1- Scientist is the first showed viruses in tobacco diseased

leaves

Ivanovski Russian scientist is the first showed viruses in tobacco diseased

leaves

2- Types of parasite according to habitat

1- Ectoparasite: parasite that lives on the outer surface of its host.

Example :Human flea
-
2- Endoparasite: Parasite that lives inside its host. Example :Hook
worm.
-
3- Difference between bacteria and virus

Bacteria Viruses
living not living
larger than viruses smaller than bacteria

have a cellular structure - cell do not have a cellular structure

wallcytoplasm, nucleus etc
-

contain DNA and RNA contain either DNA or RNA

RNA DNA RNA DNA
can reproduce independently need a host cell to reproduce

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 4- The host –parasite relations: commensalism , mutualism
-
-Commensalism: One organism benefits and the other is
unharmed
-
-Mutalism: is the relationship between two organisms and both of
themare useful
-
Parasite : is the organism that lives on host with benefits food
andprotection .

Host : is the organisms that harmed from the presences of parasite

5- Antiseptics - sanitation – sterilization definitions

Sanitation : Reduces microbial load of an inanimate item to safe
public health levels through application of heat or antimicrobial
chemicals

Sanilization :Reduces microbial load of an inanimate item to safe

public health levels through application of heat or antimicrobial
chemicals

Antiseptics: Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through

application of an antimicrobial chemical

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 6- Definition of zoonosis – mycosis
–
Zoonosis : Disease of animals that is transmissible to humans.

Mycosis : It is fungal infection

7- The layers of the eye: outer – middle – inner

- - -
outer layer – made up of the sclera and cornea (called the fibrous
tunic)
-
middle layer – made up of the uvea (called the vascular tunic)
-
inner layer – made up of the retina (called the neural tunic)
-
8- Viruses that cause : common cold – germen measles – eye
infection – mumps
- - - -
eye infection: mostly adenovirus and herpes virus
Mumps: Paramyxovirus
Gemen measles: Rubeola virus
Common cold: Rhinovirus
9- Tear types and the cranial nerves responsible
-
There are three basic types of tears: basal, reflex and emotional
Cranial nerve VII provides autonomic innervation to the lacrimal
gland. It is responsible for the production of much of the aqueous
portion of the tear film.

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 10- Discharge of viral and bacterial eye infection
-
Bacterial : purulent Viral : watery Allergic: watery

11- Capsid definition and composition

-
Capsid: consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
known as a capsid.

The capsid is composed of smaller protein components referred to

as capsomers.

12- Which Bacteria lack of cell wall

-
Mycoplasmas – lack cell wall -

13- Is it prokaryote or eukaryote – virus – bacteria – fungus

- - - -
Virus : no one
Bacteria..prokaryote
Fungus.....eukaryote
14- Cranial nerve responsible for vision
-
Optic nerve
15- Dimorphic fungi and monomorphic fungi with examples
-
Having two forms i.e. Yeast and Mold Temperature-dependent pathogenic
fungi are yeast-like at 35 °C – 37 °C and mold like at 25 °C- 30 °C.

- -

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Give examples of Dimorphic fungi ?
Histoplasma
Candida albicans

16- The parasites that cause malaria – kala azar – giardiasis –

amoebiasis
- - - -
malaria....plasmodium spp
giardiasis...giardia lamblia
amoebiasis...entamoeba histolytic
Kala azar :protozoan leishmania donovani

17- What is the difference in the cell membrane of fungi and bacteria?

- Sterol is present in the cell membrane of fungi

-
In bacteria, there is an absence of sterol

18- Advantage and disadvantage of animal culture

-
Advantages of Animal Inoculation
1. Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms are determined.

2. Production of antibodies can be identified. .

3. Primary isolation of certain viruses. .
4. Mice provide a reliable model for studying viral replication.

Disadvantages of Animal Inoculation

1. Expensive and difficulties in maintenance of animals.

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2. Difficulty in choosing of animals for particular virus

19- Types of medical mycoses skin =cutaneous, inside the body = systemic
-
Medical classification of fungi :
- Superficial and Cutaneous mycoses: skin and hair
-
Subcutaneous mycoses: subcutaneous tissue

Systemic mycoses: fungal infection deep within the body

Opportunistic mycoses: a fungal infection caused by the opportunistic

pathogen

20- Types of virus according to shape

-
Viruses are classified into four groups based on shape:

filamentous, isometric (or icosahedral), enveloped, and head and

tail.

