ABSTRACT

Construction is a multifaceted and critical industry that plays a pivotal role in shaping the built
environment. This abstract provides an overview of the key aspects of construction, including
its significance, processes, challenges, and sustainability. The construction industry
encompasses various sectors, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure,
each with its unique requirements and complexities. Construction projects typically involve
planning, design, procurement, and execution phases, with a focus on ensuring safety, quality,
and cost-effectiveness. Challenges in construction range from regulatory compliance and
labour shortages to environmental concerns and technological advancements. Moreover, the
growing emphasis on sustainable construction practices underscores the need for eco-friendly
materials, energy-efficient designs, and waste reduction. The abstract highlights the dynamic
nature of the construction industry, reflecting its continuous evolution and adaptation to the
changing demands of society and the environment.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to the Principal and Head of the Department Dr.C. NATARAJU
Sir, for the facilities provided to accomplish this internship.

I would like to thank Mr Vishwas G Sir, College Internship Coordinator for constructive
criticism throughout my internship.

I would like to thank BAI (BUILDERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA) for their support and
advice to get a complete internship in a recognised organisation.

I am extremely grateful to my department staff members and friends who helped me in

successful completion of this internship

CONTENT
Page number

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 I. ABSTRACT 1
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
III. CONTENTS 3
IV. LIST OF FIGURES 4
1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. INTERNSHIP AT AAKAR ACROPOLIS 10
3. SAFETY MEASURES AT SITE 15
4. CEMENT 17
5. COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE 20
6. REINFORCEMENT 22
7. SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING 26
8. INTERNSHIP AT JETTIHUNDI LAYOUT 29
9. INTERNSHIP AT QUEST INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL 33
10. SPECIFIC OUTCOMES FROM INTERNSHIP 48
11. CONCLUSION 53
12. REFERENCES 54

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Page number

Figure 1.1 MBCT auditorium, BAI Mysuru 6

Figure 2.1 Acropolis by AAKAR PROPERTIES 10

Figure 2.2 Floor plan : ground floor 12

Figure 2.3 Floor plan : first floor 13

Figure 2.4 Floor plan : second floor 14

Figure 3.1 Construction equipments 15

Figure 3.2 Pan for transporting concrete 16

Figure 3.3 Personal protection equipments used on site 16

Figure 4.1 Cement storage 19

Figure 5.1 Coarse Aggregate 20

Figure 5.2 Fine Aggregate 21

Figure 6.1 Lapping of steel in staggered formation 23

Figure 6.2 Cover Block 24

Figure 7.1 Shuttering 26

Figure 7.2 Scaffolding 26

Figure 7.3 Formwork 27

Figure 8.1 Jettihundi layout plan 29

Figure 8.2 Pedestrian Pathway 30

Figure 8.3 Roadside drainage 31

Figure 9.1 Quest International School construction site 32

Figure 9.2 Block work at site 36

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Figure 9.3 Ceiling and wall plastering at site 38

Figure 9.4 Compression reinforcement 40

Figure 9.5 Slab Reinforcement 41

Figure 9.6 Floating column 43

Figure 9.7 Grooves in wall for electric work 44

Figure 9.8 Sunken slab 45

1. INTRODUCTION

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1.1 ABOUT BAI

BAI: BUILDERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIA, MYSURU CENTRE

Fig 1.1 :
MBCT Auditorium, BAI Mysuru

The Mysore Centre of the Builders Association of India, which brings together the
various disciplines of the construction Industry under one banner with a National
perspective, was started in October 1987. It was inaugurated by our former Prime
Minister and the then PWD minister, Govt of Karnataka, Sri H.D. Devegowda with
Late A.V. Hampe Urs as a founder chairman. BAI conducts Technical Talks, technical
seminars (Buildtech), Exhibitions (MyBuild), Property show (MyRealty) are held every
year to the benefit of both the Builders‟ fraternity and the public. It is the only centre in
India to impart training to Civil Engineering students through SHILPI.

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 1.2 ABOUT SHILPI

Shilpi is the first ever students wing of Mysuru centre and the only one in the entire
country through which technical knowledge is imparted to the students of engineering
colleges through well planned BAI programs. Civil Engineering and CTM students are
members of SHILPI which is the student wing of BAI and aims at bridging the gap
between industry and academia. Presently SHILPI member strength is more than 1000 out
of the 9 Engineering

Colleges, who work in tandem with the activities of BAI , Mysuru Centre. The BAI,
Mysuru Centre organises many technical and Orientation programmes for the benefit of
the members of SHILPI in addition to organising visits to construction sites of important
structures. The members of Shilpi actively participate in all the technical programmes of
BAI.

