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KALASALINGAM ACADEMY OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

(Deemed to be University) Anand


Nagar, Krishnankoil – 626 126.
OFFICE OF THE CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS
AER18R403 - Heat Transfer
Question Bank + Key Report

Mapping
Questions in Unit-1 Pattern Marks
COs
Topic: 1D steady state heat conduction
2956 What is a semi-infinite medium? Give examples of solid bodies that Remember CO1 2
can be treated as semi- infinite mediums for heat transfer purposes.

Key:
A semi-infinite medium is an idealized body that has a single exposed
plane surface and extends to infinity in all directions. The earth and
thick walls can be considered to be semi-infinite media.
2951 What does the thermal resistance of a medium represent? and Why are Remember CO1 2
the convection and the radiation resistances at a surface in parallel
instead of being in series?

Key:
The thermal resistance of a medium represents the resistance of that
medium against heat transfer. The convection and the radiation
resistances at a surface are parallel since both the convection and
radiation heat transfers occur simultaneously.
2950 Consider one-dimensional heat conduction through a cylindrical rod Understand CO1 2
of diameter D and length L. What is the heat transfer area of the rod if
(a) the lateral surfaces of the rod are insulated and (b) the top and
bottom surfaces of the rod are insulated?

Key:

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2949 Write down the one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation Understand CO1 2
for a plane wall with constant thermal conductivity and heat
generation in its simplest form, and indicate what each variable
represents.

Key:

3855 Write the one-dimensional heat conduction equation through a plane Remember CO1 2
wall without heat generation.

Key:

3850 State the assumptions used in deriving the one-dimensional heat Understand CO1 2
conduction equation.

Key:
(i) heat flows in all the coordinate directions (ii) heat is generated
uniformly all over the volume and (iii) the temperature at any location
in the body changes with time. In addition, the properties also vary
with the coordinate directions.
3822 What is meant by contact resistance? Understand CO1 2

Key:
When two different layers of conducting materials are placed in
thermal contact, a thermal resistance develops at the interface. This is
termed contact resistance.
3763 . What is the coefficient of Thermal conductivity? Understand CO1 2

Key:
The coefficient of thermal conductivity of a material is defined as the
quantity of heat conducted per second through a unit area of a slab of
unit thickness when the temperature difference between its ends is 1K.

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3761 What is Poisson's equation for heat flow? Understand CO1 2

Key:

3760 What is the Laplace equation for heat flow? Understand CO1 2

Key:
The sum on the left often is represented by the expression ∇ 2R or ΔR,
in which the symbols ∇ 2 and Δ are called the Laplacian or the Laplace
operator. Laplace's equation is a special case of Poisson's equation
∇ 2R = f, in which the function f is equal to zero.
3152 The heating surface of a boiler is in contact with flue gas (at 1200°C) Analyze CO1 16
on one side and boiling water (at 200°C) on the other side. The metal
wall thickness is 10 mm, and its thermal conductivity is 45 W/(m K).
The local or surface coefficient of heat transfer from the flue gas to the
wall is 50 W/(m2K) and from the wall to the boiling water is 4000
W/(mK). Calculate the rate of heat flow from the flue gas to the water
and the surface temperatures. What will be the effect on heat flow rate
if heat transfer coefficients for one or both sides are doubled?

Key:

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3141 A steel tube (k = 43.26 W/mK) of 5.08 cm inner diameter and 7.62 cm Analyze CO1 16
outer diameter is covered with a 2.5 cm layer of insulation (k = 0.208
W/mK) the inside surface of the tube receives heat from hot gas at the
temperature of 3160C with heat transfer co-efficient of 28 W/m2K.
While the outer surface is exposed to the ambient air at 300C with a
heat transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2K. Calculate heat loss for 3 m
length of the tube.

Key:

3140 A furnace wall is made up of 7.5 cm of fire plate and 0.65 cm of mild Analyze CO1 16
steel plate. Inside surface exposed to hot gas at 6500C and outside air
temperature 270C. The convective heat transfer coefficient for the
inner side is 60 W/m2K. The convective heat transfer coefficient for
the outer side is 8W/m2K. Calculate the heat lost per square meter
area of the furnace wall and also find the outside surface temperature.

Key:

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3139 A wall is constructed of several layers. The first layer consists of Analyze CO1 16
masonry brick 20 cm. thick with thermal conductivity of 0.66 W/mK,
the second layer consists of 3 cm thick mortar with thermal
conductivity of 0.6 W/mK, the third layer consists of 8 cm thick
limestone of thermal conductivity of 0.58 W/mK and the outer layer
consists of 1.2 cm thick plaster of thermal conductivity of 0.6 W/mK.
The heat transfer coefficient on the interior and exterior of the wall are
5.6 W/m2K and 11 W/m2K respectively. The interior room
temperature is 220C and the outside air temperature is -50C.
Calculate
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I) Overall heat transfer coefficient
ii)Overall thermal resistance
iii)The rate of heat transfer
iv)The temperature at the junction between the mortar and the
limestone.

