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    NS and ES

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    Desiree Francisco
    The nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate the functions of the body. The nervous system uses electrical signals called neurons to transmit information throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and limbs. It has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary movement, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. The autonomic nervous system further divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which work in tandem to activate the fight or flight response and rest/digest responses respectively.

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    NS and ES

    Uploaded by

    Desiree Francisco
    13 views23 pages
    The nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate the functions of the body. The nervous system uses electrical signals called neurons to transmit information throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and limbs. It has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary movement, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. The autonomic nervous system further divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which work in tandem to activate the fight or flight response and rest/digest responses respectively.

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    NS-and-ES (1)

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    The nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate the functions of the body. The nervous system uses electrical signals called neurons to transmit information throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and limbs. It has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary movement, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. The autonomic nervous system further divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which work in tandem to activate the fight or flight response and rest/digest responses respectively.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    13 views23 pages

    NS and ES

    Uploaded by

    Desiree Francisco
    The nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate the functions of the body. The nervous system uses electrical signals called neurons to transmit information throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and limbs. It has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary movement, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. The autonomic nervous system further divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which work in tandem to activate the fight or flight response and rest/digest responses respectively.

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    of 23

    Nervous System and Endocrine System

    Functions
    1. Coordinates and controls the workings of the components of
    the body (Control center for all body activities)
    2. Like a communication network that transmits information by
    electrical signals called neurons or nerve cells
    3. Responds and adapts to changes that occur both inside and
    outside the body
    (Ex: pain, temperature, pregnancy)
    Neurons - basic cell of the NS that carries impulses or action
    potential from one part to another
    3 Parts:
    1. Cell Body (Soma) – controls the growth of the nerve cell
    2. Dendrites- short-branched fibers that carry impulses towards
    the cell body
    3. Axon- long, thin fibers that carry messages away from the cell
    body
    General Organization of the Nervous System
    Central Nervous System
    Consists of the brain and spinal cord
    Where interneurons receive and pass on messages
    brain – control center
    spinal cord – relays sensory and motor information to and
    from the brain to other parts of the body
    Organs of the nervous
    system can be divided
    into two groups:

    The central
    nervous system
    (CNS) is composed
    of the brain and
    spinal cord. These
    neurons cannot
    regenerate if
    damaged.
    Brain – moist and spongy
    consists of 10 B neurons
    controls everything a person does
    produces wave of electrical impulses that differ in length and
    frequency
    Brain Protection
    1. skull
    2. meninges
    3. cerebrospinal fluid
    Parts of the Brain
    1. Cerebrum- large upper region
    controls activity and thought
    has 2 sides: left and right hemispheres
    2. Cerebellum-beneath the back of the cerebrum
    coordinates muscle movement
    3.Brain stem-below the cerebellum at the base of the skull
    controls heart beat, breathing and blood pressure
    Medulla-controls breathing , heart beat and swallowing
    Pons-regulates breathing and controls eye movement
    Midbrain-eye movement
    Thalamus-smaller part of the brain that process info from sense
    organs
    the relay station of senses
    Hypothalamus-regulates body temperature, use of water, blood
    pressure and release of chemicals
    Spinal Cord
    Rod of tissue that runs down and back to the brain
    Protected by the spinal column and with 3 meninges and
    cerebrospinal fluid
    Peripheral Nervous System
    Made up of cranial and spinal nerves
    Spinal nerves-carry motor and sensory signals
    Cranial nerves-carry info into and out of the brain stem
    Connects the CNS to the organs and limbs
    Divisions:
    1.Somatic NS-responsible for the actions that a person can
    control
    controls voluntary movements
    2.Autonomic NS-controls involuntary responses
    Ex. Muscle movement to digest food, heartbeat, breathing
    a. Sympathetic- prepares the body for action and stress; fight or
    flight
    Ex. Inc heart rate and breathing, sweating
    b. Parasympathetic-helps the body conserve E;
    restores the body to normal or relaxed mode
    Ex. Rest ; digest
    • The peripheral
    nervous system
    (PNS) is made up
    of peripheral
    nerves that
    connect the CNS
    to the rest of the
    body. These
    neurons can
    regenerate if
    damaged.
    • 31 pairs of spinal
    nerves
    • 12 pairs of cranial
    nerves
    • PNS can be
    subdivided into 2
    divisions:
    • (1) Autonomic
    – Cranial & spinal
    nerves connecting
    CNS to heart,
    stomach,
    intestines, glands
    – Controls
    unconscious
    activities
    • (2) Somatic
    – Cranial & spinal nerves connecting CNS to
    skin & skeletal muscles
    – Oversees conscious activities
    Organization of Nervous
    System

    Nervous System

    Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous


    System System
    Brain & spinal cord

    Autonomic N.S. Somatic N.S.


    Peripheral Nervous System
    • Autonomic division of the nervous system
    can be subdivided into 2 divisions:
    • (1) Parasympathetic
    – Decreases heart rate, bronchiole dilation, blood
    glucose, blood to skeletal muscle
    – Increases digestion, pupil size, urinary output
    – “rest and digest”
    • (2) Sympathetic
    – Decreases digestion, pupil size, urinary output
    – Increases heart rate, bronchiole dilation, blood
    glucose, blood to skeletal muscle
    – “fight or flight”
    Disorders of the NS
    1. Meningitis- inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial
    infection or virus
    2. Cerebral Palsy- lack of full control of physical movement and
    muscle tightness of limbs or mouth
    3. Parkinson’s Disease-affects the movement of a person
    4. Brain tumor-meninges tumor
    5. Epilepsy-cluster of nerve cells or neurons act abnormally
    characterized by strange emotions, convulsions and muscle
    spasms
    6. Alzheimer’s Disease
    A gradual shrinking of the neurons in the cerebrum
    Symptoms: memory loss, emotional disturbances, inability to
    function on own, death
    Diseases / Disorders of the Endocrine System
    Hypothyroidism – the thyroid gland cannot produce the normal
    amount of thyroid hormone
    Hyperthyroidism – over secretion of thyroid hormone
    Cushing’s Syndrome – the tumor in the pituitary gland causes the
    adrenal gland to produce too much stress hormone called cortisol
    Metabolic Syndrome – aka insulin resistance ; the patient has
    elevated insulin level and abdominal obesity
    Estrogen Deficiency – affects female due to a drop in estrogen
    levels
    Testosterone Deficiency – a low level of testosterone due to
    pituitary, adrenal or ovary/ testis problem
    Gigantism or Acromegaly – a disease in the pituitary gland that
    produces too much growth hormones; opposite of Dwarfism

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