1.3 VISION OF THE ASSOCIATION

● To build public confidence in the construction industry by
advocating ethics in the business through transparency and
accountability.
● To establish a healthy and cordial relationship between the client,
contractor and end- users, so that all construction projects are completed
without any time or cost overruns.
● To ensure that contractors adopt methods which are environment-friendly like use
of pre-engineered and pre-manufactured products, seeking inter-alia tax
concessions on the same from the Government.
● To achieve highest standards of efficiency and quality by adopting
methodology which could be derived from both Indian and International
Standards with a view to making the construction sector competitive in
domestic as well as international markets.
● To develop linkages with other industry and Trade Associations,
Chambers of Commerce, Federations etc. to enhance the value of its

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 services to members. It shall network with international bodies and
gain global presence for its members.
● To regard workers and technicians as the key resource for the
construction industry. It shall support and establish training institutions to
train workers and technicians.
● To interact with Government bodies like State Public Works
Departments and the Central Public Works Department to modernise
methods and specifications of works towards ensuring suitable work
ethics in the industry and standardising tender procedures. Contracts
awarded on the basis of such standardisation will ensure uniformity in
execution of construction jobs.
1.4 ACHIEVEMENTS

● It organised 'Dakshina Parva', the Southern Regional Builders

convention at Mysore in December 2001.
● BAI organises the 'My Build' Exhibition of Building Materials every year.
● It has formed 'Spoorthi', LADIES wing of BAI, Mysore Centre, the only
one of its kind in the whole nation.
● It has formed “Shilpi” – The student‟s wing, first of its kind.
● BAI has formed 'My build fund', a unique Insurance scheme for members.
● It has organised General Counsel and Managing Committee
Meetings of BAI, at Mysore, on three occasions.
● BAI publishes 'Mysore Shilpi‟ - The in-house News letter every month.
● BAI organises “My Realty” a grand property show much sought after by
the citizens of Mysore.
● It organises a National technical seminar “Build Tech” with eminent
speakers speaking on various topics every year.
● Felicitation to eminent technocrats with engineer extraordinaire award every year.
● BAI organises product presentations by noted companies.
● BAI celebrates Builders‟ Day and recognizes an innovative and path
breaking Builder of the centre and honours him with the “Builder of the
year” award.
● It has won the best Centre for motivating Quality assurance and
construction by BAI, HQ, for three consecutive years 1998,1999 and
2000.

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 ● It has won the best centre award for the past seven years.

2. INTERNSHIP AT AAKAR ACROPOLIS

2.1 COMPANY PROFILE

AAKAR PROPERTIES

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 Figure 2.1
Acropolis by AAKAR PROPERTIES

Aakar Properties, where expertise meets innovation in the world of construction. With a proven
track record of delivering projects on time and within budget,they have been your reliable
partner for all construction needs. Skilled team, commitment to quality, and dedication to safety
set them apart in the industry. From residential to commercial projects. They have four major
projects running under them namely
1.AAKAR ACROPOLIS
2.AAKAR PEARL
3.AAKAR SUMUKH
4.AAKAR PARKVIEW

2.2 VISION AND MISSION

To provide the finest real estate services in the region based on the highest standard of ethics,
values and client care. In doing so, we will earn the loyalty and trust of the buyers who will
become our life long clients and friends. Our success will always be measured by the happiness
and the loyalty of our clients.

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To engage in the business of Real Estate Development including developing of land,
constructing and marketing of the same, with an intention of serving the society and community
in general with total dedication, commitment, and focused purpose while maintaining the highest
standards of excellence.

We strive to provide ongoing home services for our clients before and after the sale and work
together to create a great environment where we can learn, grow and succeed together. We also
hold ourselves responsible for delivering innovative and efficient business plans as every day
brings a variety of new investments.

2.3 OFFICE DETAILS

Name : AAKAR Properties
Office address : #1030, Bogadi main road,
Mysore-570026.
Karnataka
Contact details : Phone – 0821 2974290 / +91 9972394039
Mail – [email protected]

2.4 PROJECT DETAILS

Project name : AAKAR ACROPOLIS
No. of floors : G+7
Type of Structure : RCC

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 Figure 2.2
Floor Plan : Ground floor

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 Figure 2.3
Floor plan : first floor

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 Figure 2.4
Floor plan : second floor

3. SAFETY MEASURES AT SITE

3.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY RULES

● Wear the PPE at all times.

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 ● Do not start work without an induction.
● Keep a tidy site. • Do not put yourself or others at risk.
● Follow safety signs and procedures.
● Never work in unsafe areas.
● Report defects.
● Never tamper with equipment

3.2 EQUIPMENT USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

During the period : 18/08/2023 to 22/08/2023

Figure 3.1
Construction equipments

● Brick Towel
● Margin Towel
● Gauging Towel
● Wooden Float
● Metal Float
● Plumb Bob
● Right Angled Scale
● Measuring Tape
● Aluminium Channel

3.3 EQUIPMENT USED FOR TRANSPORTATION

The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of its mixing to the final position of
deposition is termed as transportation of concrete. There are various methods of transportation as
mentioned below:

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 Figure 3.2
Pan for transporting concrete
● Transport of concrete by pans.
● Transport of concrete by wheelbarrows.
● Transport of construction materials by truck.