Key:

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Topic: 1D transient conduction
2955 In what medium is the lumped system analysis more likely to be Remember CO1 2
applicable: in water or in the air? why?

Key:
The lumped system analysis is more likely to be applicable in the air
than in water since the convection heat transfer coefficient and thus
the Biot number is much smaller in air.
2954 What is the physical significance of the Biot number? Is the Biot Remember CO1 2
number more likely to be larger for highly conducting solids or poorly
conducting ones?

Key:
Biot number represents the ratio of conduction resistance within the
body to convection resistance at the surface of the body. The Biot
number is more likely to be larger for poorly conducting solids since
such bodies have larger resistances against heat conduction.

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2953 What is a lumped system analysis? When is it applicable? Understand CO1 2

Key:
In heat transfer analysis, some bodies are observed to behave like a
"lump" whose entire body temperature remains essentially uniform at
all times during a heat transfer process. The temperature of such
bodies can be taken to be a function of time only. Heat transfer
analysis which utilizes this idealization is known as the lumped
system analysis. It is applicable when the Biot number (the ratio of
conduction resistance within the body to convection resistance at the
surface of the body) is less than or equal to 0.1.
2947 How does transient heat transfer differ from steady heat transfer? Remember CO1 2

Key:
The term steady implies no change with time at any point within the
medium while transient implies variation with time or time
dependence. Therefore, the temperature or heat flux remains
unchanged with time during steady heat transfer through a medium at
any location although both quantities may vary from one location to
another. During transient heat transfer, the temperature and heat flux
may vary with time as well as the location.
3750 Give an example of Transient heat transfer. Understand CO1 2

Key:
An example is the heating up of gas turbine compressors as they are
brought up to speed during take-off. The disks that hold the blades are
large and take a long time to come to temperature, while the casing is
thin and in the path of high-velocity compressor flow and thus comes
to temperature rapidly.
3753 . Give the governing differential equation for the one-dimensional Understand CO1 2
transient heat flow.

Key:
The governing differential equation for steady state one-dimensional
conduction heat transfer with internal heat generation is given by
d/dx[KdT/dx]=q for0≤x≤1 were developed the finite element
formulation of the linear element. use the R-R method, mapped over
the general element.
3755 What is Heisler chart? Understand CO1 2

Key:
Heisler charts are a graphical analysis tool for the evaluation of one-
dimensional transient conductive heat transfer in thermal engineering.
3769 In what medium is the lumped system analysis more likely to be Understand CO1 2
applicable?

Key:
The lumped system analysis is more likely to be applicable in the air
than in water since the convection heat transfer coefficient and thus
the Biot number is much smaller in air.

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3861 State thermal time constant. Understand CO1 2

Key:
The response characteristics of a body with respect to heating or
cooling are compared by using the time required for the temperature
difference to drop to 1/e times the original value (e-base of natural
logarithm). This time is called the thermal time constant for the
condition specified. This leads to the condition that the time constant
3868 Write the assumptions made in the lumped heat capacity model. Understand CO1 2

Key:
The assumptions for lumped system analysis are as follows:- 1) The
temperature of the body is uniform at any point. 2) The temperature is
the function of time. 3) Internal conductive resistance is minimum. 4)
The object has infinite thermal conductivity.
3276 A right circular cone has a base diameter of 50 mm and a height of 75 Analyze CO1 8
mm. The thermal conductivity of the cone material is 15 W/(m K).
The heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/(m2K). Can we apply the lumped
capacity analysis? Neglect the heat transfer from the base.

Key:

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3277 What can be the maximum diameter of a steel ball [k = 40 W/(m K)] Analyze CO1 8
subjected to a convective heat transfer coefficient h = 25 W/(m2K) for
the applicability of the lumped capacity analysis?

Key:

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3278 Steel balls 10 mm in diameter are annealed by heating to 880°C and Analyze CO1 8
then slowly cooling to 100°C in an air environment at 25°C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/(m2K). Estimate the time
required for this cooling process. For steel take k = 40 W/(m K), c =
450 J/(kg K) and ρ = 7900 kg/m3. .

Key:

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3279 A 1 mm diameter copper wire initially at a temperature of 140°C is Analyze CO1 8
suddenly placed in the atmosphere at 40°C. The convective heat
transfer coefficient is 12 W/(m2 K). Calculate the time required for the
wire to reach a temperature of 90°C. For copper, ρ = 8954 kg/m3, c =
0.3831 kJ/(kg K), and k = 386 W/(m K)

Key:

3266 A 0.8 mm diameter Nichrome wire (ρ = 8400 kg/m3, c = 420 J/(kg K), Analyze CO1 16
k = 12 W/(m K) and electric resistivity ρe = 1.2x 10-6 Ωm) is dipped
in oil at bulk temperature of 25°C. When 10 A current is passed
through the wire, determine the time for the wire to come within 1°C
of its steady-state temperature. The convection heat transfer
coefficient is 500 W/(m2K).

