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    Lecture 2 Photoelectric Effect

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    toobazufiqar81
    The document discusses the photoelectric effect and Einstein's explanation of it. When light of a suitable frequency strikes a metal surface, it can eject electrons known as photoelectrons. Classical physics could not explain issues like the intensity, frequency, and time delay problems observed in the photoelectric effect. Einstein proposed that light exists in quantized packets called photons, with energy proportional to its frequency. The minimum photon energy needed to eject an electron from a metal is equal to the metal's work function. This photon model explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

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    Lecture 2 Photoelectric Effect

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    toobazufiqar81
    10 views13 pages
    The document discusses the photoelectric effect and Einstein's explanation of it. When light of a suitable frequency strikes a metal surface, it can eject electrons known as photoelectrons. Classical physics could not explain issues like the intensity, frequency, and time delay problems observed in the photoelectric effect. Einstein proposed that light exists in quantized packets called photons, with energy proportional to its frequency. The minimum photon energy needed to eject an electron from a metal is equal to the metal's work function. This photon model explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

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    The document discusses the photoelectric effect and Einstein's explanation of it. When light of a suitable frequency strikes a metal surface, it can eject electrons known as photoelectrons. Classical physics could not explain issues like the intensity, frequency, and time delay problems observed in the photoelectric effect. Einstein proposed that light exists in quantized packets called photons, with energy proportional to its frequency. The minimum photon energy needed to eject an electron from a metal is equal to the metal's work function. This photon model explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views13 pages

    Lecture 2 Photoelectric Effect

    Uploaded by

    toobazufiqar81
    The document discusses the photoelectric effect and Einstein's explanation of it. When light of a suitable frequency strikes a metal surface, it can eject electrons known as photoelectrons. Classical physics could not explain issues like the intensity, frequency, and time delay problems observed in the photoelectric effect. Einstein proposed that light exists in quantized packets called photons, with energy proportional to its frequency. The minimum photon energy needed to eject an electron from a metal is equal to the metal's work function. This photon model explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Modern Physics

    BS-IV
    Lecture 2
    Photoelectric Effect
    Photelectric Effect
    When a light of suitable frequency (energy)
    strikes a metal surface it can eject electrons
    from it. The ejected electron are called
    photoelectron and the phenomena is called
    photoelectric effect.

    In 1887, Heinrich Hertz performed that


    experiment and discover photoelectric effect
    Photelectric Effect
    The issues which classical mechanics failed to

    explains photelectric effect • Intensity problem

    • Frequency problem

    • Time delay
    Photelectric Effect
    Photelectric Effect
    Circuit diagram for photoelectric effect
    Intensity problem

    If we use dim light of monochromatic


    wavelength it will eject electrons with low
    Kinetic energies will bright light with same
    wavelength eject electrons with more kinetic
    energies.

    With intense light it can emit more electrons.


    Effect of potential on photocurrent

    Photoelectric current is zero when the stopping potential is sufficient to


    repel even the most energetic photoelectrons with the maximum kinetic
    energy 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 so that 𝑲. 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒆𝑽𝒐

    For a given frequency of the incident radiation, the stopping potential


    is independent of its intensity.
    Photelectric Effect

    Frequency Problem

    Classical physics says that if we use light of any


    frequency, it will eject electrons as it depends on
    intensity of light not on frequency.

    But we used light of various frequencies and find


    out that electron only emits at some particular
    frequency and below that no electron emission.
    Which we called threshold frequency 𝒇𝒐 .
    Dependence of photo current on frequency of light

    The saturation current depends on the intensity of light, not on


    frequency. Hence no matter how much is the frequency for the same
    intensity of light, the saturation photocurrent will be same.
    Dependence of stopping potential of light on frequency of light
    For a particular frequency of incident radiation, the
    minimum negative (retarding) potential 𝑉𝑜 given to
    the plate for which the photocurrent stops or
    becomes zero is called the cut-off or stopping
    potential.
    We now take three different lights at different
    frequencies 𝒇𝟏, 𝒇𝟐 and 𝒇𝟑 but of same intensity.
    More the frequency of light, more negative potential
    is needed to stop the photocurrent. Hence the
    stopping potential increases. Hence as shown in the
    figure, the magnitude 𝑽𝒐𝟑>𝑽𝒐𝟐 >𝑽𝒐𝟏

    Photelectric Effect

    Time Delay

    Classical physics says that the energy of the light is spread over the entire
    wavefront. Thus, the electron will absorb energy slowly and a eventually a
    time will come it will be ejected from the metal surface. For extremely weak
    light this phenomena could take days in the classical model.
    While in experimental observation, even at extremely low intensity
    photoemission occurs with no delay as soon as the light source is turned o.

    Einstein's Explanation for Photoelectric effect

    Einstein uses Plank’s concept of quanta

    𝑬 = 𝒉𝒇
    Or
    𝑬 = 𝒉 𝒄◌ൗ𝝀
    Where 𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝐉. 𝐬
    Einstein's Explanation for Photoelectric effect
    Work Function 𝝓𝒐 :

    The minimum amount of work that must be done to free an electron from the metal
    surface.

    𝑬 = 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑲. 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙


    Or
    𝒉𝒗 = 𝝓𝒐 + 𝑲. 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙
    𝑲. 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒉 𝒄◌ൗ𝝀 − 𝝓𝒐

    Where 𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝐉. 𝐬

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