3.4 EQUIPMENTS USED FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION

Figure 3.3
Personal Protection equipments used at site

● Construction safety helmet

● Construction work gloves
● Safety glass

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 4. CEMENT

4.1 PORTLAND CEMENT

Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminate and aluminoferrite It is obtained
by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other minerals in small quantities
which is pulverised and heated at high temperature - around 1500 deg centigrade to produce
"clinker'. The clinker is then ground with small quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder
called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand and stone, it combines
slowly with the water to form a hard mass called concrete. Cement is a hygroscopic material
meaning that it absorbs moisture In presence of moisture it undergoes chemical reaction termed
as hydration. Therefore cement remains in good condition as long as it does not come in contact
with moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it should be tested for its strength
before being taken into use.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades The
classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand mortar cubes of face
area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by weight with a water-
cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure.
The grades are :
● 33 grade
● 43 grade
● 53 grade
The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in
N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is obtained by either intergrinding a pozzolanic material with
clinker and gypsum, or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland cement. Nowadays good
quality fly ash is available from Thermal Power Plants, which are processed and used in
manufacturing of PPC.

4.2 ADVANTAGES OF USING PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT OVER OPC

Pozzolana combines with lime and alkali in cement when water is added and forms compounds
which contribute to strength, impermeability and sulphate resistance. It also contributes to
workability, reduces bleeding and controls destructive expansion from alkali-aggregate reactions.
It reduces heat of hydration thereby controlling temperature differentials, which causes thermal
strain and resultant cracking in mass concrete structures like dams. The colour of PPC comes
from the colour of the pozzolanic material used. PPC containing fly ash as a pozzolana will
invariably be slightly different colour than the OPC.One thing should be kept in mind that the
quality of cement depends upon the raw materials used and the quality control measures adopted
during its manufacture, and not on the shade of the cement. The cement gets its colour from the
nature and colour of raw materials used, which will be different from factory to factory, and may

17
even differ in the different batches of cement produced in a factory. Further, the colour of the
finished concrete is affected also by the colour of the aggregates, and to a lesser extent by the
colour of the cement. Preference for any cement on the basis of colour alone is technically
misplaced.

4.3 SETTLING OF CEMENT

When water is mixed with cement, the paste so formed remains pliable and plastic for a short
time. During this period it is possible to disturb the paste and remit it without any deleterious
effects. As the reaction between water and cement continues, the paste loses its plasticity. This
early period in the hardening of cement is referred to as 'setting' of cement.

4.4 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Initial set is when the cement paste loses its plasticity and stiffens considerably. Final set is the
point when the paste hardens and can sustain some minor load. Both are arbitrary points and
these are determined by Vicat needle penetration resistance
Slow or fast setting normally depends on the nature of cement. It could also be due to extraneous
factors not related to the cement. The ambient conditions play an important role. In hot weather,
the setting is faster, in cold weather, setting is delayed. Some types of salts, chemicals, clay, etc
if inadvertently get mixed with the sand, aggregate and water could accelerate or delay the
setting of concrete.

4.5 CEMENT STORAGE

Figure 4.1
Cement storage
It needs extra care or else can lead to loss not only in terms of financial loss but also in terms of
loss in the quality. Following are the don't that should be followed -

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 ● Do not store bags in a building or a godown in which the walls, roof and floor are not
completely weatherproof.
● Do not store bags in a new warehouse until the interior has thoroughly tried out.
● Do not be content with badly fitting windows and doors, make sure they fit properly and
ensure that they are kept shut.
● Do not stack bags against the wall. Similarly, don't pile them on the floor unless it is a
dry concrete floor. If not, bags should be stacked on wooden planks or sleepers.
● Do not forget to pile the bags close together
● Do not pile more than 15 bags high and arrange the bags in a header-and-stretcher
fashion.
● Do not disturb the stored cement until it is to be taken out for use.
● Do not take out bags from one tier only. Step back two or three tiers.
● Do not keep dead storage. The principle of first-in first-out should be followed in
removing bags.
● Do not stack bags on the ground for temporary storage at work sites. Pile them on a
raised, dry platform and cover with tarpaulin or polythene sheet.

5. COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE

5.1 COARSE AGGREGATE

Figure 5.1
Coarse Aggregate

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Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone It should be hard, strong,
dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable
matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have granular
or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery surfaces.Aggregates should be properly
screened and if necessary washed clean before use.
Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected. The
grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-383.
After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate should not
gain in weight more than 5%.
Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent segregation of sizes and avoid
contamination with fines.
Depending upon the coarse aggregate colour, there quality can be determined as:
Black = very good quality
Blue => good
Whitish =bad quality

5.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Figure 5.2
Fine Aggregate
Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is
added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural
river sand is used as a fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates
should be free from coagulated lumps.
Grading of natural sand or crushed stone ie. fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5
percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve No. 150 not less than 45%
or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60% shall
pass IS sieve No. 600 micron.

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 6. REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in concrete
structure. They are like skeletonS in the human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other
reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of
reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads
Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part l) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars
conforming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield
stresses 415 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2 respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being
used most commonly nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of
higher yield stress and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies have
brought thermo mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added
features.
Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars start
from 8 mm diameter. For general house constructions, bars of diameter 6 to 20 mm are used.
Transverse reinforcements are very important. They not only take care of structural requirements
but also help main reinforcements to remain in their desired position. They play a very
significant role while abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like earthquakes etc.
They should be closely spaced as per the drawing and properly tied to the main/longitudinal
reinforcement

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6.1 TERMS USED IN REINFORCEMENT

6.1.1 BAR-BENDING-SCHEDULE
Bar-bending-schedule is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advance before cutting
and bending of rebars. This schedule contains all details of size, shape and dimension of rebars to
be cut.

