procedure: 4. Overlooking Indigenous Knowledge:
● Indigenous approaches must be Traditional methods often prioritize Western
systematically planned to avoid being academic knowledge and neglect the rich
perceived as casual. indigenous knowledge and practices held by
Pe-Pua's Theory of Filipino Psychology Filipino communities.
1. Indigenization from within: importance of 5. Ignoring Subjectivity and Context:
developing psychological knowledge based on the Traditional methods neglecting the rich subjective
Filipino experience, history. experiences and context that are crucial in
2. Kapwa tao and pakikipagkapwa (Shared understanding Filipino psychology.
humanity): interconnectedness
3. Holistic Understanding: interconnectedness of Alternative Methods Proposed
the emotional, cognitive, spiritual, and physical Rogelia Pe-Pua advocates for a shift away from
aspects of the person within their social and traditional Western methods and towards
cultural context. indigenization.
4. Culturally relevant applications: applying 1. Cross-Indigenous Method:
Filipino Psychology concepts to address that draws insights and methods from other
real-world problems. indigenous cultures around the world to better
5. Decolonization of the Mind: She calls for understand Filipino experiences and behaviors.
decolonizing our minds and critically examining 2. Participatory Action Research (PAR):
Western models to identify biases and limitations places communities at the center of research.
that might not apply to the Filipino experience. They actively identify problems, design solutions,
6. Critical and Self-reflective: filpsych and evaluate outcomes, empowering them to take
acknowledging its limitations, engaging in ownership of their lives and research.
ongoing dialogue and critique, and constantly 3. Indigenous Method
evolving to adapt to changing realities and research strategies that are rooted in the
address new challenges. traditions, languages, and knowledge systems of
local, native, or indigenous communities.
Method: Filipino psychology and its challenges Pe-Pua suggests adapting indigenous methods
with traditional research methods like:
Filipino Psychology according to Pe-Pua is the a. Pagtatanong-tanong (Informal Interviews):
study of unique thought, behaviors, and Informal, unstructured interviews that allow for
experiences of Filipinos. open-ended exploration of participants'
Here are some challenges Pe-Pua identifies with experiences and perspectives.
traditional research methods applied to Filipino b. Pakikipagkuwentuhan(Storytelling):
psychology: Engaging in storytelling sessions with participants
1. Imposing Western Frameworks: c. Ginabayang talakayan (Group Discussion):
Many research methods in psychology come from Collective discussions facilitated by the
Western traditions and may not fully capture the researcher, where participants can share their
unique experiences and values of Filipinos views and experiences in a group setting.
2. Lack of Community Participation: d. Nakikiugaling pagmamasid (Participant
Traditional research often treats communities as Observation):
subjects to be studied rather than active researchers immerse themselves in the
participants in the research process. community and observe their everyday life and
3. Cultural Insensitivity: interactions.
 Advantages Of Using Recording Devices:
● Accuracy: provide accurate and objective
NON-REACTIVE (UNOBTRUSIVE) : AN
OBSERVATION METHODS documentation
● Permanent Record: can be stored and
reviewed over time,
Observation is the act of watching, checking,
● Non-intrusive: can capture information
monitoring, and noting events or any activities
without directly interfering
being observed.
● Multi-sensory Data: allows researchers to
● most convenient, easy, basic and oldest
gather a more comprehensive dataset
method that can be utilized in research,
Challenges And Considerations:
especially in the field of psychology.
● Privacy Concerns: respect privacy and obtain
Observation Methods
informed consent when necessary.
1. Reactive (Obtrusive): subjects of the study
● Technical Limitations: restricted field of view,
are aware that they are under study.
low-light conditions, or issues with audio
2. Non-reactive (Unobtrusive): do not draw
quality.
the attention of the subjects of the study
● Data Storage and Analysis: Managing and
to the fact that they are under study.
analyzing large amounts of recorded data
A. PHYSICAL TRACES
● Physical remains of human activity.
STRENGTHS
● It could also be remnants, fragments and
Objectivity: Physical traces provide tangible,
products of past behavior.
concrete evidence that can be observed
● people who are “observed” are not present
objectively.
when the data are collected.