21- Examples of G+ and G- and acid fast bacilli

1. Gram +
• Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Bacillus
2. Gram -
• Enteric, respiratory and others
3. Acid-fast
• Mycobacterium

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 22- Difference between mold and yeast fungi
-

Molds Yeasts

Multicellularr Unicellular
Fuzzy and found in various colors Smooth, usually white or colorless
and shapes and oval in shape

Spore forming Not

More colorful. Less colorful.

Mostly filamentous Mostly oval

Reproduction Sexual or asexual Mostly by asexual means

spores by mitosis.

Example: Penicillium Example: Cryptococcus

neoformans

23- Penicillium is it bacteria or fungus or virus

-

24- Virus structure-

Helical capsids are made up of a single type of protein subunit stacked around
a central axis to form a helical structure. The well-studied tobacco mosaic virus
(TMV) is an example of a helical virus,
A helical virus, tobacco mosaic virus
1-
)TMV(

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2- Icosahedral Viruses
Icosahedral capsid symmetry gives viruses a spherical appearance at low
magnification, but the protein subunits are actually arranged in a regular
geometrical pattern, similar to a soccer ball; they are not truly spherical. An
icosahedral shape is the most efficient way of creating a hardy structure from
multiple copies of a single protein. This shape is used because it can be built
from a single basic unit protein which is used over and over again. This saves
space in the viral genome.
Icosahedral Icosahedral 2-

icosahedral

.
Adenovirus, an icosahedral virus. An icosahedron is a three-dimensional
shape made up of 20 equilateral triangles.
. Icosahedron
.
3- Complex Viruses
Complex viruses possess a capsid which is neither purely helical, nor purely
icosahedral, and which may have extra structures such as protein tails or a
complex outer wall. Viral protein subunits will self-assemble into a capsid, but
the complex viruses DNA also codes for proteins which help in building the
viral capsid. Many phage viruses are complex-shaped; they have an
icosahedral head bound to a helical tail. The tail may have a base plate with
protein tail fibers. Some complex viruses do not have tail fibers.
3-

icosahedral
.
25- Carrier of the disease definition-
Carrier :A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in the
absence of symptoms and signs of a disease and serves as a potential
source of infection.

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 26-The gram stain methods
Gram stain
This is the most commonly employed and important of all diagnostic
staining techniques, that performed as the following steps:
- Make bacterial smear on clean dry slide, and left to air dry at
room temperature and fixed by pass it through flame 2-3 times.
- Place the slide on the rack, and put a few drops of crystal violet
(basic stain) for 3 min.
- Briefly rinse the slide with water. The heat-fixed cells should look
purple at this stage.
- Add drops of iodine solution and wait for 1 min. This acts as a
mordant and fixes the dye.
- Briefly rinse with water.

:
-
-
) -

. -

-
. -
- Decolorize the sample by applying 95% ethanol. This step washes
away unbound crystal violet, leaving Gram-positive organisms
stained purple and Gram-negative organisms colorless.
- Rinse with water to stop decolorization.
- Rinse the slide with a counterstain (safranin or carbol fuchsin)
-

-
-

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which stains all cells red. The counterstain stains both gram-
negative and gram-positive cells. However, the purple gram-
positive color is not altered by the presence of the counter-stain, it’s
effect is only seen in the previously colorless gram-negative cells
which now appear pink/red.
- Blot gently and allow the slide to dry.
- Then examined by oil immersion lens 100X.

-
X100. -
Most bacteria posses a cell wall that contains either a thick
peptidoglycan layer or a thin peptidoglycan layer with an additional
lipopolysaccharide layer. This chemical difference is distinguished
with Gram stain.
By this method bacteria can be recognized as Gram-positive
bacteria (purple to blue) if they retain the primary-dye complex in the
face of attempted decolorisation. Otherwise if decolorisation occurs,
allowing to accept the counter stain, bacteria appear as Gram-
negative (red to pink).

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 27- Host types: definitive –intermediate - -
1. Definitve Host that harbors adult sexually mature stage of the parasites
(human , animal).