Bar bending refers to the process of shaping reinforcing steel bars (rebar) according to the
structural requirements of a construction project. Here's a brief overview in 8 lines:

1. Purpose: Bar bending is crucial in construction to create reinforced concrete structures that
withstand loads and enhance structural integrity.

2. Material: Typically, it involves the manipulation of steel reinforcement bars, commonly

known as rebar, which are embedded in concrete to provide tensile strength.

3. Specifications: Engineers specify the bending angles, dimensions, and placements of rebars
based on structural design and construction drawings.

4. Tools: Specialized tools like rebar benders and cutters are used for precision bending, ensuring
the bars conform to the required shapes.

6.1.2 LAPPING AND LAP LENGTH

Figure 6.1
Lapping of steel in staggered formation

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Lapping the reinforcement bars side by side to obtain the desired design length is known as
lapping. The primary objective of providing the lap is to ensure the efficient transfer of axial
force from the terminating bar to the new connected bar along the same line of action in the
junction.
Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length.

Lap length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighbouring bar
lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one cross section, a
maximum of 50%

6.1.3 ANCHORAGE LENGTH

This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in another at the
junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction, column bars in
footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length mentioned in previous question or
as per the design instructions

6.1.4 COVER BLOCK

Figure 6.2
Cover Block

Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shuttering plates and thereby
providing a minimum cover and fixing the reinforcements as per the design drawings.
Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the concreting activity. To
prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires called binding wires (projected
from cover surface and placed during making or casting of cover blocks) is recommended.
Covers should be made of cement sand mortar (1:3). Ideally, the cover should have strength
similar to the surrounding concrete, with the least perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate

23
through the periphery will be minimised. Provision of minimum covers as per the Indian
standards for durability of the whole structure should be ensured.
Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover indicates thickness of
the cover block. Normally, cubicle cover blocks are used. As a thumb rule, minimum cover of 2"
in footings, 1.5" in columns and 1" for other structures may be ensured.

6.2 THINGS TO NOTE ON SITE DURING REINFORCEMENT WORK

● Reinforcement should be free from loose rust, oil paints, mud etc. it should be cut, bent
and fixed properly.
● The reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in position by providing proper cover
blocks, spacers, supporting bars, laps etc.
● Reinforcements shall be placed and tied such that concrete placement is possible without
segregation, and compaction possible by an immersion vibrator.
● For any steel reinforcement bar, weight per running metre is equal to d*d/162 Kg, where
d is diameter of the bar in mm. For example, a 10 mm diameter bar will weigh 10x10/162
= 0.617 Kg/m.
● Three types of bars were used in reinforcement of a slab. These include straight bars,
crank bars and an extra bar. The main steel is placed in which the straight steel is binded
first, then the crank steel is placed and extra steel is placed in the end. The extra steel
comes over the support while the crank is encountered at a distance of ¼1-distance
between the surrounding supports.
● For providing nominal cover to the steel in beam, cover blocks were used which were
made of concrete and were casted with a thin steel wire in the centre which projects
outward. These keep the reinforcement at a distance from the bottom of the shuttering.
● For maintaining the gap between the main steel and the distribution steel, steel chairs are
placed between them

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 7. SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING

Figure 7.1
Shuttering

The term SHUTTERING' or 'FORMWORK' includes all forms, moulds, sheeting, shuttering
planks, walrus, poles, posts, standards,V-Heads, struts, and structure, ties,steel rods, bolts,
wedges, and all other temporary supports to the concrete during the process of sheeting.

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 Figure 7.2
Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure on the outside of a building, made of wooden planks and
metal poles, used by workmen while building, repairing, or cleaning the building.

7.1 FORM WORK

Figure 7.3
Formwork
Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed, so that it will have
the desired shape or outline when hardened. Once the concrete develops adequate strength, the
forms are removed. Forms are generally made of the materials like timber, plywood, steel, etc.
Generally camber is provided in the formwork for horizontal members to counteract the effect of
deflection caused due to the weight of reinforcement and concrete placed over that. A proper
lubrication of shuttering plates is also done before the placement of reinforcement. The oil film
sandwiched between concrete and formwork surface not only helps in easy removal of shuttering
but also prevents loss of moisture from the concrete through absorption and evaporation.

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The steel form work was designed and constructed to the shapes, lines and dimensions shown on
the drawings. All forms were sufficiently water tight to prevent leakage of mortar. Forms were
so constructed as to be removable in sections. One side of the column forms were left open and
the open side filled in board by board successively as the concrete is placed and compacted
except when vibrators are used. A key was made at the end of each casting in concrete columns
of appropriate size to give proper bondings to columns and walls as per relevant IS.