Non-intrusive: doesn't involve direct interaction
Use Traces
Long-term perspective: Physical traces can
● Reflect the physical evidence of use or
endure over time, allowing researchers to study
non-use of items.
behaviors or events that occurred in the past.
● Example: Beverage containers, cigarette
Data reliability: Since physical traces are concrete
cartons, wrappers, etc.
and observable, the data collected through this
Natural-use traces
method
Observed without any intervention by a
is often considered more reliable compared to
researcher, and
self-reported data or subjective measures.
reflect naturally occurring events.
WEAKNESSES
Controlled-use traces
Limited contextual information: Researchers may
Result from some intervention by the researcher.
miss important details about the motivations,
Products
emotions, or social dynamics that led to the
The creations, constructions, or other artifacts of
creation of these traces.
behavior.
Interpretation challenges: Different observers
By examining products people own or the
may perceive the same traces differently, leading
products produced by culture, researchers test
to potential inconsistencies in the findings.
hypotheses about
Ethical considerations: In some cases, collecting
attitudes, preferences, and behavior.
physical traces may involve disturbing the
Recording Devices
environment or artifacts.
1. Visual Documentation (Cameras)
Inability to capture nuances: Emotions, thoughts,
2. Drawings
and complex social interactions are examples of
3. Audio Recording
elements that may be challenging to capture
4. Motion Sensors
through this method alone.
5. GPS Tracking
B. ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ● This process can range from simple coding
● a methodological investigation that involves to more complex coding.
examining primary sources and original Written records: include preserved documents
documents within archival collections. like diaries and letters kept by historical societies,
● allows researchers to delve into past trends, anthropologists' ethnographies of various
behaviors, or events by examining data that cultures, and a range of public documents such
has been previously recorded and preserved. as politicians' speeches or messages posted on
● The researcher does not actually collect the discussion boards by
original data. Instead, he or she analyzes Internet users.
existing data such as statistics that are part Mass communication records: books, magazine
of public records articles, movies, television programs, and
● Archive: A collection of historical newspapers
documents or records providing information STRENGTHS
about a place, institution, or group of people Unobtrusive Transparent Highly Flexible
● Archival documents are typically older and Data Collection and Replicable
unique.
WEAKNESSES
● contain information that is historically
significant. Reductive Subjective Time Intensive
STRENGTHS
Access to Originality and Provides an D. NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Primary Source Uniqueness in-depth ● study your research subjects in their own
understanding environments
WEAKNESSES E. SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION
● highly structured method of collecting
Access Time-Consumin Bias and
Limitations Selectivity and quantitative data by observing a given
g Process
sources might phenomenon
be outdated coding system: refers to a structured set of rules
Statistical Records: demographic data, economic or categories used to classify and record
indicators, health statistics, crime rates, behaviors or events
agricultural production figures, and more. ● Unoccupied: Child is not doing anything in
Survey Archives: consist of data from surveys particular or is simply watching other
that are stored on computers and available to children.
researchers who wish to analyze them. ● Solitary play: Child plays alone with toys
but is not interested in or affected by the
C. CONTENT ANALYSIS activities of other children.
● used to identify patterns in recorded ● Together: Child is with other children but is
communication. It is also a process of not occupied with any particular activity.
making inferences based on objective coding ● Parallel Play: Child plays beside other
of archival data. children with similar toys but does not play
● systematically collect data from a set of with the others.
texts, which can be written, oral, or visual: ● Group Play: Child plays with other children,
Books, newspapers and magazines including sharing toys or participating in
● Demands a systematic approach, requiring organized play activities as part of a group
researchers to develop coding systems that of children
raters can use to quantify information in
documents.
Methodological Issues STRENGTHS
Reactivity: presence of an observer will affect Rich and Contextual Cultural
behaviors. In-Depth Data Understanding Sensitivity
Reliability: Consistency and dependability of the
Validity Participant Flexibility
measurements or observations.
Engagement
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
Precision and Controlled Quantifiable
Consistency Conditions Data Subjectivity Generalizability Observer Effect

WEAKNESSES Limited Data Analysis Resource

Objectivity Challenges Intensive
Potential For Limited The Hawthorne
Observer Bias Understanding Effect

SURVEY METHODS
F. ETHNOGRAPHY/ PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
a research technique that collects data from a
● Participant observation refers to a wider
group of respondents, usually through a
set of methods including intensive
structured questionnaire.
observation which are also known as
Essential terms in survey design
ethnographic methods.