2. Intermediate Host: that harbors immature larvae (unsexual

28- Normal flora is it harmful

Harmless

29- Physical methods in microbial growth control

-
Physical or chemical methods to control microbial growth that result
in death of the microbe are indicated by the suffixes -cide or -cidal
(e.g., as with bactericides, viricides, and fungicides), whereas those
that inhibit microbial growth are indicated by the suffixes -stat or-
static (e.g., bacteriostatic,

-
30- Autoclave

31- Favorable environments for fungal growth

Field studies on plant pathogens have demonstrated that the growth

of fungi is favored by high moisture and moderate temperatures and
that low relative humidity and extreme temperatures inhibit growth
and spore germination

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 32- Flatworm examples -
flatworms (Cestodes, Trematodes). .

33- Virus culture methods

Cultivation of Viruses. Viruses can be grown in vivo (within a whole living
organism, plant, or animal) or in vitro (outside a living organism in cells in an
artificial environment, such as a test tube, cell culture flask, or agar plate).

34- Spore forming bacteria. - .

–Bacillus species
–Clostridium species
35- Sexual and asexual spores in fungi
-
What are the types of asexual spores?
Arthroconidia or arthrospores
Chlamydospores
Sporangiospores
Conidiospores
Blastospores
36- PCR
What is the most common method used to identify viruses?

The use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect specific viral

genomic sequences during an ongoing infection with viruses is still
considered to be the gold standard among available virus detection
methods, despite its limitations
PCR

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 37- Cell culture -
There are three types of tissue culture; organ culture, explant culture
and cell culture.

Organ cultures are mainly done for highly specialized parasites of

certain organs e.g. tracheal ring culture is done for isolation of
coronavirus.
Explant culture is rarely done.

Cell culture is mostly used for identification and cultivation of viruses.

-Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled
conditions.

- Cells are grown in vitro on glass or a treated plastic surface in a

suitable growth medium.

38- Method used to identify viruses. - .

embryonated egg, cell line culture and animal inoculation.

39- Giardia life cycle-

1-cysts are ingested by consuming contaminated food or water, or fecal- orally
2-the low pH of the stomach the acidity produces excystation (Excystation means the
releases of trophozoites)
3- Within the small intestine (duodenum jejunum), the trophozoites reproduce asexually
(binary fission) and either float free or are attached to the mucosa of the lumen
4-Some trophozoites then encyst in the small intestine (encyst become cyst)
5-Both cysts and trophozoites are then passed in the feces (but only the cyst is
infectious)

40- Malaria life cycle -

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 41- Shape of bacteria staph – bacilli- vibrio
Bacilli – rod shaped
Vibrios – comma shaped

42- Virus and bacterial size-

Bacteria (0.2 –
Viruses size: (20-400 nm

43- Advantage and disadvantage of fungi -

Advantages of fungi :
1. Human Food: Many of the fungi, such as mushrooms, are used
all over the world as a source of food.

2. Decomposition: Many fungi can decompose the remains of dead

plants and animals and in this way return nutrients back to the
environment.

Disadvantages of fungi :
1. Diseases: Various fungi are harmful and cause serious infections.
Various skin and nail infections occur commonly due to fungi.

2. Spoil food: Fungus are the major reason for spoiling of food as
fungus starts to grow on it.

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@g21ggh
 bacteria Both Viruses
1. living organism, can cause disease not living, no cells
unicellular one cell

larger (1000nm) spreads by routs of smaller (20-400nm

coughing.sneezing, ( -
coming into contact with
cotaminated
animals,people, iteams

"fission- a form of does not have a nucleus reproduction-invades a host

asexual reproduction cell, taking control and
- copies the DNA/RNA
destroying the host cell
-
RNA

"localized possibility to be Systemtic

" vaccinated

usually treated with capable of killing humans antibiotics will not effect the
antibiotics and raging human health disease

in latin means little stick in latin means poison

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@g21ggh
 MCQ
1- Bacterial eye infection cause :
a- Watery discharge b- Mucoid discharge c- Purulent discharge d- All the above
2- Helical virus is :
a- spiral
b- polyhedral
c- Complex virus
d- Not from the above
3- Lysogenic cycle :
a- The host cell killed
b- The host cell not destroyed
c- The same to lytic cycle
d- All the above
4- The most common eye infection is :
a-bacterial
b-fungal
c- viral
5- The most common bacterial eye infection is :

a-conjunctivitis
b-retinitis
c- keratitis
d-cellulitis
6- capsid is composed of :
a- protein
b- polysaccharide
c- lipid
d- All the above