7.2 ERECTION OF FORMWORK

The following applies to all formwork:
A. Care should be taken that all formwork is set to plumb and true to line and level.
B. When reinforcement passes through the formwork care should be taken to ensure close
fitting joints against the steel bars so as to avoid loss of fines during the compaction of
concrete.
C. If formwork is held together by bolts or wires, these should be so fixed that no iron is
exposed on the surface against which concrete is to be laid.
D. Provision is made in the shuttering for beams, columns and walls for a port hole of
convenient size so that all extraneous materials that may be collected could be removed
just prior to concreting.
E. Formwork is so arranged as to permit removal of forms without jarring the concrete.
Wedges, clamps, and bolts should be used where practicable instead of nails.
1) Surfaces of forms in contact with concrete are oiled with a mould oil of approved quality. The
use of oil, which darkens the surface of the concrete, is not allowed. Oiling is done before
reinforcement is placed and care taken that no oil comes in contact with the reinforcement while
it is placed in position. The formwork is kept thoroughly wet during concreting and the whole
time that it is left in place.
Immediately before concreting is commenced, the formwork is carefully examined to ensure the
following:
● Removal of all dirt, shavings, sawdust and other refuse by brushing and washing.
● The tightness of joints between panels of sheathing and between these and any hardened
core.
● The correct location of tie bars bracing and spacers, and especially connections of
bracing.

27
● That all wedges are secured and firm in position.
● That provision is made for traffic on formwork not to bear directly on reinforcement
steel.

8. INTERNSHIP AT JETTIHUNDI LAYOUT

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8.1 PROJECT DETAILS
Figure 8.1

jettihundi Layout plan

8.1.1 Jettihundi Phase-1 details

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8.1.2 Jettihundi Phase-2 details:

8.1.3 Pedestrian path way

Figure 8.2
Pedestrian pathway
A pedestrian pathway, often referred to as a sidewalk or footpath, is a designated route for
pedestrians to walk safely alongside roads and streets. These pathways are essential for ensuring
the safety of pedestrians, providing them with a dedicated space away from vehicular traffic.
Pedestrian pathways are typically constructed with materials like concrete or asphalt and may
include features such as curb ramps, crosswalks, and proper lighting to enhance safety. They
play a crucial role in promoting walking as a sustainable and healthy mode of transportation in
urban areas.

30
Here a pedestrian pathway of width 1.22m is provided.

8.1.4 Drainage

Figure 8.3
Roadside drainage

● Roadside drainage holes, also known as stormwater drains or culverts, collect and divert
rainwater from road surfaces to prevent flooding and erosion.
● They are typically covered with grates or covers to prevent debris, trash, and pedestrians
from falling in or clogging the system.
● Regular maintenance is essential to keep these drainage holes clear and functional to
prevent waterlogging and road damage.
● Proper design and installation are critical to ensure efficient water flow and prevent road
surface deterioration.
● Roadside drainage holes play a crucial role in safeguarding road infrastructure and
ensuring road safety during heavy rain and storms.

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 9. INTERNSHIP AT QUEST INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Figure 9.1
Quest International school construction site

The QUEST INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL is one of the institutes of SIDDHARTHA

INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY(SIT), TUMKUR in Subhash Nagar, MYSURU. The total
estimated cost of this project is 20Cr. This project is started from Jun 6th 2022 and it is still in
under construction. This project will be completed of by March 2024. This project is undertaken
by Aryan Constructions. Client of this Project is present Honourable Home Minister of
Karnataka Mr G Parameswara. The Architect Consultants is KKALPANE Consultants,
Bangalore.

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9.1 FOUNDATION
9.1.2 DEFINITION
Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a
building and transmits its loads directly to the earth. Foundation is generally of two types:
1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation

9.1.3 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

9.1.4 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The open refers to the fact
that the foundation made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then
constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, entire footing is visible to the eye, and
therefore is called open foundation. The idea is that each footing takes the concentrated load of
the column and spreads it over a large area, so that the actual weight on the soil does not exceed
the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

33
 Types of shallow foundations are:

9.1.5 STRIP FOOTING

The footing which supports long masonry or RCC wall is known as strip footing. In this
type of footing the width of footing is twice the width of wall which is rested on it,
sometimes even wider. It runs throughout the wall. If Bearing Capacity is more than width
of footing is lesser. Generally used in load bearing structures.

9.1.6 ISOLATED FOOTING

This type of footing supports individual column. If good soil is available then this type of
footings is economical. This type of footings is used generally when Soil Bearing Capacity
is high, loads on footings are less, columns of a building are not closely spaced.
This kind of footing is of three types:
1. Flat footing
2. Stepped footing
3. Sloped footing

9.1.7 COMBINED FOOTING

Footing that supports two or more columns is known as combined footing. When one
column is closed to property line the centre of gravity of column will not coincide with
footing in such cases it is necessary to provide combined footing with that of internal
column, the ultimate aim is to get uniform pressure distribution under entire area of footing.
Combined footings are further classified into following types based on their shapes: 1.
Rectangular Combined footing
2. Trapezoidal combined footing
3. Strap beam combined footing

9.1.8 STRAP BEAM COMBINED FOOTING

Strap beam combined footing is used when one column is located on a property line,
resulting in an eccentric load on a portion of footing. In this type of footing a beam is
provided to the adjacent column footing to restrain the overturning effect.

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9.1.9 DEEP FOUNDATION
A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth further
down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of
depths. This process is utilized when existing soil is not stable enough to handle a
foundation. Here the depth of foundation is greater than the width of the foundation. Types
of Deep foundation
1. Pile foundation
2. Caisson foundation

9.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. S.B.C for foundation is 1.6 T/SQM @ 2.00m.

