بايولوجي

Disease:- Is an abnormal condition of an organism, generally
associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature

from physical injury. A diseased organism commonly exhibits
signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Thus, the
normal condition of an organism must be understood in order to
recognize the hallmarks of disease. The study of disease is called
pathology. It involves the determination of the cause (etiology) of
the disease, the understanding of the mechanisms of its
development (pathogenesis), Correctly identifying the cause of a
disease is necessary to identifying the proper course of treatment
Clinical stages of a disease in host:

A) Acute disease: Is characterized by symptoms that usually
appears quickly & become very intense & then subsides when the
host immune system has overwhelmed the pathogen or its toxic
products. Ex: mumps
These acute diseases have 3 stages:
• Incubation period: the period between entrance of pathogen

& appearance of the first symptoms of a disease.
• Acute period: symptoms of the disease are at their peak. Ex:
fever, cough , diarrhea & vomiting in intestinal tract.
• Convalescent period: a period characterized by a sharp
decline in symptoms.
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B) Chronic disease & persistence: symptoms are expressed over
a long period of time
Types of disease
1) Local: a disease that restricted to a certain area in the body.
2) Focal: localized site of disease from which bacteria & their

products can spread to other body parts.
3) Primary: disease caused by one microbial species.
4) Secondary: a primary disease complicated with second

pathogen.
5) Mixed: disease caused by two or more microorganisms.
6) Latent: disease that persists in the tissue in dormant state &

later becomes manifested usually when the host resistance is
lowered.
Brief Mechanism of Infectious Diseases
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Infectious diseases triggered by most of these organisms begin by a
process known as colonization, whereby the proliferating organism
becomes established on the skin or mucous membranes, before it
spreads through the body and causes infection. However, there are
some exceptions, as some microorganisms begin infection
internally, from internal organs, or by introduction directly into
the bloodstream.
Infectious disease occurs when the microorganism causes some
impairment of bodily function, or tissue damage. The
pathogenicity of a microorganism refers to its ability to produce an
infection disease.
Microbes that Cause Diseases
Microbes that cause diseases
1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Viruses
Classification of Microbes:
Firstly, it is important to consider the status of prions and viruses. Technically,
these “microbes” are not living. Prions are simply proteins, and viruses are only “alive”
when they infect an organism.
• Eukaryote and Prokaryote

o In this classification scheme, all bacteria are prokaryotes
Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes:
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Bacteria
are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which divide by binary fission. They do not possess
nuclear membrane and the nucleus consists of a single chromosome of circular double-stranded DNA
helix
Flagella:
These are long filamentous, cytoplasmic appendages, 12-30 μm in length, protruding
through the cell wall and contain contractile protein flagellin. These are organs of
locomotion. Fimbriae or pili: These are thin, short filaments (0.1-1.5 μm x 4 to 8 nm)
extruding from the cytoplasmic membrane, also called pili. They are made of
protein (pilin).
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Capsule:
It is an outer covering of thin jelly-like material (0.2 μm in width) that
surrounds the cell wall. Only some bacterial species possess capsule.
Capsule is usually made of polysaccharide occasionally polypeptide
Cell wall:
It is a tough and rigid structure of peptidoglycan with accessory specific
materials surrounding the bacterium like a shell and lies external to the cytoplasmic
membrane. It is 10-25 nm in thickness. It gives shape to the cell.
Nucleus:
The single circular double-stranded chromosome is the bacterial genome.
Other structures include cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes, ribosomes
and cytoplasmic inclusions.
Shape of Bacterial cell

Cocci (or coccus for a single cell) are round cells, sometimes
slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another.
Bacilli (or bacillus for a single cell) are rod-shaped bacteria
Spirilla (or spirillum for a single cell) are curved bacteria which
can range from a gently curved shape to a corkscrew-like spiral.
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Comparison between viruses and bacteria
No property Viruses Bacteria
Size 20-300 nm 1000nm
Genome DNA or RNA DNA and RNA
(type of nucleic acid) but not both
Cell wall Envelope present Cell wall
in some viruses
Ribosomes No Ribosomes Ribosomes
Sensitivity to antibiotics - +
Growth in culture media Growth only in Grow in culture
the living media
host cell

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Disease:- Is an abnormal condition of an organism, generally

associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature

Clinical stages of a disease in host:

These acute diseases have 3 stages:

• Incubation period: the period between entrance of pathogen

2) Focal: localized site of disease from which bacteria & their

3) Primary: disease caused by one microbial species.

4) Secondary: a primary disease complicated with second

5) Mixed: disease caused by two or more microorganisms.

6) Latent: disease that persists in the tissue in dormant state &

Brief Mechanism of Infectious Diseases

• Eukaryote and Prokaryote

Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes:

Shape of Bacterial cell

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