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    Cerebellum: John H. Martin, Ph.D. Center For Neurobiology & Behavior Columbia University

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    Sasikala Mohan
    The cerebellum plays a key role in motor learning and coordination through comparing intended and actual movements and generating corrective signals. It helps automate and optimize behavior. While traditionally viewed as motor-related, evidence also links the cerebellum to cognitive and emotional functions. The cerebellum receives input from mossy fibers and climbing fibers and outputs to deep cerebellar nuclei which project to motor areas in the brainstem and cortex. Cerebellar lesions cause incoordination, delays in movement, and an inability to anticipate and correct errors.

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    Cerebellum: John H. Martin, Ph.D. Center For Neurobiology & Behavior Columbia University

    Uploaded by

    Sasikala Mohan
    79 views21 pages
    The cerebellum plays a key role in motor learning and coordination through comparing intended and actual movements and generating corrective signals. It helps automate and optimize behavior. While traditionally viewed as motor-related, evidence also links the cerebellum to cognitive and emotional functions. The cerebellum receives input from mossy fibers and climbing fibers and outputs to deep cerebellar nuclei which project to motor areas in the brainstem and cortex. Cerebellar lesions cause incoordination, delays in movement, and an inability to anticipate and correct errors.

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    Cerebellum

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    The cerebellum plays a key role in motor learning and coordination through comparing intended and actual movements and generating corrective signals. It helps automate and optimize behavior. While traditionally viewed as motor-related, evidence also links the cerebellum to cognitive and emotional functions. The cerebellum receives input from mossy fibers and climbing fibers and outputs to deep cerebellar nuclei which project to motor areas in the brainstem and cortex. Cerebellar lesions cause incoordination, delays in movement, and an inability to anticipate and correct errors.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    79 views21 pages

    Cerebellum: John H. Martin, Ph.D. Center For Neurobiology & Behavior Columbia University

    Uploaded by

    Sasikala Mohan
    The cerebellum plays a key role in motor learning and coordination through comparing intended and actual movements and generating corrective signals. It helps automate and optimize behavior. While traditionally viewed as motor-related, evidence also links the cerebellum to cognitive and emotional functions. The cerebellum receives input from mossy fibers and climbing fibers and outputs to deep cerebellar nuclei which project to motor areas in the brainstem and cortex. Cerebellar lesions cause incoordination, delays in movement, and an inability to anticipate and correct errors.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Cerebellum

    John H. Martin, Ph.D. Center for Neurobiology & Behavior Columbia University

    Cerebellar Signs

    Hypometria & Response delays

    Ataxia

    PNS Fig. 42-16

    Incoordination/ rapid alternating movements (disdiadochokinesia)

    Research Points to Several Key Cerebellar Functions


    Comparison of intent and action (ie., errors) and generates corrective signals Motor learning and adaptation Plays a role in automating and optimizing behavior Motor cognition and general cognition & emotions (new evidence; controversial)

    Goal: Cerebellar function


    Overview of motor system hierarchy Cerebellar anatomy Principal pathways out of the cerebellum-How the cerebellum impacts the motor pathways Experimental approaches to reveal:
    Motor learning Mental processes underlying movement control Role in cognition and emotions

    Motor Hierarchy

    1 Som sensory

    Intent Actual

    Exerts influence at all levels

    Cerebellar Functional Anatomy

    Cerebellar Cortex

    Deep Cerebellar Nuclei: Dentate

    Interposed

    Fastigial

    PNS Fig. 42-1

    Input-output Organization
    Cerebellar cortex Deep Cerebellar Nuclei: Fastigial Interposed Dendate

    Cortex

    + +
    Nuclei Output Vestibular nuclei

    Extrinsic inputs: mossy fiber climbing fiber NTA Fig. 13-2,4

    Cerebellar divisions
    Spinocerebellum: Spinocerebellum (Vermis + Intermed. Hem) Control of limbs and trunk Cerebrocerebellum (Lateral hemisphere) Planning of movement+ Vestibulo-cerebellum (Floculo-nodular lobe) Control of eye & head movements Balance IVth vent
    Vermis Intermediate hem.

    Cerebrocerebellum:
    Lateral hem.

    Vermis Intermediate hem. Lateral hem.

    NTA Fig. 13-1

    Floculo-nodular lobe

    Cerebellar Cortex
    Inputs Climbing fibers from Inferior olive Mossy fibers

    Output Purkinje neurons


    Interneurons Granule neurons

    Stellate neurons
    Molecular

    Basket neurons Golgi neurons

    Purkinje Granular

    NTA Fig. 13-11

    Without inhibitory circuits

    With inhibitory circuits

    Inhibition reduces size of active Purkinje neurons

    = Lateral inhibition Output more focused; more precise

    Parallel fiber input to cerebellar cortex

    Functional divisions of cerebellar cortex --> Deep nuclei

    PNS Fig. 42-2

    Functional divisions of cerebellar cortex --> Deep nuclei


    Spinocerebellum

    Vermis Intermediate hemisphere Cerebrocerebellum Lateral hemisphere Spinocerebellum Vermis Intermediate hem Cerebrocerebellum Lateral hemisphere
    Inter

    Dentate posed Fastigial Vestibulocerebellum Vestibulocerebellum Floculo-nodular lobe

    To frontal motor areas

    To lateral sysetms

    To medial sysetms

    To vestibular nuclei

    Motor Planning +++

    Motor execution

    Eye mvt & balance

    PNS Fig. 42-3 NTA Fig. 13-1

    Medial & lateral systems


    Interposed nuclei Fastigial

    Vestibulocerebellum via vestibular nuclei

    NTA Fig. 10-2

    Intermediate and Lateral Hemispheres Planning and limb control

    Vermis & Vestibulocerebellum

    Thalamus and Cortical motor areas

    Brain stem nuclei Cerebellar cortex & Deep nuclei Brain stem nuclei Axial control

    Ipsilateral

    PNS Fig. 42-10, 12

    Bilateral

    Functions of the Cerebellum

    Motor learning/adaptation Non-motor functions:


    Active tactile exploration Higher brain functions (cerebellar cognitiveaffective syndrome)

    Motor Learning

    Before Prisms

    Before Prisms

    After

    After

    PNS Fig. 42-15

    Non-motor Function
    Passive stimulation Discriminate roughness

    Manipulate only PNS Fig. 42-14

    Manipulate + discriminate

    Cerebellar Motor Functions


    Implemented via lateral and medial pathways, especially the corticospinal tract Incorporated into motor programs via frontal motor areas (SMA, premotor cortex) Becomes part of motor strategy via prefrontal cortex

    Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Disorder


    Lesions of the posterior cortex and vermis Impairment of executive functions
    Planning, verbal fluency, abstract reasoning

    Difficulties with spatial cognition


    Visuo-spatial organization, visual memory

    Personality changes
    Blunting of affect, inappropriate behaviors

    Language disorders
    Agrammatism

    Conclusions
    Cerebellar lesions produce
    Incoordination & errors not weakness Lose ability to anticipate errors Lose ability to correct

    Motor learning
    Requires sensory awareness Implemented via the descending cortical and brain stem pathways

    Cognitive and emotional disturbances


    Anatomical connections to prefrontal and cingulate cortex (via thalamus)

    No single function
    Clearly mostly motor; learning, optimizes Functions may apply to cognitive and emotional behaviors

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