2. Foundation should be laid at the depth as recommended in the soil test report.

3. The foundation of the building is designed for GROUND FLOOR + 3 FLOORS.

4. PCC-M10 grade Concrete, 150mm thick.

5. Footing clear cover 50mm.

6. Footing concrete M30.

7. Type of Footing: Isolated, Combined.

9.3 BLOCK WORK

Construction of solid blocks bonded together with mortar is termed as block masonry. The
strength of the block work primarily depends upon the quality and strength of the blocks, types
of mortar and the method of bonding adopted in construction. Mortar not only acts as a
cementing material but also imparts strength to the work by holding the individual blocks
together to act as a homogeneous mass. Mortar is usually a mixture of cement and sand or lime
and sand or the mixture of three. The strength of the masonry also depends on the nature of
workmanship and supervision.
The general principle which would be observed for a sound block masonry construction is given
below.

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● The blocks used in a good work should be sound, hard and well burnt with uniform size,
shape and colour. They should have no cracks or flaws and a fractured surface should be
free from holes, grit or lumps of lime etc.,
● The floor shall be cleaned for any dirt or unwanted materials.
● The marking of the block wall shall be made with the proper supervision of the engineer
using the respective drawings and specifications.
● Concrete bed layer shall be laid and above which the first layer of the block will be
placed with proper spacing of mortar. The blocks should be slightly pressed into the bed
mortar while laying so as to ensure proper adhesion.
● All the courses should be laid truly horizontal and all the vertical joints should be truly
vertical.
●
● All the joints should be properly flushed and filled with mortar so that no cavity is left in
between.
● Half block partition walls should be reinforced with suitable reinforcement placed at
every third or fourth course of the block work. The reinforcement may be in form of mild
steel bars, flat bars, expanded mesh etc.,

Figure 9.2
Block work at site

● All the finished masonry work should be kept wet for at least 7 days.
● Plastering should be done after about 28 days of completion of block masonry. This
permits adequate time for the shrinkage in masonry and concrete to take place before
plastering operation is carried out.
● Table : Different block sizes are used on site.

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Table 3.4: Details of blocks required for block work of about 1m3 areas.

Block Work Per 1 m3. Different block sizes used in site and details of blocks required for block
works of about 1m3 areas are shown in the table {fill in above 2 table} and {fill in above 2
table} respectively.

9.4 PLASTERING

Figure 9.3
Ceiling and wall plastering at site

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This is a process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even,
smooth, regular, clean and durable surface. Plastering conceals defective workmanship
and covers up unsound and cheap quality material. Plastering is required to provide a
satisfactory base for decorating the surface by white washing, colour washing,
painting. The plaster is made by working together a mixture of building materials
which may be cement, lime or clay, fine aggregate and water. Fine sand is often
recommended for plastering and it should be so graded that it does not pass by more
than 5% through a sieve. Sand used should be clean, sharp and free from deleterious
matter.

Plastering was done in two coats for external wall and a single coat for internal wall.
External wall 2 coats because one coat is with only mortar and the other outer coat is
of mortar with weather proof course. 100 to 150 sqft/day work is completed by the
workers. Figure 3.5 shows Ceiling and wall plastering at site. Below Table Shows
details of plastering and details of materials required for plastering of about 1m 2 areas
respectively.

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Preparation of the surface for plastering

● The durability of the plaster depends to a great extent upon its adhesion with the
block masonry. The preparation of surface for plastering is therefore of prime
importance.
● All the projections which extend by more than 30mm from the general surface of
the masonry wall face are knocked off to obtain surface and this also helps to reduce
consumption of plaster.
● In order to obtain a good key for the plaster with the wall surface, all the joints in the
masonry are raked out for depth of at least 13mm.
● Dust or loose mortar is brushed out of the raked joints. The surface is rendered free
from oily/greasy spots.
● The surface is thoroughly washed with water and kept wet before paltering
commences.

9.5 REINFORCEMENT WORK

Concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression. Its tensile strength is approximately
10% of its compressive strength. Therefore, concrete is generally used in conjunction with steel
reinforcement, which provides the tensile strength in a concrete member. The use of plain
concrete without steel reinforcement is limited to pavements and some slabs-on-ground. Steel is
the ideal material to complement concrete because the thermal expansion of both materials is the
same. In other words, when heated or cooled, both steel and concrete expand or contract equally.
Consequently, no stress is caused by differential expansion or contraction. Composite materials
that expand differentially are subjected to such stresses.

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9.5.1 Beam Reinforcement

The loads on beams comprise loads from slabs, walls, any concentrated load from the
secondary beams and self weight of the beam. The loads are directly taken from the loads on
frames. Cover of the beam is 1.

● Tension Reinforcement

The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall be not less than A s = 0.85bd/fy
Where, As = minimum area of tension reinforcement.
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of T-beam
d= effective depth.

fy= characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mmm2

● Compression Reinforcement

Figure 9.4
Compression reinforcement

The maximum area of compression reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04bD.