Key:

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3264 If a steel spherical ball of 100 mm diameter is coated with a 1 mm Analyze CO1 16
thick layer of dielectric material of thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/(m
K), estimate the time required to cool it from 500°C to 100°C in an oil
bath at 25°C. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/(m2K).
For steel, k = 40 W/(m K), c = 450 J/(kg K) and q = 7900 kg/m3.

Key:

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Topic: Critical thickness of insulation and fins

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2952 What is the difference between fin effectiveness and fin efficiency? Analyze CO1 2
The fins attached to a surface are determined to have an effectiveness
of 0.9. Do you think the rate of heat transfer from the surface has
increased or decreased as a result of the addition of these fins?

Key:
The fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate
from the fin to the ideal heat transfer rate from the fin if the entire fin
were at base temperature, and its value is between 0 and 1. Fin
effectiveness is defined as the ratio of heat transfer rate from a finned
surface to the heat transfer rate from the same surface if there were no
fins, and its value is expected to be greater than 1. The heat transfer
rate will decrease since fin effectiveness smaller than 1 indicates that
the fin acts as insulation.
2935 Define Fin effectiveness. Understand CO1 2

Key:

2934 Define Fin efficiency. Understand CO1 2

Key:
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer by
the fin to the maximum possible heat transferred by the fin.

2933 State the applications of fins. Remember CO1 2

Key:
The main applications of fins are 1. Cooling of electronic components
2. Cooling of motor cycle engines. 3. Cooling of transformers 4.
Cooling of small capacity compressors
2932 Define fins (or) extended surfaces. Remember CO1 2

Key:
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface
of heat transfer. The surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are
called extended surfaces or sometimes known as fins.

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2931 What is the critical radius of insulation (or) critical thickness? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Critical radius = rc Critical thickness = rc – r1 The addition of
insulating material on a surface does not reduce the amount of heat
transfer rate always. In fact, under certain circumstances, it actually
increases the heat loss up to a certain thickness of insulation. The
radius of insulation for maximum heat transfer is called the critical
radius of insulation, and the corresponding thickness is called critical
thickness.
3932 Plot the heat transfer rate to the outer radius of the insulation of a Understand CO1 2
cylindrical pipe/wire.

Key:

3766 What are the different types of fin profiles? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Fin profiles are rectangular, convex, and exponential.
3765 What is the purpose of attaching fins to a surface? Understand CO1 2

Key:
Longitudinal or radial fins are attached to a bare surface to enhance
the heat flow rate from a surface to an adjacent fluid. Fins are used
when the convection heat transfer coefficient h is low, as is frequently
the case for gases such as air or flue gas

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3757 What is the function of insulating materials in heat transfer? Understand CO1 2

Key:
The main purpose of insulation is to limit the transfer of energy
between the inside and outside of a system. A thermal insulator is a
poor conductor of heat and has a low thermal conductivity. Insulation
is used in buildings and in manufacturing processes to prevent heat
loss or heat gain.
3263 The heat dissipation from an air-cooled flat surface is to be enhanced Analyze CO1 16
by installing either triangular or rectangular fins. Either fin is to be 25
mm thick, 100 mm long, and made from aluminium [k = 230 W/(m
K)]. The wall temperature is 630°C, and the heat transfer coefficient
between the surface and the ambient air at 30°C is 72 W/(m2K).
Compare the effectiveness of the two fins based on the heat flow per
unit weight.

Key:

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3161 Three rods, one made of glass, one of pure aluminum, and the third of Analyze CO1 16
steel, each having a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 250 mm, are
used as fins. When the base temperature is 180°C for each fin and
ambient temperature 30°C, find the distributions of temperature in the
rods and their heat dissipations. The convective heat transfer
coefficient is 25 W/(m2K). Determine the effectiveness and efficiency
of these fins. The thermal conductivities of the three materials are 0.8,
200, and 50 W/(m K), respectively.

Key:

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3160 Derive the expression for the heat transfer equation from a uniform Understand CO1 16
cross-sectional fin.

Key:

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3158 Derive the expression for the critical thickness of insulation of Understand CO1 16
cylinders.

Key:

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Topic: Steady state heat conduction equation
2948 What is heat generation in a solid? Remember CO1 2

Key:
In heat conduction analysis, the conversion of electrical, chemical, or
nuclear energy into heat (or thermal) energy in solids is called heat
generation.
2946 Write any two examples of heat conduction with heat generation. Remember CO1 2

Key:
i) Resistance heater wires - resistance heating in wires is the
conversion of electrical energy to heat and heat energy is conducted
along the wire ii) A nuclear fuel rod - Heat is generated in the rod and
conducted along it

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2930 Write down the equation for heat transfer through composite pipes or Understand CO1 2
cylinders.

Key:

2929 Define overall heat transfer co-efficient. Understand CO1 2

Key:
The overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in
terms of an overall conductance or overall heat transfer co-efficient
‘U’.

Heat transfer Q = UA DT.


2928 Write down the general equation for one-dimensional steady state heat Remember CO1 2
transfer in slab or plane wall with and without heat generation.

Key:

2927 State Newton’s law of cooling or convection law. Remember CO1 2

Key:

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