● Participant observation refers to a wider Target Reliability & Survey bias
Population Validity
set of methods including intensive
observation which .0are also known as Generalizability Demographics Questionnaire
ethnographic methods.
● Field notes are the basis of
Survey Designs: process of creating, formatting,
ethnography/participant observation and
and stylizing a survey.
are made after the observation has been
Types Of Survey Design:
completed.
1. Cross-sectional survey design: collect data
● one of the most complex research
from many different individuals at a single
methods and places both intellectual and
point in time.
interpersonal demands on the researcher.
2. Longitudinal survey design: repeatedly
● primarily a data collection method. It, in
collect data from the same sample over an
itself, is not a method of analysis though it
extended period of time.
does focus on culture.
The Three C’s
● The problems for a researcher using
● Clear, Concise, Communicative
ethnography/participant observation
STRENGTHS
include (a) the labour- and time-intensive
1. Surveys quickly gather information from lots
nature of the process, (b) the complexity
of people.
of the data collected and the need to
2. Questions are the same for everyone.
integrate different aspects of the data, and
3. People can answer honestly without
(c) the possibility of subjectivity in the
revealing their identity.
procedure and accusations of subjectivity.
4. Surveys provide data that's easy to count
● The ‘experiences’ of the observer are the
and compare.
primary form of data in participant
5. Surveys are often cheaper than other
observation but these ‘experiences’ should
methods.
be distinguished from more analytic
WEAKNESSES
statements in the field notes.
1. Relies on respondents ability to understand
and interpret the questions accurately.
 2. Respondents might provide answers they STRENGTHS
perceive as socially acceptable rather than Represent Randomiza Generaliza Statistical
expressing their true opinions or behaviors. ativeness tion bility Inference
3. Poorly designed surveys can lead to unclear
WEAKNESSES
or misleading results.
4. If the surveyed group is limited, the survey Resource Potential Complexity Population
Intensive for Accessibili
results may not be generalizable to the Sampling ty
larger population. Error
5. Surveys can't easily explore unexpected
ideas like interviews can. Non-Probability Sampling Method
A. SAMPLING methods of selecting samples from a population
● sampling is the process of using a subset of without using randomization, they are based on
a population to represent the whole the subjective judgment of the researcher or
population. Sampling allows large-scale some other criteria, such as convenience,
research to be carried out with a more availability, or expertise.
realistic cost and time frame because it uses 1. Convenience Sampling - primarily
a smaller number of individuals in the determined by convenience to the researcher.
population to stand in for the whole. This can include factors like:
● Population - The total number of people or - Ease of access
things you are interested in. - Geographical proximity
● Sample - a smaller number within your - Existing contact within the population of
population will represent the whole. interest
● Sampling - The process and method of 2. Quota Sampling - Researchers select
selecting your sample. participants based on predetermined quotas
Two major types of sampling: that represent specific characteristics,
1. Probability sampling - also known as random ensuring a proportional representation of key
sampling, is a kind of sample selection where demographic or categorical variables in the
randomization is used instead of deliberate sample.
choice. Two Types:
2. Non-probability sampling - techniques are - Proportional Quota Sampling
where the researcher deliberately picks items - Non-Proportional Quota Sampling
or individuals for the sample based on their 3. Self-Selection Sampling - Also called
research goals or knowledge. volunteer sampling relies on participants who
voluntarily agree to be part of your research.
Probability sampling methods Two Steps:
1. Simple random sampling - every element in - Publicizing your need for subjects.
the population has an equal chance of being - Checking the suitability of each subject
selected as part of the sample. and either inviting or rejecting them
2. Systematic sampling -also known as 4. Snowball or Referral Sampling - The
systematic clustering, the random selection only researcher asks the initial samples to refer or
applies to the first item chosen. recruit other samples who meet the criteria
3. Stratified sampling -involves random selection of the study, such as people who belong to a
within predefined groups. specific group, community, or network.
4. Cluster sampling - groups rather than 5. Purposive Sampling - Sampling techniques
individual units of the target population are that choose participants deliberately due to
selected at random. qualities they possess.