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9.5.2 Slab Reinforcement
Slabs are of two types namely one way slab and two way slab. The slabs having ratio of longer
length to its shorter length (Ly/Lx) greater than 2 is called one way slab otherwise as two way
slab. In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel to shorter direction and the reinforcement
parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel. In a two-way slab main reinforcement is
provided along both directions. Cover of the slab is 0.75”. Below fig shows the slab
reinforcement

Slab

Figure 9.5
slab reinforcement

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 ● Thickness of slab is decided based on span to depth ratio specified in IS 456-
2000. Min reinforcement is 0.12% (for HYSD bars) and 0.15% (for mild
steel bars) gross cross sectional area.
● The diameter of bars generally used in slabs are 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm
and 16mm.
● The maximum diameter of the bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8 of
the total thickness of the slab.
● Maximum spacing of the main bar is restricted to 3 times effective depth or
300mm whichever is less.
● For distribution bars the maximum spacing is specified as 5 times the
effective depth of 450mm whichever is less.

9.5.3 Cover

Cover is minimum spacing that should be maintained between each length of bar as well as the
spacing between the bar and shuttering. Providing cover ensures flow of concrete through all
portions and spaces between the rebar mesh and cage. If the correct cover has been provided the
rebar will be evenly distributed throughout the RCC structure after concrete has been placed.

9.6 HANGING / FLOATING COLUMN

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 Figure 9.6
floating column
Column is the vertical structural member which is used to support the load coming from the
structure and transmit to the footing. It is subjected to compressive forces with or without
bending. Floating column or hanging column is also the column but it rests in the beam rather
than in footing. There is not much difference between the normal column and the floating or
hanging column, the difference is on which it rests.

The hanging column may start from any floor either from the first, second or any intermediate
floor. But the floating column rests in the beams. The beam which supports the hanging column
is called transfer beam, and it supports the load of the floating column and transfers the loads up
to the foundation. The transfer beam acts as the foundation for that hanging column which rests
on it.

Normally the load transfer mechanism involves transfer of dead and live load to slab, slab to
beam, beam to column, column to footing and footing to the underneath soil. But the floating
column violates this common assumption and the floating column transfers the load to beam and
beam to column again.

9.6.1 Advantage of floating or hanging column:

● It helps to alter the plan of the top floor to our convenience.
● Floating column supports the gravity load and makes the structure safe.
● The span of the upper beam is decreased due to the presence of floating columns which
reduces the size of members.

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9.7 WALL CHASING

Figure 9.7
groves in wall for electrical works

Wall chasing is a crucial method in the construction and renovation industry that involves cutting
narrow, precise channels or trenches into concrete or masonry walls. It is typically accomplished
using specialised equipment like wall chasers or grinders equipped with diamond blades,
designed to create clean and even cuts. The primary purpose of wall chasing is to accommodate
the installation of electrical conduits, plumbing pipes, or other utility lines within the walls,
ensuring a sleek and professional appearance.

To execute wall chasing effectively, workers must follow safety measures, including using dust
control systems and wearing personal protective equipment, as this process can generate a
significant amount of dust and debris. Precise measurements and planning are essential to avoid
structural damage and to ensure that the channels are appropriately sized for the intended
utilities. Wall chasing is a fundamental skill in the construction and remodelling trades, allowing
for efficient and tidy integration of essential infrastructure within walls, promoting both
functionality and aesthetics in building projects.

9.8 SUNKEN SLABS

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 Figure 9.8
sunken slab

A sunken slab or sunk slab is provided below the normal floor level in bathrooms, toilets,
and laundry areas, where pipes or drainage systems are laid. It is constructed with the
purpose of concealing all the pipes below the floor level to maintain the aesthetic appeal
of the space. The slab is usually placed at a depth of around 30 cm below conventional
floor level to accommodate pipes and utility ducts.

9.8.1 Steps for construction of sunken slabs:

1. Place formworks similar to other elements of the building.
2. Install reinforcement as per the design.
3. Pour the concrete and cure it adequately. The concrete needs to be
sufficiently dense and watertight.
4. Spray a mixture of cement and waterproofing material on the
reinforced concrete sunken slab.

5. Place a plaster layer with cement mortar on the sunken slab.

6. Use non-shrinkage, waterproofing adhesive to fix tiles for flooring

and walls to improve the tiling area‟s waterproofing.

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 7. Fasten joints of sanitary pipes with specially constructed
sealants to avoid water leakage.
9.8.2 Fill materials for sunken slab:
● Lightweight broken CLC blocks
● Lightweight cinder
● Broken bricks
● Brick jelly
● Coal lumps
● Burnt tar lumps

10. SPECIFIC OUTCOMES FROM INTERNSHIP

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4.1 PERFORMANCE DURING ACCOMPLISHING WORK TASKS
The absolutely good reason behind this performance was that we integrate with all
workers within a short time and get involved in different site works to gain more
knowledge about the working environment in the site and improve ourselves with more
site works and office work. Since the site work is very repetitive we have been
working in different sites to get involved and pass through different types of works.
Especially the work tasks we have been performing on the office field were very
impressive because we didn‘t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and
report writing etc. In general, in a month we perform all my duties and gain the
knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory we have learnt in the
class in the last three years. Also we transform myself to another level of skill, ethics,
knowledge and leadership using this internship program.

4.2 CHALLENGES FACED

Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the
interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction
industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different
skills, resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate and
work closely in each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when
he/she is fresher or beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by us but some
are above my limit and even the workers at the site also. In general we have faced the
following challenges in the internship period.