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@g21ggh
7- Nucleic acid in virus is :
a- Contain RNA and DNA
b- Surrounded by capsid
c- Not important structure in the virus
d- All the above
8- The cranial nerve responsible for vision is :
a- Optic nerve
b- Facial nerve
c- Vagus nerve
d- Olfactory nerve
9- Mycobacterium is :
a- G- bacteria
b- G+ bacteria
c- Acid fast bacteria
d- mycoplasma
10- which bacteria cause respiratory infections :
a- G+ bacteria
b- G- bacteria
c- Both G+ and G-
d- vibirios
11- Purulent Discharge of the eye is mean :
a- Viral infection
b- Fungal infection
c- Bacterial infection
d- All the above

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@g21ggh
12- Adenovirus is :
a- Helical virus
b- Icosahedral virus
c- Complex virus
d- Not from the above
13- Lytic cycle :
a- The host cell killed
b- The host cell not destroyed
c- The same to lytic cycle
d- All the above
14- The most common virus cause eye infection is :
a- adenovirus
b-rotavirus
c-rubella virus
d-coronavirus
15- The most common eye infection is :
a- conjunctivitis
b- retinitis
c- keratitis
d- cellulitis
16- genome is the same of :
a- capsid
b- envelope
c- nucleic acid of the virus
d- All the above

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@g21ggh
17- Nucleic acid in virus is :
a- Contain RNA and DNA
b- Surrounded by capsid
c- Not important structure in the virus
d- All the above
18- The optic nerve is responsible for :
a- smell
b- hearing
c- vision
d- all the above
19- embryonated egg is a method for :
a- bacterial inoculation
b- viral inoculation
c- fungal inoculation
d- all the above
20- which bacteria lack of cell wall :
a- cocci
b- bacilli
c- spiral
d- mycoplasma
21- Discharge of viral eye infection is :
a- Watery
b- Mucoid
c- Purulent
d- All the above
22- The most common virus that cause eye infection is :
a- Rotavirus b- Adenovirus c- HIV virus d- Coronavirus

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@g21ggh
23- Bacteriophage is :
a- The virus attack bacteria
b- The virus attack human cell
c- Is a type of bacteria
d- All the above
24- The most common eye infection is :
a-bacterial b-fungal c- viral d-parasitic
25- The most common bacteria that cause eye infection is :
a- E coli b- mycoplasma c-staph aureus d- streptococcus
26- Capsid is :
a- Protein coat in virus
b- Found in all viruses
c- Polysaccharide structure in virus
d- All the above
27- Nucleic acid in virus is :
a- Contain RNA and DNA
b- Always contain envelope
c- Contain either RNA or DNA
d- All the above
28- The outer layer of the eye is made of :
a- Sclera and cornea
b- Retina
c- Optic nerve
d- Iris body

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@g21ggh
29- Viral keratitis is usually caused by :
a- Herpes virus b- Adenovirus c- Rotavirus d- Coronavirus
30- Virus is :
a- Living microorganism
b- Obligatory intracellular parasite
c- Contain DNA and RNA
d- Can be seen by light microscope
True and False
1- staph aureus is the most bacterial eye infection True
2- Icosahedral virus is helical in shape False
3- All viruses have DNA and RNA False
4- Normal flora is harmful bacteria False
5- Most eye infections are viral True
6- mycoplasma is the most bacterial eye infection False
7- Icosahedral virus is polyhedral in shape True
8- All viruses have DNA or RNA True
9- All bacteria are harmful to human False
10- Most eye infections are bacterial False
11- Most bacterial eye infection is caused by streptococcus False
12- Virus that contain transcriptase can convert RNA to DNA is
called retrovirus True
13- All viruses have a capsid True
14- Rods and cones lye in retina of the eye True
15- Most eye infections are fungal Fals
True and False
-
-
RNA False DNA -
-

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@g21ggh
 -
-
-
RNA DNA -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Differences
1- Lytic cycle : the host cell killed.
- Lysogenic cycle : the host cell not destroyed.

2- Aerobic bacteria : can't live without air.

- Non-aerobic bacteria : can live without air.

3- G- and G+ in cell wall : thin.

- The color violet dye : pink.

4- Prokaryotic : nucleic acid free in the cytoplasm , nucleic membrane absent

- Eukaryotic : nucleic membrane present

5- Virus : smaller (25-300 nm) , not living

- Bacteria : larger , living

7- Keratitis : infection of cornea

- Retinitis : infection of retina

8- Viral eye infection : discharge water

- Bacterial eye infection : discharge

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