STRENGTHS 3 Types Of Interview:
1. Does not require a sampling frame, so your Structured Unstructured Semi-structur
subjects are often readily available. This can ed
make non-probability sampling quicker and
questions and flow naturally sometimes
easier to carry out.
the response like everyday called
2. allows you to target particular groups within categories are conversation; interview
your population. predetermine no
guide
3. can provide researchers with the data to d by the predetermine
researcher d questions approach
make other types of generalizations from the
and answers
sample being studied.
WEAKNESSES Common in strongly prepares a set
1. extremely unlikely to be representative of the quanti participant-led of same
population studied. This undermines the questions to
generalizability and validity of your results. be answered
by all
2. at risk of several kinds of research bias: interviewees.
- As some units in the population have no Additional
chance of being included in the sample, questions
undercoverage bias is likely. might be
- Sampling bias can be common in this asked during
the interview
sampling since the selection of units to clarify or
included in the sample is often based on expand
ease of access. certain issues.
- While the subjective judgment of the
Limited scope Very Common in
researcher in choosing who makes up the
time-consumi quali
sample can be an advantage, it also ng
increases the risk of observer bias.
What is Rapport? a close and harmonious
relationship in which the people or groups
INTERVIEW METHOD concerned understand each other's feelings or
● most common qualitative method of data ideas and communicate we
collection
● Interviews are ideally suited to Issues to think about in relation to participants
experience-type research questions. ● Interviewing people you know: acceptable to
● useful for exploring understanding and interview someone you know these are known as
perception-and construction-type research ‘acquaintance interviews’
questions ● Interviewing strangers: Building rapport and
Face-To-Face Interview putting the participant at ease are a priority
● ideal way to collect interview data; the ‘gold ● Interviewing across difference: it is important
standard’ to ‘match’ the major social characteristics of the
Virtual Interviews And Telephone Interviews participant and the interviewer. disclosing
● (poor) substitute for face-to-face interviews, (sensitive) information
extensions of the traditional method rather ● In interviewing people who are socially
than substitutes for it. margin-alised in ways that we are not: we are
researching and representing the experiences of
the ‘other’ and this requires extra caution and
sensitivity (discussed further below).
● Power in interviews: The relationship between ● Less convenient for participants - Online
researcher and participant is typically conceived interviews may take longer due to written
of as a hierarchical one with the researcher in responses, which some participants may find
control of the interview. more burdensome than speaking.
● Interviewing people who occupy societal ● The researcher has less control over the
positions of greater or lesser power than you: if interview - Participants can edit their responses,
you are a (young) student interviewing high-status potentially affecting the spontaneity and
individuals such as consultant surgeons or heads authenticity of the data.
of large companies, there is potential for you to ● Some forms of information (and data) are lost -
feel vulnerable, for them to dominate. Verifying participant identity is challenging,
especially in online interviews.
● Participant distress: it’s not unusual for ● The researcher’s ability to respond to
participants to become distressed when participants is limited - Researchers may have
discussing sensitive issues, so don’t be too limited ability to refer participants to local support
anxious if it occurs. services.
● Interviewing vulnerable people: certain groups ● Risk of security data - Online interviews may be
of people are recognised to be more vulnerable less secure, risking data access by unauthorized
than others, and we recommend that new parties and compromising participant anonymity
interviewers only interview groups such as and confidentiality.
children
Advantages of Virtual Interview
● Convenient and Empowering for Participants -
Remote participation offers comfort and
convenience for both participants and
researchers.
● Accessible and (more) anonymous -
Overcoming geographical barriers, virtual
interviews are accessible to isolated and
dispersed groups.
● Potential ideal for Sensitive Topics - Anonymity
in virtual interviews encourages disclosure of
sensitive information.
● Relative resource-lite - Virtual interviews save
time and money, eliminating transcription and
travel expenses.
● Potentially allow more engagement with data
during data collection - Email interviews allow for
simultaneous questioning and analysis, with
participants contributing to the evolving analysis.

Disadvantages of Virtual Interview

● Less accessible to some groups - Online
interviews require access to a networked device,
which is often associated with higher
socioeconomic status.