● Weather condition of the site.

● Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.
● Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Forman.
● Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers/foreman.
● Safety facility.

4.3 OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP

On site internship provides an enhanced understanding of the outside working
environment. The main aim of this internship is to teach students communication with
different workers or employees, to improve practical skills that they learned at class,

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 upgrading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class, to improve their
leadership skills, team playing skills, etc.

In a month working under BAI, Mysuru I have acquired much knowledge in different
tasks as explained below in different sections of the work offered. Those different
knowledge got me a good share of practical knowledge in the internship period and I
gained an experience that helps me in my future.

4.3.1 Improving Practical Skill

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for students. So, we
have as much practical knowledge at the site as possible within one month. The
knowledge we have learned in the program is helpful to get practical or real work in
the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus we
found some knowledge in the site which helps us to work with the site environment or
site peoples.

Some of the practical knowledge we gained from the internship program was:

● Construction of formwork and falsework for some reinforced concrete

structure.

In any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing
and constructing formwork. As explained in the work procedure the formwork
and falsework must be stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the concrete
gains its strength.

● Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according to the specified

drawing.

After the formwork and falsework is ready the bar bending, positioning and
tying work goes next. This work is done based on the working drawing
provided in the working drawings (structural drawing) by the design team of
that specified structure. In most cases it was new for me to see such work since
it is a practical work only performed at the site.

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 ● Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used for
casting.

Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the

main constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure. Thus it is
mandatory to know this material in practice including how it is treated, placed
(poured), mixed and the equipment used for that work. I got practical
knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete.

● Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in

construction sites.
Many of great structures before are a product of numerous human power and
countless days inspired by great powers. Machines are capable of handling
tough work which may be beyond the scope of human labour to be performed.
They can be expected to work with fair degree of effectiveness even under
adverse weather, climate or topographical conditions. I generally know how
equipment is used in the site including their specific purpose.

4.4 UPGRADING THE THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help
students to upgrade or increase knowledge that they already have. I try to integrate the
practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different places in
order to get more knowledge than the theory we learned in the class. I found internship
program very interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I learned
from the site some theories that we haven‘t learn in the classroom by searching
different related literature. Some of this is:
● Labour billing
● Quantity measurement, etc.,

4.5 UPGRADING INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILL

Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to

get some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building
design and construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the achievement of
profitability and efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is

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 beneficial to all building professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success
of the construction. Construction is one of the places that requires good
communication skill either managing every trade of work or even learning. So,
communication is an important way of learning, which can be defined formally as the
act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills and sharing what we know.
Cool communication is important in the real constructions world and it can appear in
different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. In the site the most things I gain is
due to communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and unskilled
workers, Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk to workers and ask
them what we want because of improper communication or language barrier.

4.6 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILL

Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers,
involved in every piece of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential for
Effective completion of tasks and Increasing productivity. This skill already exists in
my personality on campus due to different assignments and project works that I work
together with students. But this skill is more than this in the construction site. In the
construction site the work is already a team work and it needs more closeness of
workers to solve problems that arise in different aspects, misunderstanding in the
drawing or working methodology and consult every work. We the students at the site
also work together as a team to get more understanding and share ideas. More or less I
improved my teamwork status by working together with different professionals,
students and workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and consulting.

4.7 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILL

Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an
organisational goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and
organised to perform its day to day activities. Among all other management I have
seen that human resource management is the most important one. I have actually

50
 observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done by each
worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan or schedule. Leadership is
a skill to guide, control and monitor people. For effective leadership I understand that
personal values like confidence, effective communication and devotion are very
important.

In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.

● Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge).
● Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
● Make sound and timely decisions.
● Know your people and look out for their well-being.
● Keep your workers informed.
● Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
● Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
● Use the full capabilities of your organisation.
● Listening to others.
● Being organised.
● Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.

In the site it was impossible for us to lead anything because we go to the site to learn
about the site work and we don‘t have enough ability to handle such work in such a
short time but we have learned how to become a good leader and the main signal of a
good leader.

Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn‘t easy because it takes a conscious
commitment and consistent effort to develop one‘s leadership skills. But on the
positive side, anyone who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.

11.CONCLUSION

· The internship is a bridge between theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality
work at the field of construction or civil engineering work.

· We all who take the internship class go the companies that are already working either as a
consultant or a contractor.

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· This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works
can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in
building construction.

· As an undergraduate, this training program was an excellent opportunity for me to get to the
ground level and experience the things that I would have never gained through

· Internship was a very great opportunity. I got to apply the theories that I learnt with the real
industry for real situations.

· Having exposed to situations I was able to obtain a lot of experiences which will be
definitely helpful to attain success in my future career as an engineer.

· Finally, I can say with great pleasure that 30 days of internship was a helpful period of time
for me to excel my skills.

· The experience I gained through this training program will be a strong foundation to my
career.

12. REFERENCES

1. M S Shetty, 2012, “Construction Technology Theory and Practice”, 6th

edition, published by S Chand and Company Ltd.
2. IS: 456, Plain and reinforced concrete-code of practice, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 2000.

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3. IS: 383, Indian standards specification for coarse and fine aggregates from
natural sources for concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1970.
4. IS: 10262, recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1999.

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